Academic literature on the topic 'Whole engine modelling'
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Journal articles on the topic "Whole engine modelling"
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Chen, G. "Vibration modelling and verifications for whole aero-engine." Journal of Sound and Vibration 349 (August 2015): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2015.03.029.
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Lolis, P., P. Giannakakis, V. Sethi, A. J. B. Jackson, and P. Pilidis. "Evaluation of aero gas turbine preliminary weight estimation methods." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1204 (June 2014): 625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000009404.
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AbstractThe estimation of gas turbine engine weight during the preliminary or conceptual design phase is a key part of a Techno-economic Environmental Risk Analysis (TERA). Several methods that are available in the public domain are analysed and compared, in order to establish the physics driving them and their suitability for the weight estimation of modern gas turbine engines. Among the tested methods, only WATE managed to achieve acceptable accuracy for engine optimisation studies. This work demonstrates that the age and restrictions of existing ‘whole engine based’ methods, along with their dependency on old engine databases make them unsuitable for future and novel aero engines. A hybrid weight modelling approach is proposed as a solution permitting the creation of simple ‘whole engine based’ methods that do not depend on the availability of existing engine data, which are also subject to uncertainties and incoherencies.
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Giuntini, Sabrina, Antonio Andreini, Bruno Facchini, Marco Mantero, Marco Pirotta, and Sven Olmes. "Transient 2D FEM-fluid network coupling for thermo-mechanical whole gas turbine engine simulations: modelling features and applications." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 10012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019710012.
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In order to control the thermo-mechanical stresses that large heavy-duty power generation turbines have to face nowadays in their frequent operational transients, the analysis of the heat transfer between main flow, secondary air systems and structural components has to consider multi-physics coupled interactions, and has to be carried out with a whole engine modelling approach, simulating the entire machine in the real operating conditions. This is fundamental to guarantee a reliable assessment of life timing consumption and optimize clearances and temperature picks, through an efficient secondary air system design. It is here proposed a comprehensive description of modelling features and assumptions needed for the transient thermo-mechanical characterization of the whole engine through the application of a FEM-fluid network coupling methodology developed in collaboration with Ansaldo Energia and based on the open source code CalculiX®. In the present work the transient thermal modelling capability of the procedure will be verified through its application to a real whole engine geometry under a realistic transient cycle, comparing results with those of a reference FEM code.
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Giuntini, Sabrina, Antonio Andreini, Giulio Cappuccini, and Bruno Facchini. "Finite element transient modelling for whole engine-secondary air system thermomechanical analysis." Energy Procedia 126 (September 2017): 746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.231.
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Giannella, Venanzio, Raffaele Sepe, Roberto Citarella, and Enrico Armentani. "FEM Modelling Approaches of Bolt Connections for the Dynamic Analyses of an Automotive Engine." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 4343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104343.
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Three different finite element method (FEM) modelling approaches of bolt connections of a four-stroke, four-cylinder petrol engine are presented, and the related results compared in terms of preprocessing time and accuracy. A full 3D modelling of the bolt connections was preliminarily validated through a comparison with experimental test data available for the whole engine. Two further modelling approaches, a 1D approach and a contact-based (0D) approach, were benchmarked considering their influence on the accuracy for the dynamic analysis of an engine. Each of the three approaches presented pros and cons, even if the 1D modelling could be envisaged as the recommended one in most of cases.
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Altosole, M., and Massimo Figari. "Effective simple methods for numerical modelling of marine engines in ship propulsion control systems design." Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2011): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v8i2.7366.
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In the last year, the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering of Genoa University (now Department of Naval Architecture, Marine Technology and Electrical Engineering) collaborated to the design of the propulsion automation of two different naval vessels; within these projects the authors developed different ship propulsion simulators used to design and test the propulsion control schemes. In these time-domain simulators, each propulsion component is represented by a specific mathematical model, mainly based on algebraic and differential equations. One of the key aspects of the propulsion simulation is the engine dynamics. This problem in principle can be dealt with models based on thermodynamic principles, which are able to represent in detail the behaviour of many variables of interest (engine power and speed, air and gas pressures, temperatures, stresses, etc.). However, thermodynamic models are often characterized by a long computation-time and moreover their development usually requires the knowledge of specific engine information not always available. It is generally preferable to adopt simpler simulation models, for the development of which, very few kinds of information are necessary. In fact, for the rapid prototyping of control schemes, it is generally more important to model the whole plant (in a relatively coarse way) rather than the detailed model of some components. This paper deals with simple mathematical methods, able to represent the engine power or torque only, but they can be suitably applied to many types of marine engines in a straightforward way. The proposed simulation approaches derived from the authors’ experience, gained during their activity in the marine simulation field, and they are particularly suitable for a fast prototyping of the marine propulsion control systems. The validation process of these particular models, regarding a Diesel engine, a marine gas turbine and an electric motor, is illustrated based on the sea trials data and engine manufacturers’ data. Keywords: Dynamic simulation; marine engines performance; gas turbine; propulsion control. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jname.v8i2.7366 Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 8(2011) 129-147
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Zhang, Sanhua, Kunhao Tang, and Xinhong Zheng. "Modelling and optimal control of energy-saving-oriented automotive engine thermal management system." Thermal Science 25, no. 4 Part B (2021): 2897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci2104897z.
