Journal articles: 'Whitespace'

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Roy, Jarrod A., David A. Papa, and Igor L. Markov. "Fine Control of Local Whitespace in Placement." VLSI Design 2008 (September 23, 2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/517919.

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In modern design methodologies, a large fraction of chip area during placement is left unused by standard cells and allocated as “whitespace.” This is done for a variety of reasons including the need for subsequent buffer insertion, as a means to ensure routability, signal integrity, and low coupling capacitance between wires, and to improve yield through DFM optimizations. To this end, layout constraints often require a certain minimum fraction of whitespace in each region of the chip. Our work introduces several techniques for allocation of whitespace in global, detail, and incremental placement. Our experiments show how to efficiently improve wirelength by reallocating whitespace in legal placements at the large scale. Additionally, for the first time in the literature, we empirically demonstrate high-precision control of whitespace in designs with macros and obstacles. Our techniques consistently improve the quality of whitespace allocation of top-down as well as analytical placement methods and achieve low penalties on designs from the ISPD 2006 placement contest with minimal interconnect increase.

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Oversby, John. "THE ROLE OF WHITESPACE IN NOTICING IN SCIENTIFIC DIAGRAMS." Contributions, Section of Natural, Mathematical and Biotechnical Sciences 38, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20903/csnmbs.masa.2017.38.1.106.

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Scientic diagrams are one of the tools of explanation, alongside text. The paper is a part of research on the role of diagrams in learning, here focusing on what is known as whitespace. Whitespace, which is not always white, is often seen as empty space, that is space without content. However, many diagrams have active whitespace, such the green background in safety diagrams which indicates action to be taken, and is a positive colour. Some have red 'whitespace' indicating the danger of undertaking an action. These all promote 'noticing', that is, drawing features to the observers' attention as part of the diagram purpose. The paper explores two clear examples on safety diagrams (signs) and one where observers were unclear about what was whitespace and what was active content.

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Harrington, Lalenja. "Rupturing the Whitespace." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 11, no. 3 (2022): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2022.11.3.94.

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In this article, I enter into a poetic engagement with scholars Audre Lorde, Mecca Jamilah Sullivan, and Cynthia Dillard and to explore the ways in which I seek to “rupture” normative understandings and representations of teaching and research praxis in higher education. It is an unapologetic reclamation of Lorde’s concept of the Erotic as an act of what Dillard calls (re)membering, and Sullivan’s working of queer reading practices that encourage us to expand our scholarly vocabulary beyond the “whitespace”—beyond what English prose is able to capture. In this work, I offer my own body as data as well as a framework for assessing praxis alignment through embodied analysis, answering Lorde’s call to privilege the rightness of “feeling” as true knowledge. This article is a love letter to Black feminist cultural production and a radical reimagining of the metrics of oppression that have historically been used to disconnect our bodies and minds in the name of science and best practice. It is a call to celebrate the liminal spaces that we occupy with the fullness of ourselves, and to trust our own authoring of knowledge, experience, and wisdom as educators, researchers, and scholars.

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Sangani, K. "Whitespace heats up." Engineering & Technology 5, no. 8 (June 5, 2010): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2010.0805.

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Raza, M. Asif, Zafar Iqbal, Sang-Seon Byun, Hyunduk Kang, and Heung-No Lee. "A Versatile Coexistence Decision-Making System for Efficient TV Whitespace Sharing among Whitespace Objects." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8498217.

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A coexistence decision-making (CDM) system for efficient TV whitespace (TVWS) sharing among whitespace objects (WSOs) is introduced in this paper. The proposed system is considered versatile in functionality as it jointly takes care of three distinct channel allocation features: (a) optimizing system quality of service (QoS) performance metrics, (b) improving TVWS utility, and (c) satisfying WSO channel demands. Regarding system QoS performance metrics, the TVWS sharing problem is defined as an optimization problem with an aim to maximize the system throughput and minimize unfairness in allocation. Supporting the WSOs channel demands in a TVWS sharing problem is a multifold task which requires elaborate consideration in different aspects of the system performance. To this end, the variations of the SNR of wireless frequency channels which result in variable throughput gain of the WSOs are also taken care of in the proposed CDM system. A fast channel allocation algorithm is then designed that implements the TVWS sharing mechanism in a reasonable amount of time. Additionally, the proposed algorithm improves the TVWS utility by promoting a novel frequency reuse method by exploiting the inter-WSO interference information. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed algorithm over existing TVWS sharing algorithms.

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Stuber, G. L., S. M. Almalfouh, and D. Sale. "Interference Analysis of TV-Band Whitespace." Proceedings of the IEEE 97, no. 4 (April 2009): 741–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2013039.

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Coppersmith, Glen. "Digital Life Data in the Clinical Whitespace." Current Directions in Psychological Science 31, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09637214211068839.

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In our increasingly digital world, aspects of our lives are encoded in the routine interactions we have with technology. Over the past few years, psychologists and technologists have been exploring what possibilities these digital life data might hold for improving mental health and well-being. Here I examine some of the recent advances in this field, particularly in the use of language data; consider the ethical and pragmatic implications of this technology; and examine a few areas where I believe these advances could significantly alter the way in which mental health and well-being are approached. This technology holds special promise for providing information about a patient’s life in between clinical encounters, in the clinical whitespace.

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Caldwell, A. E., A. B. Kahng, and I. L. Markov. "Hierarchical whitespace allocation in top-down placement." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 22, no. 11 (November 2003): 1550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2003.818375.

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Adya, Saurabh N., Igor L. Markov, and Paul G. Villarrubia. "On whitespace and stability in physical synthesis." Integration 39, no. 4 (July 2006): 340–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2005.08.003.

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Forde, Tim, and Linda Doyle. "A TV whitespace ecosystem for licensed cognitive radio." Telecommunications Policy 37, no. 2-3 (March 2013): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2012.07.005.

