Relevant bibliographies by topics / Whole body heat

Academic literature on the topic 'Whole body heat'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Whole body heat"

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Pretorius, Thea, Gerald K. Bristow, Alan M. Steinman, and Gordon G. Giesbrecht. "Thermal effects of whole head submersion in cold water on nonshivering humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 2 (August 2006): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01241.2005.

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This study isolated the effect of whole head submersion in cold water, on surface heat loss and body core cooling, when the confounding effect of shivering heat production was pharmacologically eliminated. Eight healthy male subjects were studied in 17°C water under four conditions: the body was either insulated or uninsulated, with the head either above the water or completely submersed in each body-insulation subcondition. Shivering was abolished with buspirone (30 mg) and meperidine (2.5 mg/kg), and subjects breathed compressed air throughout all trials. Over the first 30 min of immersion, exposure of the head increased core cooling both in the body-insulated conditions (head out: 0.47 ± 0.2°C, head in: 0.77 ± 0.2°C; P < 0.05) and the body-exposed conditions (head out: 0.84 ± 0.2°C and head in: 1.17 ± 0.5°C; P < 0.02). Submersion of the head (7% of the body surface area) in the body-exposed conditions increased total heat loss by only 10%. In both body-exposed and body-insulated conditions, head submersion increased core cooling rate much more (average of 42%) than it increased total heat loss. This may be explained by a redistribution of blood flow in response to stimulation of thermosensitive and/or trigeminal receptors in the scalp, neck and face, where a given amount of heat loss would have a greater cooling effect on a smaller perfused body mass. In 17°C water, the head does not contribute relatively more than the rest of the body to surface heat loss; however, a cold-induced reduction of perfused body mass may allow this small increase in heat loss to cause a relatively larger cooling of the body core.
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POIRIER, MARTIN P., DANIEL GAGNON, BRIAN J. FRIESEN, STEPHEN G. HARDCASTLE, and GLEN P. KENNY. "Whole-Body Heat Exchange during Heat Acclimation and Its Decay." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47, no. 2 (February 2015): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000000401.

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Brothers, R. Matthew, Paul S. Bhella, Shigeki Shibata, Jonathan E. Wingo, Benjamin D. Levine, and Craig G. Crandall. "Cardiac systolic and diastolic function during whole body heat stress." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 296, no. 4 (April 2009): H1150—H1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01069.2008.

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During a whole body heat stress, stroke volume is either maintained or slightly elevated despite reduced ventricular filling pressures and central blood volume, suggestive of improved cardiac diastolic and/or systolic function. Heat stress improves cardiac systolic and diastolic function in patients with congestive heart failure, although it remains unknown whether similar responses occur in healthy individuals, which is the hypothesis to be tested. Nine male volunteers underwent a whole body heat stress. Echocardiographic indexes of diastolic and systolic function were performed following a supine resting period, and again following an increase in internal temperature of ∼1.0°C via passive heat stress. Despite previous reports of heat stress-induced decreases in ventricular filling pressures and central blood volume, no changes in indexes of diastolic function were identified during heating [i.e., unchanged early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity (E′), mitral inflow during the early diastolic phase (E), the E/E′ ratio, and isovolumetric relaxation time]. Heat stress increased late diastolic septal ( P = 0.03) and lateral ( P = 0.01) mitral annular tissue velocities (A′), mitral inflow velocity during atrial contraction ( P < 0.001), and the relative contribution of atrial contraction to left ventricular filling during diastole ( P = 0.01), all indicative of improved atrial systolic function. Furthermore, indexes of ventricular systolic function were increased by heat stress [i.e., increased septal ( P = 0.001) and lateral ( P = 0.01) mitral annular systolic velocities and isovolumic acceleration at the septal ( P = 0.03) and lateral ( P < 0.001) mitral annulus]. These data are suggestive of improved atrial and ventricular systolic function by the heat stress. Together these data support previous findings, which used the less precise measure of ejection fraction, that heat stress improves indexes of systolic function, while diastolic function is maintained.
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Low, David A., David M. Keller, Jonathan E. Wingo, R. Matthew Brothers, and Craig G. Crandall. "Sympathetic nerve activity and whole body heat stress in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 5 (November 2011): 1329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00498.2011.

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We and others have shown that moderate passive whole body heating (i.e., increased internal temperature ∼0.7°C) increases muscle (MSNA) and skin sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA). It is unknown, however, if MSNA and/or SSNA continue to increase with more severe passive whole body heating or whether these responses plateau following moderate heating. The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that MSNA and SSNA continue to increase from a moderate to a more severe heat stress. Thirteen subjects, dressed in a water-perfused suit, underwent at least one passive heat stress that increased internal temperature ∼1.3°C, while either MSNA ( n = 8) or SSNA ( n = 8) was continuously recorded. Heat stress significantly increased mean skin temperature (Δ∼5°C, P < 0.001), internal temperature (Δ∼1.3°C, P < 0.001), mean body temperature (Δ∼2.0°C, P < 0.001), heart rate (Δ∼40 beats/min, P < 0.001), and cutaneous vascular conductance [Δ∼1.1 arbitrary units (AU)/mmHg, P < 0.001]. Mean arterial blood pressure was well maintained ( P = 0.52). Relative to baseline, MSNA increased midway through heat stress (Δ core temperature 0.63 ± 0.01°C) when expressed as burst frequency (26 ± 14 to 45 ± 16 bursts/min, P = 0.001), burst incidence (39 ± 13 to 48 ± 14 bursts/100 cardiac cyles, P = 0.03), or total activity (317 ± 170 to 489 ± 150 units/min, P = 0.02) and continued to increase until the end of heat stress (burst frequency: 61 ± 15 bursts/min, P = 0.01; burst incidence: 56 ± 11 bursts/100 cardiac cyles, P = 0.04; total activity: 648 ± 158 units/min, P = 0.01) relative to the mid-heating stage. Similarly, SSNA (total activity) increased midway through the heat stress (normothermia; 1,486 ± 472 to mid heat stress 6,467 ± 5,256 units/min, P = 0.03) and continued to increase until the end of heat stress (11,217 ± 6,684 units/min, P = 0.002 vs. mid-heat stress). These results indicate that both MSNA and SSNA continue to increase as internal temperature is elevated above previously reported values.
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Cui, Jian, Cheryl Blaha, and Lawrence I. Sinoway. "Whole body heat stress attenuates the pressure response to muscle metaboreceptor stimulation in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): 1178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00212.2016.