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The thesis simulates the engine?s installation and uses conditions in the whole vehicle, such as the water tank, fan, the engine?s arrangement in the engine room, accessories and pipe-line connections, etc. to build a test bench for the engine thermal management system. According to the thermal management simulation analysis software KULI modelling, the article designs the bench test conditions according to the parameter input requirements of the thermal management simulation analysis software. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing simulation and test data, and the NEDC driving cycle is used to simulate the performance of the vehicle cooling system to guide the selection and matching of thermal management system components.
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Rosli, M. Haziq Adham, M. Razali Hanipah, and Maurice Kettner. "The tuning of a small four-stroke spark ignition engine for flexible valve timings through numerical approach." MATEC Web of Conferences 255 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925504004.
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Variable valve timing has been implemented by various manufacturers to improve internal combustion engine performance while operating at wide speed and load ranges. A novel flexible valve timing system for a small four-stroke engine is currently under development by Automotive Engineering Research Group (AERG) in Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). In this paper, a comprehensive intake and exhaust tuning for the flexible variable valve timing is presented. A numerical assessment has been conducted through one dimensional engine modelling and simulation using validated model. There are eight valve timing configurations investigated for the tuning for three main speed regions. The simulation shows a positive and significant impact to the engine performance in three approaches; namely late intake valve closing, early intake valve closing and late exhaust valve closing. These approaches sufficiently covered the whole range of engine speeds for optimum engine operational performance.
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Andreassi, L., S. Cordiner, and V. Rocco. "Modelling the early stage of spark ignition engine combustion using the KIVA-3V code incorporating an ignition model." International Journal of Engine Research 4, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808703322223379.
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The evolution of early stages of homogeneous mixture combustion in spark ignition (SI) engines represents a critical period that greatly affects the whole combustion process. A proper description of this critical phase represents a major issue, which could strongly influence the overall model predictive capability (i.e. model ability to reproduce the real engine behaviour for a large range of operating conditions without any major tuning). Such requirements become even more important for the simulation of last-generation gasoline direct injection or lean stratified engines, where ignition could determine the functionality of the engine itself. In this paper, after a detailed analysis of the ignition physical process and its modelling issues, the predictive capability of the KIVA-3V code has been improved by substituting the original ignition procedure with a more detailed kernel evolution model based on the one presented by Herweg and Maly in 1992. The ignition model introduced in a KIVA-3V version already modified by the authors (re-zoning algorithm, combustion and turbulence models, cylinder wall heat transfer, etc.) has then been tested in order to assess its level of accuracy in describing this complex phenomenon, by varying the most critical engine operating conditions and keeping combustion tuning parameters unchanged. After comparing ignition model results with the corresponding ones presented by Herweg and Maly, a specific application of the overall model (KIVA-3V + ignition model + turbulent combustion model) has been made to perform an analysis of a compressed natural gas (CNG) fuelled engine for heavy-duty applications. To this aim, the in-cylinder combustion history and the related processes as the temperature distribution and NOx formation have been calculated and verified with reference to the experimental data measured in a wide range of operating conditions of an IVECO turbocharged engine.
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Siano, D., and R. Citarella. "Elastic Multi Body Simulation of a Multi-Cylinder Engine." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (June 13, 2014): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01408010157.
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This paper analyzes the vibration behavior of an in-line 4-cylinder, 4-strokes, internal combustion turbocharged direct injection gasoline engine. A detailed multi-body numerical model of the engine prototype was used to characterize the whole engine dynamic behavior, in terms of forces and velocities. The crank train multi-body model was created starting from engine geometrical data, and the available combustion loads were employed for the Multi-Body Dynamic Simulation (MBDS). A combined usage of FEM and multi body methodologies were adopted for the dynamic analysis: both crankshaft and cylinder block were considered as flexible bodies, whereas all the other components were considered as rigid. The engine mounts were considered as flexible elements with given stiffness and damping. The hydrodynamic bearings were also modelling. The software LMS Virtual Lab (modules PDS and Motion) and ANSYS were used for the simulation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whole engine modelling"
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Giuntini, Sabrina. "Transient modelling of whole gas turbine engine: an aero-thermo-mechanical approach." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1129189.
