Relevant bibliographies by topics / Whole plants

Academic literature on the topic 'Whole plants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Whole plants"

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Wagner, Orvin E. "Physics in whole plants." Physics Essays 21, no. 2 (June 2008): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/1.3012796.

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Swoboda, P., S. Gal, B. Hohn, and H. Puchta. "Intrachromosomal homologous recombination in whole plants." EMBO Journal 13, no. 2 (January 1994): 484–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06283.x.

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Timasheva, Lidiya, and Elena Gorbunova-. "A Promising Trend in theP of fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.) whole Plants." Foods and Raw Materials 2, no. 1 (May 26, 2014): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4134.

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Wu, Ye, Shuang-shuang Xie, Zheng-xi Hu, Zhao-di Wu, Yi Guo, Jin-wen Zhang, Jian-ping Wang, Yong-bo Xue, and Yong-hui Zhang. "Triterpenoids from Whole Plants of Phyllanthus urinaria." Chinese Herbal Medicines 9, no. 2 (April 2017): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60095-9.

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Park, Hee Juhn, Han Suk Young, Kun Young Park, Sook Hee Rhee, Hae Young Chung, and Jae Sue Choi. "Flavonoids from the whole plants ofOrostachys japonicus." Archives of Pharmacal Research 14, no. 2 (June 1991): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02892023.

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Chen, Chung-Yi, and Yau-Der Wang. "Polyprenol from the Whole Plants of Leucaena leucocephala." Journal of Environmental Protection 01, no. 01 (2010): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2010.11009.

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SHI, Ji-Sen, Zhan-Jun WANG, and Jin-Hui CHEN. "Progress on whole genome sequencing in woody plants." Hereditas (Beijing) 34, no. 2 (February 29, 2012): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1005.2012.00145.

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Yaermaimaiti, Saimijiang, Ablajan Turak, Qian Huang, Geyu Liu, Jiangyu Zhao, and Haji Akber Aisa. "Megastigmane sesquiterpenoids from whole plants of Viola kunawurensis." Phytochemistry 203 (November 2022): 113361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113361.

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Puchta, Holger, Peter Swoboda, and Barbara Hohn. "Induction of intrachromosomal homologous recombination in whole plants." Plant Journal 7, no. 2 (February 1995): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1995.7020203.x.

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del Pozo, Juan Carlos, and Elena Ramirez-Parra. "Whole genome duplications in plants: an overview fromArabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 66, no. 22 (September 28, 2015): 6991–7003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv432.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whole plants"

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Chaidir, Nadia. "Whole-genome comparative promoter sequence analysis in plants." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123303.

