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1
Twenty-one trends for the 21st century: Out of the trenches and into the future, their profound implications for students, education, communities, and the whole of society. Bethesda, MD: Education Week Press, 2014.
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2
name, No. Inclusive design: Design for the whole population. London: Springer, 2003.
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3
A guide to twenty-one trends for the 21st century: Out of the trenches and into the future : their profound implications for students, education, communities, countries and the whole of society. Bethesday, MD: Education Week Press, 2015.
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4
Kleiterp, Nanno. Banking for a Better World. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462983519.
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When we look at all the challenges facing the world, including inequality, population migration, and climate change, we can see a role for development banking in nearly all of them. But will that role be played for good or ill? This book brings together two people who collectively draw on their forty-five years of experience in that world to argue that development banking can-and must-play a constructive role. We only need to read the news to find public outrage at tales of short-sighted greed in the financial world. But what happens when banks invest in long-term sustainability? Readers will find a fascinating example in the journey of the Dutch development bank FMO. At times global in perspective, at other moments intimately personal, Banking for a Better World interweaves candid anecdotes with development history, as well as banking lessons with client interviews, to deliver a powerful argument for a business model that generates profit through impact, and impact through profit. This is an important and accessible must-read for anyone involved in banking, business, policy making, and civil society as a whole. Banking for a Better World challenges us to start finding overlaps between our own lives and global issues and to bridge the distance between our personal needs and those of our planet.
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Hartl, Daniel L. A Primer of Population Genetics and Genomics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862291.001.0001.
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A Primer of Population Genetics and Genomics, 4th edition, has been completely revised and updated to provide a concise but comprehensive introduction to the basic concepts of population genetics and genomics. Recent textbooks have tended to focus on such specialized topics as the coalescent, molecular evolution, human population genetics, or genomics. This primer bucks that trend by encouraging a broader familiarity with, and understanding of, population genetics and genomics as a whole. The overview ranges from mating systems through the causes of evolution, molecular population genetics, and the genomics of complex traits. Interwoven are discussions of ancient DNA, gene drive, landscape genetics, identifying risk factors for complex diseases, the genomics of adaptation and speciation, and other active areas of research. The principles are illuminated by numerous examples from a wide variety of animals, plants, microbes, and human populations. The approach also emphasizes learning by doing, which in this case means solving numerical or conceptual problems. The rationale behind this is that the use of concepts in problem-solving lead to deeper understanding and longer knowledge retention. This accessible, introductory textbook is aimed principally at students of various levels and abilities (from senior undergraduate to postgraduate) as well as practising scientists in the fields of population genetics, ecology, evolutionary biology, computational biology, bioinformatics, biostatistics, physics, and mathematics.
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Merchant, Emily Klancher. Building the Population Bomb. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197558942.001.0001.
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Building the Population Bomb examines how human population came to be understood as a problem in the twentieth century, how it became an object of intervention for governments, scientists, and nongovernmental organizations, and how some forms of intervention got coded as legitimate while others were recognized as coercive. It traces the emergence and growth of two scientific perspectives on population from the 1920s to the present. The first, rooted in the natural sciences, considered the world’s population as a whole in relation to natural resources. The second, rooted in the social sciences, considered national population growth rates in relation to economic growth. These two perspectives converged briefly after World War II, convincing world leaders that population growth posed a barrier to economic development and a threat to worldwide peace and environmental integrity. The book documents how this overpopulation consensus attracted vast sums of money to demography and population control, and teases out the differences between population control, birth control, and family planning. It concludes with the fracturing of this consensus at the end of the 1960s, constituting the factions that structure today’s debates over whether the world’s population is growing too quickly or not quickly enough, and over what should be done about it. The book documents how population growth came to take the blame for the world’s most complex and pressing problems, and how efforts to solve “the population problem” have diverted attention and resources from the pursuit of economic, environmental, and reproductive justice.
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Čhamnūan prachākō̜n čhamnǣk tām ʻāchīp rāilaʻīat čhāk Sammanō prachākō̜n læ khēha, Phō̜. Sō̜. 2523, thūa rātchaʻānāčhak læ Krung Thēp Mahā Nakhō̜n =: Population by detailed classification of occupation : 1980 population and housing census, whole kingdom & Bangkok Metropolis. [Bangkok]: Samnakngān Sathiti hǣng Chāt, Samnak Nāyok Ratthamontrī, 1985.
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Thailand. Samnakngān Sathiti hǣng Chāt., ed. Čhamnūan prachākō̜n čhamnǣk tām ʻutsāhakam rāilaʻīat čhāk Sammanō prachākō̜n læ khēha, Phō̜. Sō̜. 2523, thūa rātchaʻānāčhak læ Krung Thēp Mahā Nakhō̜n =: Population by detailed classification of industry : 1980 population and housing census, whole kingdom & Bangkok Metropolis. [Bangkok]: Samnakngān Sathiti hǣng Chāt, Samnak Nāyok Ratthamontrī, 1985.
