Relevant bibliographies by topics / Whites – relations with indians

Academic literature on the topic 'Whites – relations with indians'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Whites – relations with indians"

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Marrow, Helen B., Linda R. Tropp, Meta van der Linden, Dina G. Okamoto, and Michael Jones-Correa. "HOW DOES INTERRACIAL CONTACT AMONG THE U.S.-BORN SHAPE WHITE AND BLACK RECEPTIVITY TOWARD IMMIGRANTS?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, no. 2 (2019): 385–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x19000249.

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AbstractA notable increase in immigration into the United States over the past half century, coupled with its recent geographic dispersion into new communities nationwide, has fueled contact among a wider set of individuals and groups than ever before. Past research has helped us understand Whites’ and Blacks’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigration, and even how contact between Blacks and Whites have shaped their attitudes toward one another. Nevertheless, how contact between Blacks and Whites may correspond with attitudes toward immigrants is not as well understood. Drawing on an original representative survey, we examine U.S.-born Whites’ and Blacks’ attitudes toward Mexican and South Asian Indian immigrants within the context of ongoing relations between the former two U.S.-born communities. Informed by research on the secondary transfer effect (STE), we model how the frequency of contact between U.S.-born Whites and Blacks predicts each group’s receptivity toward two differentially positioned immigrant groups, first-generation Mexicans and South Asian Indians. Multivariate analysis indicates that, among Whites, more frequent contact with Blacks is positively associated with greater receptivity toward both immigrant outgroups, even after controlling for Whites’ individual perceptions of threat, their direct contact with the two immigrant groups, and the perceived quality of such contact. Among Blacks, however, we find less consistent evidence that frequent contact with Whites is associated with attitudes toward either immigrant group. While varied literatures across multiple disciplines have suggested that interracial relations among the U.S.-born may be associated with receptivity toward immigrant newcomers, our results uniquely highlight the importance of considering how U.S.-born groups are positioned in relation to immigrants and to each other when examining such effects.
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Derounian-Stodola, Kathryn Zabelle. "“Many persons say I am a ‘Mono Maniac’”: Three Letters from Dakota Conflict Captive Sarah F. Wakefield to Missionary Stephen R. Riggs." Prospects 29 (October 2005): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001678.

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“The other Civil War” is how many Minnesotans think of the U.S.-Dakota Conflict of 1862, fought for six weeks in the recently established state as the Civil War raged elsewhere (Nichols). These hostilities between groups of Dakota Indians and the U.S. government were triggered by a containable incident near Acton, Minnesota, in which four hungry young Dakotas apparently challenged five white settlers over food and then killed them. But some Indians decided against containment, and the Conflict instead escalated into a contest for traditional Dakota cultural identity and cohesion. Of course, the Dakotas' sense of siege had been exacerbated for years by “the historically familiar rapacious traders, ethnocentric missionaries, white men's decimating diseases, inept Indian Bureau officials, equivocating United States government representatives, and deplorably conflicting military policies,” as well the growing number of “land-hungry settlers” (Russo, 99). When the war ended in late September 1862, about five hundred whites and a considerable, but unknown, number of Dakotas and crossbloods were dead (Anderson and Woolworth, 1). The U.S. government unilaterally abrogated treaties with the Dakotas – regardless of individuals' actual involvement in the Conflict – removed or imprisoned them, conducted hasty and illegal trials, and sent thirtyeight to the gallows in Mankato, Minnesota, on December 26, 1862. It is believed to be the largest mass execution in American history. Although little known outside the state, this short but intense war has been called “a microcosm of the tragedy of Indian–white relations in America,” and its repercussions still resonate over a century later (Nichols, 4).
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Rausch, Jane M. "Church-State Relations on the Colombian Frontier: The National Intendancy of Meta, 1909-1930." Americas 49, no. 1 (July 1992): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006884.

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On November 27, 1902 Colombia signed an agreement with the Vatican that established parameters for the evolution of the mission as a frontier institution in the twentieth century. Renewed in 1928 and again in 1953, the Convenio sobre Misiones granted to religious orders chosen by the Vatican absolute authority to govern, police, educate, and control the Indians in the peripheral regions of the republic, which at that time accounted for sixty-five percent of the national domain but only two percent of the population. An exchange for substantial state subsidies, the orders were to carry out such government functions as administering a rudimentary judicial apparatus, providing primary education for whites as well as Indians, and promoting colonization through unlimited access to public lands. Another provision assured the ascendancy of the religious over civilian authorities by granting the former the right to reject nominees for positions in civil government if they regarded the candidates as unsuitable or as threatening to the Indians or the missionaries. Under these terms, the Augustinian Recoletos (Candelarios) in Casanare and the Capuchins in Putumayo expanded their operations, while between 1903 and 1918 the Montfort Fathers, Lazarists, Claretians, Carmelites, and Jesuits took control of apostolic prefectures and vicariates in other parts of the country.
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Starna, William A., William C. Sturtevant, and Wilcomb E. Washburn. "Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 4: History of Indian-White Relations." William and Mary Quarterly 47, no. 3 (July 1990): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2938099.

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Anderson, Gary Clayton, and Wilcomb E. Washburn. "Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 4: History of Indian-White Relations." Journal of American History 77, no. 4 (March 1991): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078422.