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Large-scale genome-wide comparative analyses are now made possible by the increasing number of publicly available high-quality genome sequence data for numerous plant species. To understand the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation, computational analysis tools were used to find overrepresented and conserved DNA sequences, i.e. cis-regulatory elements. Datasets used as positive input for computational identification of regulatory regions commonly include promoters of co-regulated genes or promoters of orthologous genes (Wang and Stormo, 2003).We discovered de novo motif using two approaches, seperately; 1) discovery based on orthology relationship of the genes in 18 plant species and 2) discovery based on co-regulated genes in specific tissues from soybean gene expression RNA-Seq data. In the first approach, a combination of several bioinformatics tools were used to predict motifs in promoter region based on clusters of orthologous genes in whole-genome datasets of Arabidopsis lyrata, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, Carica papaya, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Glycine max, Linus usitatissimum, Malus domestica, Manihot esculenta, Medicago truncatula, Oryza sativa, Physcomitrella patens, Populus trichocarpa, Selaginella moellendorfii, Sorghum bicolor, Vitis vinivera, Volvox carteri and Zea mays. The results have shown that many promoters of orthologous plant genes contain similar cis-regulatory motifs. In addition, inclusion of more evolutionary distant organism led to detection of very conserved motifs, i.e. motifs that have similar function in wider variety of organisms. In the second approach, bioinformatics tools were used to find motifs in promoter region of co-regulated genes in shoot apical meristem and shoot epidermis of three soybean cultivars. The results have shows that promoters of co-regulated genes in specific tissues contain similar cis-regulatory motifs.Since generating genome-scale datasets requires extensive computational resources that are not always readily available, we created a relational database that houses pre-computed and post-processed whole-genome comparative analysis of promoter regions. The database contains motif sequences, annotations, clusters of orthologous genes and other useful information associated with them, for 18 plant genomes.
L'étude d'association pangénomique est maintenant rendue possible par le nombre de séquences génétiques de hautes qualités qui sont disponibles pour plusieurs espèces végétales. Pour comprendre les mécanismes de régulation de la transcription, un nombre d'outils d'analyses informatiques ont été développé pour identifier les éléments cis-régulatoires. Les bases de données utilisées comme saisie positive pour l'identification informatique des régions de régulation incluent communément les promoteurs des gènes co-régulés ainsi que des gènes orthologues (Wang et Stormo, 2003).Pour découvrir les motifs de novo, nous avons utilisé deux techniques; 1) une découverte basée sur la relation orthologue des gènes de 18 espèces végétales et, 2) une découverte basée sur les gènes co-régulés dans certains tissus végétales spécifiques provenant de données de séquençage d'ARN de soja. Dans la première approche nous avons utilisé une combinaison de plusieurs outils bioinformatiques pour prédire les motifs des promoteurs basés sur des groupes de gènes orthologues trouvés dans les bases de données des génomes entiers d'Arabidopsis lyrata, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brachypodium distachyon, Carica papaya, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Glycine max, Linus usitissimum, Malus domestica, Manihot esculenta, Medicago truncutula, Oryza sativa, Physcomitrella patens, Populus trichocarpa, Selaginella moellendorfii, Sorghum bicolor, Vitis vinivera, Volvox carteri et Zea mays. Les résultats ont démontré que, dans les plantes, plusieurs promoteurs de gènes orthologues contiennent des motifs cis-régulatoires similaires. En plus, en incluant des espèces évolutivement éloignées dans les analyses, nous avons été capable de démontrer que ces motifs sont conservés. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons fait une analyse comparant les séquences des promoteurs co-régulés dans les méristèmes apicaux ainsi que dans l'épiderme de trois cultivars de soja; Clark sauvage, mutant a 5-feuilles et mutant glabre. Les résultats ont démontré que les promoteurs des gènes co-régulés en différents tissus contiennent des motifs cis-régulatoires similaires. Générer des données à l'échelle génomique demande une puissance informatique énorme qui n'est pas toujours disponible. En conséquence, nous avons créé une base de données pour 18 génomes de plantes composée de séquences de promoteurs, de motifs, d'annotations et des groupes de gènes orthologues ainsi que d'autres informations associées avec ceux-ci.
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Montagu, Kelvin D. "Whole plant response to soil compaction : from field practices to mechanisms /." View thesis View thesis, 1995. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030522.092251/index.html.

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Kunkle, Justin Michael. "Whole-plant resource economies and associated morphological and physiological traits towards a mechanistic understanding of plant responses to resource variation /." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Vorster, Barend Juan. "Using whole genome comparison to detect sequence similarities between plants and microbes." Electronic thesis, 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01192009-142048.

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Montagu, Kelvin D. "Whole plant response to soil compaction : from field practices to mechanisms." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/433.

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This thesis examines the growth response and inter-relationships between shoots and roots of plants grown in compact soil. In the field, two topsoil and two subsoil conditions were created with five vegetable crops sequentially grown. Between 6 and 12% of the root system grew in the compact subsoil, which had a soil strength of 3.1 c.f. 1.9 MPa in the loosened subsoil. Both the root length density (Lv) and the specific root length were lower in the compact subsoil (80% and 30%, respectively). This had no effect on shoot growth when water and nutrients were well supplied. Compensatory root growth in the lose soil above the compact subsoil occurred in broccoli plants. As a result plants grown in soil with or without a compact subsoil had a similar total root length but with altered root distribution. When the water and nitrogen supplied to the soil was reduced, the lower subsoil Lv in the compact subsoil did not restrict water or N acquisition. This was possibly due to a large increase in the specific uptake per unit length of root, by the fewer roots in the compact subsoil. Compared to the subsoil treatments, only small changes in topsoil physical properties occurred when tillage was ceased. From the field trials the proportion and time of root growth into compact soil appeared important in determining the plant response. In a series of split-root experiments (horizontal and vertical arrangements of compact and loose soil) compensatory root growth in the loose soil only occurred when the root system was exposed to horizontally compact soil When compensatory root growth did not occur shoot growth was reduced. This resulted in there being a close relationship between total root length and leaf area. Further test results support a direct effect of mechanical impedance on shoot growth with a rapid (within 10 minutes) and large (50%) reduction in leaf elongation occurring when roots were mechanically impeded. In the field only plants whose roots were totally exposed to compact soil had reduced shoot growth with very compact subsoil having no effect.
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Montagu, Kelvin D., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, and School of Horticulture. "Whole plant response to soil compaction : from field practices to mechanisms." THESIS_FAH_HOR_Montagu_K.xml, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/433.