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In order to improve gas turbine performances, the operating temperature has been risen significantly over time. The possibility of applying more and more extreme operating conditions is mainly due to an efficient engine cooling. Secondary air system (SAS) design aims at obtaining the maximum efficiency with the minimum demand of mass flow bled from the compressor. Adequate cooling strategies have to be developed in order to guarantee suitable components lifespan and avoid failures. Anyway mass flows and pressure drops inside the secondary air system depend on the fluid-solid heat transfer itself, and in particular on the actual running clearances and gaps determined by the thermal expansion of components according to the current thermo-mechanical loads to which the engine is subjected. Due to changes in power generation market, the relevance of these issues increased considerably for large power generation gas turbines. In recent years their operating conditions have been deeply modified since more frequent and fast startups and shutdowns are required to meet electric load requirements. In order to manage thermal and mechanical stresses encountered in these repeated transient operations, and in order to monitor a number of parameters which should remain inside the pre-established operating ranges, the capability of predicting the thermal state of the whole engine represents a crucial point in the design process. Accurate prediction tools have to consider the strongly coupled phenomena occurring among SAS aerodynamic, metal-fluid heat transfer and deformations of the solid, in order to correctly estimate gaps and develop adequate SAS configurations. According to this, a Whole Engine Modelling (WEM) approach reproducing the entire machine in the real operating conditions is necessary in order to verify secondary air system efficiency, actual clearances, temperature peaks, structural integrity and all related aspects. It is here proposed a numerical procedure, developed in collaboration with Ansaldo Energia, aimed to perform transient thermal modelling calculations of large power generation gas turbines. The aerodynamic solution providing mass flows and pressures, and the thermo-mechanical analysis returning temperatures and material expansion are performed separately. The procedure faces the aero-thermo-mechanical problem with an iterative process with the aim of taking into consideration the mutual interaction of the different solutions, in a robust and modular analysis tool, combining secondary air system, thermal and mechanical analysis. The heat conduction in the solid and the fluid-solid heat transfer is computed by a customized version of the open source FEM solver CalculiX. The secondary air system is modelled by a customized version of the native CalculiX one-dimensional fluid network solver. Correlative and lower order methodologies for the fluid domain solution allows to speed up the design and analysis phase, while the presence of the iterative process allows to take into account the complex aero-thermo-mechanical interactions actually characterizing a real engine. A detailed description of the procedure will be reported with comprehensive discussions about the main fundamental modelling features introduced to cover all the aspects of interest in the simulation of a real machine. In order to assess the physical coherence of these features the procedure has been applied to two different test cases representative of typical real engine configurations, tested in a thermal transient cycle. The first one represents a simplified gas turbine arrangement tested with the aim of a first assessment from the point of view of the thermal loads evaluation. The second one is a portion of a real engine representative geometry, tested for the assessment of the interaction between SAS properties and the geometry deformations.
Books on the topic "Whole engine modelling"
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Sanz-Ramos, M., L. Cea, E. Bladé, D. López-Gómez, E. Sañudo, G. Corestein, G. García-Alén, and J. Aragón-Hernández. Iber v3. Reference manual and user's interface of the new implementations. CIMNE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/iber.2022.01.
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Iber is a two-dimensional hydraulic model for the simulation of free surface flow in rivers and estuaries, and the simulation of environmental processes in fluvial hydraulics. Since the release of the first version of Iber, which included a hydrodynamic calculation engine fully coupled with sediment transport processes and turbulence, it has evolved to become a free surface flow modelling tool for highly complex environmental processes. This document presents the developments made for version 3, where the advances are applied mainly in four current research lines: a new urban drainage module, a significant advance in the capabilities of the hydrological process module, a new soil erosion module, and a new module for calculating sediment transport considering non-uniform material (mixtures). Likewise, all the work has been accompanied by a cross-cutting task of improving the interface, both for existing modules and the creation of new windows and menus for new modules aiming to improve the whole workflow.
Book chapters on the topic "Whole engine modelling"
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Huet, Armand, Romain Pinquie, Philippe Veron, Frederic Segonds, and Victor Fau. "Design Rules Application in Manufacturing Industries: A State of the Art Survey and Proposal of a Context-Aware Approach." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 335–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_53.