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Hoxie, Frederick E., and Wilcomb E. Washburn. "Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 4: History of Indian-White Relations." American Indian Quarterly 15, no. 4 (1991): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185368.

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Merrell, James H., and Wilcomb E. Washburn. "Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 4, History of Indian-White Relations." Ethnohistory 38, no. 1 (1991): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482794.

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Schiefer, David, and Barbara Krahé. "Ethnic Identity and Orientation to White American Culture Are Linked to Well-Being Among American Indians – But in Different Ways." Social Psychology 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000155.

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This study examined the relationship between ethnic identity, orientation toward the White mainstream culture, and psychological well-being among American Indians. In the light of the unique history of American Indians, we investigated the relationship between identification with the American Indian ingroup, orientation toward the dominant White American culture (in terms of showing behavior typical for White mainstream culture as well as positive attitudes and feelings of belonging to White American culture), and self-efficacy and learned helplessness as indicators of psychological well-being. Structural equation analyses with an adolescent and an adult sample revealed a positive relationship between ethnic identity and self-efficacy but no link with learned helplessness. The tendency to show behavior typical for White mainstream culture was associated with higher self-efficacy in both samples and with lower helplessness in the adult subsample. White American orientation in the form of positive attitudes and sense of belonging were associated with higher helplessness in both samples and with lower self-efficacy among adults. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of both ethnic identity and the orientation toward the mainstream culture for well-being among American Indians, focusing on the distinct relations of White American behavior versus White American affiliation with well-being in American Indians.
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Abbas, Abbas. "The Racist Fact against American-Indians in Steinbeck’s The Pearl." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 3, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 376–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/elsjish.v3i3.11347.

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the social conditions of Indians as Native Americans for the treatment of white people who are immigrants from Europe in America. This research explores aspects of the reality of Indian relations with European immigrants in America that have an impact on discriminatory actions against Indians in John Steinbeck's novel The Pearl. Social facts are traced through fiction as part of the genetics of literary works. The research method used is genetic structuralism, a literary research method that traces the origin of the author's imagination in his fiction. The imagination is considered a social reality that reflects events in people's lives. The research data consist of primary data in the form of literary works, and secondary data are some references that document the background of the author's life and social reality. The results of this research indicate that racist acts as part of American social facts are documented in literary works. The situation of poor Indians and displaced people in slums is a social fact witnessed by John Steinbeck as the author of the novel The Pearl through an Indian fictional character named Kino. Racism is an act of white sentiment that discriminates against Native Americans, namely the Indian community.
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Smith, Dwight L., and Peter Charles Hoffer. "Indians and Europeans: Selected Articles on Indian-White Relations in Colonial North America." American Indian Quarterly 14, no. 1 (1990): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1185008.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whites – relations with indians"

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Hershey, Larry Brent. "Peace through conversation William Penn, Israel Pemberton and the shaping of Quaker-Indian relations, 1681-1757 /." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2008. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/27.

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Pillay, Urmila. "Social support, personality and values in relation to well-being : a comparative study among Indians, British Indians and British Whites." Thesis, Brunel University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412428.

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Mahan, IV Francis E. "The whiteman's Seminole white manhood, Indians and slaves, and the Second Seminole War." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4973.

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This study demonstrates that both government officials' and the settlers' perceptions of the Seminoles and Black Seminoles in Florida were highly influenced by their paternalistic and Jeffersonian world views. These perceptions also informed their policies concerning the Seminoles and Black Seminoles. The study is separated into three sections. The first chapter covers the years of 1820-1823. This section argues that until 1823, most settlers and government officials viewed the Seminoles as noble savages that were dependent on the U.S. Furthermore, most of these individuals saw the Black Seminoles as being secure among the Seminole Indians and as no threat to white authority. The second chapter covers the years of 1823-1828 and demonstrates that during this time most settlers began to view Seminoles outside of the reservation as threats to the frontier in Florida. This reflected the Jeffersonian world view of the settlers. Government officials, on the contrary, continued to believe that the Seminole Indians were noble savages that were no threat to the frontier because of their paternal world view. Both groups by 1828 wanted the Seminoles and Black Seminoles separated. The final chapter covers the years of 1829-1836. It argues that by 1835 both settlers and government officials believed that the Seminoles and Black Seminoles were clear threats to the frontier because of the fear of a slave revolt and the beginning of Seminole resistance to removal. Most of the shifts in the perception of the Seminoles and Black Seminoles by government officials and the settlers were the result of their white gender and racial world views that then in turn affected their policies towards the Seminoles and Black Seminoles.
ID: 029810333; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-114).
M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
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Zlitni, Mouna. "Colonies anglaises et terres indiennes : dynamiques et enjeux de la cohabitation entre Indiens et Puritains dans le sud de la Nouvelle Angleterre au XVIIe siecle." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040154.

