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Journal articles on the topic 'Whole embryo culture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Patat, Dilara, and Mehtap Nisari. "Hypoxia Modeling Technique in Whole Rat Embryo Culture." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 5, no. 3 (April 21, 2020): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs05.03.082.

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2

Van Maele-fabry, G., F. Gofflot, and J. J. Picard. "Whole embryo culture of presomitic mouse embryos." Toxicology in Vitro 9, no. 5 (October 1995): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(95)00064-f.

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3

Fujinaga, Masahiko, Richard I. Mazze, Jeffrey M. Baden, Alan G. Fantel, and Thomas H. Shepard. "Rat Whole Embryo Culture." Anesthesiology 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198809000-00019.

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4

Fujinaga, M., R. I. Mazze, J. M. Baden, A. G. Fantel, and T. H. Shepard. "Rat Whole Embryo Culture." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 9, no. 1 (April 1989): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132582-198904000-00024.

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5

Keyte, A. L., and K. K. Smith. "Monodelphis Whole-Embryo Culture." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2008, no. 11 (October 1, 2008): pdb.prot5075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5075.

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6

Wlodarczyk, Bogdan, Bogumil Biernacki, Maria Minta, and Jan Zmudzki. "Postimplantation Whole Embryo Culture Assay for Hamsters: An Alternative to Rat and Mouse." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.48.

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Postimplantation whole embryo culture (WEC) assay for rats and mice has been well established and introduced to many laboratories. Recently WEC technique for rabbits has been developed; however, information on culture of other species is very limited. Knowing the usefulness of hamsters in classical embryotoxicology, we reasoned that hamster WEC could be an alternative model for the most frequently used rat and mouse WEC. Previously we have optimized culture conditions for postimplantation hamster embryos. The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility of hamster embryos cultured in vitro to embryotoxic compounds and to compare our results with those reported by others on rat or mouse embryo culture. For that purpose we choose three known embryotoxic compounds�valproic acid, cadmium chloride, and diethylstilbestrol�and tested them using a postimplantation hamster whole embryo culture assay. Hamster embryos were cultured from 7.5 days gestation for 24 h in a medium consisting of 35% hamster serum and 65% synthetic culture medium (Iscove�s or McCoy 5A). At the end of the culture period, the embryos were examined morphologically, measured with the aid of a computer image analysis system, and total protein content was assessed. All three compounds exhibited dose-related embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in hamster embryos. The malformations observed were similar to those reported on rat and mouse embryos. Comparison of the results with data reported by other authors indicates that hamster embryos cultured in vitromight be more susceptible to embryotoxic stimuli than rat and mouse embryos.

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7

Steele, C. E. "Whole embryo culture and teratogenesis." Human Reproduction 6, no. 1 (January 1991): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137249.

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8

Steele, C. E., and R. Marlow. "Teratological studies using whole-embryo culture." Food and Chemical Toxicology 24, no. 6-7 (June 1986): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(86)90146-8.

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9

Piersma, A. H. "Whole embryo culture and toxicity testing." Toxicology in Vitro 7, no. 6 (November 1993): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(93)90079-k.

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10

Williams, Carolyn L., Paul K. Priscott, I. T. Oliver, and George C. T. Yeoh. "Albumin and transferrin synthesis in whole rat embryo cultures." Development 92, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.92.1.33.

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The uptake of [3H]leucine by the rat yolk sac and embryo and the subsequent synthesis of albumin and transferrin have been studied in whole embryo culture. Rat embryos of 12 days gestation were used in all experiments. Isotopically labelled transferrin was detectable in yolksac and embryo tissue extracts. In contrast, [3H]albumin could not be found in either tissue extract. Levels of radioactive transferrin in the yolk sac of cultured whole conceptuses decreased during 12 h in cold media. Embryonic transferrin showed an opposite trend in that it increased over 12 h by nearly 30-fold. In view of these results experiments were conducted in embryos and yolk sacs cultured in separate bottles. Radioimmunoprecipitation for transferrin revealed that there was synthesized protein in the yolk sac which then decreased by approximately 30% after 2h in normal cultured medium. There was no evidence of transferrin synthesis in embryo extracts over a 12 h period. These results present evidence that the visceral yolk sac is the primary site of transferrin synthesis in the rat and that the protein is thereafter transported, intact, to the embryo.