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The effects of whole body heat stress on sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to stimulation of muscle metaboreceptors and mechanoreceptors remains unclear. We examined the muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), blood pressure, and heart rate in 14 young healthy subjects during fatiguing isometric handgrip exercise, postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO), and passive muscle stretch during PECO. The protocol was performed under normothermic and whole body heat stress (increase internal temperature ~0.6°C via a heating suit) conditions. Heat stress increased the resting MSNA and heart rate. Heat stress did not alter the mean blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, and MSNA responses (i.e., changes) to fatiguing exercise. During PECO, whole body heat stress accentuated the heart rate response [change (Δ) of 5.8 ± 1.5 to Δ10.0 ± 2.1 beats/min, P = 0.03], did not alter the MSNA response (Δ16.4 ± 2.8 to Δ17.3 ± 3.8 bursts/min, P = 0.74), and lowered the MAP response (Δ20 ± 2 to Δ12 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.001). Under normothermic conditions, passive stretch during PECO evoked significant increases in MAP and MSNA (both P < 0.001). Of note, heat stress prevented the MAP and MSNA responses to stretch during PECO (both P > 0.05). These data suggest that whole body heat stress attenuates the pressor response due to metaboreceptor stimulation, and the sympathetic nerve response due to mechanoreceptor stimulation.
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Kimball, Amy L., and Richard K. Shields. "Whole Body Heat Exposure Modulates Acute Glucose Homeostasis." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000495112.06143.87.

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Low, David A., David M. Keller, Jonathan E. Wingo, R. Matthew Brothers, and Craig G. Crandall. "Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Whole-Body Heat Stress." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000323337.69719.54.

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Kimball, Amy L., Patrick M. McCue, Michael A. Petrie, and Richard K. Shields. "Whole body heat exposure modulates acute glucose metabolism." International Journal of Hyperthermia 35, no. 1 (October 10, 2018): 644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02656736.2018.1516303.

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Kinsht, D. N. "Modeling of heat transfer in whole-body hyperthermia." Biophysics 51, no. 4 (August 2006): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0006350906040221.

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Hall, David M., Garry R. Buettner, Larry W. Oberley, Linjing Xu, Ronald D. Matthes, and Carl V. Gisolfi. "Mechanisms of circulatory and intestinal barrier dysfunction during whole body hyperthermia." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): H509—H521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.2.h509.

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This work tested the hypotheses that splanchnic oxidant generation is important in determining heat tolerance and that inappropriate ·NO production may be involved in circulatory dysfunction with heat stroke. We monitored colonic temperature (Tc), heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and splanchnic blood flow (SBF) in anesthetized rats exposed to 40°C ambient temperature. Heating rate, heating time, and thermal load determined heat tolerance. Portal blood was regularly collected for determination of radical and endotoxin content. Elevating Tc from 37 to 41.5°C reduced SBF by 40% and stimulated production of the radicals ceruloplasmin, semiquinone, and penta-coordinate iron(II) nitrosyl-heme (heme-·NO). Portal endotoxin concentration rose from 28 to 59 pg/ml ( P < 0.05). Compared with heat stress alone, heat plus treatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) antagonist N ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) dose dependently depressed heme-·NO production and increased ceruloplasmin and semiquinone levels. l-NAME also significantly reduced lowered SBF, increased portal endotoxin concentration, and reduced heat tolerance ( P < 0.05). The NOS II and diamine oxidase antagonist aminoguanidine, the superoxide anion scavenger superoxide dismutase, and the xanthine oxidase antagonist allopurinol slowed the rates of heme-·NO production, decreased ceruloplasmin and semiquinone levels, and preserved SBF. However, only aminoguanidine and allopurinol improved heat tolerance, and only allpourinol eliminated the rise in portal endotoxin content. We conclude that hyperthermia stimulates xanthine oxidase production of reactive oxygen species that activate metals and limit heat tolerance by promoting circulatory and intestinal barrier dysfunction. In addition, intact NOS activity is required for normal stress tolerance, whereas overproduction of ·NO may contribute to the nonprogrammed splanchnic dilation that precedes vascular collapse with heat stroke.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whole body heat"

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Friesen, Brian J. "Whole-Body Cooling Following Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: Biophysical Considerations." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30510.

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This thesis examined the effect of differences in body surface area-to-lean body mass ratio (AD/LBM) on core temperature cooling rates during cold water immersion (2°C, CWI) and temperate water immersion (26°C, TWI) following exercise-induced hyperthermia (end-exercise rectal temperature of 40°C). Individuals with a High AD/LBM (315 cm2/kg) had a ~1.7-fold greater overall rectal cooling rate relative to those with Low AD/LBM (275 cm2/kg) during both CWI and TWI. Further, overall rectal cooling rates during CWI were ~2.7-fold greater than during TWI for both the High and Low AD/LBM groups. Study findings show that AD/LBM must be considered when determining the duration of the immersion period. However, CWI provides the most effective cooling treatment for EHS patients irrespective of physical differences between individuals.
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Lynn, Aaron. "The Influence of Osmoreceptors and Baroreceptors on Heat Loss Responses during a Whole-body Passive Heat Stress." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20361.

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Exercise and/or heat-induced dehydration is associated with decreases in plasma volume (hypovolemia) and increases in plasma osmolality (hyperosmolality), which are thought to stimulate peripheral baroreceptors and central osmoreceptors respectively. Independently, plasma hyperosmolality and baroreceptor unloading have been shown to attenuate sweating and cutaneous vasodilation during heat stress, and therefore, negatively impact body temperature regulation. However, to date little is known regarding the combined influence of plasma hyperosmolality and baroreceptor unloading on thermoefferent activity. Therefore, we evaluated the separate and combined effects of baroreceptor unloading (via lower body negative pressure, LBNP) and plasma hyperosmolality (via infusion of 3% NaCl saline) on heat loss responses of sweating and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) during progressive whole-body heating. We show that the combined nonthermal influences of plasma hyperosmolality and baroreceptor unloading additively delay the onset threshold for CVC, relative to their independent effects. In contrast, baroreceptor unloading has no influence on the sweating response regardless of osmotic state. These divergent roles of plasma hyperosmolality and the baroreflex on heat loss responses might serve to enhance blood pressure and body core temperature regulation during dehydration and heat stress.
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D'Souza, Andrew. "The Interactive Effects of Age and Sex on Whole-Body Heat Exchange During Exercise in the Heat." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39885.