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This thesis examines the growth response and inter-relationships between shoots and roots of plants grown in compact soil. In the field, two topsoil and two subsoil conditions were created with five vegetable crops sequentially grown. Between 6 and 12% of the root system grew in the compact subsoil, which had a soil strength of 3.1 c.f. 1.9 MPa in the loosened subsoil. Both the root length density (Lv) and the specific root length were lower in the compact subsoil (80% and 30%, respectively). This had no effect on shoot growth when water and nutrients were well supplied. Compensatory root growth in the lose soil above the compact subsoil occurred in broccoli plants. As a result plants grown in soil with or without a compact subsoil had a similar total root length but with altered root distribution. When the water and nitrogen supplied to the soil was reduced, the lower subsoil Lv in the compact subsoil did not restrict water or N acquisition. This was possibly due to a large increase in the specific uptake per unit length of root, by the fewer roots in the compact subsoil. Compared to the subsoil treatments, only small changes in topsoil physical properties occurred when tillage was ceased. From the field trials the proportion and time of root growth into compact soil appeared important in determining the plant response. In a series of split-root experiments (horizontal and vertical arrangements of compact and loose soil) compensatory root growth in the loose soil only occurred when the root system was exposed to horizontally compact soil When compensatory root growth did not occur shoot growth was reduced. This resulted in there being a close relationship between total root length and leaf area. Further test results support a direct effect of mechanical impedance on shoot growth with a rapid (within 10 minutes) and large (50%) reduction in leaf elongation occurring when roots were mechanically impeded. In the field only plants whose roots were totally exposed to compact soil had reduced shoot growth with very compact subsoil having no effect.
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Moncrieff, Glenn R. "The demographic impacts of browsing on woody plants in savannas : from individual branches to whole populations." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11501.

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Browsing ungulates can potentially have drastic impacts on vegetation patterns. This is particularly true in African savannas where many large browsers persist at high densities. Most of the theory and models outlining mechanisms of impact on plants and predicting responses are framed in terms of biomass impacts and responses. However, for trees in African savannas, fitness is more closely linked to height than above ground biomass. I evaluate the demographic impacts of browsing, making explicit contrasts with impacts on biomass. The results highlight under- explored intrinsic aspects of plants and browsers that determine the degree of browser impact on plant demography, aspects that have been under-explored due to an emphasis on biomass responses, and provide novel methods to measure and evaluate large-scale browser impacts, which have proved difficult before.
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England, Robert A. "A computer-controlled system for measuring rates of uptake of potassium, nitrate and phosphate by whole plants." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293864.

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Ma, Cunxian. "Tentative Identification of Hydroxylated 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl Metabolites in Whole Poplar Plants by a Combination of Chromatographic and Spectrometry Techniques." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4691.

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2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB95) is a chiral congener of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) family of PCBs. It has been shown that chiral PCBs can be enantioselectively transformed into hydroxylated metabolites by cytochrome P450 in animals. Previous studies in our group suggested that PCB 95 can be enantioselectively translocated and metabolized in whole poplar plants. In this work, healthy whole poplar plants were hydroponically exposed to PCB95 for 30 days. Two unknown OH-PCB95 metabolites were detected in the roots by HPLC-MS. Different chromatographic and spectrometry techniques, including HPLC-MS, NMR and GC-MS, were tried to determine the structure of the more abundant metabolite of the two. It was identified to be 4'-OH-PCB95 (4'-95) by GC-MS method. The data show that PCB95 can be transformed into at least two hydroxylated metabolites by whole poplar plants, with one of them being 4'-95. Chiral analysis of 4'-95 by HPLC-MS showed slightly more abundance of the second eluting enantiomer E2-4'-95 in the roots, suggesting that the biotransformation of PCB95 to 4'-95 is enantioselective. Comparison with animal studies shows a distinct metabolite profile in whole poplar plants.
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Ray, Jonathan Paul. "A study of endogenous cytokinins and abscisic acid in whole plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. during deficits in soil water." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237736.

