Journal articles on the topic 'White Sea Region (Russia)'
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1
Morozov, A. N., N. V. Vaganova, V. E. Asming, A. A. Nikonov, N. V. Sharov, Ya V. Konechnaya, Ya A. Mikhailova, and Z. A. Evtyukhina. "The present-day seismicity of the White Sea region." Вулканология и сейсмология, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0203-03062019136-51.
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A revised earthquake catalog has been compiled for the White Sea region for the period between 2005 and 2016. The earthquake parameters were revised using a single velocity model (BARENTS), a single methodological approach (Generalized Beamforming), and all available raw data and bulletins of Russian and foreign seismic stations. The location of two nuclear explosions detonated on July 18, 1985 and September 6, 1988 in northern European Russia for civilian purposes showed that the algorithm for calculating hypocenter parameters combined with the BARENTS velocity model is an effective tool. The resulting earthquake catalog enabled us to reveal the leading patterns in the distribution of recent seismicity in the White Sea region.
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Morozov, A. N., N. V. Vaganova, V. E. Asming, A. A. Nikonov, N. V. Sharov, Ya V. Konechnaya, Ya A. Mikhailova, and Z. A. Evtyukhina. "The present-day seismicity of the White Sea region." Вулканология и сейсмология, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0205-96142019136-51.
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A revised earthquake catalog has been compiled for the White Sea region for the period between 2005 and 2016. The earthquake parameters were revised using a single velocity model (BARENTS), a single methodological approach (Generalized Beamforming), and all available raw data and bulletins of Russian and foreign seismic stations. The location of two nuclear explosions detonated on July 18, 1985 and September 6, 1988 in northern European Russia for civilian purposes showed that the algorithm for calculating hypocenter parameters combined with the BARENTS velocity model is an effective tool. The resulting earthquake catalog enabled us to reveal the leading patterns in the distribution of recent seismicity in the White Sea region.
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GRØSFJELD, KARI, SVEND FUNDER, MARIT-SOLVEIG SEIDENKRANTZ, and CHRIS GLAISTER. "Last Interglacial marine environments in the White Sea region, northwestern Russia." Boreas 35, no. 3 (August 2006): 493–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03009480600781917.
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Irkhin, Aleksandr Anatolievich, and Olga Aleksandrovna Moskalenko. "The Black Sea Region in the Contest of Geopolitical Projects of the Great Powers, 1991-2019." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 21, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 498–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2021-21-3-498-516.
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The Black Sea region (BSR) is becoming a geopolitical space of clash - a frontline zone for the formation of a new system of international relations. After the Cold War, the region from the peripheral became one of the centers of competition between regional and global powers. It has mostly geopolitical rather than simple geographical character, significantly expanding its borders in at least four variations: the BS as the space of seven coastal states, the BS as the Baltic-Black Sea region, the BS as the Black Sea-Caspian Sea region, and the BS as the nerve center of the Greater Mediterranean. The article analyzes the geopolitical projects of great powers in relation to the Black Sea region in 1991-2019. The aim is to study the evolution and dynamics of these geopolitical projects by comparing the conceptual and doctrinal levels, as well as the level of practical policy of the key actors in relation to the Black Sea region. The scientific novelty lies in the systematic analysis of the geopolitical projects of great powers in the BSR after the Cold War, which becomes one of the critically important regions in the current period of world history. The authors conclude that the United States, the EU and Turkey follow an offensive strategy in the BSR, while Russias strategy is aimed at maintaining the status quo. After 2014, the USA and its allies have embarked on a third attempt to implement the Euro-Atlantic Black Sea project and the Greater Black Sea project, which involve the displacement of the Russian Federation from the Black Sea region. The geopolitical significance of the BSR is determined by its strategic location at the intersection of the interests of key actors. Their competition in the BSR is carried out both at the regional (Russia - Turkey - EU) and global (USA - Russia, Turkey, Iran; EU - Russia, Turkey, USA; China - USA, EU, Russia) levels, determining the content of conceptual approaches to the political structure of the region and specific integration (and infrastructure) projects. The complexity of the current geopolitical situation in the region is determined by a large number of competing powers and changing contours of the international system. The main axis of intra-regional competition in the BSR is focused on achieving a balance of power between Russia and Turkey.