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9
Rostow, W. W. The Great Population Spike and After. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116915.001.0001.
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Midway through the eighteenth century, the rate of growth for the world's population was roughly at zero. Immediately after World War II, it was just above 2 percent. Ever since, it has fallen steadily. This new book, the latest offering from a distinguished expert on international economics, tells readers what this stagnation or fall in population will mean--economically, politically, and historically--for the nations of the world. W. W. Rostow not only traces the whole global arc of this "great population spike"--he looks far beyond it. What he sees will interest anyone curious about what is in store for the world's financial and governmental systems. The Great Population Spike and After: Reflections on the 21st Century contends that, as the decline in population now occurring in the industrialized world spreads to all of the presently developing countries, the global rate of population will fall to the "zero" level circa 2100. (Indeed, with the exception of Africa south of the Sahara, it could reach "zero" long before then.) This being so, how will it be possible to maintain full employment and social services with a decelerating population? What will societies do when the proportion of the working force (as now defined) diminishes radically in relation to the population of poor or elderly dependents? How will the countries of the world confront subsequent decreases in population-related investment? In answering these queries, this bold study asserts that the United States is not the "last remaining superpower" but the "critical margin" without whose support no constructive action on the world scene can succeed. Rostow takes the view that world peace will depend on our government's ability to assume responsibly this "critical margin" role. Further, he argues that, over a period of time, the execution of this strategy on the international scene will require a bipartisan, relentless effort to solve the combustible social problems that weaken not only our cities but our whole society.
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Publishing, Norman Ross, and United States Census Office. Census of the United States: First Decennial Census, 1790: Return of the Whole Number of Persons Within the Several Districts of the United States. Norman Ross Publishing, Inc., 1990.
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11
Swann, Julian. ‘The cry of the people is the voice of God’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198788690.003.0010.
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Disgrace was in many ways synonymous with the court and the lives and careers of ministers and courtiers. Yet it should not be seen as separate from the French population as a whole. This chapter uses examples of individual or corporate disgrace to explore how the wider public interacted with high politics, looking at the role of, amongst others, caricature, ballads, jokes, placards, and engravings as well as riots and popular rituals as expressions of opinion on the affairs of the day. Despite its pretensions to absolute authority, the crown was sensitive to public opinion and it too was anxious to present its version of events in what was a much livelier and vibrant political culture than the theoreticians of absolute monarchy might lead us to believe.
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Sanders, Matthew R., and Trevor G. Mazzucchelli, eds. The Power of Positive Parenting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190629069.001.0001.
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The single most important thing we can do as a society to positively transform the lives of children and prevent social, emotional, and behavioral problems and child maltreatment is to increase the knowledge, skills, and confidence of parents in the task of raising children at a whole-of-population level. This book provides an in-depth description of a comprehensive population-based approach to enhancing competent parenting known as the Triple P—Positive Parenting Program. Delivered as a multilevel system of intervention within a public health framework, Triple P represents a paradigm shift in how parenting support is provided. The Power of Positive Parenting is structured in eight sections that address every aspect of the Triple P system, including (a) the foundations and an overview of the approach; (b) how the system can be applied to a diverse range of child presentations; (c) the theoretical and practical issues involved in working with different types of parents and caregivers; (d) the importance of, and how parenting support can be provided in, a range of delivery contexts; (e) how the system can respond to and embrace cultural diversity of families everywhere; (f) the strategies needed to make large-scale, population-level implementation of the system succeed; (g) lessons learned from real-world applications of the full multilevel approach to parenting support at a population level; and (h) future directions and how further program development and innovation can be supported for this approach to reach its full potential in positively transforming the lives of all children, parents, and communities.
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Goldie, Jenny, Bob Douglas, and Bryan Furnass, eds. In Search of Sustainability. CSIRO Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643092112.
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What must we do to achieve a sustainable society? There is no one answer. The first steps towards sustainability cover a whole spectrum of economic, social and environmental issues.
In this volume Australian leaders from a wide range of fields discuss the key issues we must address if we are to move towards a more just and sustainable future. They identify the major concerns and challenges for achieving sustainability in the areas of: human health, water resources, land use and natural ecosystems, energy, equity and peace, economic systems, climate change, labour forces and work, urban design and transport, and population.
Achieving sustainability will require major changes in our current approaches. The thought-provoking chapters in this book provide a solid introduction to the issues in the search for a genuine path to sustainability.
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Riley, Peter. The role of the microbiology laboratory in antimicrobial stewardship. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198758792.003.0010.
