Academic literature on the topic 'Whole-brain map'
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Journal articles on the topic "Whole-brain map"
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Brittin, Christopher A., Steven J. Cook, David H. Hall, Scott W. Emmons, and Netta Cohen. "A multi-scale brain map derived from whole-brain volumetric reconstructions." Nature 591, no. 7848 (February 24, 2021): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03284-x.
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Lee, Dongha, and Hae-Jeong Park. "A populational connection map for the whole brain white matter." IBRO Reports 6 (September 2019): S153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.486.
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Bernat, James L. "THE BIOPHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF WHOLE-BRAIN DEATH." Social Philosophy and Policy 19, no. 2 (July 2002): 324–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052502192132.
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Notwithstanding these wise pronouncements, my project here is to characterize the biological phenomenon of death of the higher animal species, such as vertebrates. My claim is that the formulation of “whole-brain death” provides the most congruent map for our correct understanding of the concept of death. This essay builds upon the foundation my colleagues and I have laid since 1981 to characterize the concept of death and refine when this event occurs. Although our society's well-accepted program of multiple organ procurement for transplantation requires the organ donor first to be dead, the concept of brain death is not merely a social contrivance to permit us to obtain the benefits of organ procurement. Rather, the concept of whole-brain death stands independently as the most accurate biological representation of the demise of the human organism.
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Shi, Yuhang, S. Johanna Vannesjo, Karla L. Miller, and Stuart Clare. "Template-based field map prediction for rapid whole brain B0 shimming." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 80, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27020.
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Jung, Youjin, Raymond P. Viviano, Sanneke van Rooden, Jeroen van der Grond, Serge A. R. B. Rombouts, and Jessica S. Damoiseaux. "White Matter Hyperintensities and Apolipoprotein E Affect the Association Between Mean Arterial Pressure and Objective and Subjective Cognitive Functioning in Older Adults." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 84, no. 3 (November 23, 2021): 1337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210695.
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Background: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) show a robust relationship with arterial pressure as well as objective and subjective cognitive functioning. In addition, APOE ɛ4 carriership may influence how arterial pressure affects cognitive functioning. Objective: To determine the role of region-specific WMH burden and APOE ɛ4 carriership on the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cognitive function as well as subjective cognitive decline (SCD). Methods: The sample consisted of 87 cognitively unimpaired middle-aged to older adults aged 50–85. We measured WMH volume for the whole brain, anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), forceps minor, and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). We examined whether WMH burden mediated the relationship between MAP and cognition (i.e., TMT-A score for processing speed; Stroop performance for executive function) as well as SCD (i.e., Frequency of Forgetting (FoF)), and whether APOE ɛ4 carriership moderated that mediation. Results: WMH burden within SLF mediated the effect of MAP on Stroop performance. Both whole brain and ATR WMH burden mediated the effect of MAP on FoF score. In the MAP–WMH–Stroop relationship, the mediation effect of SLF WMH and the effect of MAP on SLF WMH were significant only in APOE ɛ4 carriers. In the MAP–WMH–FoF relationship, the effect of MAP on whole brain WMH burden was significant only in ɛ4 carriers. Conclusion: WMH burden and APOE genotype explain the link between blood pressure and cognitive function and may enable a more accurate assessment of the effect of high blood pressure on cognitive decline and risk for dementia.
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Morone, Flaviano, Kevin Roth, Byungjoon Min, H. Eugene Stanley, and Hernán A. Makse. "Model of brain activation predicts the neural collective influence map of the brain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 15 (March 28, 2017): 3849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620808114.
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Efficient complex systems have a modular structure, but modularity does not guarantee robustness, because efficiency also requires an ingenious interplay of the interacting modular components. The human brain is the elemental paradigm of an efficient robust modular system interconnected as a network of networks (NoN). Understanding the emergence of robustness in such modular architectures from the interconnections of its parts is a longstanding challenge that has concerned many scientists. Current models of dependencies in NoN inspired by the power grid express interactions among modules with fragile couplings that amplify even small shocks, thus preventing functionality. Therefore, we introduce a model of NoN to shape the pattern of brain activations to form a modular environment that is robust. The model predicts the map of neural collective influencers (NCIs) in the brain, through the optimization of the influence of the minimal set of essential nodes responsible for broadcasting information to the whole-brain NoN. Our results suggest intervention protocols to control brain activity by targeting influential neural nodes predicted by network theory.
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Deleo, Francesco, Seok-Jun Hong, Fatemeh Fadaie, Benoit Caldairou, Sidney Krystal, Neda Bernasconi, and Andrea Bernasconi. "Whole-brain multimodal MRI phenotyping of periventricular nodular heterotopia." Neurology 95, no. 17 (August 14, 2020): e2418-e2426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010648.