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Firdaus, Caesar, Wahyudin Wahyudin, and Eddy Prasetyo Nugroho. "Monitoring System with Two Central Facilities Protocol." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v2i1.5986.

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The security of data and information on government’s information system required proper way of defending against threat. Security aspect can be achieved by using cryptography algorithm, applying information hiding concept, and implementing security protocol. In this research, two central facilities protocol was implemented on Research and Development Center of Mineral and Coal Technology’s Cooperation Contract Monitoring System by utilizing AES and whitespace manipulation algorithm. Adjustment on the protocol by creating several rule of validation ID’s generation and checking processes could fulfill two of four cryptography objectives, consist of authentication and non-repudiation. The solid collaboration between central legitimization agency (CLA), central tabulating facility (CTF), and client is the main idea in two central facilities protocol. The utilization of AES algorithm could defend the data on transmission from man in the middle attack scenario. On the other hand, whitespace manipulation algorithm provided data integrity aspect of the document that is uploaded to the system itself. Both of the algorithm fulfill confidentiality, data integrity, and authentication.

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O’Donoghue, Amie C., Helen W. Sullivan, Douglas J. Rupert, Jessica Fitts Willoughby, and Kathryn J. Aikin. "Actors in whitespace: Communicating risk information on pharmaceutical websites." Health Marketing Quarterly 36, no. 2 (March 23, 2019): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07359683.2019.1575063.

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Baer, Nikolaus, and Robert Zeidman. "Measuring Whitespace Pattern Sequences as an Indication of Plagiarism." Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 05, no. 04 (2012): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2012.54029.

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Gonultas, Emre, Sweta Soni, Alyssa B. Apsel, and Christoph Studer. "Sample-Efficient Spatio-Spectral Whitespace Detection Using Least Matching Pursuit." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 138394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117255.

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Gonultas, Emre, Sweta Soni, Alyssa B. Apsel, and Christoph Studer. "Sample-Efficient Spatio-Spectral Whitespace Detection Using Least Matching Pursuit." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 138394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3117255.

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Qi, Haoran, Xingjian Zhang, and Yue Gao. "Low-Complexity Subspace-Aided Compressive Spectrum Sensing Over Wideband Whitespace." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, no. 12 (December 2019): 11762–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2937649.

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Liu, Wulong, Yu Wang, Guoqing Chen, Yuchun Ma, Yuan Xie, and Huazhong Yang. "Whitespace-Aware TSV Arrangement in 3-D Clock Tree Synthesis." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 23, no. 9 (September 2015): 1842–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2354347.

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Cho, Danbi, Hyunyoung Lee, and Seungshik Kang. "An Empirical Study of Korean Sentence Representation with Various Tokenizations." Electronics 10, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070845.

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It is important how the token unit is defined in a sentence in natural language process tasks, such as text classification, machine translation, and generation. Many studies recently utilized the subword tokenization in language models such as BERT, KoBERT, and ALBERT. Although these language models achieved state-of-the-art results in various NLP tasks, it is not clear whether the subword tokenization is the best token unit for Korean sentence embedding. Thus, we carried out sentence embedding based on word, morpheme, subword, and submorpheme, respectively, on Korean sentiment analysis. We explored the two-sentence representation methods for sentence embedding: considering the order of tokens in a sentence and not considering the order. While inputting a sentence, which is decomposed by token unit, to the two-sentence representation methods, we construct the sentence embedding with various tokenizations to find the most effective token unit for Korean sentence embedding. In our work, we confirmed: the robustness of the subword unit for out-of-vocabulary (OOV) problems compared to other token units, the disadvantage of replacing whitespace with a particular symbol in the sentiment analysis task, and that the optimal vocabulary size is 16K in subword and submorpheme tokenization. We empirically noticed that the subword, which was tokenized by a vocabulary size of 16K without replacement of whitespace, was the most effective for sentence embedding on the Korean sentiment analysis task.

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Vaze, Rahul, and Chandra R. Murthy. "Multiple Transmitter Localization and Whitespace Identification Using Randomly Deployed Binary Sensors." IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking 2, no. 4 (December 2016): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tccn.2016.2634000.

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Lawson, Philip. "Telecommunications regulation: Creating order & opportunity in UK digital terrestrial television Whitespace." Computer Law & Security Review 30, no. 4 (August 2014): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.05.004.

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Pawlik, Piotr, Zbigniew Bubliński, and Andrzej Głowacz. "Color Analysis Supporting a Traffic Flow Measurement Based on Optical Flow." Image Processing & Communications 19, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2014): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipc-2015-0009.

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Abstract The aim of this work was to develop an algorithm for estimating the waiting time of the cars stopped before the intersection in a traffic flow measurement system (based on optical flow), which does not require the generation of the background and allows to calculation in real time. The proposed method performs analysis in HSV color space - a mask generated from S component is applied to H component. In this way a background - an asphalt and horizontal whitespace - is eliminated. The result of this operation is combined with data from optical flow to detect the vehicles which should be tracked.

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Arredondo, Aarón, and Juan José Bustamante. "WhiteSpace, Brown Place: Racialized Experiences Accessing Public Space in an Arkansas Immigrant Community*." Sociological Inquiry 90, no. 3 (March 14, 2019): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soin.12273.

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Chatterjee, D., and T. W. Manikas. "On-chip thermal optimisation by whitespace reallocation using a constrained particle-swarm optimisation algorithm." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 4, no. 3 (2010): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2009.0049.

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Rovenchak, Andrij. "Telling apartFelidaeandUrsidaefrom the distribution of nucleotides in mitochondrial DNA." Modern Physics Letters B 32, no. 05 (February 20, 2018): 1850057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984918500574.