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It is well established that older adults display marked impairments in the heat loss responses of sweating and skin blood flow relative to young adults which can exacerbate body heat storage by compromising whole-body heat loss (evaporative + dry heat exchange). Similarly, young women display reductions in whole-body heat loss relative to young men during exercise in dry heat. As such, it is possible that the age-related decline in whole-body heat loss will be greater among women relative to men. To examine whether the age-related decline in whole-body heat loss would be greater in women relative to men during exercise in dry heat, and whether this response would be more pronounced with a greater elevation in the level of heat stress, whole-body heat loss (evaporative ± dry heat exchange) was evaluated in 80 individuals (46 men, 34 women) aged between 18-70 years. Participants completed an incremental exercise model involving three, 30-min bouts of semi-recumbent cycling at fixed rates of metabolic heat production (150, 200, 250 W/m2), each separated by a 15-min recovery period in hot-dry conditions (40˚C, ~15% relative humidity). Whole-body heat loss was measured using direct calorimetry whereas metabolic heat production was measured using indirect calorimetry. Whole-body heat loss declined with age (across men and women) during moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise by 4.2 and 6.6 W/m2 (both P < 0.050), respectively, however, these relationships were not modified by sex (both P > 0.050). Nonetheless, whole-body heat loss was lower in women relative to men during moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise by 8.4 and 12.1 W/m2 (both P < 0.05), respectively. Therefore, the results of this thesis demonstrate that the age-related decline in whole-body heat loss is not dependent on sex.
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Gagnon, Daniel. "Sex-related Differences in Local and Whole-body Heat Loss Responses: Physical or Physiological?" Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23284.

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The current thesis examined whether sex-differences in local and whole-body heat loss are evident after accounting for confounding differences in physical characteristics and rate of metabolic heat production. Three experimental studies were performed: the first examined whole-body heat loss in males and females matched for body mass and surface area during exercise at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production; the second examined local and whole-body heat loss responses between sexes during exercise at increasing requirements for heat loss; the third examined sex-differences in local sweating and cutaneous vasodilation to given doses of pharmacological agonists, as well as during passive heating. The first study demonstrates that females exhibit a lower whole-body sudomotor thermosensitivity (553 ± 77 vs. 795 ± 85 W•°C-1, p=0.05) during exercise performed at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production. The second study shows that whole-body sudomotor thermosensitivity is similar between sexes at a requirement for heat loss of 250 W•m-2 (496 ± 139 vs. 483 ± 185 W•m-2•°C-1, p=0.91) and 300 W•m-2 (283 ± 70 vs. 211 ± 66 W•m-2•°C-1, p=0.17), only becoming greater in males at a requirement for heat loss of 350 W•m-2 (197 ± 61 vs. 82 ± 27 W•m-2•°C-1, p=0.007). In the third study, a lower sweat rate to the highest concentration of acetylcholine (0.27 ± 0.08 vs. 0.48 ± 0.13 mg•min-1•cm-2, p=0.02) and methylcholine (0.41 ± 0.09 vs. 0.57 ± 0.11 mg•min-1•cm-2, p=0.04) employed was evidenced in females, with no differences in cholinergic sensitivity. Taken together, the results of the current thesis show that sex itself can modulate sudomotor activity, specifically the thermosensitivity of the response, during both exercise and passive heat stress. Furthermore, the results of the third study point towards a peripheral modulation of the sweat gland as a mechanism responsible for the lower sudomotor thermosensitivity in females.
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Yaeram, Jakrit. "The effect of whole body heating on testis morphology and fertility of male mice." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj259.pdf.

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Zachariah, Swarup Alex. "Methodology to predict core body temperature, cardiac output, and stroke volume for firefighters using a 3D whole body model." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439310929.

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Littmann, Andrew Edwards. "Use-dependent plasticity of the human central nervous system: the influence of motor learning and whole body heat stress." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2931.

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The human central nervous system (CNS) is capable of significant architectural and physiological reorganization in response to environmental stimuli. Novel sensorimotor experiences stimulate neuronal networks to modify their intrinsic excitability and spatial connectivity within and between CNS structures. Early learning-induced adaptations in the primary motor cortex are thought to serve as a priming stimulus for long term CNS reorganization underlying long-lasting changes in motor skill. Recent animal and human studies suggest that whole body exercise and core temperature elevation as systemic stressors also recruit activity-dependent processes that prime the motor cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus to process sensorimotor stimuli from the environment, enhancing overall CNS learning and performance. A primary goal of rehabilitation specialists is to evaluate and design activity-based intervention strategies that induce or enhance beneficial neuroplastic processes across the lifespan. As such, an investgation of the influence of physical, non-pharmacological interventions on cortical excitability, motor learning, and cognitive function provide the central theme of this dissertation. The first study investigated the effects of a visually-guided motor learning task on motor cortex excitability at rest and during voluntary activation measured via transcranical magnetic stimulation (TMS). Motor learning significantly increased resting cortical excitability that was not accompanied by changes in excitability as a function of voluntary muscle activation. The cortical silent period, a measure of inhibition, increased after learning and was associated with the magnitude of learning at low activation. These findings suggest that separate excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms may influence motor output as a function of learning success. The following studies investigated the influence of systemic whole-body thermal stress on motor cortex excitability, motor learning and cognitive performance. We established the reliability of a novel TMS cortical mapping procedure to study neurophysiological responses after whole-body heat stress. Heat stress significantly potentiated motor cortex excitability, though acute motor learning and cognitive test performance did not differ between subjects receiving heat stress and control subjects. Future research is needed to delineate the potential of whole body heat stress as a therapeutic modality to influence central nervous system plasticity and performance.
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Muia, Caroline. "The Influence of Ethnicity on Local and Whole-Body Heat Loss Responses During Exercise in the Heat: A Comparison Between Young Canadian Men of Black-African and Caucasian Descent." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39888.

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This thesis sought to evaluate whether the increased risk of heat-related illness observed in black-African descendants stems from impairements in local- and whole-body heat loss responses in this ethnic group. To evaluate this, in separate studies local- (study 1) and whole–body (study 2) heat loss responses were compared in young men (18-30 y) of black-African (n=21) and Caucasian (n=21) descent, matched for physical characteristics and fitness and born and raised in the same temperate environment. In study 1, we compared nitric oxide-dependent skin blood flow and sweating responses in young men of black-African (n=10) and Caucasian (n=10) descent during rest, exercise, and recovery in the heat. Both groups rested for 10-min, and then performed 50-min of moderate-intensity exercise at 200 W/m2, followed by 30-min of recovery in hot-dry heat (35°C, 20% RH). Local cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC%max) and sweat rate (SR) were measured at two forearm skin sites treated with a) lactated-Ringer (Control), or b) 10 mM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, NO synthase-inhibitor). L-NAME significantly reduced CVC%max throughout rest, exercise, and recovery in both groups (both p<0.001). However, there were no significant main effects for the NO contribution to CVC%max between groups (all p>0.500). L-NAME significantly reduced local SR in both groups (both p<0.050). The NO contribution to SR was similar between groups such that L-NAME reduced SR relative to control at 40 and 50 min into exercise (both p<0.050). In study 2, we assessed whole-body total heat loss (evaporative + dry heat exchange) in black-African (n=11) and Caucasian (n=11) men using direct calorimetry. Participants performed three, 30-min bouts of semi-recumbent cycling at fixed metabolic heat productions (and therefore matched heat loss requirements between groups) of 200 (light), 250 (moderate), and 300 W/m2 (vigorous), each followed by 15-min recovery, in dry heat (40°C, ~13% relative humidity). Across all exercise bouts, dry (p=0.435) and evaporative (p=0.600) heat exchange did not differ significantly between groups. As such, total heat loss during light, moderate and vigorous exercise was similar between groups (p=0.777), averaging ((mean (SD)); 177 (10), 217 (13) and 244 (20) W/m2 in men of black-African descent, and 172 (13), 212 (17) and 244 (17) W/m2 in Caucasian men. Accordingly, body heat storage across all exercise bouts (summation of metabolic heat production and total heat loss) was also similar between the black-African (568 (142) kJ) and Caucasian groups (623 (124) kJ; p=0.356). This thesis demonstrates that ethnicity does not influence NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in healthy, young black-African descent and Caucasian men during exercise in the heat. Furthermore, we extend upon these observations by showing no differences in whole-body dry and evaporative heat exchange and therefore body heat storage.
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Brink-Elfegoun, Thibault. "Limitations of maximal oxygen uptake during whole-body exercise /." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/20071116brin/.