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Microbiology laboratories play an important role in antimicrobial stewardship at the level of individual patients and the population as a whole. When empiric therapy has been started, rapid results can lead to earlier targeted treatment. Accumulated results of susceptibility tests can be analysed and used to generate local or national guidelines on empiric treatment and prophylaxis. Several methods can be used to determine microbial identity and antimicrobial susceptibility, including traditional culture-based methods and newer molecular methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and whole-genome sequencing. These methods and potential advantages are reviewed. Before results are reported, expert rules are applied and results edited. At this point the laboratory can influence prescribing practices.
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Kadama, Patrick, and Peter Eriki. Health for the whole population. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0020.
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Chapter 20 describes the way in which the support system provided by the traditional African extended family has given way in recent years to a new dependency by individuals on state organized health systems, charities, and private concerns. It discusses that the result has been increasing health costs and growing inequalities, and how it is now the poorest people who pay proportionately the highest amount for their healthcare out of their own pockets. The chapter sets out in broad terms the challenges faced by countries seeking to offer universal access to health and healthcare for their citizens. These are challenges that, as discussed in earlier chapters, require countries to find a way to meet these challenges that is based both on their culture and history, and on their financial capabilities and circumstances.
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Coleman, Roger, Simeon Keates, P. John Clarkson, and Cherie Lebbon. Inclusive Design: Design for the whole population. Springer, 2003.
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17
Keates, Simeon, Cherie Lebbon, Roger Coleman, and P. John Clarkson. Inclusive Design: Design for the Whole Population. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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18
Return of the whole number of persons within the several districts of the United States: According to "An act providing for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States," passed March the first, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-one. New York, N.Y: N. Ross Pub., 1990.
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19
Edgerton, David. War and the Development of the British Welfare State. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0008.
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War has long played a central role in discussions of the rise of the British welfare state. War did not just help create the welfare state, but shaped its nature. This paper, drawing on much recent revisionist literature, retells the story of the relations of war and welfare in this key case. It makes clear that the welfare state for service personnel and veterans was, in both world wars, different from the welfare state for the mass of the population and that there is a need to systematically consider the two over time. In peace and in war, the British state was both a welfare and a warfare state, each operating to different rules. The paper also endorses the view that the reforms in welfare of the 1920s were very much more significant than those of the Edwardian years, and indeed created a working-class welfare state which was extended to the whole population after 1945.
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Sin, Julie. Commissioning and a Population Approach to Health Services Decision-Making. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840732.001.0001.
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The book explores the vital link between population health (what the health system is aiming for) and the commissioning of health services (the process of securing services) and how this can be achieved. It covers the key opportunities for applying a population approach to the nuts and bolts of commissioning, as well as to the more strategic challenges in commissioning practice. It includes fundamental concepts needed in a commissioner’s repertoire of skills and competencies, and also more applied scenarios to navigate in practice. The emphasis is on a solid foundation for practice for those who work in commissioning, those whose work supports commissioning functions, public health professionals working in the quality and commissioning arena, and students studying in this area. It is particularly relevant to current developments in whole-system thinking and a population approach. Core concepts or ‘navigation tools’ are included to help with common challenges in commissioning such as the scoping of a health issue from a population perspective, making sense of different types of evidence, purposeful use of health intelligence, effective preventive opportunities, prioritization, quality issues for commissioners, and other applied topics that have to be navigated in practice. Whilst each topic is a salient component in itself, in combination the collection forms a comprehensive armoury for commissioning for health gain and decision-making for populations. These vantage points are useful whatever the structural system of the day because issues about finite health resources, securing quality health services, and reducing amenable health inequalities will always be pertinent.
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Trestman, Robert L. Psychiatric aspects of pain management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0039.
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Chronic pain differs from acute pain in many ways. First, by definition, it has become enduring and goes beyond the expected period of healing, whether post-trauma, post-surgery, or as part of a degenerative or progressive disease. The typical time frame used for defining chronic pain is defined as pain that persists beyond a six month window. Another characteristic that distinguishes chronic from acute pain is the emotional element of perceived suffering. This component of chronic pain becomes important in the assessment and subsequent treatment of chronic pain. Chronic pain management in a correctional setting is very challenging due to a host of factors. First, the majority of people being treated have a history of substance abuse disorders. Further, as a whole, the population of incarcerated adults has a disproportionate prevalence of significant chronic medical and psychiatric conditions. Finally, access to illicit drugs is limited, if not completely eliminated in correctional settings, shifting the environmental demand characteristics to prescription medication misuse. This chapter addresses issues of the psychiatric assessment and management of chronic pain in correctional settings. Information is provided regarding the factors to be elicited in a chronic pain interview, the methods used to assess chronic pain, and the assessment factors appropriate to integrate into a management plan. The methods used to manage chronic pain, including close coordination with a treatment team, cognitive behavioral interventions, and pharmacological management are presented. Tracking treatment outcomes from a psychiatric perspective in the correctional setting are then discussed.
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Trestman, Robert L. Psychiatric aspects of pain management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0039_update_001.