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Rank–frequency distributions of nucleotide sequences in mitochondrial DNA are defined in a way analogous to the linguistic approach, with the highest-frequent nucleobase serving as a whitespace. For such sequences, entropy and mean length are calculated. These parameters are shown to discriminate the species of the Felidae (cats) and Ursidae (bears) families. From purely numerical values we are able to see in particular that giant pandas are bears while koalas are not. The observed linear relation between the parameters is explained using a simple probabilistic model. The approach based on the non-additive generalization of the Bose distribution is used to analyze the frequency spectra of the nucleotide sequences. In this case, the separation of families is not very sharp. Nevertheless, the distributions for Felidae have on average longer tails comparing to Ursidae.

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Rebmann, Kristen Radsliff, Emmanuel Edward Te, and Donald Means. "TV Whites Spaces in Public Libraries: A Primer." Information Technology and Libraries 36, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ital.v36i1.9720.

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<p>TV Whitespace (TVWS) represents one new wireless communication technology that has the potential to improve internet access and inclusion. This primer describes TVWS technology as a viable, long-term access solution for the benefit of public libraries and their communities, especially for underserved populations. Discussion focuses first on providing a brief overview of the digital divide and the emerging role of public libraries as internet access providers. Next, a basic description of TVWS and its features is provided, focusing on key aspects of the technology relevant to libraries as community anchor institutions. Several TVWS implementations are described with discussion of TVWS implementations in several public libraries. Finally, consideration is given to first steps that library organizations must take when contemplating new TVWS implementations supportive of Wi-Fi applications and crisis response planning.</p>

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Endra Prastowo, Gilang, and Dian Prajarini. "Perancangan Komunikasi Visual Desain Website “Muggle Division” Menggunakan Kaidah UI & UX." AKSA: Jurnal Desain Komunikasi Visual 4, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37505/aksa.v4i1.47.

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"Muggle Division" is engaged in convection production services,founded 5 years ago, so far using Instagram promotion media.However, when social media cannot provide clear and completeinformation, problems arise such as when consumers are about toorder and have to wait for customer service to respond for quite along time. Therefore we need media to answer these obstacles,namely the website, to provide more complete, clear information andorder input services without having to wait for customer serviceresponses. This study aims to design a "Muggle Division" websiteequipped with a self-service order feature. The user experiencedesign method used is the five planes user experience elementsmethod followed by writing HTML, CSS, and Javascript tags. Theresult of the design is a "Muggle Division" website with UI and UXrules. The use of UI methods includes color, layout, typography,whitespace, icons, and animation. The use of the UX method is in thestep by the step payment system and page login which provides theoption of page register for visitors who are not yet a member of the"Muggle Division".

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Oshio, Kazuhiro, and Michitaka Kosaka. "A Proposal of Value Co-creation Process with Customers based on Knowledge Whitespace Model Concept in Product Business." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 139, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 1092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.139.1092.

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Jokic, Dallas. "Cultivating the Soil of White Nationalism: Settler Violence and Whiteness as Territory." Journal of Critical Race Inquiry 7, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/jcri.v7i2.13537.

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This paper considers the emergence of white nationalist movements in Canada and their relationship to settler colonialism. How do ideas of Canada as a white nation, and fear mongering about white Canadians being “replaced” come to be so effective in a context in which white people have typically been the replacers themselves? While the Canadian state frames itself as multicultural, many of its laws and practices cultivate white nationalist beliefs, affects, and feelings. The state informally deputizes white settlers as owners and protectors of private property and uses them to dispossess Indigenous peoples from their land in order to appropriate it. This deputization protects both the material territory of the state and the affective and ideological justification for the continuation of settler colonialism. Private ownership of land cannot be understood merely as a legal capitalist relation, but is feltby many settlers as a deep, primordial connection to the land. Acts of settler violence both express and shape the racialized core of Canada. I propose thinking about settler private property as what I call “settler whitespace,” which is not only protective and expansive, but also involves the fabrication of an idea of white nativity to Canadian territory. This racialization of space serves to naturalize racist violence, cultivate hypermasculine expressions of whiteness, and ground white claims of exclusive belonging to Canada, all characteristic of the resurgent far-right. The property regime of Canada is not just part of its territorializing project; it lays the groundwork for white nationalist movements.

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Jayaratne, N., A. Sasikumar, S. Subasinghe, A. Borkowski, S. Mastorides, L. Thomas, E. Mastorides, and L. DeLand. "Using Deep Learning for Whole Slide Image Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Grading in South Florida Veteran Population." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 156, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021): S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqab191.301.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy in veterans, with approximately 11,000 new prostate cancer cases diagnosed in the Veteran’s Affairs system each year. Prostate cancer diagnosis and grading can be challenging even for experienced pathologists. Although large VA medical centers have pathologists that specialize in urologic pathology, the vast majority have not. We hypothesized that the AI-augmented diagnosis and grading may provide the solution for such situations. Methods/Case Report Dataset consisted of 10,000 prostate biopsy whole slide images (WSI) from the Kaggle PANDA challenge, and 6,000 WSI from the James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital. Two Classification models were trained on the combined Kaggle and VA datasets using whole slide labels, and not annotated slides that resemble semi-supervised training. Two-Class Classification to predict Benign: ISUP [0] / Cancerous: ISUP [1,2,3,4,5] Three-Class Classification to predict Benign: ISUP [0] / Low-grade: ISUP [1,2] / High-grade: ISUP [3,4,5] WSI split into “tiles” were used for training the models to reduce whitespace around samples, manage large images, and normalize dimensions/orientations. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Models trained purely as binary and 3-class classifiers performed very well. Two-Class Model: Accuracy = 0.937 Precision = 0.965 F1 = 0.94 AUC = 0.979 Three-Class Model: Accuracy 0.89 o Benign: Precision=0.897 f1=0.928 o Low-grade: Precision=0.866 f1=0.841 o High-grade: Precision=0.91 f1=0.878 We plan to develop multi-stage prediction models using these 2-Class and 3-Class classifiers as the first stage and a cancer grade predictor in the second stage. Conclusion We successfully showed that AI can augment pathologist’s diagnosis and grading of prostate cancer.

