Journal articles on the topic 'Whole Body Cryoterhapy (WBC)'
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Capodaglio, Paolo, Riccardo Cremascoli, Paolo Piterà, and Jacopo Maria Fontana. "Whole-body Cryostimulation: A Rehabilitation Booster." Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine - Clinical Communications 5 (September 19, 2022): jrmcc00086. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/jrmcc.v5.2810.
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A growing body of work suggests that whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) could play a role as a promising adjuvant therapy in various conditions of rehabilitation interest. In fact, WBC is currently being used to relieve symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, ankylosing spondylitis, depression and anxiety, multiple sclerosis, sleep disturbances, muscle soreness after strenuous physical exercise, post-Covid syndrome and obesity. WBC is not only a symptomatic physical therapy but rather represents an “adaptation therapy” because of the repeated shock-like cryogenic cold stimulus over the entire body surface that induces reactions in the autonomic, endocrine, circulatory, neuromuscular and immunological systems, resulting in an adaptation that contributes to the restoration of the homeostatic state. Therefore, based on the existing evidence, WBC can be described as follows:• a “training method” for the autonomic nervous system;• a novel anti-inflammatory and antioxidant treatment;• a treatment with beneficial effects on body composition and adipose tissue.In our opinion, the powerful effects of thermal stress on the physiological responses of the human body present unique features that could potentially be exploited to boost rehabilitation outcomes in various conditions. Therefore, we believe it is important to highlight the potential use of WBC for medical use and emphasize its relevance in the field of rehabilitation with the aim of stimulating scientific studies on the efficacy of WBC as an adjuvant treatment in various conditions of rehabilitation interest. LAY ABSTRACTA growing body of work suggests that whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) could play a role as a promising adjuvant therapy in various conditions of rehabilitation interest, as it can act as • a “training method” for the autonomic nervous system;• a novel anti-inflammatory and antioxidant treatment;• a treatment with beneficial effects on body composition and adipose tissue.Therefore, we want to highlight the potential use of WBC for medical use and its relevance in the field of rehabilitation with the aim of stimulating scientific studies on the efficacy of WBC as an adjuvant treatment in various conditions of rehabilitation interest.
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Fontana, Jacopo Maria, Michele Gobbi, Paolo Piterà, Emanuele Maria Giusti, and Paolo Capodaglio. "Whole-Body Cryostimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Scoping Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 4794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094794.
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Currently, all available therapies for the control and management of fibromyalgia (FM) are mostly focused on relieving patients’ symptoms and improving their quality of life. The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) in patients with FM and evidence-based guidance on the possible adjuvant use of WBC in the treatment of FM. We searched the most recent literature by retrieving 10 eligible studies, 4 of which were abstracts only, from a total of 263 records. Thermal stress caused by cryostimulation induces an analgesic effect, improving pain, redox balance, and inflammatory symptoms in an exercise-mimicking fashion. In addition, it reduces the feeling of fatigue, improves mood, and reduces mental health deterioration with positive consequences on depressive states and improved sleep quality. Although the studies included in this review are not of sufficient quality and quantity to draw definitive conclusions about the effectiveness of WBC in FM, initial evidence indicates WBC as a promising add-on option in the multidisciplinary treatment of FM, due to its rapid action and high patients’ compliance. The application of WBC protocols has the potential to expand therapeutic options for the treatment of FM and related disorders; however, larger, high-quality primary studies are still needed.
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Urbańska, K., B. Stańczykiewicz, D. Szcześniak, E. Trypka, A. Zabłocka, and J. Rymaszewska. "Mild Cognitive Impairments and Whole-body Cryotherapy – Placebo Control Study." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S665—S666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1131.
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IntroductionCognitive impairment is considered to be a result of oxidative stress and disturbances in inflammatory status. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), which is a short exposure to extremely low temperatures, probably regulates the release of cytokines and nitric oxide. The hypothesis is that WBC may be useful in the therapy of mild cognitive impairments (MCI).AimsThe effect of the whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on cognitive impairments was investigated.ObjectivesIn this study the observation of several biological factors and cognitive functions were conducted to analyse the WBC influence on cognitive deficits.MethodsPeople with MCI participated in 10 WBC sessions divided for experimental group (−110 °C till −160 °C) or control group (−10 °C till −20 °C). The MoCa test (scores 26 and lower) was used for inclusion criteria. Cognitive functions were measured with: TYM, DemTect and SLUMS at baseline and in follow-up. Biological factors (cytokines, BDNF, NO) were also assessed.ResultsIt was shown that memory domains in experimental group improved after WBC sessions. Also modulatory effect on inflammatory mediators in plasma was shown. The results of this study consist of the comparison of experimental and control groups regarding to cognitive functions as well as biological factors.ConclusionsWhole-body cryotherapy may be supposed to improve cognitive functions in MCI patients. The modulatory effect of WBC on immunological response may be considered as one of possible mechanisms of its action. However, there is no confirmation how long the effects resist so further investigations are needed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Haq, Adnan, William Ribbans, and Anthony W. Baross. "The Effects of Age and Body Fat Content on Post-Downhill Run Recovery Following Whole Body Cryotherapy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062906.
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This study explored the effects of age and body fat content on responses to whole body cryotherapy (WBC) following a downhill running bout. Forty-one male participants (mean ± SD age 42.0 ± 13.7 years, body mass 75.2 ± 10.8 kg) were allocated into WBC (n = 26) and control (CON, n = 15) groups. WBC participants were divided into old (OLD, ≥45 years, n = 10) and young (YNG, <40 years, n = 13), as well as high fat (HFAT, ≥20%, n = 10) and low fat (LFAT ≤ 15%, n = 8) groups. Participants completed a 30 min downhill run (15% gradient) at 60% VO2 max. The WBC group underwent cryotherapy (3 min, −120 °C) 1 h post-run and CON participants passively recovered in a controlled environment (20 °C). Maximal isometric leg muscle torque was assessed pre and 24 h post-run. Blood creatine kinase (CK) and muscle soreness were assessed pre, post, one hour and 24 h post-run. Muscle torque significantly decreased in both groups post-downhill run (WBC: 220.6 ± 61.4 Nm vs. 208.3 ± 67.6 Nm, p = 0.02; CON: 239.7 ± 51.1 Nm vs. 212.1 ± 46.3 Nm, p = 0.00). The mean decrease in WBC was significantly less than in CON (p = 0.04). Soreness and CK increased 24 h post for WBC and CON (p < 0.01) with no difference between groups. Muscle torque significantly decreased in OLD participants (p = 0.04) but not in YNG (p = 0.55). There were no differences between HFAT and LFAT (all p values > 0.05). WBC may attenuate muscle damage and benefit muscle strength recovery following eccentrically biased exercises, particularly for young males.
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Eda, Nobuhiko, Kazuhiro Shimizu, Ai Takemura, Emi Narumi, Mariko Nakamura, Masako Hoshikawa, and Michiko Dohi. "Whole-Body Cryotherapy Enhances the Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 and Related Hormones." Cryoletters 43, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54680/fr22210110512.
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BACKGROUND: Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) is used as a conditioning method for athletes. However, the scientific evidence for its effects is still insufficient. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the effects of transient WBC on the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and the secretion of related hormones in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants in this study were six healthy adult men. WBC was performed for 3 min in a booth at a temperature in the range of -150 to -120°C, and measurements were taken immediately before (Pre), immediately after (Post), and 60 min after WBC (Post60). For measurement of core body temperature (gastrointestinal temperature), participants ingested a capsule-type wireless temperature sensor. The body surface temperature was measured using a noncontact thermometer, and measurements were taken at four sites on the body surface (chest, abdomen, front of the thigh, and front of the lower thigh). Leukocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, hemoglobin, hematocrit, adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), erythropoietin, and HSP70 in the collected blood were measured. RESULTS: The results showed a decrease in body surface temperature and an increase in noradrenaline and ACTH immediately after WBC. In addition, the core body temperature decreased 60 min after WBC, accompanied by an increase in HSP70 expression. CONCLUSION: WBC may increase HSP70 expression via noradrenaline and ACTH. The results of this study suggest the usefulness of WBC in triggering protein synthesis and the maintenance of immune function after training.
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Wiecek, Magdalena, Zbigniew Szygula, Joanna Gradek, Justyna Kusmierczyk, and Jadwiga Szymura. "Whole-Body Cryotherapy Increases the Activity of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Older Men." Biomolecules 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11071041.