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La question relative à la propriété de la terre, de son usage et de son transfert entre les Indiens du sud de la Nouvelle Angleterre et les colons puritains venus s’installer parmi eux a non seulement été le sujet d’un bon nombre d’études et a toujours été un sujet de forte controverse. Cependant rares sont les études qui ont tenté de remettre en question ou de revoir la thèse qui décrète que les Indiens ont été dépossédés de leur terre par les colons anglais. C’est pourquoi il nous a paru intéressant d’aller au-delà de cette perspective traditionnelle de dépossession. Dans ce sens, l’objet de cette thèse est de démontrer que ce transfert de terre pourrait être considéré comme une transaction foncière réglementaire donnant suite à un échange équitable entre deux parties mutuellement consentantes. Nous visons à présenter une image différente de l’Indien de celle de la victime de la colonisation puritaine qui le présente comme un Indien passif, soumis et à qui on inflige une condition.Pour ce faire, nous nous baserons sur l’analyse des actes de vente de terres intervenus entre les tribus indiennes du sud de la Nouvelle Angleterre et les colons anglais, et ce dans la période comprise entre 1620 et 1676. Notre analyse de ces documents se fera selon une perspective ethno-historique
The question of land property, use and transfer between the Indians of southern New England and the Puritans who settled among them has been the subject of a large literature and has always been a highly controversial issue. Giving the fact that this issue has always been referred to as a dispossession, we thought it interesting to go beyond this traditional perspective. Indeed, we propose to show that this movement of land transfer can be considered as a legal and just land transaction and that it was equitable to both parties. We also aim at presenting another image of the Indian; an image different from the one depicting him as a submitted Indian and a victim of colonial invasion and cultural assault. Our study is based on an ethnohistorical analysis of the land deeds that took place between the Indians and the English colonists in southern New England between 1620 and 1676
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McCloskey, Charlotte. "The relationship between cultural identification, emotional regulation, mental health and tobacco use and Native Americans." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6086.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 4, 2009) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Graham, Vida Rose Lathrop. "Patterns of folk beliefs about Indians among Oklahoma whites /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1986.

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Thomson, Duncan Duane. "A history of the Okanagan : Indians and whites in the settlement era, 1860-1920." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42611.

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This study’s primary focus is on white settlement and Indian dispossession and marginalizatian, the theme being developed in the context of a comprehensive local history A number of sub-themes are developed including the relationship between political power and landholding, the changing role of chiefs in Indian society, the importance of the railway in consolidating economic power, the connection between transportation and changing industrial activity and the significance of land tenure regimes in economic performance. After an introduction and outline history the paper is organized in three parts. The first deals with the institutions which supported settlers and were imposed upon Indians. The four institutions examined are missionary activity as it related to Indians and the political, judicial and educational structures as they affected Indians and whites. The notable characteristic of these institutions is that the services delivered to the two racial groups were markedly different, that Indians never received the benefit of their support. The second section considers the critical question of Indian access to resources, the conditions under which reserves were assigned and then repeatedly altered, and the question of aboriginal rights to the land The discrepancy in the terms in which whites and Indians could claim land and the insecurity of tenure of Indians is documented. The third section considers economic sectors: hunting, fishing and gathering, mining, stockraising and agriculture. In the latter two industries, pursued by both Indians and whites, the two communities are juxtaposed to observe differences in their conduct of those industries. The critical elements determining different performance are identified as the differing quantities of obtainable land, and the land and water tenure regimes under which the participants operated although other factors such as increasing capitalization, an oppressive Department of Indian affairs, inadequate access to education and health services and restricted rights in the political and judicial spheres were contributing factors. Okanagan society in the pre-World War I era is seen as a racist society, one in which a completely different set of rules existed for each race and in which social distance between races increased over time White settlers succeeded in building a society with all the features of the modern world: well developed transportation and communications, urban centres, supportive social service institutions, and an educated and prosperous population, in short, a harmonious and just society But this development occured at the expense of the Indian Population. As a society they could only be characterized as a dependent, impoverished, diseased and illiterate people, prone to alcohol and appearing to lack in ambition White success was built upon Indian dispossession.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Medley, Evan Scott. "The death of Crazy Horse anti-Indianism and indigenous survivance /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317324681&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Baker, Martha C. "Defining the relationship of self-care agency to spirituality and cultural affiliation in Northeastern Oklhoma [sic] native American and Euro-American groups." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9946240.

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Sikes, Graydon R. "Henry Farny’s Paintings of American Indians, 1894-1916: Images of Conflict Between Indians and Whites Evolve into Symbolic Representations of the Demise of the Western Frontier." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1236196493.

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Books on the topic "Whites – relations with indians"

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Henck, Maryann. White-Indian relations: Moving into the 21st century. Berlin: Galda Verlag, 2011.

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Warren, Mary Bondurant. Whites among the Cherokees: Georgia 1828-1838. Danielsville, GA: Heritage Papers, 1987.

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Wickett, Murray R. Contested territory: Whites, Native Americans, and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865-1907. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000.

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Maltais, André. Le réveil de l'aigle: Les peuples autochtones, des sociétés en mutation. Rosemère (Québec): Éditions Pierre Tisseyre, 2013.

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Arnason, Eleanor. Mammoths of the Great Plains: Plus Writing science fiction during World War Three and "At the edge of the future" outspoken interview. Oakland, CA: PM, 2010.

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Vizenor, Gerald Robert. Wordarrows: Native states of literary sovereignty. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003.