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Westerlund, T. (Tarja). "Thermal, circulatory, and neuromuscular responses to whole-body cryotherapy." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514290435.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine thermal (body temperature, thermal sensation and comfort ratings), circulatory (blood pressure, heart rate variability) and neuromuscular performance responses to whole-body cryotherapy (WBC, -110 °C). Altogether 66 healthy subjects were exposed to WBC for two minutes. The acute and long-term changes were examined, when the subjects were exposed to WBC three times a week during three months. Skin temperatures decreased very rapidly during WBC, but remained such a high level that there was no risk for frostbites. The effects on rectal temperature were minimal. Repeated exposures to WBC were mostly well tolerated and comfortable and the subjects became habituated at an early stage of trials. WBC increased both systolic (24 mmHg) and diastolic (5 mmHg) blood pressures temporarily. Adaptation of blood pressure was not found during three months. The acute cooling-related increase in high-frequency power of RR-intervals indicated an increase in cardiac parasympathetic modulation, but after repeated WBC the increase was attenuated. The repeated WBC exposure-related increase in resting low frequency power of RR-intervals resembles the response observed related to exercise training. There are signs of neuromuscular adaptation, especially in dynamic performance. A single WBC decreased flight time in drop-jump exercise, but after repeated WBC these changes were almost vanished. This adaptation was confirmed by the change of the activity of the agonist muscle, which increased more and the change of the activity of antagonist muscle, which increased less/did not change after repeated WBC indicating reduced co-contraction and thus, neuromuscular adaptation.
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Books on the topic "Whole body heat"

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1956-, Pedersen Bente Klarlund, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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Asea, Alexzander A. A., and Bente K. Pedersen, eds. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9.

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Evgen'ev, Michael B., David G. Garbuz, and Olga G. Zatsepina. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9235-6.

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Whole healing: A step-by-step program to reclaim your power to heal. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Dutton, 1996.

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Asea, Alexzander A. A., and Bente K. Pedersen. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology. Springer, 2010.

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Asea, Alexzander A. A., and Bente K. Pedersen. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology. Springer Netherlands, 2012.

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Evgen'ev, Michael B., David G. Garbuz, and Olga G. Zatsepina. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments. Springer, 2014.

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Evgen'ev, Michael B., David G. Garbuz, and Olga G. Zatsepina. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments. Springer Netherlands, 2014.

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Evgen'ev, Michael B., David G. Garbuz, and Olga G. Zatsepina. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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Evgenev, M. B., David G. Garbuz, and Olga G. Zatsepina. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Adaptation to Extreme Environments. Springer Netherlands, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Whole body heat"

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Amorim, Fabiano, and Pope L. Moseley. "Heat Shock Protein and Inflammation." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 57–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_4.

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Nagaraja, Ganachari M., and Alexzander Asea. "Heat Shock Proteins and Cancer." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 121–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_7.

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Witkin, Steven S., and Iara Moreno Linhares. "Heat Shock Proteins and Fertility." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 151–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_9.

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Huey, Kimberly A., Victoria Vieira, and Jeffrey A. Woods. "Heat Shock Proteins, Exercise, and Aging." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 387–400. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_22.

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Mehta, Tapan A. "Heat Shock Proteins in Vascular Disease." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 103–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_6.

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Zheng, Hongying, and Alexzander Asea. "Heat Shock Protein (HSP)-Based Immunotherapies." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 135–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_8.

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Zhang, Lei, He Li, and Robert J. Ursano. "Heat Shock Proteins and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 179–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_11.

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Ammassari-Teule, Martine, Giuseppina Mariucci, and Maria Vittoria Ambrosini. "The 70kDa Heat Shock Protein Family and Learning." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 217–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_13.

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Whitham, Martin, and Mark A. Febbraio. "HSP and Diabetes." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 3–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_1.

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Kaur, Punit, and Alexzander Asea. "Heat Shock Proteins and Diarrhea Causing Microorganisms: Emergence of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli." In Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology, 163–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3381-9_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Whole body heat"

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Yerezhep, D., A. Y. Baranov, and O. V. Pakhomov. "Mathematical Modeling Non-Stationary Heat Exchange of Object Whole-Body Cryotherapy." In 2019 International Russian Automation Conference. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rusautocon.2019.8867742.

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Vasilenok, A. V., A. Yu Baranov, O. A. Filatova, A. V. Shevchenko, and E. A. Pechenegova. "New covering sources for heat load in whole-body cryotherapy units." In OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING (OGE-2021). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0075049.

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Wissler, Eugene H. "Whole-Body Human Thermal Modeling, an Alternative to Immersion in Cold Water and Other Unpleasant Endeavors." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23340.

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The human thermal regulatory system is remarkable. It allows humans to live under environmental temperatures that range from −45 °C in Arctic regions to + 50 °C in the Saharan desert, while maintaining the temperature of critical organs within ± 1 °C of 37 °C, without employing heating and cooling systems that we now take for granted. Of course, that requires building suitable shelters and wearing appropriate clothing, but it is still quite remarkable.
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Kobayashi, Yasunobu, Yusuke Ito, Valentina V. Ostapenko, Mayuko Sakai, Norimasa Matsushita, Kenichiro Imai, Koichi Shimizu, Atsushi Aruga, and Keishi Tanigawa. "Abstract 4739: Effects of whole-body heat treatment on antigen specific T cells responses." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-4739.