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Aging causes oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and a reduction in the bioavailability of nitric oxide. The study aim was to determine whether, as a result of repeated whole-body exposure to cryogenic temperature (3 min −130 °C), there is an increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) concentration in senior subjects (59 ± 6 years), and if this effect is stronger in athletes. In 10 long-distance runners (RUN) and 10 untraining (UTR) men, 24 whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) procedures were performed. Prior to WBC, after 12th and 24th treatments and 7 days later, the concentration of iNOS, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NTR), homocysteine (HCY), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukins such as: IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10 were measured. In the RUN and UTR groups, after 24 WBC, iNOS concentration was found to be comparable and significantly higher (F = 5.95, p < 0.01) (large clinical effect size) compared to before 1st WBC and after 12th WBC sessions. There were no changes in the concentration of the remaining markers as a result of WBC (p > 0.05). As a result of applying 24 WBC treatments, using the every-other-day model, iNOS concentration increased in the group of older men, regardless of their physical activity level. Along with this increase, there were no changes in nitro-oxidative stress or inflammation marker levels.
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Fok, Chien-Liang, Gwendolyn Johnson, John D. Yamokoski, Aloysius Mok, and Luis Sentis. "ControlIt! — A Software Framework for Whole-Body Operational Space Control." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 13, no. 01 (March 2016): 1550040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843615500401.
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Whole Body Operational Space Control (WBOSC) enables floating-base highly redundant robots to achieve unified motion/force control of one or more operational space objectives while adhering to physical constraints. It is a pioneering algorithm in the field of human-centered Whole-Body Control (WBC). Although there are extensive studies on the algorithms and theory behind WBOSC, limited studies exist on the software architecture and APIs that enable WBOSC to perform and be integrated into a larger system. In this paper, we address this by presenting ControlIt!, a new open-source software framework for WBOSC. Unlike previous implementations, ControlIt! is multi-threaded to increase maximum servo frequencies using standard PC hardware. A new parameter binding mechanism enables tight integration between ControlIt! and external processes via an extensible set of transport protocols. To support a new robot, only two plugins and a URDF model is needed — the rest of ControlIt! remains unchanged. New WBC primitives can be added by writing Task or Constraint plugins. ControlIt!’s capabilities are demonstrated on Dreamer, a 16-DOF torque controlled humanoid upper body robot containing both series elastic and co-actuated joints, and using it to perform a product disassembly task. Using this testbed, we show that ControlIt! can achieve average servo latencies of about 0.5[Formula: see text]ms when configured with two Cartesian position tasks, two orientation tasks, and a lower priority posture task. This is 10 times faster than the 5[Formula: see text]ms that was achieved using UTA-WBC, the prototype implementation of WBOSC that is both application and platform-specific. Variations in the product’s position is handled by updating the goal of the Cartesian position task. ControlIt!’s source code is released under LGPL and we hope it will be adopted and maintained by the WBC community for the long term as a platform for WBC development and integration.
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Kojima, Chihiro, Nobukazu Kasai, Chika Kondo, Kumiko Ebi, and Kazushige Goto. "Post-Exercise Whole Body Cryotherapy (−140 °C) Increases Energy Intake in Athletes." Nutrients 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10070893.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) treatment after exercise on appetite regulation and energy intake. METHODS: Twelve male athletes participated in two trials on different days. In both trials, participants performed high-intensity intermittent exercise. After 10 min following the completion of the exercise, they were exposed to a 3-min WBC treatment (−140 °C, WBC trial) or underwent a rest period (CON trial). Blood samples were collected to assess plasma acylated ghrelin, serum leptin, and other metabolic hormone concentrations. Respiratory gas parameters, skin temperature, and ratings of subjective variables were also measured after exercise. At 30 min post-exercise, energy and macronutrient intake were evaluated during an ad libitum buffet meal test. RESULTS: Although appetite-regulating hormones (acylated ghrelin and leptin) significantly changed with exercise (p = 0.047 for acylated ghrelin and p < 0.001 for leptin), no significant differences were observed between the trials. Energy intake during the buffet meal test was significantly higher in the WBC trial (1371 ± 481 kcal) than the CON trial (1106 ± 452 kcal, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Cold exposure using WBC following strenuous exercise increased energy intake in male athletes.
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Hammond, L. E., S. Cuttell, P. Nunley, and J. Meyler. "Anthropometric Characteristics and Sex Influence Magnitude of Skin Cooling following Exposure to Whole Body Cryotherapy." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/628724.
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This study explored whether anthropometric measures influence magnitude of skin cooling following exposure to whole body cryotherapy (WBC). Height, weight, body fat percentage, and lean mass were measured in 18 male and 14 female participants. Body surface area, body surface area to mass ratio, body mass index, fat-free mass index, and fat mass index were calculated. Thermal images were captured before and after WBC (−60°C for 30 seconds, −110°C for 2 minutes). Skin temperature was measured at the chest, arm, thigh, and calf. Mean skin temperature before and after WBC and change in mean skin temperature(ΔTsk)were calculated.ΔTskwas significantly greater in females (12.07±1.55°C) than males (10.12±1.86°C;t(30)=-3.09,P=.004). A significant relationship was observed between body fat percentage andΔTskin the combined dataset (P=.002,r=.516) and between fat-free mass index andΔTskin males (P=.005,r=.622). No other significant associations were found. Skin response of individuals to WBC appears to depend upon anthropometric variables and sex, with individuals with a higher adiposity cooling more than thinner individuals. Effects of sex and anthompometrics should be considered when designing WBC research or treatment protocols.
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Skrzep-Poloczek, Bronisława, Ewa Romuk, Bernadeta Wiśnowiska, Aleksander J. Owczarek, Piotr Choręza, Aleksander Sieroń, Ewa Birkner, and Dominika Stygar. "Effect of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Antioxidant Systems in Experimental Rat Model." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8158702.
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Background. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) in rats on their antioxidant systems, lipid peroxidation products, and their total oxidative status at different exposure times and temperatures.Methods. Antioxidants in serum, plasma, liver, and erythrocytes were evaluated in two study groups following 1 min of exposure to −60°C and −90°C, for 5 and 10 consecutive days.Results. WBC increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase in the group subjected to 5 and 10 days exposure, −60°C. The glutathione S-transferase activity increased in the groups subjected to 10 days WBC sessions. Total antioxidant capacity increased after 5 and 10 days of 1 min WBC, −60°C; a decrease was observed at −90°C. A decreased level of erythrocyte malondialdehyde concentration was observed at −60°C after 5 and 10 days of cryostimulation. An increased concentration was measured at −90°C after 10 days, and increase of erythrocyte malondialdehyde concentration after 5 days, −90°C.Conclusions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research showing the effect of WBC in rats at different exposure times and temperatures. The effect of cryotherapy on enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems was observed in the serum of animals exposed to a temperature of −60°C in comparison to control.
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Stanek, Agata, Tomasz Wielkoszyński, Stanisław Bartuś, and Armand Cholewka. "Whole-Body Cryostimulation Improves Inflammatory Endothelium Parameters and Decreases Oxidative Stress in Healthy Subjects." Antioxidants 9, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121308.
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Background: The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) and subsequent kinesiotherapy on inflammatory endothelium and oxidative stress parameters in healthy subjects. Methods: The effects of ten WBC procedures lasting 3 min per day and followed by a 60-min session of kinesiotherapy on oxidative stress and inflammatory endothelium parameters in healthy subjects (WBC group n = 32) were analyzed. The WBC group was compared to a kinesiotherapy only (KT; n = 16) group. The following parameters were estimated one day before the start, and one day after the completion of the studies: oxidative stress parameters (the total antioxidant capacity of plasma (FRAP), paraoxonase-1 activity (PON-1), and total oxidative status (TOS)) and inflammatory endothelium parameters (myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), serum amyloid A (SAA), and sCD40L levels). Results: A significant decrease of PON-1 and MPO activities and TOS, SAA, and sCD40L levels as well as a significant FRAP increase were observed in the WBC group after the treatment. In addition, the SAA levels and PON-1 activity decreased significantly after the treatment in both groups, but the observed decrease of these parameters in the WBC group was higher in comparison to the KT group. Conclusion: WBC procedures have a beneficial impact on inflammatory endothelium and oxidative stress parameters in healthy subjects, therefore they may be used as a wellness method.
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Lomako, Victoria, and Liudmyla Pirozhenko. "Blood Leukocytes in Young and Aged Rats After Whole Body Cryostimulation (–120°C)." Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine 31, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/cryo31.01.023.