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Landry, Nicolas. La Cadie frontière du Canada: Micmacs et Euro-Canadiens au nord-est du Nouveau-Brunswick, 1620-1850. Québec (Québec): Septentrion, 2013.

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Whaley, Gray H. Oregon and the collapse of Illahee: U.S. empire and the transformation of an indigenous world, 1792-1859. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010.

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Dawson, Nelson-Martin. Fourrures et forêts métissèrent les Montagnais: Regard sur les sang-mêlés au Royaume du Saguenay. Québec, QC: Septentrion, 2011.

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Lutz, John S. Makúk: A new history of Aboriginal-white relations. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Whites – relations with indians"

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Das, Samir Kumar. "Navigating Between Nation and Civilization: Regimes of Citizenship and Migration Under Bharatiya Janata Party." In IMISCOE Research Series, 83–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34194-6_6.

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AbstractThis paper seeks to understand the complicated nature of the relation of ‘nation’ to ‘civilization’ and vice versa and most importantly the implications that these relations have for the evolution of official migration regimes in India since Independence. While civilization continues to be one of the abiding elements of Indian State’s world-view in general and foreign policy in particular, the country is still grappling as it were with the reality of the nation(-state) and its twin imperatives of territorial enclosure and restriction on free movement of people across borders. The paper concentrates on how Indian State’s self-understanding as a ‘civilizational nation’ in the immediate aftermath of Independence gives way to the present stage when the nation is understood as a self-contained civilization itself. It proposes to view the evolution with reference to a few stages and focuses mainly on how the evolving nature of our State ideology might help explain the variation in State’s responses to cross-border migration over the decades.
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Pant, Harsh V. "Civil-Military Relations in a “Nuclear” India Whither Effectiveness?" In Contemporary Debates in Indian Foreign and Security Policy, 65–90. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230612952_4.

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Jayaram, N. "Family, Kinship, and Gender Relations: Erasures and Reconstitutions." In From Indians in Trinidad to Indo-Trinidadians, 143–63. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3367-7_7.

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Pellissery, Sony. "Social Policy in India: One Hundred Years of the (Stifled) Social Question." In One Hundred Years of Social Protection, 121–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54959-6_4.

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AbstractWhat social policy is possible in a context where equality among citizens is culturally denied but at the same time constitutionally guaranteed? This chapter attempts to answer this question by periodising how the social question was articulated in India during the last 100 years. While philosophical and religious traditions of India created “duty-oriented” social relations, the rise of the modern state prompted to change this into “right-oriented” social obligations. This tension resurfaced in the history of Indian social question through prioritising political freedom over social unfreedom, nation-building over poverty alleviation, homogenised national identity over the particularistic demands of marginalised sections, and authoritarian polity over decentralised systems. It suffices to say that Indian polity is in a denial mode regarding the social question.
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"Native-White Social Relations: After the Gold Rush." In Best Left as Indians, 86–107. McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780773562615-009.

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Grillot, Thomas. "The Names of Local Heroes." In First Americans. Yale University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300224337.003.0003.

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This chapter emphasizes the significance of the war in rearranging relations between races at the local level. In a colonial spirit of “closing the frontier,” settlers living on or near Indian reservations appropriated Indian military participation. When raising funds for monuments or creating local heroes, whites invoked a brotherhood-in-arms and celebrated the true end of the Indian wars. Indians took advantage of their neighbors' willingness to include them in their celebrations and reactivated memories and heroes of the pre-reservation era. However, the war monuments that memorialized the dead Indian heroes on several reservations often did little else but list their names and dates of service. But their very existence resulted from a complex struggle in which tribes, bands, chiefs and chiefs' descendants, town notables, and white and Indian elites tried to appropriate for themselves the national legitimacy that military sacrifice carried.
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"Native-White Social Relations: From the Fur Trade to the Gold Rush." In Best Left as Indians, 76–85. McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780773562615-008.

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Shankar, Shobana. "Conclusion." In An Uneasy Embrace, 205–12. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197619407.003.0008.

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A critical lever in African-Indian negotiations has been race as a changing and contested terrain: from challenging white supremacy to critiques of inequality within the Global South. Against this historical balancing act between Africa and India, alarmist cries over Asia’s new “scramble for Africa” seem to be an overreaction. Africans have negotiated with Indians on their own terms; Indians, including embassy staff in West Africa, recognize cultural and racial sensitivities arising from the history of the Indian diaspora in eastern and southern Africa. Although economic growth, improved relations with the U.S., and competition with China have brought India greater global influence in the neoliberal era, African migrants in India and critics in Africa and the diaspora challenge Indian power and protest historical racism in the #gandhimustfall movement, contemporary anti-Blackness in India and the Indian diaspora, and Hindu nationalism. African-Indian entanglements must be understood in all their complexity.
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Baum, Rosalie Murphy. "John Williams’s Captivity Narrative: A Consideration of Normative Ethnicity." In A Mixed Race, 56–76. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195075229.003.0004.