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Wardani, Nabila Surya, Alan Prahutama, and Puspita Kartikasari. "ANALISIS SENTIMEN PEMINDAHAN IBU KOTA NEGARA DENGAN KLASIFIKASI NAÏVE BAYES UNTUK MODEL BERNOULLI DAN MULTINOMIAL." Jurnal Gaussian 9, no. 3 (August 30, 2020): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.v9i3.27963.

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Text mining is a variation on a field called data mining that tries to find interesting patterns from large databases. Indonesian President affirmed that the capital would be moved to East Kalimantan on August 26, 2019. That planning would receive pros and cons from public. Sentiment analysis is part of text mining that typically involves taking data from opinion, comment, or response. Sentiment analysis is the choice to do on this topic to get results about the public’s opinion. As the most used social media in Indonesia, Youtube is able to be data source by crawling the comments on a video uploaded by Kompas TV channel. Those comments were crawled on October 15, 2019, and selected 1500 latest comments (August 26 – October 12, 2019). The selected comments get transformed by using data pre-processing technique that involves case folding, removing mention, unescaping HTML, removing numbers, removing punctuation, text normalization, stripping whitespace, stopwords removal, tokenizing, and stemming. Labeling of sentiment class uses the sentiment scoring technique. The number of negative comments is 849, while the number of positive comments is 651. The ratio between training data and testing data is 80%: 20%. The classification method used to do sentiment analysis is the Naive Bayes Classifier for Bernoulli and Multinomial model. Bernoulli model only uses occurrence information, whereas the multinomial model keeps track of multiple occurrences. The results show that Bernoulli Naïve Bayes has a 93,45% level of sensitivity (recall) and Multinomial Naïve Bayes has a 90,19% level of sensitivity (recall). It means that both Bernoulli and Multinomial have a good result for this research. Keywords: Text Mining, Relocation of Indonesia’s Capital, Youtube, Bernoulli Naïve Bayes, Multinomial Naïve Bayes, Sensitivity (Recall).

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Kvanina, Valentina V., and Tamara I. Makarova. "SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS IN THE LEGAL PROVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL INSURANCE AT THE FEDERAL AND REGIONAL LEVELS." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 39 (2021): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/39/13.

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In the context of the environmental crisis, the problem of the optimal set of funds neces-sary for environmental protection is acute, one of the tools of such protection being environmental insurance - an element of economic regulation established by the federal law “On Environmental Protection”. The study of scientific approaches, as well as the analysis of federal and regional legislation, which in a greater or lesser degree forms this legal institution, has revealed its systemic shortcomings, which are manifested mainly in its lack of develop-ment and, as a result, in whitespace. The authors propose the directions for the development of environmental insurance insti-tute that are based on the understanding of its complexity and interdisciplinarity that is mani-fested in its establishment by the rules of civil and environmental legislation. Being an inte-grated institution, it has great potential for development within the framework of civil and environmental legislation at the federal (civil and environmental legislation) and regional (environmental legislation) levels. It is necessary to pass not only the federal law on environ-mental insurance but also the acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which can take into account their regional features (environmental risks, environmental threats and measures to support insurers). The authors are convinced that the restructuring of the legal provision of environmental insurance should be carried out simultaneously with legislation directly affecting the applica-tion of environmental insurance rules, in particular, tax in terms of the inclusion of the insurance premium in the cost of income tax, which could be an incentive to conclude an environmental insurance contract. The development of environmental insurance also depends on the supporting measures of the potential insurers on the federal level.

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Ranney, Thomas G., and Everett P. Whitman. "Growth and Survival of `Whitespire' Japanese Birch Grafted on Rootstocks of Five Species of Birch." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 521–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.521.

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A 3-year study was conducted to evaluate growth and survival of trees grafted onto five species of birch rootstocks. `Whitespire' Japanese birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara.) was grafted onto paper birch (B. papyrifera Marsh), European birch (B. pendula Roth), river birch (B. nigra L.), Szechuan birch [B. szechuanica (C. Schneid.) Janson], and `Whitespire' Japanese birch rootstocks and grown under field conditions. Trees grafted onto river, European, paper, and `Whitespire' birch rootstocks had similar (100% to 60%) survival rates. Trees on Szechuan rootstock had a survival rate of 30%, which was lower than that of all other rootstocks, except `Whitespire'. `Whitespire' scions grafted onto European birch rootstocks had thicker trunks, were higher, and had wider canopies than trees grafted onto `Whitespire' rootstocks. Trees on river birch rootstocks also had thicker trunks but similar tree heights and canopy widths as trees grafted onto `Whitespire'. `Whitespire' Japanese birch rootstocks produced more rootstock suckers than any of the other rootstocks, while trees on river birch rootstocks had the most frost cracks. No signs of graft incompatibility were observed for any of the graft combinations. These results demonstrate that growth of `Whitespire' birch can be enhanced by grafting this cultivar on rootstocks of other species, including European and river birch.

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Kraak, Menno-Jan, and Paulo Raposo. "Design strategies for airline route maps, learning from the past." Abstracts of the ICA 2 (October 9, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-2-47-2020.