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11

Balcioglu, Esra, Munevver Baran, Mehtap Nisari, Ozge Goktepe, Pinar Bilgici, Demet Bolat, Pinar Alisan Suna, Ozge AL, Oguz Galip Yıldız, and Arzu YAY. "Ionizing Radiation Effects In Vitro Study; Using The Rat Whole Embryo Culture Model." Gevher Nesibe Journal IESDR 6, no. 13 (July 25, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46648/gnj.162.

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Background: Ionizing radiation poses a threat to the early embryo possibly leading to prenatal death, growth retardation, organ malformation, or mental retardation. It is important, assessment of any adverse effects of radiation upon the embryo. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of embryos irradiated with 1Gy doses in vitro and investigate hematopoiesis in the yolk sac of the irradiated embryos. Materials and methods: In the study, the experimental group of rats was be exposed to total body ionizing radiation on days 8.5th of gestation. All embryos in the control and radiation group cultured from gestation day 9.5 to 11.5 were alive at the end of the culture period. After 48 hours culture period, the embryos from each group were harvested and analyzed morphologically. Histological evaluation of the vWF+ cell number was performed in vivo. Results: The results showed that the embryonic growth and development during organogenesis decreased in the radiation exposed embryos when compared to control embryos. Additionally, the immunofluorescent examination showed that the vWF+ cell number reduced in the yolk sac of embryos exposed to ionizing radiation. Conclusion: Consequently, these findings support the conclusion that 1 Gy ionizing irradiation may increase prenatal death, intrauterine growth restriction on embryonic development when ionizing irradiation decreases the vWF+ cell number in the yolk sac compared to control embryos. This research related to radiation was the first study using the in vitro embryo culture technique; thus, future studies that will be performed by using different doses of radiation will contribute to the literature.

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12

Saillenfait, A. M., I. Langonne, J. P. Sabate, and J. De Ceaurriz. "Embryotoxicity of acrylonitrile in whole-embryo culture." Toxicology in Vitro 6, no. 3 (May 1992): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(92)90039-t.

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13

Seyoum, G., MC Robertson, TV Persaud, JA Paterson, and RP Shiu. "Influence of rat placental lactogen-I on the development of whole rat embryos in culture." Journal of Endocrinology 160, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1600231.

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Rat placental lactogen-I (rPL-I), the first prolactin-like hormone expressed in the placenta during pregnancy in the rat, is known to influence maternal functions. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of rPL-I on the growth and development of cultured whole rat embryos. Rat embryos, with or without ectoplacental cone (EPC) attached, were explanted at day 9 of gestation. After 48 h of culture, the embryos, enclosed by the yolk sacs, were assessed by the presence of visible heart contractions ('heart beats'), crown-rump length (CRL) and yolk sac diameter (YSD). When intact embryos with EPC were cultured, the concentrations of rPL-I and rPL-II (products of EPC) in the medium were 850+/-841 and 92+/-181 ng/ml respectively (means+/-s.e.m.). In embryo cultures with the EPC removed, rPL-I levels decreased to</=10 ng/ml, and only 70% of the embryos were viable, with visible heart beats. In the viable embryos, both CRL and embryonic DNA synthesis were reduced compared with controls, and the addition of rPL-I (1 microg/ml) did not prevent this reduction. YSD and yolk sac DNA synthesis were also reduced compared with control embryos, and the addition of rPL-I significantly prevented this decrease by 45%. In embryos cultured without EPC in the presence of neutralizing rabbit anti-rat prolactin serum (anti-rPRL), embryonic and yolk sac DNA synthesis were reduced by 35% compared with embryos exposed to normal rabbit serum. Addition of rPL-I significantly increased (P<0.05) embryonic and yolk sac growth. Thus the effects of rPL-I on embryo growth could only be seen in the absence of prolactin. The addition of human prolactin in the presence of anti-rPRL also resulted in significant increases (P<0.05) in embryonic DNA synthesis and CRL. These results suggest that rPL-I may substitute for prolactin to influence the growth of the rat embryo.