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Chronic pain differs from acute pain in many ways. First, by definition, it has become enduring and goes beyond the expected period of healing, whether post-trauma, post-surgery, or as part of a degenerative or progressive disease. The typical time frame used for defining chronic pain is defined as pain that persists beyond a six month window. Another characteristic that distinguishes chronic from acute pain is the emotional element of perceived suffering. This component of chronic pain becomes important in the assessment and subsequent treatment of chronic pain. Chronic pain management in a correctional setting is very challenging due to a host of factors. First, the majority of people being treated have a history of substance abuse disorders. Further, as a whole, the population of incarcerated adults has a disproportionate prevalence of significant chronic medical and psychiatric conditions. Finally, access to illicit drugs is limited, if not completely eliminated in correctional settings, shifting the environmental demand characteristics to prescription medication misuse. This chapter addresses issues of the psychiatric assessment and management of chronic pain in correctional settings. Information is provided regarding the factors to be elicited in a chronic pain interview, the methods used to assess chronic pain, and the assessment factors appropriate to integrate into a management plan. The methods used to manage chronic pain, including close coordination with a treatment team, cognitive behavioral interventions, and pharmacological management are presented. Tracking treatment outcomes from a psychiatric perspective in the correctional setting are then discussed.
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United States. Dept. of State, ed. Return of the whole number of persons within the several districts of the United States: According to "An act providing for the enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States," passed March the first, one thousand seven hundred and ninety. Philadelphia: Printed by Joseph Gales, no. 23 South Third street, 1988.
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24
Heatwole, Harold. The Conservation and Biogeography of Amphibians in the Caribbean. Edited by Neftalí Ríos-López. Pelagic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53061/hucg2445.
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An expansive and detailed review of the biology of Caribbean amphibians, considering their threats, conservation and outlook in a changing world. Amphibians are the group of vertebrates undergoing the fastest rate of extinction; it is urgent that we understand the causes of this and find means of protecting them. This landmark illustrated volume brings together the leading experts in the field. As well as offering an overview of the region as a whole, individual chapters are devoted to each island or island-group and the measures used to protect their amphibians through legislation or nature reserves. The biological background of insular biogeography, including its methods, analysis and results, is reviewed and applied specifically to the problems of Caribbean amphibians – this includes a re-examination of patterns and general ideas about the status of amphibians in the Anthropocene. The Conservation and Biogeography of Amphibians in the Caribbean offers an important baseline against which future amphibian conservation can be measured in the face of climate change, rising sea level and a burgeoning human population.
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Knape, Hans. The roles and responsibilities of the anaesthesiologist. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0032.
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Anaesthesia, being a relatively young medical specialty, has undergone a process of metamorphosis in the last 60 years. Modern principles of pathophysiology, technical developments, and new pharmacological principles have enhanced the potential of anaesthesia in the operating room, causing several subspecialties to develop. These subspecialties have enabled anaesthesiologists to better serve groups of patients with particular challenges and specific demands. The competences of anaesthesiologists in the pathophysiology of pain, pharmacology, and regional anaesthesia techniques enabled them to take the lead in the development of pain clinics, especially serving the increasing population of patients with chronic pain syndromes, often in close collaboration with experts from other disciplines. A similar development occurred in critical care medicine based on the expertise of anaesthesiologists in ventilatory and circulatory management and also in emergency medicine. With their overview of anaesthesia, intensive care medicine, and emergency medicine, anaesthesiologists are now in a position to lead in the whole perioperative process, not only in the medical management of individual patients but also in the logistic and organizational aspects of care. With further developments in information technology, in telemedicine, and rapid changes in society, with the increased demand of care in times of limited financial resources, a strong appeal will be made to anaesthesiologists to show leadership and cross boundaries. An increased focus on teamwork with surgeons, non-medical professionals, but also with managers and insurance companies in healthcare may open new horizons for the specialty of anaesthesiology and perioperative medicine.
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Crawford, Michael, and Rohina C. Rubicz. Molecular Genetic Evidence from Contemporary Populations for the Origins of Native North Americans. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.4.
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An overview of the current molecular genetic evidence for the origins of North American populations is presented, including specific examples from the authors’ work with the Aleutian Island inhabitants. Shared mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA markers among Siberians and Native Americans point to a Pleistocene migration from Siberia into the Americas via Beringia. There was likely a later migration from Siberia to Alaska, based on the analysis of whole-genome sequence data from a Greenland Paleoeskimo that clusters this individual with Siberian populations. Coalescence date estimates for Native American mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups indicate that there was a population expansion approximately 15,000–18,000 that was associated with a pre-Clovis settlement of the Americas and coastal migration, and then a later expansion of circum-Arctic populations. Settlement of the Aleutian Archipelago took place via east-to-west migration of Aleut kin groups, accompanied by a clinal loss in mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity.