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Abstract[Context] In manufacturing industries, the design of a product needs to comply with many design rules. These rules are essentials as they help industrial designers to create high quality design in an efficient way. [Problem] However, the management of an ever-increasing number of design rules becomes a real problem, especially for new designers. Even if there exists some knowledge management tools for design rules, their capabilities are still limited and many companies continue to store their design rules in unstructured documents. Nowadays, design rule application is still a difficult task that needs a circular validation process between many expert services in a manufacturing company. [Proposition] In this paper, we will analyze the main existing approaches for design rules application from which we will demonstrate the need of a new approach to improve the current state-of-the-art practices. To minimize rule application impact on the design process, we propose to develop a Context-Aware Design Assistant that will perform design rule recommendation on the fly while designing using computer-aided technologies. Our Design Assistant relies on the modelling of the design rules and the design context in a single knowledge graph that can fuel a recommendation engine. [Future Work] In future work, we will describe the technical structure of the Context-Aware Design Assistant and develop it. The potential outcome of this research are: a better workflow integration of design rules application, a proactive verification of design solutions, a continuous learning of design rules, the detection and automation of design routines.
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Buhammood, A. H., Henry Abanda, Peter Garstecki, M. B. Manjia, Chrispin Pettang, and Abdulrasheed Madugu Abdullahi. "Coupling BIM and Game Engine Technologies for Construction Knowledge Enhancement." In Research Anthology on BIM and Digital Twins in Smart Cities, 136–63. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7548-5.ch008.
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Interactions and collaboration between parties in construction projects are often characterised by misunderstandings and poor information exchange. Game engine technologies, when employed with building information modelling (BIM), can help address these shortcomings. Quite often, the visualisation capabilities of BIM models are not explored fully partly because of their limited interactive capability. While game engines are powerful in visualisation and interactions in the gaming industry, the literature suggests a lack of understanding of the applicability of the same in construction. This study investigates the potential of the use of game engines in construction practice which culminated in a framework that can guide the implementation of the same in enhancing interactive building walkthroughs.
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Gundyrev, Vadim Borisovich, Evgeniia Nikolaevna Koroleva, Viktor Vasilevich Losev, and Tamara Vladimirovna Morozova. "КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ И ВИРТУАЛЬНЫЙ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТ КАК СРЕДСТВО ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ ФИЗИКИ." In Education and science: current trends, 30–50. Publishing house Sreda, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-32712.
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The article reflects the possibilities of forming universal and professional competencies of an engineer while using computer modelling and a virtual experiments in the system of continuous engineering education (school – university – master's degree) in the process of teaching physics.
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Stašák, Jozef, and Eva Škorvagová. "Business Process versus Human Resources Performance." In Corporate Social Responsibility. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98944.
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The contribution deals with qualitative and quantitative analysis of relationship between business processes performance to be investigated (hereinafter BP) versus performance of employees who are interested in that BP functionality hereinafter known as Employees). The qualitative analysis deals with human resources performance psychological aspects, while the quantitative analysis is closely related to BP and Employee performance quantification and modelling. On one hand, the qualitative analysis describes psychological aspects concerned to human resources and the investigated BP performance. On the other hand, the contribution deals with quantifying those relationships with use of linguistic sets, which create basis of business process linguistic modelling (BPLM) approach as well. The PBPL (Principle Business Process Linguistic) Equation is applied in order to create a conceptual model of the objective oriented expert system, which operates over the knowledge base, which contains adequate semantic networks (SNWs| and reference databases (RDBs), while an appropriate inference engine is applied for user communication with that expert system too.
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Kitchin, Rob. "Blind Data." In Data Lives, 17–22. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529215144.003.0002.
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This chapter details a blind date between two researchers who have very different notions about the nature of data and the ethos and practices of science. One is an electronic engineer, while the other is an anthropologist. The anthropologist studies how digital technology is built and used, examining the politics and praxes of some start-up companies who were developing new apps. Meanwhile, the electronic engineer works on a sound-sensing network for monitoring and modelling background noise across the city. The chapter then looks at their debate on data creation and collection. The anthropologist makes a point about scientific practice, arguing that the electronic engineer is practising mechanical objectivity — trying to minimize biases, errors, calibration issues, and so on — but it is still set up in their vision, based on their education and experience, and compromising for circumstance. Thus, they are still making choices that influence the outcome.
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Kiourt, Chairi, Helena G. Theodoropoulou, Anestis Koutsoudis, Jorgos Alexis Ioannakis, George Pavlidis, and Dimitris Kalles. "Exploiting Cross-Reality Technologies for Cultural Heritage Dissemination." In Applying Innovative Technologies in Heritage Science, 85–108. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2871-6.ch005.