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14

Giavini, Erminio, Maria Luisa Broccia, and Mariangela Prati. "Teratogenicity Testing In Vitro: Post-implantation Whole-embryo Culture." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 19, no. 1 (February 1991): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299101900118.

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Various in vitro models have recently been tested for the assessment of developmental toxicity. Since the mechanisms involved in chemically-induced embryotoxicity are complex and numerous, a good in vitro assay must be able to detect developmental toxicants which act via most or all of these mechanisms. The rodent whole-embryo culture seems to fit this requirement, because it undergoes all of the fundamental processes of development. Also physical relationships between cells and tissues are maintained and morphogenesis can proceed normally. In fact, in vitro development of early post-implantation embryos closely parallels that occurring in utero. This assay appears to be particulary relevant for the detection of teratogenic and embryotoxic chemicals.

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15

Püschel, Bernd, and Jörg Männer. "Use of the Coelomic Grafting Technique for Prolonged ex utero Cultivation of Late Preprimitive Streak-Stage Rabbit Embryos." Cells Tissues Organs 202, no. 5-6 (2016): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000446820.

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Due to its morphological similarity with the early human embryo, the pregastrulation-stage rabbit may represent an appropriate mammalian model for studying processes involved in early human development. The usability of mammalian embryos for experimental studies depends on the availability of whole embryo culture methods facilitating prolonged ex utero development. While currently used culture methods yield high success rates for embryos from primitive streak stages onward, the success rate of extended cultivation of preprimitive streak-stage mammalian embryos is low for all previously established methods and for all studied species. This limits the usability of preprimitive streak-stage rabbit embryos in experimental embryology. We have tested whether the extraembryonic coelom of 4-day-old chick embryos may be used for prolonged ex utero culture of preprimitive streak-stage rabbit embryos (stage 2, 6.2 days post coitum). We found that, within this environment, stage 2 rabbit blastocysts can be cultured at decreasing success rates (55% after 1 day, 35% after 2 days, 15% after 3 days) up to a maximum of 72 h. Grafted blastocysts can continue development from the onset of gastrulation to early organogenesis and thereby form all structures characterizing age-matched controls (e.g. neural tube, somites, beating heart). Compared to normal controls, successfully cultured embryos developed at a slower rate and finally showed some structural and gross morphological anomalies. The method presented here was originally developed for whole embryo culture of mouse embryos by Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer in 1941. It is a simple and inexpensive method that may represent a useful extension to presently available ex utero culture systems for rabbit embryos.

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16

Scialli, Anthony R., and Annette R. Iannucci. "Whole embryo culture and the identification of “teratogenicity”." Reproductive Toxicology 29, no. 2 (April 2010): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.10.010.

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17

Glanville-Jones, Hannah C., Ngai Woo, and Ruth M. Arkell. "Successful whole embryo culture with commercially available reagents." International Journal of Developmental Biology 57, no. 1 (2013): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.120098ra.

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18

Kesby, Gregory J. "Toxicity of Heparin in Postimplantation Whole-Embryo Culture." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 163, no. 1 (February 2000): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/taap.1999.8822.

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19

NAYA, Masato, Yoshie KITO, Kazuhiro ETO, and Takashi DEGUCHI. "Development of Rabbit Whole Embryo Culture during Organogenesis." Congenital Anomalies 31, no. 3 (September 1991): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1991.tb00760.x.

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20

Horton, W. E., and T. W. Sadler. "Mitochondrial alterations in embryos exposed to B-hydroxybutyrate in whole embryo culture." Anatomical Record 213, no. 1 (September 1985): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092130113.

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21

Jones, E. A. V., D. Crotty, P. M. Kulesa, C. W. Waters, M. H. Baron, S. E. Fraser, and M. E. Dickinson. "Dynamic in vivo imaging of postimplantation mammalian embryos using whole embryo culture." genesis 34, no. 4 (November 14, 2002): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gene.10162.