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Merino Orozco, Abel, Cristina Di Giusto Valle, Gloria Pérez de Albéniz Garrote, and Valeriana Guijo Blanco. Education for fighting against gender discrimination and violence in the immigrant population: a systematic literature review. Universidad de Burgos, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36443/9788418465284.
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Migrant women are exposed to double vulnerability, as women and as migrants. This generates a demand for special personalized attention from professionals in the social, health and psychology fields in order to understand their needs. This work aims to understand the complexity of the migratory phenomenon in women in the scientific literature to establish the priority lines of support in university curricula. For this, a systematic review is presented that finally analyzes 63 documents. The study has three search phases in Web of Science and Scopus databases. In the first phase, the terms that are considered are "gender discrimination" AND "Violence" AND "migrant", selecting six items; a second block includes "gender discrimination" AND "migrant”, adding 40 items, and the third block, "gender discrimination" AND "Violence" OR "migrant" AND "education" AND “intervention” AND "women, where 17 new articles are selected. The results show seven emerging categories according to their central theme: legal, social, development & market, health, integration, gender discrimination and intervention. The study presents a discussion for each category, converging on the relevance of the need to raise awareness among the population as a whole. The study attempts to focus interest on priority lines of intervention, among which the following stand out: health care in general, sexual education, the expansion of social networks in the destination, the search for job opportunities, access to technology or the promotion of healthy living and physical activity. This analysis converges on the need for institutions to provide resources to people who suffer gender-based violence of any kind, emphasizing the migrant population, since fewer cases are institutionalized. For this reason, it is also relevant to provide resources to professionals who work with this social group.
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Omaswa, Francis, and Nigel Crisp. Introduction to Part 5: Health for the whole population—leaving no-one behind. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0016.
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Chapter 16 addresses the way in which universal health coverage has become one of the most important concepts in global health. It sets the scene for the following chapters in which leaders discuss the implementation of universal health coverage in Rwanda, South Africa, and Ghana.
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Rose, Cramer Sacha. Vaccine Nationalism in the age of COVID-19. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.413.
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It is no secret that the world has a COVID-19 vaccine problem. The majority of vaccination doses have been administered in Europe and North America, whilst many poorer counties have vaccinated less than 1% of their entire population. In light of the new variants presenting health risks, countries such as South Africa and India have proposed that the World Trade Organisation temporarily waive intellectual property rights for COVID-19 vaccines to help increase the production of vaccines. The world’s economic powerhouses such as U.S., Britain and the European Union vetoed the idea, submitting that intellectual property rights are important for ensuring continued innovation. They are of the opinion that waiving such rights would not result in increased production. The question therefore stands if these are only two options: either patents remain unchanged, or patents are disregarded. An alternative, and perhaps a middle ground is that of compulsory licensing. Although a seemingly good option, it presents its own problems. For instance, patents are territorial and grant the patent holder a monopoly for a limited time of 20 years. However, based on public needs – including health emergencies, a government can allow others to make the product, usually with a fair royalty, or fee, paid to the patent owner. However, this ends at the border. Article 31 of the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law, or TRIPS, limit compulsory licenses primarily to domestic production and use. This is also limited to companies within the territory, producing products primarily for export. This of course would make the whole point of such compulsory licenses redundant, since the countries producing such vaccines are not the countries that do not have access to them. The other problem with the COVID-19 vaccine is that the technologies used in producing such vaccines are complex and involve numerous patents, trade secrets and know-how. A compulsory licensing system would need to address not just patents but also the related intellectual property in question. To successfully expand vaccine production, countries need a moderately smooth structure to allow a country such as India, to grant a single, blanket license allowing companies to produce vaccines develop by the U.S. or European companies for export to all countries that lack their own manufacturing capacity. The proposed WTO waiver of intellectual property rights seeks to address the need of improved vaccine production, but it may be little too far stressed. Compulsory licensing would smooth the way for the expansion of vaccine manufacturing whilst at the same time still compensating the right holders.
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Schröder, Fritz H. Screening for prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0062.
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Screening for a disease must be clearly defined and differentiated from early detection. ‘Screening’ refers to the application of tests to the whole population or to defined segments such as males within certain defined high risk age groups. If applied in such a fashion ‘screening’ for prostate cancer may also be described epidemiologically as ‘secondary prevention’. While high-quality randomized studies show that screening reduces prostate cancer mortality by 21–44%, there is wide agreement that the introduction of population-based screening is at present premature because harms, mainly the high rate of overdiagnosis seen currently outweighs the benefits. This chapter attempts to put current knowledge into perspective with a set of recognized prerequirements for the application of screening, established by Wilson and Jungner in 1968.
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Roche, Benjamin, Hélène Broutin, and Frédéric Simard. Afterword IV Case studies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0024.