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Books on the topic "Whole plants"

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Viémont, J. D., and J. Crabbé, eds. Dormancy in plants: from whole plant behaviour to cellular control. Wallingford: CABI, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851994475.0023.

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R, Hemsley Alan, Poole Imogen, Linnean Society of London. Palaeobotany Specialist Group, and Meeting on the Evolution of Plant Physiology (2001 : Kew, England), eds. The Evolution of plant physiology: From whole plants to ecosystems. Amsterdam: Published for the Linnean Society of London by Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

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-D, Viémont J., and Crabbé J, eds. Dormancy in plants: From whole plant behaviour to cellular control. Wallingford, UK: CABI Pub., 2000.

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Ann, Stein, O'Connor Don, and Instructional Fair (Firm), eds. Plant kingdom: Whole language theme unit. Grand Rapids, MI: Instructional Fair/TS Denison, 1991.

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Saxelby, Catherine. Ancient grains: Whole-food recipes for the modern table. Crows Nest, NSW: Arbon Publishing, 2013.

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Beck, Mary Jim. Use of whole plants to enhance the biodegradation process in contaminated soils. [Knoxville, Tenn.?: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1995.

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G, Petty David, Skogerboe John G, Getsinger Kurt D, United States. Army. Corps of Engineers., U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station., Aquatic Plant Control Research Program (U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station), and Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Foundation, Inc., eds. Aquatic dissipation of triclopyr in whole-pond treatment. Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1998.

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Dreher, Mark L. Dietary Patterns and Whole Plant Foods in Aging and Disease. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59180-3.

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Dormancy in Plants: From Whole Plant Behaviour to Cellular Control. CABI, 2000.

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Wicherley, William. Whole Art of Rubber-Growing. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Whole plants"

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Agee, April, and David Carter. "Whole-Organism Screening: Plants." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 77–95. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-545-3_6.

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Lamprecht, I., and E. Schmolz. "Thermal investigation on whole plants and plant tissues." In Hot Topics in Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 187–214. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2219-0_8.

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Tyree, Melvin T., and M. H. Zimmermann. "Hydraulic Architecture of Whole Plants and Plant Performance." In Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap, 175–214. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04931-0_6.

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Edwards, Mark. "Whole-Genome Sequencing for Marker Discovery." In Molecular Markers in Plants, 21–34. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118473023.ch2.

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Hawkesford, Malcolm J. "Sulfate Uptake and Assimilation – Whole Plant Regulation." In Sulfur Metabolism in Plants, 11–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4450-9_2.

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Khalili-Garakani, Amirhossein, Leila Samiee, and Kazem Kashefi. "Polygeneration Systems in Fossil Fuel Power Plants: The Role of Power-to-X in CO2 Mitigation." In Whole Energy Systems, 293–319. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87653-1_12.

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Nouchi, Isamu. "Responses of Whole Plants to Air Pollutants." In Air Pollution and Plant Biotechnology, 3–39. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68388-9_1.

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Engler, Janice de Almeida, Marc Van Montagu, and Gilbert Engler. "Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization in Plants." In Arabidopsis Protocols, 373–84. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-391-0:373.

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Pilbeam, David J. "The Utilization of Nitrogen by Plants: A Whole Plant Perspective." In Annual Plant Reviews Volume 42, 305–51. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444328608.ch13.

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Bösinger, Carola S., Karin Meierhoff, Peter Westhoff, and Alfred R. Holzwarth. "Fluorescence Kinetics of Whole Plants of Arabidopsis Thaliana." In Photosynthesis: Mechanisms and Effects, 2147–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3953-3_501.

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Conference papers on the topic "Whole plants"

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Fichman, Yosef. "Lights, Camera, Action: Live imaging of reactive oxygen species in whole plants." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1048277.

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Abdurashytov, S. F., T. N. Melnichuk, E. R. Chirak, A. Y. Egovtseva, E. R. Abdurashytova, and E. E. Andronov. "Associative growth-stimulating strains of bacteria and their whole genome sequencing." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.005.