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22

Miura, Shigeto, and Yuji Mishina. "Whole-embryo culture of E5.5 mouse embryos: Development to the gastrulation stage." genesis 37, no. 1 (September 2003): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gene.10229.

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23

Hunter, E. S., W. Balkan, and T. W. Sadler. "Improved growth and development of presomite mouse embryos in whole embryo culture." Journal of Experimental Zoology 245, no. 3 (March 1988): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402450306.

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24

Liu, Yong, Xiang Zhu, Feng-ling Yu, Xiao-ming Kong, Na Lin, Cong-sen Liu, Ting-ting Liu, and Jun-chang Guan. "Teratogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus L-forms using a mouse whole-embryo culture model." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 5 (May 1, 2013): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.045955-0.

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Our previous studies have suggested that Staphylococcus aureus L-forms are able to pass through the placental barrier of mice from the maternal side to the fetal body and affect fetal growth and development, but little is known about the direct influence of S. aureus L-forms on embryos during the critical period of organogenesis. Mouse embryos at gestational day 8.5 were cultured in vitro for 48 h with 0, 50, 100, 200 or 400 c.f.u. S. aureus L-forms ml−1. At the end of the culture period, the mouse embryos were assessed morphologically for viability, growth and development. Bacteriological and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine the existence of S. aureus L-forms in embryonic tissues. We found that both crown–rump length and head length of mouse embryos exposed to S. aureus L-forms at a concentration of 50 c.f.u. ml−1 were reduced. When the mouse embryos were exposed to 100, 200 or 400 c.f.u. S. aureus L-forms ml−1, the total morphological score, number of somites, dry embryo weight, yolk sac diameter, crown–rump length and head length were significantly lower than those of the control group. With the increased concentration of S. aureus L-forms in the culture medium, there were fewer normally developed embryos and more embryos with abnormalities or retardation in growth. S. aureus L-forms detected by Gram-staining and immunohistochemical detection of antigen were found in the tissues of embryos infected by S. aureus L-forms. These data suggest that S. aureus L-forms exert a direct teratogenic effect on cultured mouse embryos in vitro.

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25

Heidari, B., A. Shirazi, M. M. Naderi, M. M. Akhondi, H. Hassanpour, A. Sarvari, and S. Borjian. "Effect of various co-culture systems on embryo development in ovine." Czech Journal of Animal Science 58, No. 10 (September 27, 2013): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6993-cjas.

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Considering the advent of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a new source of somatic cells in embryo co-culture system, the current study was aimed to compare in vitro embryo development using embryonic MSCs monolayer with embryonic fibroblast cells (EFCs), oviductal epithelial cells (OECs), and cell-free culture system. The IVM/IVF presumptive sheep zygotes were randomly cultured in different culture conditions as follows: (1) SOFaaBSA medium for the whole culture period (SOF, n = 371), (2) SOFaaBSA medium for the first 3 days followed by co-culturing with MSCs for the next 5 days (SOF-MSCs, n = 120), (3) co-culturing with MSCs for the first 3 days followed by culture in SOFaaBSA medium for the next 5 days (MSCs-SOF, n = 133), (4) co-culturing with MSCs for the whole culture period (MSCs, n = 212), (5) SOFaaBSA medium for the first 3 days followed by co-culturing with EFCs for the next 5 days (SOF-EFCs, n = 132), (6) co-culturing with EFCs for the first 3 days followed by culture in SOFaaBSA medium for the next 5 days (EFCs-SOF, n = 165), (7) co-culturing with EFCs for the whole culture period (EFCs, n = 236), and (8) co-culturing with OECs for the whole culture period (OECs, n = 255). One-Way ANOVA by multiple pairwise comparisons using Tukey’s test was performed. Co-culturing in MSCs group had no superiority over EFCs and OECs groups. Though, when co-culturing with MSCs and EFCs was limited to the first 3 days of culture, the embryo development indices were improved compared to the other co-cultured groups. Considering both the hatching rate and total cell number, the application of MSCs for the first 3 days of culture (MSCs-SOF) was superior to the other co-culture and SOF groups.  