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Abstract. Airline route maps show the flights an airline operates between destination airports. Maps like these tend to become cluttered quickly. The clutter depends on the amount of flights to display; the routes of flight paths, the balance between shorter (e.g., domestic) and longer (e.g., intercontinental) flights, and the geographic locations of route endpoints each influence the amount of clutter.Flights are typically shown as semantically uniform, despite having varied characteristics such as departure or arrival times, frequencies, or passenger volumes, among others. Most maps only indicate the existence of a connection since the main purpose is to impress the customers with the connectivity of the airline in question (i.e., the order or size of the network graph, corresponding to the number of locations served and the number of flight connections, respectively).What are good strategies to design an airline route map? To answer this question, we looked at hundreds of airlines map from the past. From these maps we identified seven distinct strategies. Some rely on geometric transformations (i.e., typically warping or scaling, or the use of abstract space), while others use significant artistic freedom in symbol selection and design.1. Projection Selection. A common strategy is to select a map projection that spreads or “unravels” the network. Figure A shows the JAL network in a polar azimuthal projection, in which regions farther away from the north pole are increasingly spread out, opening up map surface space for nodes, edges, and labels. Uncommon projection choices can help deal with networks containing routes that cross polar regions, or that have dense sets of connections in a region whose area the projection expands.2. Topographic Manipulation. Segments of the map such as whole continents can be brought closer together, selectively scaled, or displaced to emptier areas of the map, to open up map surface space in a manner that is convenient for the network being drawn. In Figure B, Egypt has been conveniently moved into the Atlantic Ocean to allow for a more spread-out network of routes to locations in Europe. This strategy is frequently used when there are relatively spatially-distinct but densely-packed clusters of endpoints in the network (e.g., multiple European and multiple North American destinations, but little elsewhere), or when moving one or a few topologically-central endpoints away from mass of its connecting nodes conveniently fans-out the network edges, such as in the provided Egyptian case.3. Insets and Blow-Ups. The use of a main map for global connections and insets for smaller, busy areas or domestic networks is another frequently executed strategy. Figure C displays Pan Am’s global network with insets for Europe and the eastern US. This strategy is particularly useful for networks that are “multiscale”, in that their routes tend to cluster across short-haul, local tiers and long-haul, distant tiers.4. Schematization. Schematic maps, where space is selectively distorted to produce relatively rectilinear or angular shapes, and exemplified by many public transport maps, are used as well. Usually, both the networks and the basemaps are schematized. Geographic distortions are varied, but generally ubiquitous. An example is found in Figure D, showing Air Canada’s network. Schematization applies broadly, since geometric distortions can be selected at the designer’s convenience, given the network in question.5. Leaving Out Basemaps. Some airline route maps only show connections between destinations, leaving out any contextualizing basemap. The layout of network endpoints is not always consistent; they are sometimes planimetrically precise according to some map projection, and sometimes systematically or arbitrarily distributed across the map surface. The New York Air map in figure E is an example. Leaving out basemaps creates more whitespace on the map, which is either useful for drawing network information more densely, or left bare as an aesthetic choice.6. Abstract Diagrams. Finally, one can find non-map solutions, using diagrammatic techniques to visualize the network, even though these are frequently similar or evocative of maps. The characteristics of the geography in question, such as scale or directions, tend to be lost. Figure F show the connectivity of Turkish Airlines as a radial diagram; the globe in the center is decorative and suggestive only. For reasons similar to schematization, this strategy applies broadly, though it is interesting to note that it is relatively uncommon, perhaps because it tends to not produce maps.7. Point Locations Only. A simple and minimalist approach sometimes taken is to plot destinations on a map while leaving out connection lines. As with leaving out basemaps, this creates more whitespace. Figure G shows an example for Air France.The strategy applied appears to depend in part on the order and size of the network (i.e., number of endpoints and connections) and the geographic extent of the network. Smaller, more local airlines have less design challenges compared to global carriers.How can we benefit from the existing design solutions described above to decide on a fitting design for illustrating any given airline’s full network? Can we include and make use of further information from an airline’s timetable in the map to visualize characteristics such as flight frequency, scheduling and duration?

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Madhavan, Mukundan, Harish Ganapathy, Malolan Chetlur, and Shivkumar Kalyanaraman. "Adapting Cellular Networks to Whitespaces Spectrum." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 23, no. 2 (April 2015): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2014.2300491.

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Deb, Supratim, Piyush Gupta, Kanthi Nagaraj, and Vikram Srinivasan. "An Agile and Efficient MAC for Wireless Access over TV Whitespaces." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 14, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2014.2307316.

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Ranney, Thomas G., R. E. Bir, and W. A. Skroch. "COMPARATIVE DROUGHT RESISTANCE AMONG SIX BIRCH (BETULA) SPECIES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1143f—1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1143f.

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In order to evaluate and compare adaptability to dry sites, plant water relations and leaf gas exchange were compared in response to water stress among six birch species: monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana), river birch (B. nigra), paper birch (B. papyrifera), European birch (B. pendula), `Whitespire' Japanese birch (B. platyphylla var. japonica `Whitespire'), and gray birch (B. pendula). After 28 days without irrigation, Japanese birch maintained significantly higher stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthesis (Pn) than did any of the other species, despite having one of the lowest mid-day water potentials. Evaluation of tissue water relations, using pressure-volume methodology, showed no evidence of osmotic adjustment for any of these species in response to water stress. However, there was substantial variation among species in the water potential at the turgor loss point; varying from a high of -1.34 MPa for river birch to a low of -1.78 MPa for Japanese birch. Rates of Pn and gs under mild stress (mean predawn leaf water potential of -0.61 MPa) were negatively correlated with leaf osmotic potential at full turgor and the leaf water potential at the turgor loss point.

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Giblin, Chad, Jeffrey Gillman, Gary Johnson, David Hanson, and Patrick Weicherding. "The Effects of Planting Depth on Windthrow, Stability, and Growth for Four Tree Species in Containers." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2011.032.