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Shakhnovitch, M. M. "Boulder pits of the White Sea Region." Transaction Kola Science Centre 12, no. 4-2021 (December 10, 2021): 104–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2021.4.21.008.
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The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation little-known and controversial objects made of stones discovered during our field surveys in 2019 on the Tersk Coast of the White Sea near the Khlebnaya River. The monument consists of 27 boulder structures of four types: ring-shaped layouts with a recess in the center –– boulder pits (24), “seid”, “pile”, a flat boulder with stones laid on it. Boulder pits within the borders of the Russian Federation are found in the coastal zone of the Western and Northern White Sea regions and the Barents Sea. The distribution of such objects is noted in Finnmark and Finnish Lapland and correlates with the area of historical settlement of local Sami groups. We tend to interpret the “boulder pits” as objects associated with non-Christian cult practices, possibly of a funerary nature.
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Komulaynen, S. F. "Phytoperiphyton of Watercourses of the White Sea Basin (Murmansk Region, Republic of Karelia, Russia)." International Journal on Algae 22, no. 4 (2020): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/interjalgae.v22.i4.70.
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Lambeck, R. H. D., V. V. Bianki, H. Schekkerman, E. G. J. Wessel, P. M. J. Herman, and A. S. Koryakin. "Biometrics and migration of oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus) from the White Sea region (NW Russia)." Ringing & Migration 16, no. 3 (December 1995): 140–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03078698.1995.9674106.
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Belukhin, Nikita. "Denmark in the Arctic: Robbing Peter to Pay Paul or Feeding the White Elephant?" Russia and America in the 21st Century, S (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760025006-3.
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Denmark's Arctic policy and its perspective regarding the prospects of resuming peaceful cooperation with Russia are largely determined by the limited resources it is capable of assigning to maintaining and improving the quality of its Arctic presence and by the relationship with the key ally – the United States, which continue to pay increasing attention to the Arctic region. The modest Danish defense budget and the need to allocate substantial resources to modernize and develop of naval forces in the Baltic Sea makes Denmark more prone to peaceful cooperation with Russia in the Arctic, as large-scale investments in the militarization of the region are simply not the option for Denmark. It is likely that Denmark will seek to align its Arctic initiatives with Washington’s Arctic vision as much as possible, but avoid costly military initiatives and projects in the region.
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Tonteri, Anni, Alexei Je Veselov, Alexander V. Zubchenko, Jaakko Lumme, and Craig R. Primmer. "Microsatellites reveal clear genetic boundaries among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations from the Barents and White seas, northwest Russia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, no. 5 (May 2009): 717–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-010.
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Fourteen microsatellite loci were employed to study the genetic structure of 34 Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) populations from the White and Barents seas area, the last major European region where the species has remained in its natural state. The populations were separated into four distinct clusters (Atlantic Ocean and western Barents Sea, Kola Peninsula, western White Sea, and eastern Barents Sea) within which genetic divergence varied between 0.02 and 0.10 as estimated with FST. When this structuring was contrasted with previously identified mtDNA-based groupings, a remarkable similarity was observed, implying that these four groups can be considered as a good starting point for defining management units in the region. Indeed, several approaches for assessing every population’s conservation value suggested that conservation of populations from each observed cluster would maximize preservation of the region’s genetic diversity. Furthermore, each unit may require differing management strategies, as distinct patterns of genetic diversity and divergence characteristics were detected. In addition, individual assignment success within a region was high (87%–96%), indicating that the data can be used as a baseline to differentiate individuals caught in offshore fisheries on a regional level with a relatively high degree of accuracy.
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Plotnikova, V. S., T. M. Glushanok, and M. S. Shahbazova. "Organization of a Diving Program on the White Sea." SHS Web of Conferences 172 (2023): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317201001.
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The article describes a relatively new area of Russian tourist business – diving tourism. Diving, as one of the most powerful tools for rehabilitation offers two efficient options at once: a useful and not always accessible activity in everyday life and contemplation of an especially beautiful underwater world, therefore it can be included in the range of services of tour companies of the world. However, the possibilities of providing such services in the Extreme North of Russia are insufficiently studied and not wide-spread in tourism. Considering the fact that one of the principal factors of Karelian economy, a large part of which belongs to the Extreme North, must be tourist sphere, the region plans to develop active ways of recreation that can also include diving. In this situation, the development of a new tourist product on the White Sea is quite feasible. The history of the origin and development of underwater diving, the specifics of the organization of a diving tour, its development opportunities in the Far North have been considered. Interesting places for diving on the Karelian and Murmansk parts of the White Sea are presented. The program of the tour «Diving on the White Sea» has been developed, intended for implementation on the territory of the Louhsky district, which in addition to dives at interesting points, provides excursions to the biological station, the Panfilov Varaka Canyon, the historical and geological museum «Valitov Kamen». This article will be useful for the development of active types of tourism in the northern territories of the Republic of Karelia.