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Through malaria elimination in Italy at the end of 19th century (when the epidemiological situation could be seen as similar to the one present in low-income countries today) and control strategies against Buruli ulcer and schistosomiasis in Africa, we have shown examples demonstrating that the translation of evolutionary ecology knowledge to infectious diseases control in low-income countries can be successful. These successes have reached different stages, from increasing our understanding of the whole infectious system dynamics toward implementation of innovative control strategies in the short term (Buruli ulcer), to improving transmission control by reducing abundance of host population (schistosomiasis in Senegal), as well as ensuring complete disease elimination locally, through a combination of massive reduction of vector populations at key periods and human-population protection and education (malaria in Italy)....
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Joshi, Mahesh K., and J. R. Klein. Global Impacts from the White House to a Kenyan House. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827481.003.0001.
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In recent decades global business has created unprecedented growth in the global economy. The increase in world population and the number of nations since the middle of the twentieth century has fueled consumption and created new channels for trade. The rising trend in global trade is not just in products and services but also in knowledge, investment, and people. The evolution of technology, at a pace never seen before, has connected the whole world seamlessly to further enhance global trade with easy access to customers and suppliers. Despite the growth generated by global business, globalization remains a hot topic with some segments of society trying to promote protectionism and create rhetoric in favor of anti-globalization. The combination of trade channels already in place, cross-border trade by most countries, support from internet technology, and the connectedness of the whole world has continued to support global business to date.
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Cawthon, Stephanie, and Carrie Lou Garberoglio, eds. Research in Deaf Education. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455651.001.0001.
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This edited volume, Research in Deaf Education: Contexts, Challenges, and Considerations, provides readers with critical foundational information with which to view contemporary research in deaf education. Deaf education as a field is experiencing a high degree of turnover in its researchers, as well as major shifts in how deaf individuals access information and engage with society as a whole. To conduct research in deaf education includes a need to be mindful of the influence of context as well as the challenges of conducting research with a low-incidence and diverse population. Together with a chapter on history, as well as how the population has changed in recent decades, chapters in this book seek to provide readers with important context and strategies for the implementation of a range of research methodologies. Deaf education research utilizes a great range of research methodologies, and while this volume does not address all possible approaches, it does cover diverse research perspectives, from action research to large-scale surveys to multi-level modeling. In addition, several chapters in this volume address issues that are related to research measures themselves, particularly those that incorporate multiple communication modalities in their content or design. The volume concludes with a thematic analysis of the volume as a whole, offering cross cutting perspectives on how deaf education as a field can move forward in a responsive, ethical, authentic, and rigorous manner.
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Hyman, Bradley T., Beatriz G. Perez-Nievas, Isabel Barroeta-Espar, Alberto Serrano-Pozo, Matthew Frosch, and Teresa Gomez-Isla. Alzheimer’s Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0015.
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Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia in the developed world, and has a rising incidence due to the strong age-related nature of the risk for the disease. As the population as a whole ages, the number of cases of Alzheimer’s disease will rise in what is essentially an epidemic. The disease is progressive, evolves over years, but is ultimately fatal. Aside from symptomatic therapies that are weakly effective, no treatments are available. The underlying pathobiology, connections to the genetics of the disease, and prospects for research are explored.
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Littlefield, Amy, Deirdre Orceyre, and Stephanie Cheng. Integrative Oncology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0021.
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Cancer risk increases with age, but a patient’s tolerance to conventional treatments may be reduced with aging and associated morbidities. The development and expansion of age-appropriate therapies and approaches will be crucial as the population of elderly patients with cancer grows in the upcoming years. Taking into account the unique needs of this population will be of great importance. This chapter introduces the field of integrative oncology, the practice of supporting the whole person before, during, and after conventional treatments for cancer. Current evidence recognizes the safe use of many integrative interventions, such as lifestyle and diet changes and supplement and botanical use, to prevent cancer; to reduce side effects and optimize wellness during treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation; and to promote full recovery after treatment. Many of these same interventions act directly to optimally regulate pathways in the unique metabolism of the malignant cell process.
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The American gazetteer: Exhibiting in alphabetical order a much more full and accurate account than has been given of the states, provinces, counties, cities, towns, villages, rivers, bays, harbours, gulfs, sounds, capes, mountains, forts, Indian tribes & new discoveries on the American continent, also of the West India islands and other islands appendant to the continent, and those newly discovered in the Pacific Ocean: describing the extent, boundaries, population, government, productions, commerce ... with a particular description of the Georgia Western Territory: the whole comprising upwards of seven thousand distinct articles. Printed in Boston, New England: Printed for J. Stockdale ... , C. Dilly ... , and T.N. Longman ..., 1985.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Housing and homelessness. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0021.
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Mental illness is both a cause and sometimes a consequence of homelessness. The prevalence of mental illness in the homeless is greater than for the population as a whole. The chapter considers the evidence for whether the closure of long-stay psychiatric hospitals has added to the problem, and to what extent other factors are at play. Types of social housing and residential support are presented together with the legal framework for entitlement to housing. Programmes aimed at people with long-term homelessness and severe mental illnesses, such as Housing First, are presented with evidence for effectiveness.