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Establishing the effects of planting depth on tree stability and growth is critical in understanding the role nursery production plays in planting depth issues at the landscape level. In this study, bare root Whitespire birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica ‘Whitespire’), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Snowdrift crabapple (Malus × ‘Snowdrift’), and bicolor oak (Quercus bicolor) were grown for 17 weeks in a container production setting with four levels of substrate over the first main-order root: 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm. Birch demonstrated the greatest instability of all species, leaning significantly more when planted at 0 cm than at 15 cm. In ash and crabapple, there were no significant differences in either the number of trees leaning or the amount of lean in all treatments throughout the study. Oak stems bent excessively, invalidating lean measurements. Stem caliper increase was significantly greater in ash planted 0 and 5 cm deep than 10 and 15 cm deep. There was no significant difference in stem caliper increase between planting depths in other species. Birch planted 0 and 5 cm deep had greater root volume increase than those planted 10 and 15 cm deep. Root volume increase in ash, crabapple, and oak did not differ significantly between treatments. Infrequent windthrow events were observed, but appeared random and apparently unrelated to planting depth. The perceived benefit of planting trees deep in containers to improve stability was observed in only one species (birch) at one depth (15 cm) and was at the expense of significantly reduced root volume increase.

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Chen, Liming, Matthew Wallhead, Heping Zhu, and Amy Fulcher. "Control of Insects and Diseases with Intelligent Variable-rate Sprayers in Ornamental Nurseries1." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-37.3.90.

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Abstract Intelligent spray technology can reduce pesticide use and safeguard the environment; however, its ability to effectively control insects and disease must be validated before its adoption by growers. Comparative tests for two different laser-guided variable-rate intelligent sprayers and the same sprayers with conventional constant-rate mode were conducted to control pests at two ornamental nurseries in two growing seasons in Ohio. Crabapple [Malus ‘Sutyzam’ (Sugar Tyme®), M. sargentii], apple (Malus pumila), maple [Acer ×freemanii ‘Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze®), A. rubrum ‘Franksred' (Red Sunset®) and A. rubrum], birch (Betula nigra and Betula populifolia ‘Whitespire'), London planetree (Platanus ×acerifolia ‘Bloodgood') and dogwood (Cornus florida) were used as the test plants. Intelligent spray technology reduced pesticide use by 56.1% and 51.8% on average at the two nurseries, respectively. Compared to conventional air-assisted sprayers, severity of scab on apple trees and powdery mildew in dogwood was reduced on intelligent spray-treated plants at one nursery, and there were equal or fewer leafhoppers in maple trees and aphids in birch trees when sprayed using intelligent spray technology at both nurseries. These results suggest that intelligent, variable-rate sprayers achieve equivalent or greater insect and disease control in ornamental tree nurseries compared to conventional, constant-rate sprayers. Index words: aphid, apple scab, environmental protection, leafhopper, precision spray, powdery mildew, sustainable. Species used in this study: apple (Malus pumila Mill), birches (Betula nigra L, Betula populifolia Marsh. ‘Whitespire'), crabapples [Malus ‘Sutyzam' (Sugar Tyme®), M. sargentii Rehder], dogwood (Cornus florida L.), maples [Acer ×freemanii E. Murray ‘Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze®), A. rubrum L. ‘Franksred'(Red Sunset®) and A. rubrum L.], London planetree [Platanus ×acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. ‘Bloodgood'].

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Sridhar, Bommidi, and Srinivasulu Tadisetty. "Efficient Recursive Least Square Technique for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 15, no. 2 (July 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2019070101.

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Cognitive radio-based systems rely on spectrum sensing techniques to detect whitespaces to exploit. Cognitive radio (CR) is an attractive approach to face the shortage in the electromagnetic spectrum resources and improve the overall spectrum utilization. However, Energy detectors perform far from optimally by affecting the performance of the underlying system. In this article, two spectrum-sensing techniques are considered for CR networks; one based on energy detection and the other based on multi-taper spectral estimation (MSE). This article proposes a new method to optimize the overall performance in cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR) networks. An efficient recursive least square (ERLS)-based approach is proposed in order to optimize the overall performance to monitor the primary user active or inactive stage with use of secondary user while receiving data. An energy detector (ED) and multi-taper (MTM) spectrum sensing techniques are examined as local spectrum sensing techniques. Finally, a genetic algorithm is compared with the proposed system to show the system effectiveness.

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Ranney, Thomas G., and Richard E. Bir. "Comparative Flood Tolerance of Birch Rootstock." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 1 (January 1994): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.1.43.

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The potential for enhancing flood tolerance of birches by using better adapted rootstock was evaluated. Survival, growth, and physiological responses were compared among flooded and nonflooded container-grown Japanese birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara. `Whitespire') trees grafted onto each of four rootstock: paper birch (B. papyrifera Marsh), European birch (B.pendula Roth.), river birch (B. nigra L.), and `Whitespire' Japanese birch. Separate studies were conducted in Fall 1991 and Spring 1992. Results showed no consistent differences in net photosynthesis (Pn) or survival among nonflooded plants regardless of rootstock or season, nor, were any symptoms of graft incompatibility evident. Flooding the root system for as long as 44 days revealed considerable differences among the four rootstock, with similar trends for fall and spring. Plants on river birch rootstock typically had one of the highest P rates and stomatal conductance (g,) and, in certain cases, greater mean shoot growth rates and survival of plants subjected to prolonged flooding. Although plants with European birch rootstock had survival rates similar to those of plants with river birch rootstock, plants on European birch rootstock had lower Pn under prolonged flooding, fewer late-formed roots, lower root-tip density after flooding, more abscissed leaves, and greater inhibition of shoot growth of plants flooded the previous fall. Paper and Japanese birch rootstock were most sensitive to flooding and had the lowest survival rate after flooding. However, plants on paper birch rootstock were the only plants whose Pn did not increase significantly when flooding ended; they had the most abscissed leaves during spring flooding and the greatest inhibition of shoot growth in the spring after flooding the previous fall. The four rootstock ranked from most to least flood tolerant were river > European > Japanese > paper.