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ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that in periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) structure and function of cortical areas overlying the heterotopic gray matter are preferentially affected.MethodsWe studied a group of 40 patients with PVNH and normal-appearing cortex and compared their quantitative MRI markers of brain development, structure, and function to those of 43 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Inspired by models of neocortical development suggesting that neuronal migration follows a curvilinear path to preserve topologic correspondence between the outer ventricular zone and the cortical surface, we computationally defined the overlying cortex using the Laplace equation and generated synthetic streamlines that link the ventricles, where nodules are located, and the neocortex.ResultsWe found multilobar cortical thickening encompassing prefrontal, latero-basal temporal, and temporoparietal cortices largely corresponding with the PVNH group-averaged map of the overlying cortex, the latter colocalized with areas of abnormal function, as defined by resting-state fMRI. Patients also presented hippocampal functional hyperconnectivity and malrotation, the latter positively correlating with neocortical maldevelopment indexed by increased folding complexity of the parahippocampus. In clusters of thickness and curvature findings, there were no significant differences between unilateral and bilateral PVNH; contrasting brain-wide metrics between cohorts was also unrevealing. There was no relationship between imaging markers and disease duration except for positive correlation with functional anomalies.ConclusionOur quantitative image analysis demonstrates widespread structural and functional alterations in PVNH with differential interaction with the overlying cortex and the hippocampus. Right hemispheric predominance may be explained by an early insult, likely genetically determined, on brain morphogenesis.
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Tao, Jingshan, Yong Cai, Yisheng Dai, Yingdi Xie, Hailing Liu, and Xiaojin Zang. "Value of 4D CT Angiography Combined with Whole Brain CT Perfusion Imaging Feature Analysis under Deep Learning in Imaging Examination of Acute Ischemic Stroke." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (June 13, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2286413.
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This study was aimed at investigating the application of deep learning 4D computed tomography angiography (CTA) combined with whole brain CT perfusion (CTP) imaging in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). A total of 46 patients with ischemic stroke were selected from the hospital as the research objects. Image quality was analyzed after the 4D CTA images were obtained by perfusion imaging. The results showed that whole brain perfusion imaging based on FCN can achieve automatic segmentation. FCN segmentation results took a short time, an average of 2-3 seconds, and the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean absolute distance (MAD) were lower than those of other algorithms. FCN segmentation distance was 17.87. The parameters of the central area, the peripheral area, and the mirror area of the perfusion map were compared, and the mean transit time (MTT) and time to peak (TTP) of the lesion were prolonged compared with the mirror area. Moreover, the peripheral CBV was increased, and the differences between the parameters were significant ( P < 0.05 ). In conclusion, using the deep learning FCN network, 4D CTA combined with whole brain CTP imaging technology can effectively analyze the perfusion state and achieve clinically personalized treatment.
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Jehl, Markus, Ekaterina Mikhaylova, Valerie Treyer, Marlena Hofbauer, Martin Hüllner, Philipp A. Kaufmann, Alfred Buck, et al. "Attenuation Correction Using Template PET Registration for Brain PET: A Proof-of-Concept Study." Journal of Imaging 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9010002.
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NeuroLF is a dedicated brain PET system with an octagonal prism shape housed in a scanner head that can be positioned around a patient’s head. Because it does not have MR or CT capabilities, attenuation correction based on an estimation of the attenuation map is a crucial feature. In this article, we demonstrate this method on [18F]FDG PET brain scans performed with a low-resolution proof of concept prototype of NeuroLF called BPET. We perform an affine registration of a template PET scan to the uncorrected emission image, and then apply the resulting transform to the corresponding template attenuation map. Using a whole-body PET/CT system as reference, we quantitively show that this method yields comparable image quality (0.893 average correlation to reference scan) to using the reference µ-map as obtained from the CT scan of the imaged patient (0.908 average correlation). We conclude from this initial study that attenuation correction using template registration instead of a patient CT delivers similar results and is an option for patients undergoing brain PET.
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Yang, Hsiao T., and Kevin J. Cummings. "Brain stem serotonin protects blood pressure in neonatal rats exposed to episodic anoxia." Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 12 (December 15, 2013): 1733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00970.2013.