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The whole body cryostimulation (WBC) (–120°C) induces significant changes in blood leukocyte parameters in young and aged rats (total leukocyte number (leukocytosis or leukopenia); quantitative and qualitative correlation of their types, and shift direction in leukocyte formula); appearance of immature, plasm and polychromatophilic cells, cytoplasm plasmatization in some leukocytes, and changes in the integral leukocyte indices. The direction and severity of these changes depend on animals age (6–7 or 18–20 months old), number of the WBC sessions (1, 2 or 3), terms of observation (day and week) and mainly indicates physiological alterations in a body, that may be associated with the strain of involved functional systems and stress. In aged rats only, 24 hrs after the 2nd WBC session the lymphocyte percentage corresponded to a lower control value, thus indicating the training response formation at this stage. The integral leukocyte indices of aged rats underwent considerably smaller changes if compared with the young ones, especially in 24 hrs and a week after the WBC; the Garkavi adaptation index increased only in aged rats and just 24 hrs after the 3rd WBC session.
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Kowal, Mateusz, Ewa Gieysztor, Anna Kołcz, Anna Pecuch, Wojciech Borowicz, Robert Dymarek, and Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz. "The Acute Influence of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Electromyographic Signals and Jumping Tasks." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 5020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105020.
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Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) is a popular treatment in prevention as well as post-injury therapy. The parameter used to assess the risk of injury is the ability of the human body to absorb and recover energy (elasticity). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) at 1 and 3 min intervals on the bioelectric activity of lower-limb muscles and countermovement jumps (CMJs) using trained subjects. A total of 24 individuals participated in the study. The mean age of the study group was 27.9 ± 7.9 years, mean body weight was 77.9 ± 8.8 kg, and mean body height was equal to 181 ± 6 cm. The training routine included 2–4 training sessions per week that lasted for at least 2 h at a time (mainly football). Along with the surface electromyography (sEMG) test of the rectus femoris, the BTS G-Sensor inertia measurement device was applied. After three minutes of WBC, a 6% difference in take-off force was noted, with a 7% (p < 0.04) decrease in elasticity. In the bioelectrical activity of the rectus femoris after MVC normalization, differences (p < 0.05) were noted 3 min after WBC. In this conducted study, a reduction in flexibility of the lower-limb muscle groups in the CMJ task was noted after 3 min of WBC.
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Dima, Vlad, Roxana-Elena Bohiltea, Raluca Mariana Stanescu, Adrian Toma, Valentin-Nicolae Varlas, and Ana-Maria Davitoiu. "Selective head cooling or whole body cooling? That is the question." Romanian Journal of Pediatrics 71, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjp.2022.2.8.
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Background. Studies to date support the beneficial effect that therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has on neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. TH can be delivered in two ways: selective head cooling (SHC) or therapeutic whole-body cooling (WBC). The purpose of this review is to examine the literature to expose the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods of performing TH in neonates diagnosed with moderate or severe HIE and to investigate whether one method is superior to the other. Methods. We started from the data from the Cochrane review published in 2013 [1] and we want to bring new information from recent clinical studies comparing the two TH methods (SHC vs WBC). Clinical studies were searched and analyzed by a single individual (through dedicated search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus). We have included clinical studies from the last 7 years comparing the two ways of performing TH (SHC vs. WBC). We selected only the articles that compared the two methods and excluded the articles describing only one method. Results. After excluding the clinical trials that did not meet the eligibility criteria, 5 clinical trials remained (n = 256 neonates). Analysis of these studies supports the idea that both modalities of therapeutic hypothermia cool central nervous system (CNS) structures and have a similar neurodevelopmental prognosis among surviving neonates. Also, there are no significant differences in terms of short-term neurological prognosis, as well as the adverse effects that may occur in neonates with moderate or severe HIE (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy) treated with SHC or WBC; although some studies note the presence of more severe, statistically significant lesions among patients treated with SHC compared to those treated with WBC. Conclusions. Prospective, randomized studies on a much larger scale are needed to track the adverse effects that the two HT methods may have on patients, as well as long-term neurological and cognitive prognosis. Until now, there is no clear evidence that one of these two methods is definitely safer or more reliable than the other.
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Duch, Klaudia, Anna Michnik, Ilona Pokora, Ewa Sadowska-Krępa, and Agnieszka Kiełboń. "Whole-body cryostimulation impact on blood serum thermal denaturation profiles of cross-country skiers." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 138, no. 6 (September 9, 2019): 4505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08766-9.
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Abstract Blood plasma and serum are important diagnostic materials as they clearly reflect an individual’s metabolism. The study has evaluated the effect of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) on the blood serum of professional cross-country skiers. The experiment involved eight athletes (two women and six men) who underwent a series of ten WBC treatments. Aqueous solutions of human blood serum samples before WBC procedures, after one treatment and after a series of ten treatments were measured by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a relatively novel diagnostic tool. DSC results showed rather little impact of cryostimulation on heat capacity changes accompanying the process of thermal denaturation of blood serum proteins in elite athletes. However, the statistically significant reduction in the intensity of the serum denaturation transition in its low temperature range has been observed after ten WBC treatments. The results have been interpreted by changes in the serum proteome profile, notably in the ratio of ligated to unligated albumin molecules. As a side result, the relationships between the relative change in body fat mass after ten WBC treatments and the levels of alpha2-globulins and beta2-globulins fractions have been found.
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Rose, Catriona, Kate Edwards, Jason Siegler, Kenneth Graham, and Corinne Caillaud. "Whole-body Cryotherapy as a Recovery Technique after Exercise: A Review of the Literature." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 14 (November 21, 2017): 1049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-114861.
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AbstractThis review aims to evaluate the current body of literature investigating the effect of whole body cryotherapy on recovery after exercise. A systematic search was conducted to investigate the effect of whole body cryotherapy (WBC, exposure to temperatures between −110 to −190°C) on markers of recovery after damaging exercise in healthy, physically active subjects. Of the 16 eligible articles extracted, ten induced muscle damage using controlled exercise in a laboratory setting, while six induced damage during sport-specific training. Results indicated that muscle pain was reduced in 80% of studies following WBC. Two applied studies found recovery of athletic capacity and performance with WBC improved, variables of this nature were also improved in 71% of studies using controlled exercise. Further benefits of WBC treatment included reduction of systemic inflammation and lower concentrations of markers for muscle cell damage. These results suggest that WBC may improve recovery from muscle damage, with multiple exposures more consistently exhibiting improvements in recovery from pain, loss of muscle function, and markers of inflammation and damage. The diversity in muscle damage protocols, exposure timing with regards to exercise, as well as temperatures, duration and frequencies of exposure, make specific recommendations preliminary at present.
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Piterà, Paolo, Michele Gobbi, Jacopo Maria Fontana, Stefania Cattaldo, Maurizio Massucci, and Paolo Capodaglio. "Whole-Body Cryostimulation: A Rehabilitation Booster in Post-COVID Patients? A Case Series." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 4830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12104830.
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Given the severity and prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in the general population, the identification of boosters for rehabilitation programs appears to be of paramount importance. The purpose of this case series is to provide some preliminary evidence about the role of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) as an effective adjuvant for the recovery of patients with the post-COVID-19 condition (PCC). We recruited seven patients with previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptoms of PCC of different severities for a comprehensive rehabilitation program, including WBC. The main symptoms were dyspnea, chronic and muscular fatigue, chronic pain, and poor sleep quality. Moreover, some patients presented high levels of hematological markers of inflammation. Because we provided a range of interventions, including nutritional and psychological support along with physical exercise and physiotherapy, we could not determine to what extent WBC may per se have accounted for the clinical and functional improvements. However, for all reported cases, it was observed that the introduction of WBC sessions represented a turning point in the patient’s subjective and objective improvements related to health and functioning.
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Partridge, Emily M., Julie Cooke, Andrew J. McKune, and David B. Pyne. "Pre-Exercise Whole- or Partial-Body Cryotherapy Exposure to Improve Physical Performance: A Systematic Review." Sports 9, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9100135.