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Abstract Most studies of early captivity narratives have considered only New England, usually Puritan, narratives of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and have focused on the archetypal structure of the form. Richard VanDerBeets, for example, describes “the most compelling pattern” as that of a hero “who engages in an archetypal journey of initiation, a variation of the fundamental Death-Rebirth archetype.” Such an archetypal hero experiences “Separation (isolation from one’s culture and symbolic death), Transformation (a series of excruciating ordeals in passing from ignorance to knowledge and maturity, accompanied by ritualized adoption into a new culture), and Return (symbolic rebirth with a sense of moral or spiritual gain).” Louise K. Barnett suggests that Cotton Mather’s accounts of the captivity of white settlers by Indians in Decennium Luctuosum (1699) define the captivity narrative as “the central experience of white-Indian relations” and the “prototype for countless early nineteenth-century novels,” with the satanic Indian as “gratuitous persecutor of whites, perpetrator of numberless atrocious deeds which provoked pity for his victims’ suffering and admiration for their endurance.”
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Desai, Ashwin, and Goolam Vahed. "After the Rainbow, Dark Clouds?" In A History of the Present, 319–38. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498017.003.0014.

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While its Constitution commits South Africa to a non-racial ethos and there has been no violent explosions between Indians and Africans, tensions in terms of public utterances and a growth of a narrow African nationalism are on the increase. This chapter, which serves as a conclusion, explores these tensions and what the future holds for Afro-Indian relations, and the place of Indians in South Africa.
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Conference papers on the topic "Whites – relations with indians"

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Ward, Colleen, Sara Watters, Jaimee Stuart, and Johannes Karl. "Normative Multiculturalism in Socio-Political Context." In International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/tjcz3402.

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Normative multiculturalism refers to individuals’ perceptions about the extent to which interactions between culturally diverse groups, multicultural policies and practices, and diversity-valuing ideologies are common or normative in one’s society. In this paper, we explore these dimensions of normative multiculturalism as predictors of social connectedness (trust) and psychological well-being (flourishing) in two socio-political contexts: The United States and the United Kingdom. Two hundred and eighty-four residents (143 Hispanics and 141 non-Hispanic Whites) in the United States and 375 (125 British Indians and 250 British Whites) participated in the research. The results revealed that normative Multicultural Ideology predicted greater trust and normative Multicultural Contact predicted greater flourishing in both countries; however, minority-majority group status moderated the effects in different ways in the two contexts. The positive effects of normative multicultural ideology were confined to Hispanics in the United States, while in the United Kingdom it held for both groups with the effects being stronger for Whites. In addition, the positive effects of normative multicultural contact on flourishing was stronger for Indians than for Whites in the United Kingdom. The findings are discussed in relation to socio-political context and group characteristics along with limitations of the research.
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Hamilton, Mikaya, Steven Jiang, and Lauren Davis. "Understanding the Dietary Need of a Local Food Bank’s Population Using Visual Analytics." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003452.

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Food banks are at the forefront of the battle against food insecurity which is a condition where households do not have adequate access to food. Traditionally speaking, food banks focus on distributing food to meet the needs. Recently, more food banks are shifting to supply adequate healthy food based on the populations they serve. However, the question remains whether a local food bank can find racial communities in need with dietary considerations. This study's purpose is to use data collected by a local food bank and create visualizations to aid strategic decision-making for the food bank to recognize racial communities with those who have dietary considerations. Results revealed nine out of sixteen counties in the service area of the local food bank have the highest number of African Americans allergic to shellfish compared to a few counties having the highest number of Whites, American Indians, and Hispanic/Latinos. Additionally, 53.7% of African Americans, 11.2% of Hispanics and Latinos, and 34.3% of Whites face lactose intolerance. Data shows that African Americans have the highest number of dietary considerations in most categories that are in several counties. The significance of this study supports a local food bank in finding dietary considerations within the areas they serve. Finding racial communities that face dietary considerations will aid the local food bank in making better strategic decisions on what types of food they should serve and where. Ultimately, the importance of this study is to combat food insecurity and hunger, so that members of the local food bank community can have dignity in knowing the food that will be given is valuable and not wasted.
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Gaba, Anu G., Li Cao, Rebecca Renfrew, Kristi A. Egland, DeAnn L. Witte, Janet Wernisch, and Ross Crosby. "Abstract SS1-08: Did Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act narrow the gap between American Indians and Whites on breast cancer management and prognosis?" In Abstracts: 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; December 8-11, 2020; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs20-ss1-08.

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Pimenta, Jucilane Costa, and Pablo Yuri Ferreira Silva. "Race relations in Brazil and the construction of black identity in the educational scenario." In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-139.

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In this article we present some reflections on racial issues that permeate society in the 21st century, after 134 years of the abolition of slavery. In view of recent statistical data that prove how unequal the paths experienced by black people are compared to the paths of white people in political, economic and social circles. The problematization of racial relations has progressively expanded in Brazilian society in the last decade, as well as debates on the subject. This problematization involves both the daily practices of these relationships, clashes and political actions, and the conceptual constructions related to them. We experience several social differences, and racism is the basis for understanding the social inequalities that still embarrass Brazilian society. The unacceptable distances that still separate blacks from whites, in the middle of the 21st century, which reflect on unequal access to goods and services, the job market, higher education, as well as the enjoyment of civil, social and economic rights. The racial practice affects the subjectivity of human beings, that is, in the construction of their identity. Dialogue about racism or any racial issue is still a challenge. Seeking to discuss, demystify white cultural attitudes, which are factually rationalized by a dominant and oppressive group, which nowadays have undergone modifications, is an obstacle to be faced, since, for the most part, discrimination is camouflaged.
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Paape, Raik. "Analysis of the of Socio-Political, Economic and Settlement Policy Related Effects of Racial Segregation in South Africa." In Interdisciplinarity Counts. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2023.61.