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In neonatal rodents, a loss of brain stem serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in utero or at birth compromises anoxia-induced gasping and the recovery of heart rate (HR) and breathing with reoxygenation (i.e., autoresuscitation). How mean arterial pressure (MAP) is influenced after an acute loss of brain stem 5-HT content is unknown. We hypothesized that a loss of 5-HT for ∼1 day would compromise MAP during episodic anoxia. We injected 6-fluorotryptophan (20 mg/kg ip) into rat pups (postnatal days 9–10 or 11–13, n = 22 treated, 24 control), causing a ∼70% loss of brain stem 5-HT. Pups were exposed to a maximum of 15 anoxic episodes, separated by 5 min of room air to allow autoresuscitation. In younger pups, we measured breathing frequency and tidal volume using “head-out” plethysmography and HR from the electrocardiogram. In older pups, we used whole body plethysmography to detect gasping, while monitoring MAP. Gasp latency and the time required for respiratory, HR, and MAP recovery following each episode were determined. Despite normal gasp latency, breathing frequency and a larger tidal volume ( P < 0.001), 5-HT-deficient pups survived one-half the number of episodes as controls ( P < 0.001). The anoxia-induced decrease in MAP experienced by 5-HT-deficient pups was double that of controls ( P = 0.017), despite the same drop in HR ( P = 0.48). MAP recovery was delayed ∼10 s by 5-HT deficiency ( P = 0.001). Our data suggest a loss of brain stem 5-HT leads to a pronounced, premature loss of MAP in response to episodic anoxia. These data may help explain why some sudden infant death syndrome cases die from what appears to be cardiovascular collapse during apparent severe hypoxia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whole-brain map"
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Elyon, Johny Robert. "Die rol van musiek as heelbrein-strategie by innerlike verandering : 'n prakties-teologiese studie / Johny Robert Elyon." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1009.
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In the past, pastoral-therapeutic support was mainly approached only from the functioning of the left hemisphere of the brain. This implies that pastoral therapists mainly interacted with people in therapy at an intellectual-analytical level under modernistic influence. Since man's destitution and need changes along with time, it is essential for pastoral therapists/counsellors to supplement and adapt their modus operandi and strategies if they wish to remain relevant regarding their pastoral dealings with people. In this study the researcher attempted to formulate from the Scriptures a basis theory regarding the role of music as a whole-brain strategy in inner change. For the sake of a more holistic approach, a meta-theoretical investigation was also undertaken. To confirm the basis and meta-theoretical information, researcher entered the living reality of seven individuals during which a qualitative research was done. The results of the study, according to which the basis and meta-theoretical perspectives were placed in hermeneutical relation to one another, led to practice-theoretical guidelines within the subject domain of Practical Theology regarding the role of music as a whole-brain strategy in inner change.Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
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Franceschini, Alessandra. "Brain-wide activation mapping at cellular resolution during learning and retrieval of aversive memory." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1237259.
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The neuronal and molecular mechanisms underlying behavioral responses triggered by fear have received wide interest in the last few years, and various preclinical studies have addressed potential treatments for fear-related disorders. The central histaminergic system is an important modulator of memory related to adverse events and the integrity of the brain histamine system is necessary for the consolidation of this type of memory. Therefore, the use of antihistaminic drugs could be useful for the treatments of conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders and generalized anxiety. In this context, it is essential to understand the neuronal circuits involved in behavioral responses associated with adverse events. During my PhD, I developed a pipeline for mapping neuronal activation at micron resolution, combining transgenic approach, clearing protocol, high-resolution imaging, atlas registration, and automated 3D image analysis. The combination of high-resolution imaging and 3D analysis for processing sub-cellular information became the key point of this pipeline, enabling high performance. This pipeline was validated using a classical paradigm, as step-through passive inhibitory avoidance, to analyze neuronal activation patterns across the entire brain of male and female mice, at selected time points. This approach highlighted a strong sexual dimorphism, during fear learning and recall, which was not evident from the behavioral task. Further, it identified brain regions whose degree of activity correlated to specific behavioral features. Finally, micron-scale 3D resolution was exploited to investigate histaminergic subpopulations elicited by aversive events.
The combination of behavioral, transgenic, optical and computational methods presented here represents an important tool to quantitatively characterize the neuronal pathways involved in fear memories.
Books on the topic "Whole-brain map"
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Miller, Mary. Mind Map: Self Help Diary | Organized Thoughts | Personal Production | Delivery Metrics | Whole Brain | Brainstorm and Plan Gift Under 10. Independently published, 2019.
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Physical Training Simplified: The Whole Man Considered - Brain and Body. British Library, The, 2017.
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Cohen-Inbar, Or, Daniel M. Trifiletti, and Jason P. Sheehan. Stereotatic Radiosurgery and Microsurgery for Brain Metastases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0024.