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Whole- (WBC) and partial-body cryotherapy (PBC) are commonly used sports medicine modalities for the treatment of injury and exercise recovery. Physiological and perceptual effects have the potential to be utilised in a novel application that involves pre-exercise WBC and PBC exposure to improve physical performance. A systematic literature search of multiple databases was conducted in July 2021 to identify and evaluate the effects of pre-exercise exposure of WBC or PBC on physical performance measures, and any potential translational effects. The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) use of WBC or PBC exposure pre-exercise, (2) use of WBC or PBC in healthy and/or athletic populations, (3) control group was used in the data collection, and (4) investigated physiological, psychosocial or direct physical performance impacts of pre-exercise cryotherapy exposure. A total of 759 titles were identified, with twelve relevant studies satisfying the inclusion criteria after full-text screening. The twelve studies were categorised into three key areas: performance testing (n = 6), oxidative stress response (n = 4) and lysosomal enzyme activity (n = 2). The potential for eliciting favourable physical and physiological responses from pre-exercise WBC or PBC is currently unclear with a paucity of good quality research available. Furthermore, a lack of standardisation of cryotherapy protocols is a current challenge.
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Wiecek, Magdalena, Jadwiga Szymura, Justyna Sproull, and Zbigniew Szygula. "Whole-Body Cryotherapy Is an Effective Method of Reducing Abdominal Obesity in Menopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 2797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092797.
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Abdominal obesity predominates in menopausal women (MW) and contributes to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is associated with increased mortality related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver disease. The effects of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on body composition and the blood concentration of irisin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive proteins (CRP) in MW with MetS and in healthy women (HW), were assessed. The study included 19 women with MetS (61.53 ± 3.99 y, BMI 30.09 ± 4.98 kg/m2) and 18 HW (60.28 ± 3.63 y, BMI 25.50 ± 2.37 kg/m2) who were subjected to 20 WBC treatments at −130 °C for 3 min daily. In both groups, body mass (BM), BMI, abdominal circumference, triceps skinfold, total fat mass and percentage of leg fat significantly decreased after 20 WBC sessions. Additionally, the percentage of total, trunk and android fat in the MetS group were significantly decreased after 20 WBC applications. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) significantly decreased in both groups, and in the HW group, hip circumference and abdominal skinfold also significantly decreased after 10 WBC and 20 WBC treatments. In both groups, the concentration of plasma irisin significantly increased after 1 WBC and 10 WBC exposures, while the concentration of IL-6 significantly increased only in MetS group after 10 WBC and 20 WBC, and were significantly higher than in HW. CRP concentrations were significantly higher in the MetS group than in HW before 1 WBC, after 1 WBC and 10 WBC sessions, but not after 20. In the MetS group, there were significant negative correlations between the change in irisin level and the changes in WC and BM, and between the level of irisin and the change in percentage of total fat, and significant negative correlations between the change in IL-6 level and changes in WC, waist-to-hip ratio and WHtR. Whole-body cryotherapy, assuming the application of 20 treatments in the series, reduces abdominal obesity in menopausal women indirectly through the secretion of irisin and IL-6, and can be used as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Our conclusion is limited to menopausal women with low–moderate physical activity for whom its level as well as diet were not changed during the treatment.
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Krüger, Malte, Markus de Mareés, Karl-Heinrich Dittmar, Billy Sperlich, and Joachim Mester. "Whole-Body Cryotherapy’s Enhancement of Acute Recovery of Running Performance in Well-Trained Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0392.
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Purpose:To examine the effects of a whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) protocol (3 min at –110°C) on acute recovery and key variables of endurance performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise in a thermoneutral environment.Methods:Eleven endurance athletes were tested twice in a randomized crossover design in which 5 × 5 min of high-intensity running (HIR) were followed by 1 h of passive rest at ~22°C, including either 3 min of whole-body exposure to –110°C (WBC) or a placebo intervention of 3 min walking (PBO). A ramp-test protocol was performed before HIR (R1) and after the 1-h recovery period (R2). Time to exhaustion (tlim) was measured along with alterations in oxygen content of the vastus lateralis (TSI), oxygen consumption (VO2), capillary blood lactate, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during submaximal and maximal running.Results:The difference in tlim between R1 and R2 was lower in WBC than in PBO (P < .05, effect size d = 1.13). During R2, TSI was higher in WBC during submaximal and maximal running (P < .01, d = 0.68−1.01). In addition, VO2, HR, and RPE were lower at submaximal level of R2 after WBC than in PBO (P = .04 to <.01, d = 0.23−0.83).Conclusion:WBC improves acute recovery during high-intensity intermittent exercise in thermoneutral conditions. The improvements might be induced by enhanced oxygenation of the working muscles, as well as a reduction in cardiovascular strain and increased work economy at submaximal intensities.
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Lubkowska, Anna, Wioleta Dudzińska, Iwona Bryczkowska, and Barbara Dołęgowska. "Body Composition, Lipid Profile, Adipokine Concentration, and Antioxidant Capacity Changes during Interventions to Treat Overweight with Exercise Programme and Whole-Body Cryostimulation." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/803197.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six-month-long physical exercise programme with a two-time exposure to whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) in 20 sessions on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid profile, and body composition changes in obese people (30 adult subjects; BMI = 30.39 ± 4.31 kg/m2). Blood samples were taken before the programme, one month following the exercise programme, before and after the first WBC treatment, six months following the exercise programme, after the second WBC treatment, and finally one month after the intervention. Six months of moderate aerobic activity combined with WBC did not change body mass or fat and lean body mass percentages, or circulating adiponectin, leptin, and resistin concentrations. In response to intervention a significant decrease in the level of low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides was observed, with a slight increase in high-density lipoprotein concentration. The nature of changes in the activity of respective antioxidant enzymes was not identical. After one month of increased physical activity, a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase activities was observed (13%, 8%, and 70%, resp.). The SOD activity increased significantly after successive whole-body cryostimulation sessions. As regards catalase, a significant progressive decrease in its activity was observed.
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Krzystanek, Marek, Monika Romańczyk, Stanisław Surma, and Agnieszka Burzyńska. "Whole Body Cryotherapy and Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment: New Biological Treatment of Depression? A Systematic Review." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060595.
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Treatment with antidepressants is often insufficiently effective, especially in treatment-resistant depression. In such a situation, it is possible to change the drug, add a second antidepressant, or use pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of augmenting the effect of pharmacotherapy. New methods that may fall into the scope of multi-module depression treatment as an augmentation of depression treatment are whole body cryotherapy (WBC) and hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT). 545 records were selected and analyzed for these two treatments and finally three clinical trials were selected for analysis. The review also includes data on the possibility of using WBC and HBOT in somatic indications and in organic mental syndromes. Despite the small number of studies on the effectiveness of WBC or HBOT in depression, the current data show that both methods may be effective in the treatment of depression. WBC may be effective in the augmentation of antidepressants, and additionally, it is a method in which a quick antidepressant effect is obtained. HBOT may be effective in endogenous depression, just as it is effective in the treatment of somatic depression symptoms. The results are very preliminary, but if confirmed in subsequent studies, both WBC and HBOT may become new treatment options in treating depression. The authors point to the need and directions for further research into these treatment methods as an augmentation strategy for pharmacological treatment of depression.
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Rymaszewska, J., D. Szczesniak, U. Katarzyna, T. Elzbieta, and S. Bartlomiej. "Cryostimulation of whole body as a possible supportive biological approach in mild cognitive impairments." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.065.
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BackgroundLimitations of available treatment methods of dementia imply constant need to search for new, supplementary therapy strategies. There is a consensus that vascular lesions, oxidative stress, inflammatory processes and abnormal neurotransmission are associated with dementia. Due to the anti-inflammatory (modification of pro-inflammatory cytokines concentration), antioxidative effect of cryogenic temperatures as well as the hormonal and lipid changes, they may play an important role in preventing or inhibiting pathophysiological processes.AimTo assess the influence of whole-body cryostimulation on cognitive functions of patients with MCI.MethodsRCT design is used to examine the influence of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on people with mild cognitive impairments (MCI) with the evaluation of psychometric, somatic and laboratory parameters. Participants undergo 10 sessions each day of 2–3 min of WBC in experimental group (−110 till −160 °C) and placebo (−20 °C). The CDR, MoCA, TYM, DemTect and SLUMS scales are used among others at baseline and follow-up. Preliminary data of 7 volunteers (n = 7, 49–79 years old) were presented. Results on Fig. 1.DiscussionAmong obtained psychometric results show that all, except of one, patients significantly improved their scores after WBC. That is a very promising feedback for future evaluation of WBC effectiveness in prevention of dementia in patients with MCI.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Wiecek, Magdalena, Jadwiga Szymura, Justyna Sproull, and Zbigniew Szygula. "Decreased Blood Asprosin in Hyperglycemic Menopausal Women as a Result of Whole-Body Cryotherapy Regardless of Metabolic Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091428.