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The paper deals with the socio-political, economic and settlement policy related effects of racial segregation in South Africa. Nowadays, not much has remained of the optimistic spirit of optimism from the Mandela era. The extent of nepotism, corruption and enrichment under subsequent ANC governments was so extensive that there is talk of 'state capture'. The increasing impoverishment to the point of starvation of lowincome earners especially during the Corona pandemic led to the radicalisation of society and the number of violent protests and riots increased. Race relations have also deteriorated. The black South African population feels abandoned by the government and partly transfers this resentment to the white South African population; the number of assaults is increasing. White South Africans have felt increasingly marginalised in public life and deprived of career advancement opportunities since 1994 due to the governments' 'affirmative action'. The complaint that "there used to be too little white and now there is too little black" leads to the statement: "Apartheid today is against whites".
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Michiels, Stijn, and Ben Verhagen. "Advanced NDT in Relation to Structural Integrity of Pipelines." In ASME 2013 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2013-9837.

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Knowing the real condition of your asset is a must for every owner. Standard NDT methods as RT, UT, MT, PT, and ET are well known to screen the integrity of pipelines. An aspect that is known as well is that each NDT technique has his proper working area. All NDT techniques have their inherent limitations; therefore more and more advanced NDT (ANDT) techniques are created to replace conventional techniques and supplementary fill in the voids where the conventional techniques are limited. Vinçotte is a global player in developing advanced NDT systems for both Pre-service and In-service pipeline examination. Our goal is always creating inspection solutions providing a greater flexibility while keeping a high quality level. In this paper several ANDT techniques (corrosion mapping, mechanized UT weld inspection, 3D laser,..) in relation to the structural integrity will be described.
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Van Laarhoven, Karel Antonie, Alex Hocking, and Martin Korevaar. "Modelling a comprehensive relation between water quality and cement degradation in the drinking water distribution network." In 2nd WDSA/CCWI Joint Conference. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/wdsa-ccwi2022.2022.14169.

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Over a quarter of the Dutch drinking water distribution network consists of cementitious pipe materials (e.g. asbestos cement, concrete and cement-coated cast iron). Leaching of cement components into the drinking water may lead to changes in water quality and to a reduction of a pipe’s structural integrity. Many utilities worldwide condition their drinking water to prevent leaching. Several indices can be derived from a given water composition to estimate how well the water composition will protect against leaching. While water utilities have so far achieved good results using for instance the Langlier Saturation Index (LSI) and the Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential (CCPP) as an indicators, scientific authors have already posed in the past that the protection against leaching depends on a complex interplay between many chemical components in both the drinking water and the cement, and that no single index is sufficient to guarantee protection. In the presented work, a comprehensive model of the chemical and physical interactions between a cement pipe and drinking water is constructed. The model takes any given drinking water composition for input and returns a description of the chemical and microstructural changes that develop in the pipe wall over time as leaching progresses. The model shows reasonable agreement with leaching experiments described in literature. Using such a model, one can evaluate the protective capabilities of a given water quality based on all its aspects rather than just the aspects captured by derived indices. The model can be a powerful research tool for studying the interactions between drinking water and pipe materials, but this approach should also already prove to be a valuable aid for process engineers to optimize their conditioning strategies in practice, and for asset managers to translate historical water quality data to an estimation of the structural integrity of their cementitious pipes.
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Maturana, Marcos Coelho, Adriana Miralles Schleder, Paulo Fernando Ferreira Frutuoso e Melo, Marcelo Ramos Martins, and Leonardo Oliveira de Barros. "Methodology for Defining Risk Indices Applicable to Subsea Equipment." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-79316.

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Abstract As offshore operations explore deeper and deeper reserves, there may be an increase in the number of accidents and failures, resulting in greater challenges for the sustainability of these operations. In this sense, the planning of inspections and maintenance of subsea equipment assumes a central role, both in terms of costs and in relation to the risks involved. Risk Based Inspection (RBI) appears as possibility to address these challenges, and have been more and more employed to assist the operators in finding cost-effective solutions while considering safety aspects. For the effective application of RBI tools, it is necessary to calculate the risk in order to facilitate the comparison of inspection plan alternatives, also allowing the comparison of each possible solution risk with a Risk Acceptance Criteria (RAC) accepted by society. In this sense, this paper discusses a risk calculation method that can be used in the quantitative optimization process (aimed at improving subsea equipment inspection plans), considering the inspection plan as a whole, the general characteristics of the equipment and its operation, and a RAC.
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Hassan, Tarik, Sourav Sarkar, Achintya Mukhopadhyay, and Swarnendu Sen. "Characterization of Burner Stabilized Premixed and Non-Premixed Flame Using Digital Image Processing." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2558.