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This chapter describes the case of a patient with brain metastases due to metastatic breast cancer. MRI is the best imaging modality for visualizing brain metastases, and advanced techniques such as perfusion imaging and diffusion weighted imaging may provide important additional information beyond standard anatomic imaging. Patients with brain metastases due to systemic cancer may benefit from targeted therapies such as surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery. Understanding the differences between radiation modalities such as stereotactic radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy is important for counseling patients.
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Carrión, Victor G., John A. Turner, and Carl F. Weems. Brain Function in Pediatric PTSD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.003.0009.
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Previous chapters established that many of the symptoms of PTSD in children and adolescents are associated with structural and functional abnormalities of fronto-limbic pathways. The current chapter reviews the scope of the book and discusses general implications that result from these findings, suggests other areas of investigation, and discusses applicability of this neuroscience research to treatment and policy. This includes a survey of current research into critical periods of brain development that may affect the trajectory of PTSD’s development, research into whole-brain networks exhibiting vulnerability to traumatic stress, and innovative treatment strategies based on these emerging theoretical frameworks. Future directions for the ever-growing field of traumatic stress science, as well as miscellaneous findings not otherwise included within this book’s framework, are discussed.
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Brennan, Brian P., and Scott L. Rauch. Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Overview and Synthesis. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0021.
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Studies using functional neuroimaging have played a critical role in the current understanding of the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Early studies using positron emission tomography (PET) identified a core cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit that is dysfunctional in OCD. Subsequent studies using behavioral paradigms in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have provided additional information about the neural substrates underlying specific psychological processes relevant to OCD. More recently, studies utilizing resting state fMRI have identified abnormal functional connectivity within intrinsic brain networks including the default mode and frontoparietal networks in OCD patients. Although these studies, as a whole, clearly substantiate the model of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit dysfunction in OCD and support the continued investigation of neuromodulatory treatments targeting these brain regions, there is also growing evidence that brain regions outside this core circuit, particularly frontoparietal regions involved in cognitive control processes, may also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of OCD.
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Hoftman, Gil D., and Dean F. Salisbury. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0005.
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Schizophrenia is a brain disease with unknown etiology; a variety of neurodevelopmental mechanisms contribute to its pathogenesis. In this chapter, we review some of the most salient neurobiological findings that seem to be linked with the pathophysiology of psychosis generally and schizophrenia specifically. Several important findings have been made from neuroimaging and neuropathology, including reduced whole-brain volume, enlarged ventricles, and decreased cortical gray matter. Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, such as decreased dendritic spine density, are particularly important for cognitive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Functional imaging suggests that patterns of activation may be closely linked to symptom clusters. We will review neurotransmitter abnormalities, especially dopamine but also glutamate and GABA, and relevant circuitry and connectivity problems related to pathology. Finally, we will discuss genetics and heritability, and the challenges of identifying relevant loci in such a complex disorder.
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Drouin-Ouellet, Janelle, and Roger A. Barker. Disease-Modifying Therapies in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0016.
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The recent identification of the genetic basis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), coupled with a greater understanding of their pathophysiology, has enabled better therapeutic strategies to be identified and tried. This includes approaches that target critical specific nodes in the disease pathways, for example, agents that modulate levels of mutant huntingtin in Huntington’s disease. In addition to these highly specific targeted therapies, there is also a growing realization that more generic lifestyle therapies influencing whole brain health may also have merit in treating these conditions-such as diet and exercise. This chapter explores the different approaches and agents used to try to modify the course of a range of NDDs, and highlights their progress relative to the clinic and the patients suffering with these currently incurable conditions.
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Colvin, Lesley A., and Marie T. Fallon. Pain physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0009.
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The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage’. A good understanding of the physiology of pain processing is important, with recent advances in basic science, functional neuroimaging, and clinical pain syndromes contributing to our understanding. It is also important to differentiate between nociception, the process of detecting noxious stimuli, and pain perception, which is a much more complex process, integrating biological, psychological, and social factors. The somatosensory nervous system, from peripheral nociceptors, to sensory nerves and spinal cord synapses has many potential sites for modulation, with ascending pathways to the brain, balanced by ‘top-down’ control from higher centres. Under certain circumstances, for example, after tissue injury from trauma or surgery, there will be continued nociceptive input, with resultant changes in the whole somatosensory nervous system that lead to development of chronic pain syndromes. In such cases, even when the original injury has healed, the pathophysiological changes in the nervous system itself lead to ongoing pain, with peripheral or central sensitization, or both. Additionally, in some chronic pain syndromes, for example, chronic widespread pain, it has been postulated that abnormalities in central processing may be the initiating factor, with some evidence for this from neuroimaging studies. Further work is needed to fully understand pain neurobiology in order to advance our management.