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26

Klug, Stephan. "Whole embryo culture: Interpretation of abnormal development in vitro." Reproductive Toxicology 5, no. 3 (January 1991): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6238(91)90057-m.

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27

Hunter, E. Sidney, E. H. Rogers, J. E. Schmid, and A. Richard. "Comparative effects of haloacetic acids in whole embryo culture." Teratology 54, no. 2 (June 1996): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199606)54:2<57::aid-tera1>3.0.co;2-1.

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28

Bowden, H. C., J. M. Tesh, and F. W. Ross. "Effects of female sex hormones in whole embryo culture." Toxicology in Vitro 7, no. 6 (November 1993): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(93)90083-h.

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29

Hunter, E. S., and T. W. Sadler. "Embryonic metabolism of foetal fuels in whole-embryo culture." Toxicology in Vitro 2, no. 3 (January 1988): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(88)90003-3.

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30

Zhang, Cindy X., Tracy Danberry, Mary Ann Jacobs, and Karen Augustine-Rauch. "A dysmorphology score system for assessing embryo abnormalities in rat whole embryo culture." Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology 89, no. 6 (November 5, 2010): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdrb.20262.

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31

Abbott, B. D., M. Ebron-mccoy, and J. E. Andrews. "Cell death in rat and mouse embryos exposed to methanol in whole embryo culture." Toxicology 97, no. 1-3 (March 1995): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(94)02945-q.

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32

Zair, I., B. Chlyah, and H. Chlyah. "Effet de deux extraits biologiques sur l'embryogenèse somatique et sur la rétention des capacités de régénération chez les cals de blé (Triticum aestivum)." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-050.

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The effect of extracts of potato or immature wheat seeds, polyethylene glycol, or mannitol on the embryogenic capacity of calli derived from half or whole immature embryos of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been studied. Calli initiated from embryo halves give the same yield of somatic embryos and regenerated plantlets as calli from whole embryo cultures. Compared to control cultures, calli initiated on potato extract are more embryogenic (> 70% embryogenic calli), form bigger embryos in a more reduced number, but that show a higher frequency of plant regeneration and longer retention of the regeneration capacity. The calli initiated on a wheat seed extract form less embryogenic calli and more but smaller somatic embryos; they have a shorter retention of their regeneration capacity. Increase in osmotic potential by addition of polyethylene glycol or mannitol to the culture medium did not improve somatic embryogenesis. Key words: Triticum aestivum, callus, embryogenesis, biological extracts.

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33

Culshaw, Lucy H., Dawn Savery, Nicholas D. E. Greene, and Andrew J. Copp. "Mouse whole embryo culture: Evaluating the requirement for rat serum as culture medium." Birth Defects Research 111, no. 16 (June 24, 2019): 1165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1538.

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34

HIROTA, Mitsuhiro. "Embryotoxity of dimethyl sulfoxide in rat whole-embryo culture system." Japanese Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 38, no. 1 (1992): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.38.30.

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35

Eto, Kazuhiro, and Noriko Osumi-Yamashita. "Whole embryo culture and the study of postimplantation mammalian development." Development, Growth and Differentiation 37, no. 2 (April 1995): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-169x.1995.t01-1-00001.x.

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36

Flick, B., and S. Klug. "Whole Embryo Culture: An Important Tool in Developmental Toxicology Today." Current Pharmaceutical Design 12, no. 12 (April 1, 2006): 1467–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161206776389822.

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37

Spence, Stan, Christine Vetter, William K. Hagmann, Gail Van Riper, Hollis Williams, Richard A. Mumford, Thomas J. Lanza, Linus S. Lin, and John A. Schmidt. "Effects of VLA-4 antagonists in rat whole embryo culture." Teratology 65, no. 1 (January 2002): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tera.1095.

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38

New, D. A. T. "Whole embryo culture, teratogenesis, and the estimation of teratologic risk." Teratology 42, no. 6 (December 1990): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420420608.