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Abstract The present goal of combustion research is to enhance the burning efficiency resulting in minimal emission which is in fact, paves the way for a sustainable future. Researchers are investigating different parameters and factors associated with combustion to control the combustion process. Image processing is one of the most useful and safe tool for this job as it is nonintrusive and do not interfere with the combustion zone during experiment. Present work focuses on the digital image processing of the premixed and diffusion flame which has been utilized as a tool to characterize burner stabilized premixed and non-premixed Flame. The experiment is performed on a burner stabilized LPG-air flame. For premixed flame, several sets of experiments are done keeping the camera setting and image quality identical which resulted in an almost linearly increasing average RGB value with respect to equivalence ratio. Taking the relation of an experiment as standard, equivalence ratio is calculated for other experiments just by observing the average RGB value(R+G+B/3) of that image. It is found that almost in all cases the error values are lying between −10% to +10% of the actual value calculated from the flow rates of air and fuel. Diffusion flame is examined by passing fuel through the central channel of co-flow burner and air through the outer cylindrical channel. Air is used to stabilize the flame and for giving it a steady shape. Experiment is done keeping air flow constant while the fuel flow is varied and the image is captured. For diffusion flame, as the change in colour of flame is not much differentiable with the change in fuel, analysis is done to find the relation between fuel flow rate and flame area by counting the number of pixels. Finally, a direct relation of fuel amount and the image area is obtained.
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Owusu-Acheampong, David, and Chigozie Nweke-Eze. "Economic Growth, Population Dynamics and Electricity Consumption in Ghana." In Africa International Conference on Clean Energy and Energy Storage. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-lhocq1.

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This research employs a multiple linear regression analysis to explore the relation-ships between economic and population dynamics and electricity consumption within Ghana. From the multiple linear regression analysis, we deduced coefficients and p-values for the independent variables, highlighting significant predictors. While some variables lack statistical significance, those that are significant yield insights into resource allocation. Notably, economic growth indices demonstrate a meaningful relationship with electricity consumption, while Population provides valuable yet less statistically significant in-sights. In conclusion, this research’s multiple linear regression analysis furnishes actionable insights for energy resource allocation in Ghana. Understanding the complex interplay between economic growth, population changes, and electricity consumption empowers stakeholders to make informed decisions that bolster energy security, sustainability, and economic growth. Though illuminating, this study acknowledges certain limitations and calls for further research to refine our comprehension and inform comprehensive energy strategies.
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Reports on the topic "Whites – relations with indians"

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Trembeczki, Zsolt. Japanese FDI in India Part I : From the Licence Raj to the Modi–Abe Years. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.68.

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In March 2022, while celebrating the 70th anniversary of Indo-Japanese diplomatic relations, Japan’s Prime Minister announced his country’s plan to invest USD 42 billion in India over the next five years. This policy brief, the first in a two-part series dedicated to India–Japan investment relations, examines whether, if realised, this plan would be a true game changer in Indo–Japanese investment relations. It finds that, historically, Japanese investments in India have mostly followed the broader trends in India’s ability to attract FDI, as well as Japan’s global investment position, and while over the last eight years Indo–Japanese diplomatic relations have intensified remarkably, this has only translated to a mild relative (although significant absolute) increase in Japanese investors’ role in the Indian economy. Against this background, the realisation of PM Kishida’s March announcement would only require a moderate uptake in the trends of the past decade. Whether this happens, however, is more a function of India’s ability to implement further meaningful reforms than of the spirit of high-level bilateral relations.
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Kimmel, Jean. Rural Wages and Returns to Education: Differences Between Whites, Blacks and American Indians. W.E. Upjohn Institute, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp94-27.

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Trembeczki, Zsolt. Japanese FDI in India Part II : Drivers and Obstacles from the Viewpoint of Japanese Investors. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2022.69.

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This policy brief is part of a two-part series analysing the history and current situation of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI), and its potential role in India’s economy. The previous part found that while Japan has become a major investor in India over the recent decades, top-level political relations in the past had limited impact on India’s actual ability to attract Japanese foreign direct investment. This policy brief examines the factors that determine Japanese companies’ willingness to establish or increase their presence in India. It finds that India’s dynamically growing market, relatively cheap talent pool, infrastructure ‘spending spree’, and recent policies promoting the industry are highly attractive to Japanese companies. That being said, Japanese investors are deeply concerned about India’s poor infrastructure and still relatively restrictive regulatory environment. For these reasons, the realisation of the 2022 March announcement by Japanese Prime Minister Kishida, which would add an up to 136% increase in Japanese FDI stock in India, would first and foremost depend on India’s own ability to implement reforms and improve its infrastructure, rather than on the political will of top Indian and Japanese leaders.
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Arora, Saurabh, Arora, Saurabh, Ajit Menon, M. Vijayabaskar, Divya Sharma, and V. Gajendran. People’s Relational Agency in Confronting Exclusion in Rural South India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/steps.2021.004.