Book chapters on the topic "Whole-brain map"
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Mittal, Pankaj. "Creating Responsible and Engaged Students." In The Promise of Higher Education, 197–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_30.
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AbstractSince 6 BC, when the first university of the world was established in Takshila in India, higher education in India has been integrating advanced knowledge and skills with larger social concerns. Apart from teaching and research, a prime concern of universities is to engage with the community and to contribute towards the development of society. Much emphasis is placed on the values of education by complementing curricular instruction for shaping future generations and enabling active engagement with society. The emphasis has been on holistic development of the student leading to complete realization and liberalization of oneself. To quote Swami Vivekananda, a well-known Indian scholar, “Education is not the amount of information that we put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas. If you have assimilated five ideas and made them your life and character, you have more education than any man who has got by heart a whole library. If education is identical with information, the libraries are the greatest sages of the world and encyclopaedia are the greatest Rishis”.
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Khan, Muhammad Hashir, Aksam iftikhar, and Tayyab Wahab. "Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Deep Learning Technique." In Recent Advancements in Smart Remote Patient Monitoring, Wearable Devices, and Diagnostics Systems, 54–67. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6434-2.ch003.
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Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in the world. A brain tumor is a form of cancer that develops in the brain's glial cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a prominent imaging tool for detecting brain tumors. It includes four different modalities that neurologists use to determine the location and kind of tumor. The suggested approach uses a 2D U-Net model to separate the brain tumors sub regions. To prevent excessive preprocessing and GPU utilization, the authors utilize the patching approach to partition the picture slices into distinct patches in this study. Second, they leverage the squeeze and excitation blocks to more effectively map low-level features to high-level features than a basic U-Net. The suggested technique yields DICE scores of 0.85, 0.87, and 0.90 for the three tumor categories of enhancing tumor, whole tumor, and tumor core, respectively. The results outperform the most recent approaches, including the major papers from the Brats 2019 competition.
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Rees, Jeremy. "Intracranial tumours." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher Kennard, 6048–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0593.
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Intracranial tumours represent about 2% of all cancers. There are no known risk factors apart from prior irradiation to the skull and brain and a few rare neurogenetic syndromes (e.g. neurofibromatosis, von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, Li–Fraumeni syndrome). They may be intrinsic or extrinsic, which determines potential resectability. Neuroepithelial tumours (predominantly gliomas) account for 50–60% of all primary tumours. Molecular analysis has now been added to the histological grade and subtype to provide an integrated diagnosis which provides more accurate information for treatment and prognosis. As systemic anti-cancer treatments evolve and produce long-term control of visceral and bone disease, brain metastases are becoming increasingly common and are best treated with feither stereotactic radiosurgery or neurosurgery to avoid the cognitive decline associated with whole brain radiotherapy.
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Chang, Yin-Jui, Gautam Krishna, and Benito R. Fernández. "Neuroprosthetics for Human Performance Optimization." In Human Performance Optimization, 165–83. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455132.003.0008.
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Neuroprosthetics is a novel bioengineering technology able not only to replace or assist the damaged neurons but also to enhance the function of the neurons with external electrical circuitry. It may allow patients with a neurological disorder to retain some of their normal function. Cochlear implants that induced deaf patients to “re-hear” and visual prostheses that assisted blind patients to “re-see” are both successful cases. Moreover, augmentation of cognition such as attention, (working) memory, creative thinking, and more can be carried out through stimulation techniques. In recent years, brain chip implants have been proposed as the next-generation technologies that can achieve the whole neuroprosthetic system in a tiny chip implanted into the human brain. Such a breakthrough is expected to mitigate neurological impediments, restore lost functions, and even optimize human performance.
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CREȚU, VASILE. "DEPENDENȚA DIGITALĂ: PATOLOGIE, REMEDII PSIHOLOGICE ȘI DUHOVNICEȘTI." In Educaţie şi valori în societatea contemporană. Editura Eikon, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56177/epvl.cap7.2022.ro.
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DIGITAL ADDITCTION: PATHOLOGY, PSHYCHOLOGICAL AND SPIRITUAL TREATMENTS. The digital addiction is already acknowledged by the medical specialists as a mental disorder, because it involves a pathological use of the computer or of any other type of technology, characterized by the urgent need to engage in online activities to the obvious detriment of daily and real life (school, family, friendships, etc.). This type of attitude is also dealing to other behavioural disorders. Some psychologists are comparing the states (involving changes in brain maps) caused by digital addiction to those of "classic" (somatic) addictions. Thus, a similarity was identified between the abuse of psychotropic and hallucinogenic substances, which chemically alter the human brain, and the abuse of the virtual space, which psychologically affects the human being as a whole. This is clearly a phenomenon, specific to post-modernity, unprecedented in its scale in history.