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One of the most challenging tasks in cross reality environment simulations is the generation of realistic and attractive worlds. The continuous evolution of computer game industry has a dramatic effect on such tasks as younger generations have higher expectations and demands in terms of realism. Virtual, Augmented, and mixed reality-based museums allow the efficient dissemination of cultural heritage thesaurus and are considered a popular application domain for cross reality environments due to their broad appeal. One of their primary scopes is to enrich user experience by introducing intuitive means of interaction with artefacts while offering knowledge in a more pleasant way than most of the traditional approaches. This chapter focuses on the development aspects of realistic simulations of cross reality environments for cultural heritage applications. It covers aspects related to modern 3D graphics and game engines, 3D digitization, and modelling. It discusses on the combination of these technologies in order to produce realistic, pleasant, and educative environments.
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Pittock, Jamie, C. Max Finlayson, and Simon Linke. "Freshwater Ecosystem Security and Climate Change." In Freshwater Ecology and Conservation, 359–77. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766384.003.0017.
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In this chapter we review techniques that managers may use to respond to climate change. First, modelling the impacts of climate change on freshwater ecosystems is discussed. While hydro-climatic projections can be used their imprecision requires the selection of robust adaptation options that provide benefits under a range of possible climate outcomes. Second, contested concepts for managing freshwater ecosystems and resources are summarised, and we conclude that they may be used to develop and implement cross-sectoral policies that sustain freshwater ecosystems. Third, options for climate change adaptation for freshwater ecosystems recommends application of six principles, emphasising: accommodation of change; application of ecological and socio-economic targets across multiple scales; maintaining connectivity, conservation of refugia, and representative habitats; initial implementation of no- and low-regret adaptation interventions; agreeing on thresholds for ecological change that trigger new management interventions; and scientific monitoring and evaluation. We conclude by considering how to manage the negative impacts and seize positive synergies in climate change responses: conservation advocates must engage with agriculture, energy, and water resources sectors if freshwater ecosystems are to be incorporated in their decisions.
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Fuchs, Anne. "Modernist perambulations through time and space: From Enlightened walking to crawling, stalking, modelling and street-walking." In British Academy Lectures, 2015-16. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266045.003.0009.
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Analysing diverse modes of walking across a wide range of texts from the Enlightenment period and beyond, this article explores how the practice of walking was discovered by philosophers, educators and writers as a rich discursive trope that stood for competing notions of the morally good life. The discussion proceeds to then investigate how psychological, philosophical and moral interpretations of bad practices of walking in particular resurface in texts by Franz Kafka, Thomas Mann and the interwar writer Irmgard Keun. It is argued that literary modernism transformed walking from an Enlightenment trope signifying progress into the embodiment of moral and epistemological ambivalence. In this process, walking becomes an expression of the disconcerting experience of modernity. The paper concludes with a discussion of walking as a gendered performance: while the male walkers in the modernist texts under discussion suffer from a bad gait that leads to ruination, the new figure of the flâneuse manages to engage in pleasurable walking by abandoning the Enlightenment legacy of the good gait.
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Babovic, V., and A. W. Minns. "Hydroinformatics opening new horizons: union of computational hydraulics and artificial intelligence." In Michael Abbott's Hydroinformatics, 33–44. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062656_0033.
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Abstract The strengthening dominance of electronics over past several decades has resulted in an almost total dominance of digital representation of the hydro-environment. Recognizing these developments, Mike Abbott introduced the notion of electronic encapsulation of information and knowledge. The act of encapsulating information and knowledge changes the very nature of the information and knowledge involved. Suffice to say that electronic encapsulation must also change the way in which an engineer accesses and uses the available information and knowledge. There is a shift in paradigm away from a model-based approach to a more data-based approach. Adopting such foundational considerations as its core, hydroinformatics opened research to the latest IT developments in the fields of artificial intelligence (including machine learning, evolutionary algorithms and artificial neural networks), artificial life, cellular or finite-state automata and other, previously unrelated sciences and technologies. Through studying and exploiting elements of these, at first sight unrelated, sciences, hydroinformatics produced new and innovative solutions to hydraulic and hydrological problems, as represented by real-time control and diagnosis, real-time forecasting, calibration of numerical models, data analysis and parameter estimation. In particular, the new approaches are able to generate important components of physically based, modelling systems by inducing models or sub-models of individual physical processes based only upon measured data. These (sub)models may then replace whole systems of complex, non-linear, differential equations that would otherwise require great skills from the modeller to calibrate, and powerful computing devices to solve. This chapter captures evolution of data science and AI within the field of hydroinformatics and provides an outline of the present state-of-affairs together with some ideas for future directions. The chapter outlines tangible solutions that have been applied by the hydroinformatics community to address specific challenges in hydro-environmental systems.