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Paul, Anup K., Swarup A. Zachariah, Liang Zhu, and Rupak K. Banerjee. "Theoretical Predictions of Body Tissue and Blood Temperature During Cold Water Immersion Using a Whole Body Model." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14398.

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Understanding the thermal response of the human body under various environmental and thermal stress conditions is of growing importance. Calculation of the core body temperature and the survivability of the body during immersion in cold water require detailed modeling of both the body tissue and the time-dependent blood temperature. Predicting body temperature changes under cold stress conditions is considered challenging since factors like thickness of the skin and blood perfusion within the skin layer become influential. Hence, the aim of this research was to demonstrate the capability of a recently developed whole body heat transfer model that simulates the tissue-blood interaction to predict the cooling of the body during immersion in cold water. It was shown that computed drop in core temperature agrees within 0.57 °C of the results calculated using a detailed network model. The predicted survival time in 0 °C water was less than an hour whereas in 18.5 °C water, the body attained a relatively stable core temperature of 34 °C in 2.5 hours.
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Zachariah, Swarup A., Anup K. Paul, Rupak K. Banerjee, and Liang Zhu. "Influence of Exercise Condition on Tissue Blood Temperature Using Whole Body Model." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14515.

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Predicting thermal responses of the human body accurately during different exercise conditions is of increasing importance. Computing changes in the core body temperature (T c) during exercise require detailed modeling of both the body tissue temperature and the time-dependent blood temperature. Predicting changes in T c is challenging because the model needs to respond effectively to the changes in perfusion or sweating. Our study was to demonstrate the ability of a recently developed whole body heat transfer model. It simulates the tissue-blood interaction to predict the thermal response of the human body under different exercise intensities. The cases simulated were of a human being walking on a treadmill at 0.9, 1.2 and 1.8 m/s for 30 minutes. It was shown that T c was effectively regulated within 0.17 °C of the steady state value of 37.23 °C for the three cases by means of adjusting the cardiac output; varying between 15 to 25 liters per minute.
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DAANEN, Hein A. M., Koen LEVELS, Lisette VONK, Wesley BOSMAN, Yorick SCHNEPPER, and Frank B. TER HAAR. "Changes in the Volume and Circumference of the Torso, Leg and Arm after Cycling in the Heat Determined Using 3D Whole Body Scanners." In 7th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 30 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. Ascona, Switzerland: Hometrica Consulting - Dr. Nicola D'Apuzzo, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15221/16.045.

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Salloum, M., N. Ghaddar, and K. Ghali. "A New Transient Bio-Heat Model of the Human Body." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72303.

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A new mathematical multi-segmented model based on an improved Stolwijk model is developed for predicting nude human thermal and regulatory responses within body segments and the environment. The passive model segments the body into the 15 cylindrical parts. Each body part is divided into four nodes of core, skin, artery blood, and vein blood. The body nodes interact with each other through convection, perfusion and conduction. In any body element, the blood exiting the arteries and flowing into the capillaries is divided into blood flowing in the core (exchanges heat by perfusion in the core) and blood flowing into the skin layer (exchanges heat by perfusion in the skin). The model calculates the blood circulation flow rates based on exact physiological data of Avolio [1], real dimensions, and anatomic positions of the arteries in the body. The circulatory system model takes into consideration the pulsatile blood flow in the macro arteries with its effect on the convective heat transport. The inclusion of calculated blood perfusion in both the tissue and the skin, based on the arterial system model and the heart rate is unique for the current model. The bio-heat human model is capable of predicting accurately nude human transient physiological responses such as the body’s skin, tympanic, and core temperatures, sweat rates, and the dry and latent heat losses from each body segment. The nude body model predictions are compared with published theoretical and experimental data at a variety of ambient conditions and activity. The current model agrees well with experimental data during transient hot exposures. The nude human model has an accuracy of less than 8% for the whole-body heat gains or losses and ±0.48°C for skin temperature values.
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Itani, Mariam, Nesreen Ghaddar, Kamel Ghali, Beatrice Khater, Djamel Ouahrani, and Walid Chakroun. "Experimental Study on Effective Placement of PCM Packets in Cooling Vest to Improve Performance in Warm Environment." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4756.

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Global warming has increased the risk of heat stress of outdoor workers and one measure against heat stress is wearing passive personal cooling clothing. Passive body cooling systems, including phase change material (PCM) cooling vests, are considered as an effective solution to improve the working endurance of outdoor active workers. The objective of this study is to assess the effective placement of PCM packets in the cooling vest by examining the local and overall sensation and comfort when: (i) only the frontal segment of the human torso is covered (ii) only the back segment of the human torso is covered and (iii) both segments are covered. The PCM cooling vest is worn by human subjects performing cycling at about 3 Mets and for 30 minutes in a climatic chamber maintained at 28 °C and 60 % relative humidity. The used PCM melting temperature is 28 °C with a coverage area of 642 cm2 and total weight of the vest of 1.19 kg including 8 PCM packets (87.5 grams each). The physiological/thermal responses such as body core and mean skin temperatures, heart rate, and skin wittedness are monitored during the experiments while exercising and wearing the vest. In particular, the frontal and back torso skin temperatures are examined after being subjected to local cooling compared to the case when no PCM packets cover the torso segment. Moreover, subjective votes of thermal comfort, whole body and torso thermal sensations, skin and clothing wetness sensation and perceived exertion are recorded throughout the experiment. The experiment was repeated on five male subjects to ensure robustness of the obtained results. It was found that the core temperature changed slightly when wearing the vest, however the local skin temperature of the back and front torso segments decreased by about 5 °C and 3 °C at the end of the exercise, respectively. Gradual improvement in comfort that reaches a stable level when the PCM starts melting till the end of the exercise was also noticed.
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Ghorbani-Tari, Zahra, Lei Wang, and Bengt Sunden. "Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Bluff Body Interacting With a Rib by Using Liquid Crystal Thermography." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64328.

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In the present study, the effects of a single rib on the local heat transfer around a bluff body are examined by using the steady state liquid crystal technique. By varying the spacing between the bluff body and the rib, the interaction between the rib and the bluff body can be controlled. The bluff body is oriented vertically towards the flow direction and spans the whole height of the channel. The bluff body has a rectangular cross-section (height b = 80 mm, width 40 mm) while the rib has a square cross-section (rib height e = 10 mm, rib width 10 mm). The rib is placed in the upstream region of the bluff body either by a spacing L = 100 and 50 mm to yield non-dimensional spacing to rib height ratios L/e = 10 and 5 respectively. Here, the re-attachment length (xR) for a single rib is about 7.5e. The values of the Reynolds number based on the channel hydraulic diameter (Dh) are 55,000 and 89,000. The experimental results revealed that the presence of the rib at L/e = 10 has a more pronounced effect on the enhancement of the heat transfer upstream region of the bluff body. The effect of different L/e on the local Nu number distribution in the wake of the bluff body is small.
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Reports on the topic "Whole body heat"

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Cahaner, Avigdor, Sacit F. Bilgili, Orna Halevy, Roger J. Lien, and Kellye S. Joiner. effects of enhanced hypertrophy, reduced oxygen supply and heat load on breast meat yield and quality in broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699855.bard.