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Endocrine dysfunction often occurs in metabolic syndrome (MetS), resulting in hyperglycemia and atherogenic blood lipid profile disorders. Asprosin is a newly discovered glucose-regulating hormone. The study aim was to determine whether the application of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) affects asprosin and selected adipocytokines as well as insulin resistance in menopausal women with metabolic disorders. A total of 37 menopausal women were exposed to 20 WBC (−130 °C, 3 min). Blood glucose, asprosin, irisin, leptin, adiponectin, and insulin were measured before and after 20 WBC treatments, after which a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were calculated. The results were analyzed in the MetS group compared to the controls (CON) without MetS, and in the hyperglycemic (HG) group compared to the normoglycemic group (NG). After 20 WBC, a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in asprosin concentration was found in the MetS, HG, and CON groups, and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in glucose concentration was noted in the HG group. Changes in asprosin concentration positively correlated with changes in glucose concentration. Asprosin concentration before WBC correlated positively with metabolic disorder risk factor levels, and the change in asprosin concentration after 20 WBC correlated negatively with metabolic disorder risk factor levels: fasting glucose, AIP, and the leptin/adiponectin index. Research indicates the possibility of using WBC in supporting metabolic disorders, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and insulin resistance.
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Goenka, Ajay, Elissa Yozawitz, William A. Gomes, and Suhas M. Nafday. "Selective Head versus Whole Body Cooling Treatment of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Comparison of Electroencephalogram and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings." American Journal of Perinatology 37, no. 12 (July 25, 2019): 1264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693466.
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Abstract Objective This study aimed to compare the utility of electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect brain dysfunction and injury across a cohort of newborn infants treated with selective head cooling (SHC) or whole body cooling (WBC). Study Design Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is a standard neuroprotection tool for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. Sixty-six newborns, SHC (n = 22) and WBC (n = 44), were studied utilizing standardized scoring systems for interpretation of EEG and MRI based on the severity of the findings. Results SHC- and WBC-treated groups did not differ significantly amongst most of the baseline parameters. EEGs obtained postcooling were abnormal in 58 of 61 (95%) infants. The severity of the EEG background changes (depressed and undifferentiated background) was more prevalent in the SHC (8/21 [38%]) than in the WBC group (5/40 [13%]). Brain MRIs showed HIE changes in 26 of 62 (42%) newborns treated with TH. MRI abnormalities of basal ganglia, thalamic, and parenchymal lesions were more common in the SHC (5/19) versus the WBC group (3/43); p = 0.04. Conclusion EEG abnormalities and MRI findings of HIE were more prevalent in the SHC than in the WBC group. WBC may offer better or at least similar neuroprotection to infants with HIE.
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Ptaszek, Bartłomiej, Aneta Teległów, Justyna Adamiak, Jacek Głodzik, Szymon Podsiadło, Dawid Mucha, Jakub Marchewka, Tomasz Halski, and Dariusz Mucha. "Effect of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Morphological, Rheological and Biochemical Indices of Blood in People with Multiple Sclerosis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 2833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132833.
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The aim of this study was to examine and assess the impact of a series of 20 whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) treatments on the biochemical and rheological indices of blood in people with multiple sclerosis. In this prospective controlled study, the experimental group consisted of 15 women aged 34–55 (mean age, 41.53 ± 6.98 years) with diagnosed multiple sclerosis who underwent a series of whole-body cryotherapy treatments. The first control group consisted of 20 women with diagnosed multiple sclerosis. This group had no intervention in the form of whole-body cryotherapy. The second control group consisted of 15 women aged 30–49 years (mean age, 38.47 ± 6.0 years) without neurological diseases and other chronic diseases who also underwent the whole-body cryotherapy treatment. For the analysis of the blood indices, venous blood was taken twice (first, on the day of initiation of whole-body cryotherapy treatments and, second, after a series of 20 cryotherapy treatments). The blood counts were determined using an ABX MICROS 60 hematological analyzer (USA). The LORCA analyzer (Laser–Optical Rotational Cell Analyzer, RR Mechatronics, the Netherlands) was used to study the aggregation and deformability of erythrocytes. The total protein serum measurement was performed using a Cobas 6000 analyzer, Roche and a Proteinogram-Minicap Sebia analyzer. Fibrinogen determinations were made using a Bio-Ksel, Chrom-7 camera. Statistically significant differences and changes after WBC in the levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), elongation index, total extend of aggregation (AMP), and proteins (including fibrinogen) were observed. However, there was no significant effect of a series of 20 WBC treatments on changes in blood counts, rheology, and biochemistry in women with multiple sclerosis. Our results show that the use of WBC has a positive effect on the rheological properties of the blood of healthy women.
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Stanek, Agata, Armand Cholewka, Tomasz Wielkoszyński, Ewa Romuk, and Aleksander Sieroń. "Decreased Oxidative Stress in Male Patients with Active Phase Ankylosing Spondylitis Who Underwent Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Closed Cryochamber." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7365490.
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Objective. The aim of the study was to estimate the impact of whole body cryotherapy (WBC) on oxidative stress when performed in a closed cryochamber on patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Material and methods. The effect of ten WBC procedures lasting 3 minutes a day with a subsequent 60-minute session kinesiotherapy on oxidative stress in male AS patients (WBC group n=16) was investigated. To assess the disease activity, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Diseases Activity Index (BASDAI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) were calculated. The WBC group was compared to the kinesiotherapy only (KT; n=16) group. The routine parameters of oxidative stress (antioxidant enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation products, total oxidative status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI)) were estimated one day before the beginning and one day after the completion of the research program. Results. After the completion of the treatment in the WBC group, a significant decrease of oxidative stress markers (TOS and OSI) and a significant increase of total antioxidant status were observed. The erythrocyte activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase decreased significantly in both groups, but the differences of activity of that enzymes prior to post treatment values (Δ) in the KT group were significantly higher as compared to the WBC group. The activity of erythrocyte catalase and plasma ZnCu isoenzyme of superoxide dismutase showed a decreased tendency; erythrocyte total superoxide dismutase activity showed an increased tendency in the WBC group after the completion of the treatment. The BASDAI and BASFI decreased significantly in both groups, but the differences of value indexes prior to post treatment (Δ) were significantly higher in the WBC than KT group. Conclusion. WBC performed in a closed cryochamber decreases oxidative stress and improves BASDAI and BASFI indexes in male patients during the active phase of ankylosing spondylitis.
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Li, Shu-Ting, Jia-Tzer Jang, and Ákos Koller. "Effects of Cooling and Magnesium Supplementation on the Objective and Subjective Outcomes of Acute High-Intensity Rowing." Testnevelés, Sport, Tudomány 5, no. 3-4 (2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21846/tst.2020.3-4.1.
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Background: Body temperature and level of magnesium in the body can be important factors affecting the level of exercise activities. However, beneficial effects of body cooling and magnesium supplementation on acute high-intensity exercises have not yet been studied in large number of athletes. We hypothesized that cooling interventions and supplementation of magnesium will improve both objective and subjective outcomes of acute high-intensity exercises. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-four athletes with different backgrounds of sports were recruited (n = 24, all males; age 25 ± 4 years; weight 76 ± 10 kg; height 175 ± 5 cm). Indoor rowing was used as acute high-intensity exercise. Subjects were evenly and independently assigned to four groups, namely, (1) Group C: control group, (2) Group HC: hand cooling intervention (HC), (3) Group WBC: whole-body cryotherapy intervention, and (4) Group MgS: magnesium supplementation. Each group had three measurements: before exercise, during acute high-intensity 1000 m open-end rowing, and in the recovery period. During rowing, the power output and speed values were collected at every 200 m. Before and after rowing, the following six parameters were collected; objective outcomes: ammonia (NH3) and lactate (La) of blood plasma, heart rate (HR), whole-body temperature (TW), and subjective outcome: rate of perceived exertion (RPE) by standard questionnaire, and self-rated perception of thermal sensation (TS). Results: HC, MgS and WBC (which significantly lowered TW as compared to other groups (p < 0.05), but it did not elicit significant changes in the measured parameters (such as La, NH3, HR, RPE, rowing power, and rowing speed). In terms of TS, as the subjective outcome, we observed positive effects in response to all three interventions of HC, WBC, and MgS compared to Group C. We also observed a slight, yet significant difference of the RPE between interventions of HC and WBC. Conclusions: Data show that whole-body cryotherapy lowers body temperature and together with magnesium supplementation – without affecting objective outcomes - improve the thermal sensation. Thus, we propose that cooling intervention and magnesium supplementation - in certain conditions - can enhance output of acute high-intensity exercise, especially in warm environment. Abbreviations: HC - hand cooling; WBC - whole-body cryotherapy; La - lactate; NH3 - blood ammonia; HR - heart rate; TS - thermal sensation; RPE - rate of perceived exertion; TW - whole-body temperature
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Stanek, Agata, Ewa Romuk, Tomasz Wielkoszyński, Stanisław Bartuś, Grzegorz Cieślar, and Armand Cholewka. "Decreased Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Subjects Who Underwent Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Closed Cryochamber with Subsequent Kinesiotherapy." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (August 14, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7524878.