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Social exclusion is considered critical for understanding poverty, livelihoods, inequality and political participation in rural India. Studies show how exclusion is produced through relations of power associated with gender, caste, religion and ethnicity. Studies also document how people confront their exclusion. We use insights from these studies – alongside science and technology studies – and rely on life history narratives of ‘excluded’ people from rural Tamil Nadu, to develop a new approach to agency as constituted by two contrasting ways of relating: control and care. These ways of relating are at once social and material. They entangle humans with each other and with material worlds of nature and technology, while being mediated by structures such as social norms and cultural values. Relations of control play a central role in constituting exclusionary forms of agency. In contrast, relations of care are central to the agency of resistance against exclusion and of livelihood-building by the ‘excluded’. Relations can be transformed through agency in uncertain ways that are highly sensitive to trans-local contexts. We offer examples of policy-relevant questions that our approach can help to address for apprehending social exclusion in rural India and elsewhere.
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Goreczky, Péter. Decoupling or diversification? Dilemmas of India, Japan, and Australia in shaping economic relations with China. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.e-2021.29.

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US allies in the Indo-Pacific region, India, Japan and Australia are all making considerable efforts to reduce economic dependence on China. In the case of India, border clashes boost the political motivations of the trend, while in the economic sense the country’s trade deficit, the import of the pharmaceutical and automotive industries, and the determinative role of Chinese capital in the tech sector result in a unique dependency. As for Japanese companies, China remains a key manufacturing base and market, and therefore Tokyo is interested in the diversification of supply chains and manufacturing locations instead of downsizing the relationship completely. Regarding Australia, the overwhelming weight of China in the country’s export is considered a major exposure; however, in the case of iron ore, which is a key item in bilateral trade, the dependency also exists on China’s side. Although for all three countries it is a reasonable goal to enhance the resilience of supply chains and diversify economic relations, the “China plus one” strategy seems to be more beneficial for the future than cutting off economic relations with China across the board.
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Idris, Iffat. LGBT Rights and Inclusion in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.067.

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This review looks at the extent to which LGBT rights are provided for under law in a range of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and the record on implementation/enforcement, as well as approaches to promote LGBT rights and inclusion. SIDS covered are those in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic-Indian Ocean-South China Sea (AIS) regions. The review draws on a mixture of grey literature (largely from international development agencies/NGOs), academic literature, and media reports. While the information on the legal situation of LGBT people in SIDS was readily available, there was far less evidence on approaches/programmes to promote LGBT rights/inclusion in these countries. However, the review did find a number of reports with recommendations for international development cooperation generally on LGBT issues. Denial of LGBT rights and discrimination against LGBT people is found to varying extents in all parts of the world. It is important that LGBT people have protection in law, in particular the right to have same-sex sexual relations; protection from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation; and the right to gender identity/expression. Such rights are also provided for under international human rights conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while the Sustainable Development Goals are based on the principle of ‘leave no one behind'.
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Bharadwaj, Sowmyaa, Jo Howard, and Pradeep Narayanan. Using Participatory Action Research Methodologies for Engaging and Researching with Religious Minorities in Contexts of Intersecting Inequalities. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.009.

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While there is growing scholarship on the intersectional nature of people’s experience of marginalisation, analyses tend to ignore religion-based inequalities. A lack of Freedom of Religion and Belief (FoRB) undermines people’s possibilities of accessing services and rights and enjoying wellbeing (World Bank 2013; Narayan et al. 2000, Deneulin and Shahani 2009). In this paper, we discuss how religion and faith-based inequalities intersect with other horizontal and vertical inequalities, to create further exclusions within as well as between groups. We offer our experience of using participatory action research (PAR) methodologies to enable insights into lived experiences of intersecting inequalities. In particular, we reflect on intersecting inequalities in the context of India, and share some experiences of facilitating PAR processes with marginalised groups, such as Denotified Tribes (DNT). We introduce a FoRB lens to understand how DNT communities in India experience marginalisation and oppression. The examples discussed here focus on the intersection of religious belief with caste, tribal, gender and other socially constructed identities, as well as poverty. Through taking a PAR approach to working with these communities, we show how PAR can offer space for reflection, analysis, and sometimes action with relation to religion-based and other inequalities. We share some lessons that are useful for research, policy and practice, which we have learned about methods for working with vulnerable groups, about how religion-based inequalities intersect with others, and the assumptions and blind spots that can perpetuate these inequalities.
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Wezeman, Pieter D., Justine Gadon, and Siemon T. Wezeman. Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2022. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/cpns8443.

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Imports of major arms by European states rose by 47 per cent between 2013–17 and 2018–22, while the global volume of international arms transfers fell by 5.1 per cent. There were decreases in arms transfers to Africa (–40 per cent), the Americas (–21 per cent), Asia and Oceania (–7.5 per cent) and the Middle East (–8.8 per cent) between the two periods. The five largest arms importers in 2018–22 were India, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Australia and China. The five largest arms exporters were the United States, Russia, France, China and Germany. The war in Ukraine had only a limited impact on the total volume of arms transfers in 2018–22, but Ukraine did become a major importer of arms in 2022. In addition, most European states substantially increased their arms import orders and the war will have significant ramifications for future supplier–recipient arms trade relations globally. From 13 March 2023 the freely accessible SIPRI Arms Transfers Database includes updated data on transfers of major arms for 1950–2022, which replaces all previous data on arms transfers published by SIPRI. Based on the new data, this fact sheet presents global trends in arms exports and arms imports, and highlights selected issues related to transfers of major arms.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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