Conference papers on the topic "Whole engine modelling"
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Hills, N. J. "Whole Turbine CFD Modelling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27918.
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The level of efficiency of modern turbines means that traditional blade design methods, based on steady state CFD in an idealised annulus, are no longer able to yield the efficiency improvements needed to develop a competitive turbine. Future design improvements will come from understanding and control of the parasitic effects of real geometry, such as cavities, gaps and leakages; and the unsteady interactions between neighbouring components. This paper describes ongoing work to carry out a simulation of a full turbine including both the main annulus and the secondary air system geometry to investigate these effects. A multistage steady-state mixing plane model of an idealised whole turbine was run to provide a baseline solution. Interaction effects between the components were considered by running unsteady models. Firstly the HP stage was modelled as unsteady, with the IP and LP stages continuing to be included as a steady state mixing plane model, but still using the idealised annulus geometry. The idealised geometry for the HP stage was then replaced by the real engine geometry, including the under platform cavity, with similar unsteady calculations being carried out. The feasibility of carrying out these large scale unsteady calculations of a whole turbine with real engine geometry has been demonstrated.
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Giuntini, Sabrina, Antonio Andreini, and Bruno Facchini. "Finite Element Transient Modelling for Aero-Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Whole Gas Turbine Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-91278.
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Abstract It is here proposed a numerical procedure aimed to perform transient aero-thermo-mechanical calculations of large power generation gas turbines. Due to the frequent startups and shutdowns that nowadays these engines encounter, procedures for multi-physics simulations have to take into account the complex coupled interactions related to inertial and thermal loads, and seal running clearances. In order to develop suitable secondary air system configurations, guarantee structural integrity and maintain actual clearances and temperature peaks in pre-established ranges, the overall complexity of the structure has to be reproduced with a whole engine modelling approach, simulating the entire machine in the real operating conditions. In the proposed methodology the aerodynamic solution providing mass flows and pressures, and the thermo-mechanical analysis returning temperatures and material expansion, are performed separately. The procedure faces the aero-thermo-mechanical problem with an iterative process with the aim of taking into account the complex aero-thermo-mechanical interactions actually characterizing a real engine, in a robust and modular tool, combining secondary air system, thermal and mechanical analysis. The heat conduction in the solid and the fluid-solid heat transfer are computed by a customized version of the open source FEM solver CalculiX®. The secondary air system is modelled by a customized version of the embedded CalculiX® one-dimensional fluid network solver. In order to assess the physical coherence of the presented methodology the procedure has been applied to a test case representative of a portion of a real engine geometry, tested in a thermal transient cycle for the assessment of the interaction between secondary air system properties and geometry deformations.
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Tindall, Michelle, Akin Keskin, and Andrew Layton. "Industrial Challenges in Large Thermally Enabled Structural Whole Engine Models." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15207.
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Abstract Understanding gas turbine design at a system level presents a difficult challenge. Accurate predictions of gas turbine behaviour before whole engine tests are completed are invaluable in preventing costly design changes in the latter stages of the design life cycle. In this study a high fidelity whole engine model has been built — specifically, a thermally enabled structural model. This model can predict component displacements up to system level interactions across the whole engine. Knowledge from such a model can feed into multiple design areas contributing to performance, component design and structural understanding but can also be used to influence physical testing. There are clear benefits in building such high fidelity models but also many challenges that need to be addressed, namely solver type, geometry interrogation, meshing, solver capability, computational power and finally, processing and validation of output data. Additionally, different applications have been used for thermal and structural modelling in order to utilise best capabilities in thermal and contact modelling but also enable scalability on high performance computing. However, utilising two different solvers involves meshes being tailored for each solver type but also introduces additional complexity of transferring information between the two models used. The paper will discuss the challenges and analysis methodologies used to thermally solve the whole engine cycle, the mapping procedure to translate thermal data to a structural model, and the approach taken to solve the very large simulation model explicitly at a chosen condition to a pseudo-steady state. In order to validate the simulation results, a vast amount of time has been spent to compare the results to existing test data. As model validation is a significant step in simulation to gain credibility of the results, a comparison of the predicted component displacements will be shown to X-ray data from a whole engine test. Results and limitations of this testing capability such as influence of engine vibration, shutter speed and noise in the data will be discussed and recommendations provided to improve accuracy of the results.
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Giuntini, Sabrina, Antonio Andreini, Bruno Facchini, Marco Mantero, Marco Pirotta, Sven Olmes, and Thomas Zierer. "Transient Thermal Modelling of Whole GT Engine With a Partly Coupled FEM-Fluid Network Approach." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64512.