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Strains Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus L1, P. nitroguajacolicus M3, Bacillus sp. B5 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens R1 are growth-promoting agents for winter wheat. The effectiveness of their interaction with plants is probably provided by 4-9 groups of genes responsible for the synthesis of auxins, according to the recognized RAST subsystems.
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Crawford, Bridget M., Pietro Strobbia, Hsin-Neng Wang, Rodolfo Zentella, Maxim Boyanov, Ren Odion, Zhen-Ming Pei, Tai-Ping Sun, Kenneth M. Kemner, and Tuan Vo-Dinh. "In vivo nucleic acid detection and imaging within whole plants using plasmonic nanosensors." In Advanced Environmental, Chemical, and Biological Sensing Technologies XV, edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2524840.

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Knight, Richard, Mitsuru Obana, Christer von Wowern, Athanasios Mitakakis, Erhard Perz, Mohsen Assadi, Bjo¨rn F. Mo¨ller, et al. "GTPOM: Thermo-Economic Optimization of Whole Gas Turbine Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-54200.

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Trends towards distributed power generation and the deregulation of energy markets are increasing the requirement for software tools that optimize power generation plant design and operation. In this context, this paper describes the GTPOM (thermo-economic optimization of whole gas turbine plant) European project, funded in part through the European Commission’s 5th Framework Programme, focusing on the development and demonstration of an original software tool for the thermo-economic analysis and optimization of conventional and advanced energy systems based on gas turbine plant. PSEconomy, the software tool developed during the GTPOM project, provides a thermo-economic optimization capability for advanced and more-conventional energy systems, enabling the complex trade-offs between system performance and installed costs to be determined for different operational duties and market scenarios. Furthermore, the code is capable of determining the potential benefits of innovative cycles or layout modifications to existing plants compared with current plant configurations. The economic assessment is performed through a complete through-life cycle cost analysis, which includes the total capital cost of the plant, the cost of fuel, O&M costs and the expected revenues from the sale of power and heat. The optimization process, carried out with a GA-based algorithm, is able to pursue different objective functions as specified by the User. These include system efficiency, through-life cost of electricity and through-life internal rate of return. Three case studies demonstrating the capabilities of the new tool are presented in this paper, covering a conventional combined cycle system, a biomass plant and a CO2 sequestration gas turbine cycle. The software code is now commercially available and is expected to provide significant advantages in the near and long-term development of energy cycles.
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Yokosuka, A., T. Iguchi, and Y. Mimaki. "New bufadienolides from the whole plants of Helleborus foetidus and their apoptosis-inducing activity." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608068.

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Schowe-von der Brelie, B., S. Mansoor Ali, Y. Ayadi, and E. Makki. "RfG NC implementation in Europe - The whole picture." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2637.

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Schowe-von der Brelie, B., S. Mansoor Ali, Y. Ayadi, and E. Makki. "RfG NC implementation in Europe - The whole picture." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2637.

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Schowe-von der Brelie, B., S. Mansoor Ali, Y. Ayadi, and E. Makki. "RfG NC implementation in Europe - The whole picture." In 20th International Workshop on Large-Scale Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems as well as on Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Power Plants (WIW 2021). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2637.

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Codeceira Neto, Alcides, and Pericles Pilidis. "An Assessment Method of Power Plants Using Genetic Algorithms." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0560.

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The performance assessment of power plants is a complex task, which involves many calculations. Increasing the number of plant components with the introduction of new technologies available in the international market, it increases the complexity of performance analysis of power cycles. The present paper describes a process for optimising a conventional gas turbine combined cycle power plant. In this paper the method of assessing thermal power plants takes into account the exergy method and carries out along with optimisation of the whole plant based on maximising overall plant exergetic efficiency and minimising energy loss rejected to the atmosphere. The performance assessment of power plants using the exergy method considers the overall plant exergetic efficiency and the exergy destruction in the various components of the plant. The exergy method highlights irreversibility within the plant components, and it is of particular interest in this investigation. Due to the large number of equations with many variables taking part in the whole calculation and also considering constraints imposed to some variables, a genetic algorithm is recommended as the optimisation tool for the assessment method. Genetic Algorithms are adaptive methods which may be used to solve search and optimisation problems. They are based on the genetic processes of biological organisms. Over many generations, natural populations evolve according to the principles of natural selection and “survival of the fittest”, first clearly stated by Charles Darwin in his book “The Origin of Species”. Genetic algorithms do not require complicate mathematical calculations like the evaluation of derivatives necessary to be considered in conventional optimisation techniques.
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Liang, Xu, and Yuan Jingqi. "Dynamic modeling and validation of the boiler-side whole process of subcritical coal-fired power plants." In 2015 34th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2015.7259957.