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Original objectivesThe objectives of this project were to evaluate the growth performance, meat yield and quality attributes of broiler strains widely differing in their genetic potential under normal temperature vs. warm temperature (short and long-term) conditions. Strain differences in breast muscle accretion rate, metabolic responses under heat load and, gross and histopathological changes in breast muscle under thermal load was also to be characterized. BackgroundTremendous genetic progress has been made in broiler chicken growth rate and meat yield since the 1950s. Higher growth rate is driven by higher rates of feed intake and metabolism, resulting in elevated internal heat production. Hot rearing conditions negatively affect broiler growth by hindering dissipation of heat and may lead to a lethal elevation in body temperature. To avoid heat-induced mortality, broilers reduce feed intake, leading to depressed growth rate, lower weight gain, reduce breast meat yield and quality. Thus, the genetic potential of contemporary commercial broilers (CCB) is not fully expressed under hot conditions. Major conclusions, solutions, and achievementsResearch conducted in Israel focused on three broiler strains – CCB, Featherless, Feathered sibs (i.e., sharing similar genetic background). Complimentary research trials conducted at Auburn utilized CCB (Cobb 500, Cobb 700, Ross 308, Ross 708), contrasting their performance to slow growing strains. Warm rearing conditions consistently reduced feed intake, growth rate, feed efficiency, body weight uniformity and breast muscle yield, especially pronounced with CCB and magnified with age. Breast meat quality was also negatively affected, as measured by higher drip loss and paler meat color. Exposure to continuous or short-term heat stress induced respiratory alkalosis. Breast muscle histomorphometrics confirmed enhanced myofiber hypertrophy in CCB. Featherless broilers exhibited a significant increase in blood-vessel density under warm conditions. Rapid growth and muscle accretion rate was correlated to various myopathies (white striping, woody and necrotic) as well as to increases in plasma creatinekinase levels. Whether the trigger(s) of muscle damage is loss of cellular membrane integrity due to oxidative damage or tissue lactate accumulation, or to loss of inter-compartmental cation homeostasis is yet to be determined. Based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism array genotyping, identification of the gene with the recessive mutation Scaleless (sc) facilitated the development a dCAPS assay to discriminate between sc carrier (sc/+) and non-carrier (+/+) individuals. ImplicationsThis project confirmed that featherless broiler strains grow efficiently with high yield and quality of breast meat, even under warm rearing conditions that significantly depress the overall performance of CCB. Therefore, broiler meat production in hot regions and climates can be substantially improved by introducing the featherless gene into contemporary commercial broiler stocks. This approach has become more feasible with the development of dCAPS assay. A novel modification of the PCR protocol (using whole blood samples instead of extracted DNA) may contribute to the efficient development of commercial featherless broiler strains. Such strains will allow expansion of the broiler meat production in developing countries in warm climates, where energy intensive environmental control of rearing facilities are not economical and easily achievable.
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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Noam Meiri. Development of Strategic Pre-Natal Cycling Thermal Treatments to Improve Livability and Productivity of Heavy Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593395.bard.

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The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and live performance led to the following hypothesis: Appropriate comprehensive incubation treatments that include significant temperature management changes will promote angiogenesis and will improve acquisition of thermotolerance and carcass quality of heavy broilers through epigenetic adaptation. It was based on the following questions: 1. Can TM during embryogenesis of broilers induce a longer-lasting thermoregulatory memory (up to marketing age of 10 wk) that will improve acquisition of thermotolerance as well as increased breast meat yield in heavy broilers? 2. The improved sensible heat loss (SHL) suggests an improved peripheral vasodilation process. Does elevated temperature during incubation affect vasculogenesis and angiogenesis processes in the chick embryo? Will such create subsequent advantages for heavy broilers coping with adverse hot conditions? 3. What are the changes that occur in the PO/AH that induce the changes in the threshold response for heat production/heat loss based on the concept of epigenetic temperature adaptation? The original objectives of this study were as follow: a. to assess the improvement of thermotolerance efficiency and carcass quality of heavy broilers (~4 kg); b. toimproveperipheral vascularization and angiogenesis that improve sensible heat loss (SHL); c. to study the changes in the PO/AH thermoregulatory response for heat production/losscaused by modulating incubation temperature. To reach the goals: a. the effect of TM on performance and thermotolerance of broilers reared to 10 wk of age was studied. b. the effect of preincubation heating with an elevated temperature during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation in the presence of modified fresh air flow coupled with changes in turning frequency was elucidated; c.the effect of elevated temperature on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis was determined using in ovo and whole embryo chick culture as well as HIF-1α VEGF-α2 VEGF-R, FGF-2, and Gelatinase A (MMP2) gene expression. The effects on peripheral blood system of post-hatch chicks was determined with an infrared thermal imaging technique; c. the expression of BDNF was determined during the development of the thermal control set-point in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH). Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” Recently, Piestunet al. (2008) demonstrated for the first time that TM (an elevated incubation temperature of 39.5°C for 12 h/d from E7 to E16) during the development/maturation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroid axis (thermoregulation) and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis (stress) significantly improved the thermotolerance and performance of broilers at 35 d of age. These phenomena raised two questions that were addressed in this project: 1. was it possible to detect changes leading to the determination of the “set point”; 2. Did TM have a similar long lasting effect (up to 70 d of age)? 3. Did other TM combinations (pre-heating and heating during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation) coupled with changes in turning frequency have any performance effect? The improved thermotolerance resulted mainly from an efficient capacity to reduce heat production and the level of stress that coincided with an increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2008; 2009). The increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2009) suggested an additional positive effect of TM on vasculogenesis and angiogensis. 4. In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of the chorioallantoic membrane development was thought to increase vasculogenesis and angiogenesis providing better vasodilatation and by that SHL post-hatch.
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Hansen, Peter J., Zvi Roth, and Jeremy J. Block. Improving oocyte competence in dairy cows exposed to heat stress. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598163.bard.