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Nagornykh, Aleksey M., Marina A. Tyumentseva, Aleksandr I. Tyumentsev, and Vasily G. Akimkin. "Anatomical and physiological aspects of the HIV infection pathogenesis in animal models." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 99, no. 5 (December 7, 2022): 587–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-307.

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Understanding the entire pathogenesis of HIV infection, from penetration at the gates of infection to the induction of severe immunodeficiency, is an essential tool for the development of new treatment methods. Less than 40 years of research into the mechanisms of HIV infection that lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have accumulated a huge amount of information, but HIV's own unique variability identifies new whitespaces. Despite the constant improvement of the protocols of antiretroviral therapy and the success of its use, it has not yet been possible to stop the spread of HIV infection. The development of new protocols and the testing of new groups of antiretroviral drugs is possible, first of all, due to the improvement of animal models of the HIV infection pathogenesis. Their relevance, undoubtedly increases, but still depends on specific research tasks, since none of the in vivo models can comprehensively simulate the mechanism of the infection pathology in humans which leads to multi-organ damage. The aim of the review was to provide up-to-date information on known animal models of HIV infection, focusing on the method of their infection and anatomical, physiological and pathological features.

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Dara, Ajay, and Abhay Sangamwar. "Technology Whitespaces India Should Focus: A Comparative Anti-Cancer Patent Rational Analysis of Indian and International Public Funded Universities." Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery 10, no. 2 (May 8, 2015): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574892810666150309160344.

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Гловюк, І. В. "ДЕЯКІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ТИМЧАСОВОГО ВИЛУЧЕННЯ ТА АРЕШТУ МАЙНА ЯК ЗАХОДІВ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО ПРОВАДЖЕННЯ." Наукові праці Національного університету “Одеська юридична академія” 13 (May 14, 2019): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/npnuola.v13i0.298.

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Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблемних питань застосування тимчасового вилучення майна та арешту майна як заходів забезпечення кримінального провадження із урахуванням наявної судової практики. Указано та обґрунтовано некоректність нормативного визначення тимчасового вилучення майна. Відмічено прогальність нормативного визначення арешту майна в аспекті об'єктів, на які може бути накладено арешт. Сформульовано пропозиції щодо внесення змін та доповнень до ч. 1 ст. 167 КПК щодо визначення поняття «тимчасове вилучення майна» та ч. 1 ст. 170 КПК щодо осіб, на майно яких може бути накладено арешт. The article is dedicated to the research of problematic issues of exercise of temporary seizure of property and arrest of property as means for ensuring criminal proceedings considering relevant judicial practices. Author mentioned and justified his point of view regarding incorrectness of the normative definition of seizure. Author also indicated whitespaces of the regulatory definition of arrest of property in the aspect of objects that may be the subject for the arrest. Proposals for amendments and additions to the part 1 of the Art. 167 of the Criminal Procedure Code regarding the definition of «temporary seizure of property» and part 1 of the Art. 170 of the Criminal Procedure Code regarding the scope of persons whose property may be arrested have been made.

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Ranney, Thomas G. "COMPARATIVE HEAT TOLERANCE AMONG FIVE SPECIES OF BIRCH." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 627d—627. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.627d.

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Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were used as indices for evaluating heat tolerance among five species of birch: paper (Betula papyrifera), European (B. pendula), Japanese (B. platyphylla var. japonica `Whitespire'), Himalayan (B. jacquemontii), and river (B. nigra). Measurements were conducted on individual leaves at temperatures ranging from 25C to 40C. Carbon exchange rates (CER) were depressed for all species at 40C. However, there was considerable variation in both absolute and relative (percent of maximum) CER among species at 40C; river birch maintained the highest absolute and relative CER while CER of paper birch was reduced the most. Although stomatal conductance of paper birch decreased at higher temperatures, internal leaf CO2 increased indicating that reduced stomatal conductance was not responsible for decreased CER. Stomatal conductance of river birch increased at higher temperatures which provided for enhanced uptake of CO2 and greater evaporative cooling. Variable chlorophyll fluorescence decreased similarly for both species with increasing temperatures. Measurements of dark respiration rates over the range of 25C to 40C suggested that the primary factor influencing variation in CER at higher temperatures was due to variation in respiration rates at higher temperatures.

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Ranney, Thomas G., and Mary M. Peet. "Heat Tolerance of Five Taxa of Birch (Betula): Physiological Responses to Supraoptimal Leaf Temperatures." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 2 (March 1994): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.2.243.

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Leaf gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were used as indexes for evaluating heat tolerance among five taxa of birch: paper (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), European (B. pendula Roth.), Japanese (B. platyphylla var. japonica Hara. cv. Whitespire), Himalayan (B. jacquemontii Spach.), and river (B. nigra L. cv. Heritage). Gas-exchange measurements were conducted on individual leaves at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40C. River birch maintained the highest net photosynthetic rates (Pn) at high temperatures, while Pn of paper birch was reduced the most. Further study of river and paper birch indicated that the reduced Pn at high temperatures and the differential sensitivity between taxa resulted from several factors. Inhibition of Pn at higher temperatures was due largely to nonstomatal limitations for both taxa. Increases in respiration rates, decreases in maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II (FV/FM), and possible reductions in light energy directed to PS II (F0 quenching) were apparent for both taxa. The capacity of river birch to maintain greater Pn at higher temperatures seemed to result from a lower Q10 for dark respiration and possibly greater thermotolerance of the Calvin cycle as indicated by a lack of nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching with increasing temperatures. Thermal injury, as indicated by a rapid increase in minimal, dark-acclimated (F0) fluorescence, was not evident for either paper or river birch until temperatures reached ≈49C and was similar for both taxa.