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Objective. The aim of the study was to estimate the impact of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) and subsequent kinesiotherapy on oxidative stress and lipid profile when performed in a closed cryochamber on healthy subjects. Material and Methods. The effect of ten WBC procedures lasting 3 minutes a day followed by a 60-minute session kinesiotherapy on oxidative stress and lipid profile in healthy subjects (WBC group, n=16) was investigated. The WBC group was compared to the kinesiotherapy only (KT; n=16) group. The routine parameters of oxidative stress (antioxidant enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation products, total oxidative status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI)) and lipid profile were estimated one day before the beginning and one day after the completion of the research program. Results. After treatment, in the WBC group, a significant decrease of oxidative stress markers (TOS and OSI) and a significant increase of total antioxidant capacity were observed. The activity of plasma SOD-Mn and erythrocyte total SOD increased significantly in the WBC group. In the KT group, the erythrocyte activity of total SOD, CAT, and GR decreased significantly after the treatment. The levels of T-Chol and LDL-Chol decreased significantly after treatment in both groups, but the observed decrease of these lipid parameters in the WBC group was higher in comparison to the KT group. The level of TG decreased significantly after treatment in the WBC group only. Conclusion. WBC performed in a closed cryochamber followed by kinesiotherapy improves lipid profile and decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects.
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Xie, Yan, Jiajun Wang, Hao Dong, Xiaoyu Ren, Liqun Huang, and Mingguo Zhao. "Dynamic Balancing of Humanoid Robot with Proprioceptive Actuation: Systematic Design of Algorithm, Software, and Hardware." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091458.
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For humanoid robots, maintaining a dynamic balance against uncertain disturbance is crucial, and this function can be achieved by coordinating the whole body to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Researchers generally accept hierarchical whole-body control (WBC) to address this function. Although experts can build feasible hierarchies using prior knowledge, real-time WBC is still challenging because it often requires a quadratic program with multiple inequality constraints. In addition, the torque tracking performance of the WBC algorithm will be affected by uncertain factors such as joint friction for a large transmission ratio proprioceptive-actuated robot. Therefore, the balance control of physical robots requires a systematic solution. In this study, a robot control system with high computing power and real-time communication ability, UBTMaster, is implemented to achieve a reduced WBC in real time. Based on these, a whole-body control scheme based on task priority for the dynamic balance of humanoid robots is implemented. After realizing the joint friction model identification, finally, a variety of balancing scenarios are tested on the Walker3 humanoid robot driven by the proprioceptive actuators to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The Walker3 robot exhibits excellent balance when multiple external disturbances occur simultaneously. For example, the two feet of the robot are subjected to tilt and displacement perturbations, respectively, while the torso is subjected to external shocks simultaneously. The experimental results show that the dynamic balance of the robot under multiple external disturbances can be achieved by using strictly hierarchical real-time WBC with a systematic design.
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Kim, Donghyun, Steven Jens Jorgensen, Jaemin Lee, Junhyeok Ahn, Jianwen Luo, and Luis Sentis. "Dynamic locomotion for passive-ankle biped robots and humanoids using whole-body locomotion control." International Journal of Robotics Research 39, no. 8 (June 10, 2020): 936–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364920918014.
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Whole-body control (WBC) is a generic task-oriented control method for feedback control of loco-manipulation behaviors in humanoid robots. The combination of WBC and model-based walking controllers has been widely utilized in various humanoid robots. However, to date, the WBC method has not been employed for unsupported passive-ankle dynamic locomotion. As such, in this article, we devise a new WBC, dubbed the whole-body locomotion controller (WBLC), that can achieve experimental dynamic walking on unsupported passive-ankle biped robots. A key aspect of WBLC is the relaxation of contact constraints such that the control commands produce reduced jerk when switching foot contacts. To achieve robust dynamic locomotion, we conduct an in-depth analysis of uncertainty for our dynamic walking algorithm called the time-to-velocity-reversal (TVR) planner. The uncertainty study is fundamental as it allows us to improve the control algorithms and mechanical structure of our robot to fulfill the tolerated uncertainty. In addition, we conduct extensive experimentation for: (1) unsupported dynamic balancing (i.e., in-place stepping) with a six-degree-of-freedom biped, Mercury; (2) unsupported directional walking with Mercury; (3) walking over an irregular and slippery terrain with Mercury; and 4) in-place walking with our newly designed ten-DoF viscoelastic liquid-cooled biped, DRACO. Overall, the main contributions of this work are on: (a) achieving various modalities of unsupported dynamic locomotion of passive-ankle bipeds using a WBLC controller and a TVR planner; (b) conducting an uncertainty analysis to improve the mechanical structure and the controllers of Mercury; and (c) devising a whole-body control strategy that reduces movement jerk during walking.
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Abaïdia, Abd-Elbasset, Julien Lamblin, Barthélémy Delecroix, Cédric Leduc, Alan McCall, Mathieu Nédélec, Brian Dawson, Georges Baquet, and Grégory Dupont. "Recovery From Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: Cold-Water Immersion Versus Whole-Body Cryotherapy." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 3 (March 2017): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0186.
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Purpose:To compare the effects of cold-water immersion (CWI) and whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on recovery kinetics after exercise-induced muscle damage.Methods:Ten physically active men performed single-leg hamstring eccentric exercise comprising 5 sets of 15 repetitions. Immediately postexercise, subjects were exposed in a randomized crossover design to CWI (10 min at 10°C) or WBC (3 min at –110°C) recovery. Creatine kinase concentrations, knee-flexor eccentric (60°/s) and posterior lower-limb isometric (60°) strength, single-leg and 2-leg countermovement jumps, muscle soreness, and perception of recovery were measured. The tests were performed before and immediately, 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise.Results:Results showed a very likely moderate effect in favor of CWI for single-leg (effect size [ES] = 0.63; 90% confidence interval [CI] = –0.13 to 1.38) and 2-leg countermovement jump (ES = 0.68; 90% CI = –0.08 to 1.43) 72 h after exercise. Soreness was moderately lower 48 h after exercise after CWI (ES = –0.68; 90% CI = –1.44 to 0.07). Perception of recovery was moderately enhanced 24 h after exercise for CWI (ES = –0.62; 90% CI = –1.38 to 0.13). Trivial and small effects of condition were found for the other outcomes.Conclusions:CWI was more effective than WBC in accelerating recovery kinetics for countermovement-jump performance at 72 h postexercise. CWI also demonstrated lower soreness and higher perceived recovery levels across 24–48 h postexercise.
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Moro, Federico L., Michael Gienger, Ambarish Goswami, Oussama Khatib, and Eiichi Yoshida. "Guest Editorial of the Special Issue on Whole-Body Control for Robots in the Real World." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 13, no. 01 (March 2016): 1602001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843616020011.
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Research in whole-body control (WBC) aims to contribute to provide robots with those capabilities that are necessary to move and perform in real world scenarios. Until recent years, limitations on hardware relegated WBC to almost purely theoretical research. Recently, a growing number of experimental platforms have become available (in particular, torque-controlled humanoids). This new opportunity has triggered the deployment on real robots of the theoretical outcomes of research in the field. This is backed up by a number of new research projects and initiatives addressing issues in this domain, including the Darpa robotic challenge (DRC). The goal of this special issue is to provide a clear representation of what is the state-of-the-art in WBC, and to help identifying what steps still need to be taken to have humanoid robots moving out of research laboratories to real world applications.
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Varallo, Giorgia, Paolo Piterà, Jacopo Maria Fontana, Michele Gobbi, Marco Arreghini, Emanuele Maria Giusti, Christian Franceschini, Giuseppe Plazzi, Gianluca Castelnuovo, and Paolo Capodaglio. "Is Whole-Body Cryostimulation an Effective Add-On Treatment in Individuals with Fibromyalgia and Obesity? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 4324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154324.