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39

Robinson, Joshua F., Vincent A. van Beelen, Aart Verhoef, Marc F. J. Renkens, Mirjam Luijten, Marcel H. M. van Herwijnen, Anja Westerman, Jeroen L. A. Pennings, and Aldert H. Piersma. "Embryotoxicant-Specific Transcriptomic Responses in Rat Postimplantation Whole-Embryo Culture." Toxicological Sciences 118, no. 2 (September 23, 2010): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfq292.

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40

Freeman, S. J., and C. E. Steele. "Post-implantation whole embryo culture and the study of teratogenesis." Food and Chemical Toxicology 24, no. 6-7 (June 1986): 619–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(86)90136-5.

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41

Bechter, Rudolf, Gerrard D. C. Terlouw, Masahiko Tsuchiya, Toshie Tsuchiya, and Andreas Kistler. "Teratogenicity of arotinoids (retinoids) in the rat whole embryo culture." Archives of Toxicology 66, no. 3 (February 1992): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01974014.

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42

Klug, S., and D. Neubert. "The use of whole embryo culture to elucidate teratogenic mechanisms." Toxicology in Vitro 7, no. 6 (November 1993): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(93)90074-f.

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43

Tesh, J. M. "The application of whole-embryo culture to new product development." Toxicology in Vitro 2, no. 3 (January 1988): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(88)90007-0.

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44

Price, R. L., M. Nakagawa, L. Terracio, and T. K. Borg. "Ultrastructural localization of laminin on in vivo embryonic, neonatal, and adult rat cardiac myocytes and in early rat embryos raised in whole-embryo culture." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 9 (September 1992): 1373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.9.1506674.

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The temporal and spatial distribution of the basement membrane component laminin was examined in vivo in developing rat hearts at 11.5 and 15 days of embryonic development (ED), and in neonates and adults, by pre-embedding ultrastructural immunocytochemistry. In addition, the patterns observed at 11.5 days ED were compared to the distribution of laminin in embryos maintained in whole-embryo culture. At 11.5 days ED laminin was localized in punctate patches on the surface of the plasma membrane, with large gaps between areas of staining. The development of myocytes and localization of laminin in the whole embryo-cultured embryos was similar to that found in the in vivo embryos. At 15 days ED, laminin localization was limited to distinct patches of developing extracellular matrix material associated with the sarcolemma. Gaps between areas of localization were shorter than in the 11.5-day hearts. In neonates, distribution of laminin localization was more extensive with fewer gaps and was associated with the developing basement membrane. In adult hearts, laminin was localized along the entire length of the basement membrane and was heaviest in areas of morphological specialization, such as Z-bands, where collagen bundles contacted the sarcolemma.

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45

Calibuso-Salazar, Marites J., and Gary R. Ten Eyck. "A novel whole-embryo culture model for pharmaceutical and developmental studies." Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 73 (May 2015): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2015.02.003.

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46

Yokoyama, Atsushi, Masaharu Akita, and Kazuhiro Eto. "The study of PO2 in medium of rat whole embryo culture." Japanese Journal of Pharmacology 52 (1990): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-5198(19)55738-9.

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47

Robinson, Joshua F., Elisa C. M. Tonk, Aart Verhoef, and Aldert H. Piersma. "Triazole induced concentration-related gene signatures in rat whole embryo culture." Reproductive Toxicology 34, no. 2 (September 2012): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.05.088.

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Flynn, T. J. "Teratological research using in vitro systems. I. Mammalian whole embryo culture." Environmental Health Perspectives 72 (June 1987): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8772203.

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Kulkeaw, Kasem, Chiyo Mizuochi, Yuka Horio, Noriko Osumi, Kohichiro Tsuji, and Daisuke Sugiyama. "Application of Whole Mouse Embryo Culture System on Stem Cell Research." Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 5, no. 2 (May 10, 2009): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-009-9064-2.

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Kulkeaw, Kasem, Chiyo Mizuochi, Yuka Horio, Noriko Osumi, Kohichiro Tsuji, and Daisuke Sugiyama. "Application of Whole Mouse Embryo Culture System on Stem Cell Research." Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 5, no. 4 (August 26, 2009): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-009-9087-8.

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