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Gu, Mengmeng, James Robbins, and Curt Rom. "Early Landscape Performance of 20 Field-Grown Birch Genotypes at Two Locations in Arkansas, U.S. and Response to Irrigation." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.031.

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Twenty birch genotypes were planted in the field in April 2002 to evaluate their survival and growth at Fayetteville and Hope, Arkansas, U.S., and to evaluate their response to two irrigation regimes at Fayetteville. After four growing seasons, the overall tree survival was 62% and 30% at Fayetteville and Hope, respectively. Betula pendula ‘Trost’s Dwarf’, B. ermanii, and B. albosinensis were among genotypes with the lowest survival at both locations. Betula populifolia, B. nigra ‘BNMTF’, B. nigra ‘Cully’, and B. × ‘Royal Frost’ had greater survival after four growing seasons than the other birch genotypes investigated. Betula nigra ‘BNMTF’ and B. nigra ‘Cully’ were taller and had greater trunk diameter than the other surviving birch genotypes at both locations after four growing seasons. At the end of 2005, B. utilis var. jacquemontii was the shortest and had the smallest trunk diameter among the 18 surviving genotypes at Fayetteville, and B. papyrifera ‘Uenci’, B. populifolia ‘Whitespire’, B. maximowicziana, and B. lenta were the shortest and had the smallest trunk diameter among the 13 surviving genotypes at Hope. At Fayetteville, B. nigra and B. davurica had the greatest annual change in tree height in both 2004 and 2005, and B. davurica was among genotypes having the greatest annual change in trunk diameter in 2002, 2004, and 2005. At Hope, B. papyrifera had the greatest annual change in tree height in both 2004 and 2005, and B. davurica had the greatest annual change in trunk diameter in 2004. In 2005, annual change was not significant among birch genotypes at Hope. At Fayetteville, water-stress treatment reduced final tree height and trunk diameter in birch trees.

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Graves, William R., Mark A. Kroggel, and Mark P. Widrlechner. "Photosynthesis and Shoot Health of Five Birch and Four Alder Taxa After Drought and Flooding." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-20.1.36.

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Abstract Selection of under-used taxa of birches (Betula L.) and alders (Alnus Miller) for use in managed landscapes can be guided by information on their responses to moisture extremes in the root zone. Our objective was to compare the photosynthesis, leaf surface area, and subjective health ratings of eight relatively obscure birches and alders when treated with drought and flooding in a greenhouse. We also treated ‘Whitespire Sr.’ birch (Betula populifolia) to demonstrate responses of a cultivar common in the nursery trade. Plants used as controls were irrigated daily, whereas pots of flooded plants were immersed. All water was withheld from the drought-treated taxon that showed the least evapotranspiration each day, while amounts of water less than that lost to evapotranspiration each day were added to plants of the other taxa subjected to drought. After three cycles of drought that induced wilting and a reduction in photosynthetic rate, leaf surface area of A. hirsuta had decreased the least, 12%, among the alders. While drought reduced the photosynthesis of all birches during the study, mean photosynthetic rate of drought-treated B. uber was higher than that of B. albosinensis and B. davurica subjected to drought. Flooding for 7 days did not influence photosynthetic rate of any alder but reduced photosynthesis of all the birches except B. davurica. After 21 days of flooding, only plants of B. albosinensis and B. costata were killed, and A. maritima was the only alder that fully sustained photosynthesis. While our data support the idea that most alders and birches are adapted to wet and well-drained sites, respectively, responses to drought varied among the four alders, and the four uncommon birches we grew responded differently to flooding. Specifically, additional evaluations under field conditions should be done to confirm the resilience of A. hirsuta and A. maritima to recurrent drought and to verify whether the comparatively promising (B. davurica and B. uber) and poor (B. albosinensis and B. costata) flood resistance we observed among the birches is meaningful in the landscape.

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McMullin, Jess, Connie K. Varnhagen, Pheng Heng, and Xornam Apedoe. "Effects of Surrounding Information and Line Length on Text Comprehension from the Web." Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology / La revue canadienne de l’apprentissage et de la technologie 28, no. 1 (February 15, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.21432/t27607.

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The World Wide Web (Web) is becoming a popular medium for transmission of information and online learning. We need to understand how people comprehend information from the Web to design Web sites that maximize the acquisition of information. We examined two features of Web page design that are easily modified by developers, namely line length and the amount of surrounding information, or whitespace. Undergraduate university student participants read text and answered comprehension questions on the Web. Comprehension was affected by whitespace; participants had better comprehension for information surrounded by whitespace than for information surrounded by meaningless information. Participants were not affected by line length. These findings demonstrate that reading from the Web is not the same as reading print and have implications for instructional Web design.

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Huynh, Chuyen Khoa. "Available Channel Measurement in TV Whitespace with Adjacent Channel Interference." International Journal of Signal Processing Systems, 2013, 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12720/ijsps.1.1.121-125.

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Wiechetek, Linda, Kevin B. Unhammer, and Sjur N. Moshagen. "Seeing More Than Whitespace — Tokenisation and Disambiguation in a North Sámi Grammar Checker." Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Methods for Endangered Languages, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33011/computel.v1i.403.

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Communities of lesser resourced languages like North Sámi benefit from language tools such as spell checkers and grammar checkers to improve literacy. Accurate error feedback is dependent on well-tokenised input, but traditional tokenisation as shallow preprocessing is inadequate to solve the challenges of real-world language usage. We present an alternative where tokenisation remains ambiguous until we have linguistic context information available. This lets us accurately detect sentence boundaries, multiwords and compound error detection. We describe a North Sámi grammar checker with such a tokenisation system, and show the results of its evaluation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Whitespace'

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