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Reports on the topic "Whole plants"

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Pell, Eva J., Sarah M. Assmann, Amnon Schwartz, and Hava Steinberger. Ozone Altered Stomatal/Guard Cell Function: Whole Plant and Single Cell Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573082.bard.

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Original objectives (revisions from original proposal are highlighted) 1. Elucidate the direct effects O3 and H2O2 on guard cell function, utilizing assays of stomatal response in isolated epidermal peels and whole cell gas exchange. 2. Determine the mechanistic basis of O3 and H2O2 effects on the plasma membrane through application of the electrophysiological technique of patch clamping to isolated guard cells. 3. Determine the relative sensitivity of Israeli cultivars of economically important crops to O3 and determine whether differential leaf conductance responses to O3 can explain relative sensitivity to the air pollutant: transfer of technological expertise to Israel. Background to the topic For a long time O3 has been known to reduce gas exchange in plants; it has however been unclear if O3 can affect the stomatal complex directly. Ion channels are essential in stomatal regulation, but O3 has never before been shown to affect these directly. Major conclusions, solution, achievements 1. Ozone inhibits light-induced stomatal opening in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba, Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum in V. faba plants this leads to reduced assimilation without a direct effect on the photosynthetic apparatus. Stomatal opening is more sensitive to O3 than stomatal closure. 2. Ozone causes inhibition of inward K+ channels (involved in stomatal opening) while no detectable effect is observed o the outward K+ channels (stomatal closure). 3. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits stomatal opening and induces stomatal closure in epidermal peels isolated from Vicia faba. 4. Hydrogen peroxide enhances stomatal closure by increasing K+ efflux from guard cells via outward rectifying K+ channels. 5. Based on epidermal peel experiments we have indirectly shown that Ca2+ may play a role in the guard cell response to O3. However, direct measurement of the guard cell [Ca2+]cyt did not show a response to O3. 6. Three Israeli cultivars of zucchini, Clarita, Yarden and Bareqet, were shown to be relatively sensitive to O3 (0.12 ml1-1 ). 7. Two environmentally important Israeli pine species are adversely affected by O3, even at 0.050 ml1-1 , a level frequently exceeded under local tropospheric conditions. P. brutia may be better equipped than P. halepensis to tolerate O3 stress. 8. Ozone directly affects pigment biosynthesis in pine seedlings, as well as the metabolism of O5 precursors, thus affecting the allocation of resources among various metabolic pathways. 9. Ozone induces activity of antioxidant enzymes, and of ascorbate content i the mesophyll and epidermis cells of Commelina communis L. Implications, both scientific and agricultural We have improved the understanding of how O3 and H2O2 do affect guard cell and stomatal function. We have shown that economical important Israeli species like zucchini and pine are relatively sensitive to O3.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Popov, Oleksandr O., Anna V. Iatsyshyn, Andrii V. Iatsyshyn, Valeriia O. Kovach, Volodymyr O. Artemchuk, Viktor O. Gurieiev, Yulii G. Kutsan, et al. Immersive technology for training and professional development of nuclear power plants personnel. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4631.