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Oliveira, Arlindo. "Brains, Minds, and Machines." In The Digital Mind. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262036030.003.0010.
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This chapter presents an analysis of the different approaches that may lead to the creation of artificially intelligent and conscious systems, which I call digital minds. In particular, it considers three different avenues that may eventually lead to intelligent systems: synthetic intelligences, neuromorphic intelligent systems, and whole brain emulation, also known as mind uploading. The challenges and potential of each of these approaches are described and analysed. Existing programs that may be the prototypes of future intelligent and even fully conscious systems are presented and examined. The chapter concludes by presenting a brief overview of the complex questions that surround the concept of consciousness, and some of the experiments that have been performed in order to advance our understanding of this phenomenon.
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Penrose, Roger, and Martin Gardner. "Real Brains and Model Brains." In The Emperor's New Mind. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198519737.003.0017.
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Inside our heads is a magnificent structure that controls our actions and somehow evokes an awareness of the world around. Yet, as Alan Turing once put it, it resembles nothing so much as a bowl of cold porridge! It is hard to see how an object of such unpromising appearance can achieve the miracles that we know it to be capable of. Closer examination, however, begins to reveal the brain as having a much more intricate structure and sophisticated organization. The large convoluted (and most porridge-like) portion on top is referred to as the cerebrum. It is divided cleanly down the middle into left and right cerebral hemispheres, and considerably less cleanly front and back into the frontal lobe and three other lobes: the parietal, temporal and occipital. Further down, and at the back lies a rather smaller, somewhat spherical portion of the brain - perhaps resembling two balls of wool - the cerebellum. Deep inside, and somewhat hidden under the cerebrum, lie a number of curious and complicated-looking different structures: the pons and medulla (including the reticular formation, a region that will concern us later) which constitute the brain-stem, the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and many other strange and oddly named constructions. The part that human beings feel that they should be proudest of is the cerebrum - for that is not only the largest part of the human brain, but it is also larger, in its proportion of the brain as a whole, in man than in other animals. (The cerebellum is also larger in man than in most other animals.) The cerebrum and cerebellum have comparatively thin outer surface layers of grey matter and larger inner regions of white matter. These regions of grey matter are referred to as, respectively, the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex. The grey matter is where various kinds of computational task appear to be performed, while the white matter consists of long nerve fibres carrying signals from one part of the brain to another. Various parts of the cerebral cortex are associated with very specific functions.
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Tsarouchas, Nick. "Clinical Neurophysiology of Epileptogenic Networks." In Neurophysiology - Networks, Plasticity, Pathophysiology, and Behavior [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104952.
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Current theories and models of brain rhythm generation are based on (1) the excitability of individual neurons and whole networks, (2) the structural and functional connectivity of neuronal ensembles, (3) the dynamic interaction of excitatory and inhibitory network components, and (4) the importance of transient local and global states. From the interplay of the above, systemic network properties arise which account for activity overdrive or suppression, and critical-level synchronization. Under certain conditions or states, small-to-large scale neuronal networks can be entrained into excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical brain activity (epileptogenesis). In this chapter we demonstrate with artificial neuronal network simulations how physiological brain oscillations (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma range, and transients thereof, including sleep spindles and larger sleep waves) are generated and how epileptiform phenomena can potentially emerge, as observed at a macroscopic scale on scalp and intracranial EEG recordings or manifested with focal and generalized, aware and unaware, motor and nonmotor or absence seizures in man. Fast oscillations, ripples and sharp waves, spike and slow wave discharges, sharp and rhythmical slow waves, paroxysmal depolarization and DC shifts or attenuation and electrodecremental responses seem to underlie key mechanisms of epileptogenesis across different scales of neural organization and bear clinical implications for the pharmacological and surgical treatment of the various types of epilepsy.
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Banchetti-Robino, Marina Paola, and Jean-Pierre Noël Llored. "Reality Without Reification: Philosophy of Chemistry’s Contribution to Philosophy of Mind." In Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494599.003.0010.