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The present work aims at investigating a new methodology developed at Ansaldo Energia, for the transient finite element modelling of the whole engine with an axisymmetric approach. The strong coupling and non linearity in the heat transfer process during transient thermal analyses are handled by a partly coupled scheme. The 2D axisymmetric finite element model includes a dedicated thermal fluid network where fluid-metal temperatures are computed. In the overall procedure the selected finite element solver is a customized version of CalculiX®, while mass flow rates and pressure distributions in each thermal fluid network element are provided by external fluid network solvers in terms of customized time series. This paper represents a first insight about a fully integrated WEM (Whole Engine Modelling) procedure currently under development. Geometrical changes during operation, lead to different fluid properties affecting heat transfer coefficients too. These modified conditions in their turn impact the material temperature and displacements. The future implementation steps will be oriented on the adoption of a customized version of the native CalculiX® fluid network solver with the aim of developing a fully integrated procedure able to take into account the interaction between the secondary air system and the modifications in the clearances and gaps due to the thermal and mechanical loads. In this paper, a detailed description of the procedure will be reported with comprehensive discussions about some fundamental modelling aspects. Preliminary results, related to the first application of the new methodology to the transient thermal modelling of a simplified test case representative of real engine geometries, will be presented.
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Peitsch, Dieter. "Modelling the Transient Behaviour of Jet Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0575.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the behaviour of turbomachinery components has rapidly improved during the last years. The focus has been set mainly on unsteady component characteristics such as compressor stall and combustion chamber flameout. However, modelling the whole engine during transient operation is still a major workpackage during the development process of modern jet engines. The aim of transient modelling of jet engines is the prediction of the normal engine behaviour during changes of the powersetting, but also to prove engine safeness in abnormal operation, e.g. caused by failures of the control system. Various approaches are used depending on the application purpose. For the most accurate prediction, complex synthesis programs model each component separately and iterate to match the components against each other. For customer use as well as for evaluation whether the real control software in the Electronic Engine Controller operates satisfactorily, more simple programs are derived from this, which include the engine characteristics in a more general way. This gives a very robust tool for simulation of simple transient manoeuvres as well as e.g. flameout or starting predictions. The paper will present the variety of approaches for modelling transient engine behaviour and will discuss the limitations of these. It will also include a description, how the control system of modern jet engines, the FADEC, is set up in these environments. This modelling is needed, if a realistic approach towards reliability of in service operation shall be performed. Synthesis results are given from the development process. The use of advanced modelling of the control system with dedicated tools to improve the capabilities of the whole system is highlighted. An example for this is included with regard to the scheduling of the handling bleed valve of the booster compressor. Finally, the paper will give an outlook on the future planning of the synthesis of transient engine operation within Rolls-Royce Deutschland GmbH (RRD).
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Alexiou, A., and K. Mathioudakis. "Secondary Air System Component Modelling for Engine Performance Simulations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50771.
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This paper describes the modelling of typical secondary air system elements such as rotating orifices, seals and flow passages with heat and work transfer from the surrounding surfaces. The modelling is carried out in an object-oriented simulation environment that allows the creation of different configurations in a simple and flexible manner. This makes possible to compare the performance between different designs of individual components or complete secondary air systems as well as integrate them directly in whole engine performance models. The modelling is validated against published experimental data and computational results. An example of implementation in an engine model is also presented.
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Petrov, E. P. "Multiharmonic Analysis of Nonlinear Whole Engine Dynamics With Bladed Disc-Casing Rubbing Contacts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68474.
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A method has been developed for frequency domain analysis of steady state forced response in gas turbine engines in the presence of rubbing and snubbing contacts between bladed discs and casing and between other rotor and stator engine components. The multiharmonic contact interface elements have been derived for modelling the nonlinear contact interactions: (i) at bearings and (ii) bladed disc-casing rubbing contacts with using flexible models for rotor and stator structures. The elements allow for the asymmetry of the casing, the discrete blade contacts with casing, individual blade-casing gap values, nonlinear dependency of the contact forces on rotor-stator incursion and friction forces, intermittent contacts between blades and the casing. High accuracy and computational efficiency of the methods and models developed has been demonstrated on a set of test cases and on an example of analysis of a realistic gas turbine structure.