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Training and professional development of nuclear power plant personnel are essential components of the atomic energy industry’s successful performance. The rapid growth of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies allowed to expand their scope and caused the need for various studies and experiments in terms of their application and effectiveness. Therefore, this publication studies the peculiarities of the application of VR and AR technologies for the training and professional development of personnel of nuclear power plants. The research and experiments on various aspects of VR and AR applications for specialists’ training in multiple fields have recently started. The analysis of international experience regarding the technologies application has shown that powerful companies and large companies have long used VR and AR in the industries they function. The paper analyzes the examples and trends of the application of VR technologies for nuclear power plants. It is determined that VR and AR’s economic efficiency for atomic power plants is achieved by eliminating design errors before starting the construction phase; reducing the cost and time expenditures for staff travel and staff training; increasing industrial safety, and increasing management efficiency. VR and AR technologies for nuclear power plants are successfully used in the following areas: modeling various atomic energy processes; construction of nuclear power plants; staff training and development; operation, repair, and maintenance of nuclear power plant equipment; presentation of activities and equipment. Peculiarities of application of VR and AR technologies for training of future specialists and advanced training of nuclear power plant personnel are analyzed. Staff training and professional development using VR and AR technologies take place in close to real-world conditions that are safe for participants and equipment. Applying VR and AR at nuclear power plants can increase efficiency: to work out the order of actions in the emergency mode; to optimize the temporary cost of urgent repairs; to test of dismantling/installation of elements of the equipment; to identify weaknesses in the work of individual pieces of equipment and the working complex as a whole. The trends in the application of VR and AR technologies for the popularization of professions in nuclear energy among children and youth are outlined. Due to VR and AR technologies, the issues of “nuclear energy safety” have gained new importance both for the personnel of nuclear power plants and for the training of future specialists in the energy sector. Using VR and AR to acquaint children and young people with atomic energy in a playful way, it becomes possible to inform about the peculiarities of the nuclear industry’s functioning and increase industry professions’ prestige.
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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.

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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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Fromm, A., Avihai Danon, and Jian-Kang Zhu. Genes Controlling Calcium-Enhanced Tolerance to Salinity in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585201.bard.

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The specific objectives of the proposed research were to identify, clone and characterize downstream cellular target(s) of SOS3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, to analyze the Ca2+-binding characteristics of SOS3 and the sos3-1 mutant and their interactions with SOS3 cellular targets to analyze the SOS3 cell-specific expression patterns, and its subcellular localization, and to assess the in vivo role of SOS3 target protein(s) in plant tolerance to salinity stress. In the course of the study, in view of recent opportunities in identifying Ca2+ - responsive genes using microarrays, the group at Weizmann has moved into identifying Ca2+-responsive stress genes by using a combination of aqeuorin-based measurements of cytosolic Ca and analysis by DNA microarrays of early Ca-responsive genes at the whole genome level. Analysis of SOS3 (University of Arizona) revealed its expression in both roots and shoots. However, the expression of this gene is not induced by stress. This is reminiscent of other stress proteins that are regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms such as the activation by second messengers like Ca. Further analysis of the expression of the gene using promoter - GUS fusions revealed expression in lateral root primordial. Studies at the Weizmann Institute identified a large number of genes whose expression is up-regulated by a specific cytosolic Ca burst evoked by CaM antagonists. Fewer genes were found to be down-regulated by the Ca burst. Among the up-regulated genes many are associated with early stress responses. Moreover, this study revealed a large number of newly identified Ca-responsive genes. These genes could be useful to investigate yet unknown Ca-responsive gene networks involved in plant response to stress.
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Götz, Konrad, Ueli Haefeli, and Daniel Meierhans. Thematic synthesis “Hydropower and Market” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2019.6.en.

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In future, hydropower plants will need to produce more electricity. Glacial melting is creating the conditions to establish new reservoirs while further potential is also offered by heightening dam walls. However, from an economic perspective, the sector as a whole is suffering. New economic approaches are therefore required and, at the same time, greater attention must be paid to ecological considerations.
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Fluhr, Robert, and Volker Brendel. Harnessing the genetic diversity engendered by alternative gene splicing. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696517.bard.