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CHEMIST AND PHILOSOPHER of chemistry Joseph E. Earley has recently argued that, in order to resolve some of its most seemingly intractable problems, philosophy of mind should take into consideration the work currently being done in philosophy of chemistry. This is because there exist obvious parallels between questions that inform philosophy of chemistry and the so-called hard problem of consciousness in philosophy of mind. As David Chalmers describes it, the hard problem of consciousness is that of explaining the relationship between physical phenomena, such as brain states, and experience (i.e., phenomenal consciousness, mental states, or events with phenomenal qualities or “qualia”). The “hard problem” is related to the problem of the reduction of mental states to brain states and of the emergence of mental phenomena from physical phenomena. Similar issues are encountered in philosophy of chemistry, such as the reduction of higher-level chemical phenomena to lower-level physical states and the emergence of the higher-level phenomena from the lower-level states. An important and related concern that arises in both philosophical subfields, particularly when dealing with emergence, is the question of “downward causation,” that is, the question of whether the higher levels, such as chemical properties or mental states, exert downward causal influence over the lower levels, such as fundamental physical states or brain states. Given the parallels between these two fields, Earley argues that there are three different ways in which philosophy of chemistry can be of assistance to philosophy of mind. The first is by “developing an extended mereology applicable to chemical combinations.” The suggestion is that, if successful, such an extended mereology may also be applicable to the whole-parts relationships between complex systems such as the brain (and its associated mental phenomena) and individual brain states. A second way is by “testing whether ‘singularities’ prevent reduction of chemistry to microphysics.” If chemical “singularities” indeed prevent such reduction, one might extrapolate that mental “singularities” might also prevent the reduction of mental states to electrochemical interactions in the brain.
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Rosén, Birgitta, and Christina Jerosch-Herold. "Hand therapy after peripheral nerve injury." In Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, edited by Simon Kay, Mikael Wiberg, and Andrew Hart, 283–88. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682874.003.0030.
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Injury to the peripheral nerve affects the whole length of the neuron and is not just localized to the site of injury, making a nerve injury different from other types of tissue injury in the body. Moreover, a nerve injury has immediate functional consequences for the brain in terms of rapid cortical functional reorganization. Lifelong limitations of hand function with loss of sensibility, muscle weakness, prehensile problems, pain, and cold sensitivity are common. Recovery can take years in adults, especially of tactile discrimination, but often remains incomplete and quality of life may be significantly affected. Numerous factors influence the outcome: age, type of injury, timing of surgery, and cognitive capacity. In addition, education, sex, and post-traumatic stress have proved to be prognostic factors. The timing of hand rehabilitation including sensory and motor re-education are also important contributors to the final outcome.
Conference papers on the topic "Whole-brain map"
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Vaziri, Alipasha. "Whole-brain Dynamic Map of Neuronal Circuits." In Optics and the Brain. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/brain.2015.brm2b.1.
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Vaziri, Alipasha. "Whole-brain Dynamic Map of Neuronal Circuit." In Bio-Optics: Design and Application. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/boda.2015.brm2b.1.
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Ghanbari, Leila, Russell E. Carter, Matthew Rynes, Judith Dominguez, Jay J. Hu, Nahom Mossazghi, Timothy Ebner, and Suhasa B. Kodandaramaiah. "Cranial Prostheses for Pan-Cortical Neural Interfacing." In 2018 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2018-6901.
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We are engineering neurotechnologies for large-scale cellular resolution activity mapping of the mammalian cortex. We have developed ‘brain windows’ — 3D-printed transparent cranial prostheses for chronic, optical access to the whole cortex. Using compatible imaging methodologies, we have demonstrated the pan-cortical activity map at multiple spatial scales — cellular to the mesoscale.
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Tan, X. Gary, Andrzej J. Przekwas, and Raj K. Gupta. "Macro-Micro Biomechanics Finite Element Modeling of Brain Injury Under Concussive Loadings." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66218.
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs in many blunt, ballistic and blast impact events. During trauma axons in the white matter are especially vulnerable to injury due to the rapid mechanical loading of brain. The axonal pathology leads to cytoskeletal failure and disconnection. The microtubules are one of major structural components of the cytoskeleton filamentous network. By bridging the macroscopic forces acting on the whole brain with the cellular and subcellular failure, the macro-micro computational models in both time and space can help us better understand the complex biophysics and elucidate the injury mechanism of both severe and mild TBI (concussion). At the macroscopic scale we developed the high-fidelity anatomical human body finite element model (FEM) to predict intracranial pressures and strain and strain rate fields of brain in the blast event. The macro-scale models and the coupled blast and biomechanics approach were validated against test data of shock wave interacting with a surrogate head in the shock tube. The mechanical deformation of brain tissue was mapped to the white matter tracts to obtain local axonal strain and strain rate for the micromechanical models. We developed the micromechanical FEM of myelinated axons interconnected with the oligodendrocyte by the processes, utilizing a novel beam element free of rotational degrees of freedom (DOFs). The numerical results reveal the possible mechanism of impact-induced axon injury including demyelination, breakup of processes, and axonal varicosity. We also investigate the dynamic response of microtubules bundles under traumatic loading. Different from the commonly discrete bead-spring models, a network of microtubules cross-linked with microtubule-associated-protein (MAP) tau proteins was modeled by the nonlinear beam model. Tau protein is modeled by the rate-dependent bar element for its complicated material behavior. The model considers the rupture of microtubule and the failure of tau-tau interface and tau-microtubule interface. The simulation result of the combined effects of the failure of the cross-linked architecture and elongation and bending of the bundle are possibly correlated to the axonal undulations following traumatic loading observed in the experiments. The developed macro-micro biomechanics models can be used as a starting point for modeling the neurobiology effects and guide the design of novel injury protection strategies.