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Mastroianni, George R. Personality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638238.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 considers the role of personality in the Holocaust. The idea that psychopathology or insanity characterized the individual leaders of the Third Reich or the German population was simply not supported by the evidence. Perhaps these leaders, or even the German population as a whole, were not characterized by a psychological disorder but were nevertheless different from other people in some important way. The authoritarian personality, a construct derived from Freudian thought, was suggested as a possible explanation. German child-rearing practices were implicated in the production of this personality, which was thought to be related to perpetrator behavior. Defining and measuring the authoritarian personality has posed some challenges, and researchers have not convincingly tied authoritarian traits to perpetrator behavior. The concept of “national character,” a kind of societal-level personality, has similarly been difficult to define and connect to perpetrator behavior. Personality approaches have also been applied to the study of rescuers.
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Bellamy, Alex J. Cataclysms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777939.003.0002.
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This chapter describes and explains the widespread practices of mass killing and persecution that characterized many parts of the region in the decades following the Second World War. During these years, mass atrocities were a common feature of political life in East Asia. This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the most serious of these atrocities. Some of those atrocities were unimaginably huge in scale—comparable to those committed by Hitler and Stalin. Some, especially those in China, accounted for millions of lives; others, such as those in Cambodia and East Timor decimated national populations—in both of these places, up to a quarter of the whole population was killed.
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Millett, Martin. ‘By Small Things Revealed’. Edited by Martin Millett, Louise Revell, and Alison Moore. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697731.013.038.
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The study of rural settlement in Roman Britain is undergoing a period of re-evaluation and change. In the past, work has focused on the individual study sites, especially villas. Now there is an increasing interest in the exploitation of whole landscapes, with an emphasis on the people who lived in them and the ways that they exploited the resources available to them. These trends are reviewed, and a case study is presented based on the author’s fieldwork in East Yorkshire. Given that the bulk of the population of Roman Britain lived in the countryside, emphasis is placed on understanding the active role of these people in creating the culture of Roman Britain.
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Cullen, Christopher. The astronomical empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733119.003.0002.
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This chapter begins by sketching the historical and cultural foundations of the role played by astronomy in the self-presentation of the early imperial Chinese state, principally through its claim to have the right to structure the time of its subjects by issuing a luni-solar calendar. This claim was presented as fulfilling a need on the part of the population; we discuss how far this claim was an accurate perception of the power relations involved. There follows a preliminary account of the main components of such a calendar, and of how they formed an integrated whole. Finally there is an introductory review of the main written sources on li曆‘[astronomical] systems’ on which much of this book will be based.
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Fleischman, Alan R. Ethical Issues in General Pediatric Practice. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199354474.003.0007.
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This chapter describes several ethical issues that occur in the everyday practice of pediatrics, including: parent refusal of immunizations, suspected child abuse and neglect, conscientious objection to providing specific treatments, and parental requests for tests and treatments that are not medically indicated. The role of religious preferences of parents and child are covered. What can the clinical practitioner do to convince parents that vaccinations are not harmful and that vaccinations are important to the health of the child and also to the population as a whole? Is firing the patient an option? What other options do clinicians have? The chapter addresses those questions, as well as the ethical issues that arise in the relationships of physicians to their employers, to private and public insurers, and to industry.
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Orceyre, Deirdre, and Meredith Bull. Naturopathic Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0008.
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Naturopathic medicine is a stand-alone system of whole-person health care rooted in traditional European nature cures of diet, rest, sunlight, fresh air, exercise, and water. Modern naturopathic physicians are trained as primary care licensable physicians whose education is recognized by the Department of Education. Medically trained naturopathic doctors (NDs) are ideal providers to thoroughly care for the geriatric patient. NDs are trained in conventional assessment and treatment but also in evaluation of underlying functional etiologies and holistic treatments such as diet, lifestyle, physical medicine, and herbal and homeopathic interventions. These provide comprehensive and extensive health care options that move away from the polypharmacy options so prevalent in this population. Medically trained naturopathic physicians are beneficial members of any geriatric medical team.
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Abu-Elmagd, Kareem M., Ajai Khanna, Masato Fujiki, Koji Hashimoto, Tomasz G. Rogula, and Guilherme Costa. Gut Failure after Bariatric Surgery. Edited by Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer, and Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0023.
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The gut plays a central role in the control of whole-body energy equilibrium, with obesity and gut failure being the two extremes of the continuum of disrupted energy homeostasis. In the last 25 years there has been a simultaneous evolution of both bariatric surgery for treatment of morbid obesity and surgical rehabilitation for management of gut failure. This chapter addresses gastrointestinal failure with the need for TPN therapy as a true concern among the bariatric surgery population. A new classification is introduced, along with novel surgical procedures, including visceral transplantation, to restore gut homeostasis and nutritional autonomy. In summary, this chapter features the enigma of patients with gut failure after bariatric surgery and underscores the successful management of these complex patients with the application of surgical ingenuity.