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Kulkarni, Davendu Y., and Luca di Mare. "Virtual Gas Turbines Part II: an Automated Whole-Engine Secondary Air System Model Generation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59720.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The design and analysis of the secondary air system (SAS) of gas turbine engine is a complex and time-consuming process because of its complicated geometry topology. The conventional SAS design-analysis model generation process is quite tedious, time consuming. It is still heavily dependent on human expertise and thus incurs high time-cost. This paper presents an automated, whole-engine SAS flow network model generation methodology. During the SAS preprocessing step, the method accesses a pre-built whole-engine geometry model created using a novel, in-house, feature-based geometry modelling environment. It then transforms the engine geometry features into the features suitable for SAS flow network analysis. The proposed method not only extracts the geometric information from the computational geometry but also retrieves additional non-geometric attributes such as, rotational frames, boundary types, materials and boundary conditions etc. Apart from ensuring geometric consistency, this methodology also establishes a bi-directional information exchange protocol between engine geometry model and SAS flow network model, which enables making engine geometry modifications based on SAS analysis results. The application of this feature mapping methodology is demonstrated by generating the secondary air system (SAS) flow network model of a modern three-shaft gas turbine engine. This capability is particularly useful for the integration of geometry modeler with the simulation framework. The present SAS model is generated within a few minutes, without any human intervention, which significantly reduces the SAS design-analysis time-cost. The proposed method allows performing a large number of whole-engine SAS simulations, design optimisations and fast re-design activities.
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D’Errico, G., A. Onorati, S. Ellgas, and A. Obieglo. "Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Simulation of a S.I. Single-Cylinder H2 Engine and Comparison With Experimental Data." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2006-1311.
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This paper deals with the modelling and experimental work carried out on a BMW single cylinder spark ignition hydrogen engine. The authors have enhanced a 1D thermo-fluid dynamic simulation code in order to cope with the different chemical and physical aspects due to the fuelling of a spark ignition engine with hydrogen rather than with conventional gasoline. In particular the combustion module, which is based on a quasi-dimensional approach, has been extended by introducing the possibility of predicting the burning rate of the combustion of a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen and air. A fractal approach was followed for the turbulent flame speed evaluation, while an extend database for laminar burning velocities was created applying a kinetic simulation code for one-dimensional laminar flames. The modelling of the whole intake and exhaust systems coupled to the engine has been addressed, considering port-injection fuel system, in which hydrogen has been injected at very low temperature (cryogenic conditions). The fundamental 1D fluid-dynamic equations are solved by means of second order finite difference schemes; the working fluid is considered as a mixture of ideal gases, with specific heats depending on the gas temperature and the mole fractions of species, whose correlations for each specie (including para-hydrogen) have been extended in the region of low temperature. A first validation of the enhanced model is shown in the paper, comparing the computed results with the experimental data of in-cylinder pressures, intake and exhaust instantaneous pressure histories at different locations and NO emissions discharged by the cylinder.
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Kim, Sogkyun, Sean Ellis, and Mark Challener. "Real-Time Engine Modelling of a Three Shafts Turbofan Engine: From Sub-Idle to Max Power Rate." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90656.
Full textAbstract:
Real-Time Engine Models are required for operation with engine electronic control systems and/or aircraft simulators for functional demonstration. The challenge for Rolls-Royce has been to establish the sub-idle speed behaviour of the engine. This paper covers the development steps by the Civil Aerospace Modelling and Simulation team to resolve this limitation in the models. The real-time engine model is now generated using two non-linear thermodynamic engine models. One of the thermodynamic engine models, normal range, covers the idle to max power range and the other is for sub-idle operation. Previously sub-idle operation was established by extrapolation from the normal range model. However, this method limited control system development by simulation for altitude starting adding time to altitude test programmes in high cost facilities. The requirement for the technique is to obtain the partial derivatives and steady-state data for the whole operating range. For the partial derivative estimation in sub-idle region, a variable perturbation size is introduced and changed according to the different shaft speed so that the sensitivity issue of using a fixed perturbation size in this operating range is resolved. Furthermore, the partial derivative of each parameter from the non-linear models is fine tuned by comparing with the steady-state values for each parameter. The summation of the integrated partial derivatives should be same as the steady-state value of each engine parameter. If an error exists then an adjustment of each integrated partial derivative is conducted according to the relative weight of each integrated partial derivatives contribution to the whole. It is highlighted that error sharing between the integrated partial derivative parameters results in less error during the validation process. The real-time engine model is constructed in state-space modular subsystems in SIMULINK, which include an engine shaft block to generate the engine shaft speeds, and fuel block to generate a signal of engine lit, etc. The database generated by the process of partial derivatives is then used in calculation of engine’s shaft speeds, temperatures and pressures. For the test of the real-time engine model obtained in this study, simulation of engine starting from stationary is conducted. Using a starter torque as the input to the engine model, starter-assisted starting can be achieved. In addition, engine relighting in flight is also conducted. The output of the real-time engine model has been compared with flight test data for engine relight and agreement has been demonstrated.