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Our original objectives were to assess the unexplored dimension of alternative splicing as a source of genetic variation. In particular, we sought to initially establish an alternative splicing database for Arabidopsis, the only plant for which a near-complete genome has been assembled. Our goal was to then use the database, in part, to advance plant gene prediction programs that are currently a limiting factor in annotating genomic sequence data and thus will facilitate the exploitation of the ever increasing quantity of raw genomic data accumulating for plants. Additionally, the database was to be used to generate probes for establishing high-throughput alternative transcriptome analysis in the form of a splicing-specific oligonucleotide microarray. We achieved the first goal and established a database and web site termed Alternative Splicing In Plants (ASIP, http://www.plantgdb.org/ASIP/). We also thoroughly reviewed the extent of alternative splicing in plants (Arabidopsis and rice) and proposed mechanisms for transcript processing. We noted that the repertoire of plant alternative splicing differs from that encountered in animals. For example, intron retention turned out to be the major type. This surprising development was proven by direct RNA isolation techniques. We further analyzed EST databases available from many plants and developed a process to assess their alternative splicing rate. Our results show that the lager genome-sized plant species have enhanced rates of alternative splicing. We did advance gene prediction accuracy in plants by incorporating scoring for non-canonical introns. Our data and programs are now being used in the continuing annotation of plant genomes of agronomic importance, including corn, soybean, and tomato. Based on the gene annotation data developed in the early part of the project, it turned out that specific probes for different exons could not be scaled up to a large array because no uniform hybridization conditions could be found. Therefore, we modified our original objective to design and produce an oligonucleotide microarray for probing alternative splicing and realized that it may be reasonable to investigate the extent of alternative splicing using novel commercial whole genome arrays. This possibility was directly examined by establishing algorithms for the analysis of such arrays. The predictive value of the algorithms was then shown by isolation and verification of alternative splicing predictions from the published whole genome array databases. The BARD-funded work provides a significant advance in understanding the extent and possible roles of alternative splicing in plants as well as a foundation for advances in computational gene prediction.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.

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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.
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Granot, David, and Richard Amasino. Regulation of Senescence by Sugar Metabolism. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585189.bard.

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Research objectives a. Analyze transgenic plants that undergo rapid senescence due to increased expression of hexokinase. b. Determine if hexokinase-induced senescence accelerates natural senescence using senescence specific promoters that drive expression of a reporter gene (GUS) and a cytokinin producing gene (IPT - isopentyl transferase). c. Isolate and analyze plant genes that suppress sugar-induced cell death (SICD) in yeast, genes that potentially are involved in programmed cell death and senescence in plants. Background to the topic Leaf senescence is a regulated process of programmed cell death (PCD) in which metabolites are recycled to other active parts of the plant. Senescence associated genes (SAGs) are expressed throughout leaf senescence. Sugar flux and metabolism is thought to playa fundamental regulatory role in senescence. We found that transgenic tomato plants with high hexokinase activity, the initial enzymatic step of sugar (hexose) metabolism, undergo rapid leaf senescence, directly correlated with hexokinase activity. These plants provide a unique opportunity to analyze the regulatory role of sugar metabolism in senescence, and its relation to cytokinin, a senescence-inhibiting hormone. In addition, we found that sugar induces programmed cells death of yeast cells in direct correlation to hexokinase activity. We proposed to use the sugar induced cell death (SICD) to isolate Arabidopsis genes that suppress SICD. Such genes could potentially be involved in senescence induced PCD in plants. Major conclusions The promoters of Arabidopsis senescence-associated genes, SAG12 and SAGI3, are expressed in senescing tomato leaves similar to their expression in Arabidopsis leaves, indicating that these promoters are good senescence markers for tomato plants. Increased hexokinase activity accelerated senescence and induced expression of pSAG12 and pSAG13 promoters in tomato plants, suggesting that sugar regulate natural senescence via hexokinase. Expression of IPT, a cytokinin producing gene, under pSAG12 and pSAG13 promoters, delayed senescence of tomato leaves. Yet, senescence accelerated by hexokinase was epistatic over cytokinin, indicating that sugar regulation of senescence is dominant over the senescence-inhibiting hormone. A gene designated SFP1, which is similar to the major super family monosaccharide transporters, is induced during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis and may be involved in sugar transport during senescence. Accordingly, adult leaves accumulate sugars that may accelerate hexokinase activity. Light status of the entire plant affects the senescence of individual leaves. When individual leaves are darkened, senescence is induced in the covered leaves. However, whole adult plant placed in darkness show delayed senescence. In a search for Arabidopsis genes that suppress SICD we isolated 8 cDNA clones which confer partial resistance to SICD. One of the clones encodes a vesicle associated membrane protein - VAMP. This is the first evidence that vesicle trafficking might be involved in cell death. Implications Increased hexokinase activity accelerates senescence. We hypothesized that, reduced hexokinase activity may delay senescence. Preliminary experiments using a hexokinase inhibitor support this possible implication. Currently we are analyzing various practical approaches to delay leaf senescence via hexokinase inhibition. .
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Seginer, Ido, Daniel H. Willits, Michael Raviv, and Mary M. Peet. Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573072.bard.

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Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings. Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses. Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse. Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.
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