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Hanawalt, Barbara A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490393.003.0008.
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London’s population was made up largely of immigrants so that lessons in civic behavior were taught to the newcomers through a range of ceremonies and institutions. The inauguration ceremony of the mayor indicated who governed the city. Gilds, wards, and parishes educated people in the type of civic behavior expected. The emphasis in the government, in sermons, and every day life was on respect for hierarchy Challenges to civic authorities and ordinances were punished with humiliation rituals for the offenders. The didactic lessons of ceremony were mostly delivered as a show of color, music, reverence, and celebration. The whole space of London was used for ceremony, including the streets during the Midsummer Watch, parish parades for funerals and gilds’ saint’s days, and the route to the pillory for punishment.
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Mastroianni, George R. Clinical/Abnormal Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638238.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 focuses on the considerable psychological literature devoted to the question of the role played by psychopathology in the Nazi movement and the Holocaust. Both the Nazi leaders and the German population as a whole were thought by some to exhibit signs of psychopathology. The dominant paradigm in psychology before, during, and shortly after World War II was psychoanalytic, and Freudian analyses were common. The notion that psychopathology played a significant role in either Nazism or the Holocaust has largely been abandoned. The psychological consequences of the horrific experiences to which many Holocaust survivors were subjected led to the identification of a disorder called by some “concentration camp syndrome.” Our modern-day understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) owes a considerable debt to the legacy of Holocaust survivors.
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Hankin, David, Michael S. Mohr, and Kenneth B. Newman. Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.001.0001.
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We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
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Hodges, Sarah. South Asia's Eugenic Past. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0013.
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The strong continuities between colonial eugenics agendas and postcolonial population control efforts are striking elements in the history of eugenics in South Asia. This article discusses the role of different strands within colonial eugenics—particularly neo-Malthusianism—at different points in time and in the region's different postcolonial nations. It mentions that eugenics in a poverty-stricken colonial context provides a powerful and enduring template for connecting reproductive behavior to the task of revitalizing the nation as a whole. This article relates the history of eugenics in colonial India with the history of birth control advocacy. It discusses in detail the eugenics associations that held public meetings and advocated contraceptive use. It provides an understanding of the relative insignificance of heredity to Indian eugenics in light of the conditions for the development of eugenic science in India.
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Ayala, Francisco J., and Camilo J. Cela-Conde. Middle and Lower Pleistocene: the Homo radiation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739906.003.0008.
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This chapter deals with the radiation of the genus Homo after its exit from Africa. It deals with population dispersals and the meaning of the taxon Homo erectus with respect to the African and Asian fossils. The morphological characterization of H. erectus is complemented with other sorts of evidence, such as fossil footprints. The comparison between the Asian and African specimens suggests the possible existence of the taxon Homo ergaster. The next issue is the colonization of Europe, with a distinction between “long chronology” and “short chronology,” according to a sporadic or permanent human presence. The hominins’ possible ways of entry in Europe are discussed, and the oldest exemplars, such as Homo antecessor, are described. Finally, the climatic (glaciations) and cultural alternatives are examined in order to determine the status of H. erectus considered as a whole.
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Kraemer, Ross Shepard. The Mediterranean Diaspora in Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190222277.001.0001.
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The alliance of the Roman Empire with the emerging orthodox Christian church in the early fourth century had profound consequences for the large population of Greek- (and Latin-)speaking Jews living across the Mediterranean diaspora. No known writings survive from diaspora Jews. Their experiences must be gleaned from unreliable accounts of Christian bishops and historiographers, surviving laws, and limited material evidence—synagogue sites, inscriptions, a few papyrus documents. Long neglected by historians, the diaspora population, together with its distinctive cultural forms, appears in decline by the early seventh century. This book explores why. In part, diaspora Jews suffered from disasters that affected the whole late antique Mediterranean population—continuing warfare, earthquakes, and plague. But, like all other non-orthodox Christians, Jews were subject to extensive pressures to become orthodox Christian, which increased over time. Late Roman laws, sometimes drafted by Christian lobbyists, imposed legal disabilities on Jews that were relieved if they became Christians. Fueled by malicious sermons of Christian bishops, Christian mobs attacked synagogues and sometimes Jews themselves. Significantly, Jews retained many of their earlier legal rights while other non-orthodox Christians lost theirs. In response, some Jews became Christians, voluntarily or under duress. Some probably emigrated to escape orthodox Christian pressures. Some leveraged political and social networks to their advantage. Some violently resisted their Christian antagonists. Jews may occasionally have entertained the possibility of divine messianic intervention or embraced forms of Jewish practice that constructed tighter social boundaries around them—an increased use of Hebrew, and heightened interest, perhaps, in rabbinic practices.