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Pain severity, depression, and sleep disturbances are key targets for FM rehabilitation. Recent evidence suggests that whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) might be an effective add-on treatment in the management of FM. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an add-on WBC intervention to a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program on pain intensity, depressive symptoms, disease impact, sleep quality, and performance-based physical functioning in a sample of FM patients with obesity. We performed a randomized controlled trial with 43 patients with FM and obesity undergoing a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program with and without the addition of ten 2-min WBC sessions at −110 °C over two weeks. According to our results, the implementation of ten sessions of WBC over two weeks produced additional benefits. Indeed, both groups reported positive changes after the rehabilitation; however, the group that underwent WBC intervention had greater improvements in the severity of pain, depressive symptoms, disease impact, and quality of sleep. On the contrary, with respect to performance-based physical functioning, we found no significant between-group differences. Our findings suggest that WBC could be a promising add-on treatment to improve key aspects of FM, such as pain, depressive symptoms, disease impact and poor sleep quality.
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Ptaszek, Bartłomiej, Szymon Podsiadło, Olga Czerwińska-Ledwig, Marcin Maciejczyk, and Aneta Teległów. "Effect of Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Iron Status and Biomarkers of Neuroplasticity in Multiple Sclerosis Women." Healthcare 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 1681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091681.
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The aim of the study was to compare the effect of a series of 20 whole body cryotherapy (WBC) sessions on iron levels and neuroplasticity biomarkers in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy women. Consent was obtained from the Bioethics Committee at the Regional Medical Chamber in Krakow (87/KBL/OIL/2018; 8 May 2018). The study was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12620001142921; 2 November 2020). The study included 30 people: 15 women with multiple sclerosis (mean age 41.53 ± 6.98 years) and 15 healthy women (mean age 38.47 ± 6.0 years). Both groups attended cryotherapy sessions. Venous blood was collected for analysis before the WBC session and after 20 sessions. In women with MS and healthy women, no significant effect of WBC on changes in the level biomarkers of neuroplasticity was found. There were also no statistically significant differences between the groups of the analyzed indices at the beginning of the study.
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Galliera, Emanuela, Giada Dogliotti, Gianluca Melegati, Massimiliano M. Corsi Romanelli, Paolo Cabitza, and Giuseppe Banfi. "Bone remodelling biomarkers after whole body cryotherapy (WBC) in elite rugby players." Injury 44, no. 8 (August 2013): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2012.08.057.
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Galliera, E., G. Dogliotti, G. Melegati, P. Cabitza, M. M. Corsi Romanelli, and G. Banfi. "Bone remodelling biomarkers after whole body cryotherapy (WBC) in elite rugby players." Bone 51, no. 6 (December 2012): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.08.064.
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Sutkowy, Paweł, Alina Woźniak, and Paweł Rajewski. "Single Whole-Body Cryostimulation Procedure versus Single Dry Sauna Bath: Comparison of Oxidative Impact on Healthy Male Volunteers." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/406353.
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Exposure to extreme heat and cold is one of the environmental factors whose action is precisely based on the mechanisms involving free radicals. Fluctuations in ambient temperature are among the agents that toughen the human organism. The goal of the study was to evaluate the impact of extremely high (dry sauna, DS) and low (whole-body cryostimulation, WBC) environmental temperatures on the oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium in the blood of healthy male subjects. The subjects performed a single DS bath (n=10; 26.2 ± 4.6 years) and a single WBC procedure (n=15; 27.5 ± 3.1 years). In the subjects’ blood taken immediately before and 20 min after the interventions, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in erythrocytes (TBARSer) and blood plasma (TBARSpl) were determined. Single WBC and DS procedures induced an increase in the activity of SOD and GPx, as well as SOD and CAT, respectively. The SOD activity was higher after WBC than after DS. Extremely high and low temperatures probably induce the formation of reactive oxygen species in the organisms of healthy men and, therefore, disturb the oxidant-antioxidant balance.
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Mila-Kierzenkowska, Celestyna, Alicja Jurecka, Alina Woźniak, Michał Szpinda, Beata Augustyńska, and Bartosz Woźniak. "The Effect of Submaximal Exercise Preceded by Single Whole-Body Cryotherapy on the Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Blood of Volleyball Players." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/409567.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of single whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) session applied prior to submaximal exercise on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of lipid peroxidation products, total oxidative status, and the level of cytokines in blood of volleyball players. The study group consisted of 18 male professional volleyball players, who were subjected to extremely cold air (−130∘C) prior to exercise performed on cycloergometer. Blood samples were taken five times: before WBC, after WBC procedure, after exercise preceded by cryotherapy (WBC exercise), and before and after exercise without WBC (control exercise). The activity of catalase statistically significantly increased after control exercise. Moreover, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase was lower after WBC exercise than after control exercise (P<0.001). After WBC exercise, the level of IL-6 and IL-1βwas also lower (P<0.001) than after control exercise. The obtained results may suggest that cryotherapy prior to exercise may have some antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The relations between the level of studied oxidative stress and inflammatory markers may testify to the contribution of reactive oxygen species in cytokines release into the blood system in response to exercise and WBC.
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Rahman, M. S., M. A. Haydar, M. K. A. Patwary, S. M. Shome, S. Paul, D. Paul, and A. K. M. M. H. Meaze. "Dosimetry of 131I for Occupational Radiation Workers by Whole Body Counting System." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 39 (October 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.39.21.
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Internal radiation dosimetry of occupational radiation workers due to inhalation of 131I during maintenance at iodine 131I hot cell of Radioisotope Production Division (RIPD) of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission have been performed with Whole Body Counter (WBC) containing two large size NaI detector. The contaminated radioactivity of the radiation workers by 131I was immediately conducted using a WBC (CANBERRA, FASTSCAN model 2250) and counting was repeated again a few days later. The performance of whole body counter was checked by CANBERRA transfer phantom (model 2257) with a mixed source (20 ml vial). The intake was calculated by Apex-Invivo counting software and then corresponding dose in thyroid were estimated by using Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis (IMBA) Professional Plus code modules. The body activity due to intake of 131I and the total effective and equivalent dose in thyroid were also estimated and discussed.
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Rahman, M. S., M. A. Haydar, M. K. A. Patwary, S. M. Shome, S. Paul, D. Paul, and A. K. M. M. H. Meaze. "Dosimetry of <sup>131</sup>I for Occupational Radiation Workers by Whole Body Counting System." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 39 (October 2, 2014): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-s93y0t.
Full textAbstract:
Internal radiation dosimetry of occupational radiation workers due to inhalation of 131I during maintenance at iodine 131I hot cell of Radioisotope Production Division (RIPD) of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission have been performed with Whole Body Counter (WBC) containing two large size NaI detector. The contaminated radioactivity of the radiation workers by 131I was immediately conducted using a WBC (CANBERRA, FASTSCAN model 2250) and counting was repeated again a few days later. The performance of whole body counter was checked by CANBERRA transfer phantom (model 2257) with a mixed source (20 ml vial). The intake was calculated by Apex-Invivo counting software and then corresponding dose in thyroid were estimated by using Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis (IMBA) Professional Plus code modules. The body activity due to intake of 131I and the total effective and equivalent dose in thyroid were also estimated and discussed.
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Kashyap, Abhishek Kumar, Dayal R. Parhi, and Saroj Kumar. "Dynamic Stabilization of NAO Humanoid Robot Based on Whole-Body Control with Simulated Annealing." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 17, no. 03 (June 2020): 2050014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843620500140.
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The prime challenge in a humanoid robot is its stability on two feet due to the presence of an underactuated system. In this paper, the complete dynamics of the humanoid robot has been described in essence of torque calculation at the end effectors. Presence of various restraints in humanoid robot motion makes the task of stabilization an even humongous one. Therefore, to neutralize these constraints, whole-body control (WBC) has been proposed to consider the free-floating base and to ensure the stability of the humanoid robot. Dynamic modeling of the humanoid robot is performed based on the Langrage–Euler formalism to obtain the maximum torque at the joints. This approach is utilized to formulate the torque equation and solve the problem of stabilization. WBC deals with the limitation of attainment of well nimble dynamics behavior operated at high speeds. The simulated annealing approach is preferred to tune WBC to get efficient stabilization and eliminate the earlier limitation. In addition, the zero-moment point (ZMP) criterion is taken care of as it affects the stability of the humanoid robot aggressively. Simulations on V-REP are carried out to understand the torque behavior at each joint. To validate the simulation results, the experiments are carried out on the NAO humanoid robot in real experimental conditions. The experimental and simulation results are compared through torque versus time graphs, and they both show good agreement with deviation under 4% between them. The proposed technique is then compared with various previously implemented techniques which confirm the robustness and efficiency of the proposed methodology.