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Original Objectives. The overall goal is to develop methods to increase pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress through methods that minimize damage to the oocyte and embryo caused by heat stress. Objectives were as follows: (1) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) test whether melatonin feeding can improve developmental competence of oocytes in vivo and, if so, whether effects are limited to the summer or also occur in the absence of heat stress; and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of improving fertility by facilitating follicular turnover in the summer and winter. Revised Objectives. (1) Examine protective effects of melatonin and follicular fluid on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of embryos exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (3) evaluate effectiveness of improving fertility by administering human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) to increase circulating concentrations of progesterone and evaluate whether response to hCG depends upon genotype for four mutations reported to be related to cow fertility; and (4) identify genes with allelic variants that increase resistance of embryos to heat shock. Background. The overall hypothesis is that pregnancy success is reduced by heat stress because of damage to the oocyte and cleavage-stage embryo mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that fertility can be improved by provision of antioxidants or by removing follicles containing oocytes damaged by heat stress. During the study, additional evidence from the literature indicated the potential importance of treatment with chorionicgonadotropin to increase fertility of heat- stressed cows and results from other studies in our laboratories implicated genotype as an important determinant of cow fertility. Thus, the project was expanded to evaluate hCG treatment and to identify whether fertility response to hCG depended upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes implicated as important for cow fertility. We also evaluated whether a SNP in a gene important for cellular resistance to heat stress (HSPA1L, a member of the heat shock protein 70 family) is important for embryonic resistance to elevated temperature. Major conclusions, solutions & achievements. Results confirmed that elevated temperature increases ROS production by the oocyte and embryo and that melatonin decreases ROS. Melatonin reduced, but did not completely block, damaging effects of heat shock on the oocyte and had no effect on development of the embryo. Melatonin was protective to the oocyte at 0.1-1 μM, a concentration too high to be achieved in cows. It was concluded that melatonin is unlikely to be a useful molecule for increasing fertility of heat-stressed cows. Treatment with hCG at day 5 after breeding increased first-service pregnancy rate for primiparous cows but not for multiparous cows. Thus, hCG could be useful for increasing fertility in first-parity cows. The effectiveness of hCG depended upon genotype for a SNP in COQ9, a gene encoding for a mitochondrial-function protein. This result points the way to future efforts to use genetic information to identify populations of cows for which hormone treatments will be effective or ineffective. The SNP in HSPA1L was related to embryonic survival after heat shock. Perhaps, genetic selection for mutations that increase cellular resistance to heat shock could be employed to reduce effects of heat stress on fertility. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This project has resulted in abandonment of one possible approach to improve fertility of the heat-stressed cow (melatonin therapy) while also leading to a method for improving fertility of primiparous cows exposed to heat stress (hCG treatment) that can be implemented on farms today. Genetic studies have pointed the way to using genetic information to 1) tailor hormonal treatments to cow populations likely to respond favorably and 2) select animals whose embryos have superior resistance to elevated body temperatures.
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Erdman, Richard, Geoffrey Dahl, Hanina Barash, Israel Bruckental, Avi Shamay, and Anthony Capuco. Management Strategies to Maximize Skeletal Growth Rate in Dairy Heifers. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695848.bard.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and added dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on organ and tissue weights and body composition in growing dairy heifers. A total of 32 Holstein heifers, 3 months of age at the beginning of the study were used in the experiment. Eight heifers were slaughtered at 3 mo of age to determine pre- treatment body composition. The remaining heifers were randomly assigned to treatments (n=6) consisting of 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day of bST and 2% added dietary RUP (dry matter basis) applied in a 2X2 factorial design. A total of six heifers per treatment group (3 each at 5 and 10 mo of age), were slaughtered to determine body composition an organ masses. There was a trend for increased live and empty body weights (EB:W), carcass and non-carcass components for heifers treated with bST or fed RUP. Added RUP increased rumen and reticulum weights whereas administration of bST tended to increase the weights of small and large intestine at 10 months of age by 22 % and 26%, respectively. Spleen, heart, and kidney weights at 10 months of age were increased 36%, 28% and 23% for bST treatments respectively, compared with controls. Rates of ash and protein deposition between 3 and 10 months of age were increased by bST by 7.2 g/d and 28.9 g/d, respectively, while no treatment differences were observed for rates of fat and energy deposition. Bovine somatotropin significantly altered the metabolism of growing heifers in a manner that led to increased protein and ash deposition, and tended to reduce fat percentage, and there was a similar tendency observed with added RUP. This suggests that nutritional and endocrine manipulations could increase growth rates of skeletal and lean tissues without increasing fat deposition in prepubertal dairy heifers.
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Walshire, Lucas, Joseph Dunbar, and Benjamin Breland. Stability analysis of Old River Low Sill Structure. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45349.

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An updated stability analysis was performed on the Old River Low Sill Structure due to a change in the operating conditions from historic river sedimentation. Sedimentation of the Mississippi River channel since the 1973 spring flood has caused higher river stages at lower discharges. Numerical methods used included nonlinear analysis of pile group stability, seepage analyses, and limit equilibrium methods. The structure’s foundation was compromised during the 1973 flood, and emergency repairs were conducted to prevent scouring and undermining of the foundation by the flood scour. Rehabilitation included the reconstruction of a failed wing wall on the left abutment, rock and riprap fill in the forebay channel, and emergency grouting to fill the scour hole beneath the structure. An operating restriction was emplaced to limit the differential head across the structure due to flood damage. Taking these conditions into account, results from an updated analysis showed that full headwater uplift caused increased tension in the piles, while the increased body load caused increased compressive loads in the piles. Review of piezometric monitoring and the seepage analyses showed that full headwater uplift is unlikely, indicating the foundation grouting adequately sealed the scour hole beneath the structure. Analysis results exhibited lower magnitude compression and tension loads in the piles with design load cases compared to previous analyses. Recommendations from these analyses indicate that increased monitoring and additional investigation may support increasing the differential head limitation.
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LI, Peng, and Junjun Liu. Effect of statin therapy on moderate-to-severe depression: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0016.

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Review question / Objective: We aim to assess the antidepressant effects of statin therapy among patients complicated with moderate to severe depression. Condition being studied: Depression is one of the major causes of disability worldwide, and major depressive disorders (MDD) contribute to a significant heavy disease burden, which is expected to be second by 2050, only to heart disease. Despite great improvement in therapy, the treatment efficacy remains low. Therefore, alternative therapies have been intensely investigated. A substantial body of researches have suggested that inflammation is one of the operative pathways between MDD and increased risk of somatic comorbidities, and some specific depressive symptoms. Depression occurs in most patients with cardiac and cerebrovascular disease due to the long-term effects, and depression increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in the population as a whole and in patients with coronary artery disease or stroke. Several observational studies have demonstrated reduced rates of depression among patients taking statins, which may be related to its anti-inflammatory effect. However, whether statin improves the depressive symptoms and its associated mechanism is still mixed. Furthermore, there is little evidence about statin treatment effect in those with moderate to severe depression. In addition, whether the effect of statin treatment on depressive symptom changes with time or is affected by baseline depression severity or percentage change of lipid levels has not been explored in previous studies.
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McElwain, Terry F., Eugene Pipano, Guy H. Palmer, Varda Shkap, Stephn A. Hines, and Wendy C. Brown. Protection of Cattle against Babesiosis: Immunization against Babesia bovis with an Optimized RAP-1/Apical Complex Construct. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573063.bard.