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Zou, Lin, Yukun Song, Jianping Chu, and Xiaoying Tang. "Whole brain volume and cortical thickness based automatic classification of Wilson’s disease." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc.2019.8914413.
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Sun, Xiaotian. "The smell of the scene - Mapping the digital smell of scenes around Beijing." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001777.
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Smell is an sensation underrated in our life.In the culture dominated by vision, it is common to try to hide and deny the true smell of things.But smell may be the strongest and most interesting sensations humans possess: it is primitive, instinctive, sensual, and uncontrollable. We are surrounded by smells, they process through the air, and we cannot avoid perceiving them.We perceive the quality of things through smell, and we get thousands of messages from a large number of small particles that reach our nostrils . It communicates with people directly and exchanges information.Smell can reach the marginal regions of the brain before we feel any other sensory stimuli, because this is the most primitive part of human experience related to the strongest emotions.In order to explore digital smell,I designed a “scentgraphy” in my previous work, and establishing the relationship between color and smell is my main job.In this paper,I'll started to establish the relationship between the smell and scene to make the digital smell more accurate.and it is expected in the next research that the relationship between smell and scene will be applied the scentgraphy4.0 based on computer vision recognition .Therefore, my research aim in this article is to use common scene in our everyday life or the nature to map with their corresponding smell. However, due to the different geographical and cultural gap, the smell of the same scene may appear different, because this study will be studied that be selected in different scene of a city.In this paper, my research aims to use the common scene in our everyday life or the nature to map with their corresponding smell in order to establish the relationship between scene and smell. In the research process, take Beijing as an example, and record the smell of 6 kinds of outdoor scenes through on-site perception and photography. The research result will be applied in digital olfactory project related with computer vision recognition.In order to explore the digitization of smell, this paper will explore representative smell from the same kind of scene.By drawing on DrKate McLean's Smell Map method, which was used to study and design urban smell scenes, the participants were able to discover the unique odor from the urban environment. The common scenes in daily life or nature are mapped to their corresponding scents, while this paper focuses on finding the most common scents in the same type of scenes.Participants selected a scene to take pictures feel and analyze the smell of the scene(the smell was divided into different experience values of 1-5),and finally record the time, place and noise value(the noise was also divided into experience values of different values of 1-5).When collecting the questionnaire ,we will Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis these subjective data to get the unique smell scene in each scene of Beijing. The result are used as the basis for the subsequent smell calculation model and smell database.Due to the differences between regions and cultures, different smell may appear in the same scene, because I chose different scenes(and representative scenes)in Beijing for this study. Finally, the data collected during the experiment were used to explore the connection between scene and smell.The whole experiment was divided into four parts.The experiment started on the internet. Volunteers collect data, recover and process data, analyze and summarize data.
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Wei, Yuanyuan, Siyuan Jiang, Yuanyuan Qin, and Xiaoying Tang. "Automated Classification of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Using Multi-level Whole-brain Volumes from Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging*." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc.2019.8914164.
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Chernikova, Sophia, G.-One Ahn, Shie-Chau Liu, Jason Stafford, and J. Martin Brown. "Abstract C291: Targeting SDF-1 (CXCL12) pathway to inhibit the recurrence of breast cancer brain metastases after whole-brain irradiation." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics--Oct 19-23, 2013; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-13-c291.
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Hormuth, David A., Jared A. Weis, Stephanie B. Eldridge, Michael I. Miga, Erin C. Rericha, Vito Quaranta, and Thomas E. Yankeelov. "Abstract A09: Predicting response to whole brain radiotherapy in a murine model of glioma." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Engineering and Physical Sciences in Oncology; June 25-28, 2016; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.epso16-a09.
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Shukla, Sudhanshu, Uma Shankavaram, and DeeDee Smart. "Abstract 4354: Proteomic analysis of acute radiation response following whole brain irradiation: Is Sirt2 a key player of radiation-induced neurotoxicity." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4354.
Full textReports on the topic "Whole-brain map"
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MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.
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As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.