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Straburzyńska-Lupa, Anna, Magdalena Paulina Kasprzak, Mateusz Wojciech Romanowski, Anna Kwaśniewska, Wojciech Romanowski, Maria Iskra, and Radosław Rutkowski. "The Effect of Whole-Body Cryotherapy at Different Temperatures on Proinflammatory Cytokines, Oxidative Stress Parameters, and Disease Activity in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018 (October 3, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2157496.
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Purpose. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) have increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, increased oxidants, and decreased antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) at −110°C and −60°C, on disease activity, selected proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress in patients with AS. Methods. Sixty-five patients with AS were recruited to one of three study procedures: WBC at −110°C, −60°C, or exercise therapy (non-WBC). The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS-CRP), concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), and the concentrations of interleukin 8 and 17 (IL-8, IL-17) were measured at the beginning of the study and at the end of the intervention. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as a lipid peroxidation result, and total antioxidant status, an antioxidant organism potential, were measured. Results. All the studied groups showed significantly decreased posttherapy disease activity expressed as a function of the BASDAI, ASDAS-CRP, and the IL-8 concentration. We found that the TBARS concentration after therapy was significantly increased in the WBC at −110°C group. A comparison of the therapeutic effects between the treatment groups showed a significantly lower BASDAI after therapy in the WBC at −110°C group compared to the non-WBC group. Conclusion. WBC at −110°C had a positive effect on lowering AS clinical activity as measured by the BASDAI.
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Gizińska, Małgorzata, Radosław Rutkowski, Wojciech Romanowski, Jacek Lewandowski, and Anna Straburzyńska-Lupa. "Effects of Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Comparison with Other Physical Modalities Used with Kinesitherapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/409174.
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Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) has been frequently used to supplement the rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to compare the effect of WBC and traditional rehabilitation (TR) on clinical parameters and systemic levels of IL-6, TNF-αin patients with RA. The study group comprised 25 patients who were subjected to WBC (−110°C) and 19 patients who underwent a traditional rehabilitation program. Some clinical variables and levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were used to assess the outcomes. After therapy both groups exhibited similar improvement in pain, disease activity, fatigue, time of walking, and the number of steps over a distance of 50 m. Only significantly better results were observed in HAQ in TR group (p< 0.05). However, similar significant reduction in IL-6 and TNF-αlevel was observed. The results showed positive effects of a 2-week rehabilitation program for patients with RA regardless of the kind of the applied physical procedure.
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Genton, L., D. Hans, U. G. Kyle, V. L. Karsegard, D. O. Slosman, and C. Pichard. "Half-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) predicts whole body composition (WBC) in obese patients." Clinical Nutrition 22 (August 2003): S22—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5614(03)80083-3.
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Wojciak, Gabriela, Jadwiga Szymura, Zbigniew Szygula, Joanna Gradek, and Magdalena Wiecek. "The Effect of Repeated Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Sirt1 and Sirt3 Concentrations and Oxidative Status in Older and Young Men Performing Different Levels of Physical Activity." Antioxidants 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010037.
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Background: The activity of antioxidant enzymes and sirtuins (Sirt) decreases along with age, which is counteracted by aerobic training. Sirtuins increase antioxidant defence. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) increases total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in young men. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of 24 WBC treatments on the blood concentration of selected sirtuins and the level of antioxidant defence as well as oxidative stress index of training and non-training men depending on age. Methods: The study involved 40 males. In each group, there were 10 non-training older and young men (60 NTR and 20 NTR), and 10 older and young long-distance runners (60 TR, 20 TR). During an 8-week period, participants underwent 24 WBC treatments (3 min −130 °C), which were performed three times a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday). The concentrations of Sirt1, Sirt3, TAC, total oxidative status and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the blood were determined before 1 WBC and after 1 WBC, 12 WBC and 24 WBC. Results: After 1 WBC, the activity of GPx and the concentration of Sirt1 and TAC in 60 TR and TAC in 60 NTR increased. After 12 WBC, the level of Sirt1 in 20 NTR and SOD in 20 TR increased. After 24 WBC, the level of Sirt1 increased in 60 TR and in 20 NTR, Sirt3 in 60 TR and SOD in 20 TR. Conclusions: Cryogenic temperatures increase blood levels of Sirt1 and Sirt3 and systemic antioxidant defence in men, but the effect is dependent on age, level of performed physical activity and the number of applied treatments.
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Sarlikiotis, N., C. Potiriadis, M. Nikolaki, and I. E. Stamatelatos. "MCNP model of the EEAE ACCUSCAN Whole Body Counter." HNPS Proceedings 23 (March 8, 2019): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1899.
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Monte Carlo simulations and verification measurements for the efficiency calibration of the ACCUSCAN shadow-shield type Whole Body Counter (WBC) of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE) are presented. A model of the counter and RMC-II anthropomorphic phantom was developed using the MCNP code. Full energy peak efficiencies for different phantom positions were calculated for 60Co and 137Cs sources. The deviations between computational and experimental efficiencies were found to be less than 12 % for 60Co and 4 % for 137Cs for the Ge detector and less than 25 % for 60Co and 4 % for 137Cs for the NaI detector. This work contributes to the accurate quantification of internal contamination in individuals accidentally exposed in Greece by the Greek Atomic Energy Commission Laboratories and moreover demonstrates the effectiveness of using computational tools for understanding the calibration of radiation detection systems used for in vivo monitoring.
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Gmernicka, Katarzyna. "Therapeutic effect of systemic cryostimulation." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 1, no. 1 (December 28, 2017): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7583.
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Whole body cryotherapy (WBC) involves exposing individuals to extremely cold dry air (under -100 °C) for a period ranging from 1.5 to 3 minutes. The treatment is painless and is intended to produce and use physiological reaction, which is medically beneficial and effective in restoring normal body functions. Whole body cryotherapy provides various benefits such as: analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, decreases muscle soreness, improves muscle strength and joint function, boosts blood circulation. It also causes a hormonal reaction, growth of ACTH, cortisol, beta-endorphin and testosterone. Cryotherapy is not only used as a way of treatment but also as a part of wellness and spa. WBC is used prophylactically to improve physical comfort and mental health. It is necessary to use kinesis immediately after cryotherapy to achieve its desirable affects. Kinesitherapy is a 20 minutes set of exercises performed on machines under the guidance of a physiotherapist. The purpose of kinesitherapy is the restoration of normal motion stereotypes, which will prevent overloads.
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Hosokawa, Yoichiro, Kazuki Nomura, Eiki Tsushima, Kohsei Kudo, Yuka Noto, and Yoshiko Nishizawa. "Whole-Body Counter(WBC) and food radiocesium contamination surveys in Namie, Fukushima Prefecture." PLOS ONE 12, no. 3 (March 23, 2017): e0174549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174549.
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Stanek, Agata, Armand Cholewka, Tomasz Wielkoszyński, Ewa Romuk, and Aleksander Sieroń. "Whole-Body Cryotherapy Decreases the Levels of Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Atherosclerosis Plaque Markers in Male Patients with Active-Phase Ankylosing Spondylitis in the Absence of Classical Cardiovascular Risk Factors." Mediators of Inflammation 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8592532.
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Objective. The aim of the study was to estimate the impact of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Material and Methods. We investigated the effect of WBC with subsequent kinesiotherapy on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid profile, and atherosclerosis plaque in male AS patients (WBC group). To assess the disease activity, the BASDAI and BASFI were also calculated. The results from the WBC group were compared with results from the kinesiotherapy (KT) group. Results. The results showed that in the WBC group, the plasma hsCRP level decreased without change to the IL-6 level. The ICAM-1 level showed a decreasing tendency. The CER concentration, as well as the BASDAI and BASFI, decreased in both groups, but the index changes of disease activity were higher in the WBC than KT patients. Additionally, in the WBC group, we observed a decrease in oxidative stress markers, changes in the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic antioxidant parameters. In both groups, the total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, sCD40L, PAPP-A, and PLGF levels decreased, but the parameter changes were higher in the WBC group. Conclusion. WBC appears to be a useful method of atherosclerosis prevention in AS patients.