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Previous research and current efforts at control of babesiosis fall short of meeting the needs of countries where the disease is endemic, such as Israel, as well as the needs of exporting countries and countries bordering on endemic areas, such as the U.S. Our long-term goal is to develop improved methods of immunization against bovine babesiosis based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune protection and parasite targets of a protective immune response. In our previous BARD project, we established the basis for focusing on rhoptry antigens as components of a subunit vaccine against bovine babesiosis, and for additional research to better characterize rhoptry associated protein-1 (RAP-1) as a target of protective immunity. In this continuation BARD project, our objectives were to [1] optimize the immune response against RAP-1, and [2] identify additional rhoptry candidate vaccine antigens. The entire locus encoding B. bovis RAP-1 was sequenced, and the rap-1 open reading frame compared among several strains. Unlike B. bigemina, in which multiple gene copies with variant domains encode RAP-1, the B. bovis RAP-1 locus contains only two identical genes which are conserved among strains. Through testing of multiple truncated constructs of rRAP-1, one or more immunodominant T cell epitopes were mapped to the amino terminal half of RAP-1. At least one linear and one conformational B cell epitope have been demonstrated in the same amino terminal construct, which in B. bigemina RAP-1 also contains an epitope recognized by neutralizing antibody. The amine terminal half of the molecule represents the most highly conserved part of the gene family and contains motifs conserved broadly among the apicomplexa. In contrast, the carboxy terminal half of B. bovis RAP-1 is less well conserved and contains multiple repeats encoding a linear B cell epitope potentially capable of inducing an ineffective, T cell independent, type 2 immune response. Therefore, we are testing an amino terminal fragment of RAP-1 (RAP-1N) in an immunization trial in cattle. Cattle have beer immunized with RAP-1N or control antigen, and IL-12 with Ribi adjuvant. Evaluation of the immune response is ongoing, and challenge with virulent B. bovis will occur in the near future. While no new rhoptry antigens were identified, our studies did identify and characterize a new spherical body antigen (SBP3), and several heat shock proteins (HSP's). The SBP3 and HSP21 antigens stimulate T cells from immune cattle and are considered new vaccine candidates worthy of further testing. Overall, we conclude that a single RAP-1 vaccine construct representing the conserved amino terminal region of the molecule should be sufficient for immunization against all strains of B. bovis. While results of the ongoing immunization trial will direct our next research steps, results at this time are consistent with our long term goal of designing a subunit vaccine which contains only the epitopes relevant to induction of protective immunity. Parallel studies are defining the mechanisms of protective immunity. Apicomplexan protozoa, including babesiosis and malaria, cause persistent diseases for which control is inadequate. The apical organelles are defining features of these complex protozoa, and have been conserved through the evolutionary process, Past and current BARD projects on babesiosis have established the validity and potential of exploiting these conserved organelles in developing improved control methods applicable to all apicomplexan diseases.
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8

Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.

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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Treadwell, Jonathan R., James T. Reston, Benjamin Rouse, Joann Fontanarosa, Neha Patel, and Nikhil K. Mull. Automated-Entry Patient-Generated Health Data for Chronic Conditions: The Evidence on Health Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb38.

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Background. Automated-entry consumer devices that collect and transmit patient-generated health data (PGHD) are being evaluated as potential tools to aid in the management of chronic diseases. The need exists to evaluate the evidence regarding consumer PGHD technologies, particularly for devices that have not gone through Food and Drug Administration evaluation. Purpose. To summarize the research related to automated-entry consumer health technologies that provide PGHD for the prevention or management of 11 chronic diseases. Methods. The project scope was determined through discussions with Key Informants. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (via EMBASE.com), In-Process MEDLINE and PubMed unique content (via PubMed.gov), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for systematic reviews or controlled trials. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing studies. We assessed risk of bias and extracted data on health outcomes, surrogate outcomes, usability, sustainability, cost-effectiveness outcomes (quantifying the tradeoffs between health effects and cost), process outcomes, and other characteristics related to PGHD technologies. For isolated effects on health outcomes, we classified the results in one of four categories: (1) likely no effect, (2) unclear, (3) possible positive effect, or (4) likely positive effect. When we categorized the data as “unclear” based solely on health outcomes, we then examined and classified surrogate outcomes for that particular clinical condition. Findings. We identified 114 unique studies that met inclusion criteria. The largest number of studies addressed patients with hypertension (51 studies) and obesity (43 studies). Eighty-four trials used a single PGHD device, 23 used 2 PGHD devices, and the other 7 used 3 or more PGHD devices. Pedometers, blood pressure (BP) monitors, and scales were commonly used in the same studies. Overall, we found a “possible positive effect” of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and asthma. For obesity, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (body mass index/weight) as likely no effect. For hypertension, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (systolic BP/diastolic BP) as possible positive effect. For cardiac arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities we rated the health outcomes as unclear and the surrogate outcome (time to arrhythmia detection) as likely positive effect. The findings were “unclear” regarding PGHD interventions for diabetes prevention, sleep apnea, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most studies did not report harms related to PGHD interventions; the relatively few harms reported were minor and transient, with event rates usually comparable to harms in the control groups. Few studies reported cost-effectiveness analyses, and only for PGHD interventions for hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the findings were variable across different chronic conditions and devices. Patient adherence to PGHD interventions was highly variable across studies, but patient acceptance/satisfaction and usability was generally fair to good. However, device engineers independently evaluated consumer wearable and handheld BP monitors and considered the user experience to be poor, while their assessment of smartphone-based electrocardiogram monitors found the user experience to be good. Student volunteers involved in device usability testing of the Weight Watchers Online app found it well-designed and relatively easy to use. Implications. Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated some PGHD technologies (e.g., pedometers, scales, BP monitors), particularly for obesity and hypertension, but health outcomes were generally underreported. We found evidence suggesting a possible positive effect of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for four chronic conditions. Lack of reporting of health outcomes and insufficient statistical power to assess these outcomes were the main reasons for “unclear” ratings. The majority of studies on PGHD technologies still focus on non-health-related outcomes. Future RCTs should focus on measurement of health outcomes. Furthermore, future RCTs should be designed to isolate the effect of the PGHD intervention from other components in a multicomponent intervention.
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10

Health hazard evaluation report: evaluation of impact and continuous noise exposure, hearing loss, heat stress, and whole body vibration at a hammer forge company. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshhhe200700753251.

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