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Horiunova, Yе. "Configuration of forces in the Black Sea after Russian annexation of Crimea." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(49) (June 8, 2021): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2021.1(49).232979.
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The article analyzes the new configuration in the Black Sea after Russian annexation of Crimea. The Black Sea has an important role for Russia to promote its interests in the southern direction. Crimea in this strategy has the role of an important bridgehead. The peninsula has modern coastal and air defense systems that cover the skies over the Crimea and control the airspace of Eastern European countries. The deployment of nuclear weapons in Crimea threatens almost all of Europe. Russia uses factories of the occupied peninsula to build new ships for the Black Sea Fleet. Russia is using the energy factor in the region to attract NATO members to Bulgaria and Turkey. Bulgaria is taking a cautious ambivalent stance, while Turkey is playing its own game with Russia, raising its status in the region. Western analysts’ skepticism about the strategic importance of the Black Sea and the fragmentation of the region make it difficult to formulate a joint NATO strategy to counter Russia. Therefore, the main actions of the Alliance in the region remain the visits of warships, joint exercises and reconnaissance flights, the number of which in 2020 increased by 40%. But this is not enough to curb Russia’s aggressive policy. Therefore, NATO needs to increase its presence in the Black Sea by expanding the format of joint action and intensifying cooperation with partners Ukraine and Georgia. The normalization of US-Turkish relations should play a significant role in the security of the region. Tightening sanctions against the Kremlin and restricting energy cooperation should be an important tool to deter Russia from the collective West.
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Belevich, Tatiana A., Ludmila V. Ilyash, Irina A. Milyutina, Maria D. Logacheva, and Aleksey V. Troitsky. "Photosynthetic Picoeukaryotes Diversity in the Underlying Ice Waters of the White Sea, Russia." Diversity 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030093.
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The White Sea is a unique basin combining features of temperate and arctic seas. The current state of its biocenoses can serve as a reference point in assessing the expected desalination of the ocean as a result of climate change. A metagenomic study of under-ice ice photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) was undertaken by Illumina high-throughput sequencing of the 18S rDNA V4 region from probes collected in March 2013 and 2014. The PPE biomass in samples was 0.03–0.17 µg C·L−1 and their abundance varied from 10 cells·mL−1 to 140 cells·mL−1. There were representatives of 16 algae genera from seven classes and three supergroups, but Chlorophyta, especially Mamiellophyceae, dominated. The most represented genera were Micromonas and Mantoniella. For the first time, the predominance of Mantoniella (in four samples) and Bolidophyceae (in one sample) was observed in under-ice water. It can be assumed that a change in environmental conditions will lead to a considerable change in the structure of arctic PPE communities.
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Mazurchuk, T. M. "ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM EXPANDING TRANSPORT LINKS ALONG THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COAL INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA." Scientific Journal ECONOMIC SYSTEMS 1, no. 234 (2021): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29030/2309-2076-2021-14-4-109-117.
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The scientific study analyzes the possibilities for the development of the coal industry in Russia while expanding the transport links of the Northern Sea Route. The growing demand for coal and liquefied natural gas in the East Asian region is forcing many countries around the world to expand production capacity to meet growing consumption. Russia, as one of the largest exporters of coal and natural gas, can also fill demand and strengthen its position in the global energy market. The paper studies the prospects for the development of the coal industry in the northern regions of the Russian Federation, assesses the possibilities of expanding the export base of coal and associated natural gas, analyzes the possibilities of improving the logistics of transporting resources to the end consumer by sea and land transport, gas through the Northern Sea Route of Russia. The main goal of this study is to assess the economic benefits of using the potential of the Northern Sea Route in the extraction and transportation of coal and associated gas. The economic benefits presented in the work are projected not only in terms of export potential, but also an important aspect is the provision of the necessary fuel reserves of remote regions of the Russian north through the Northern Sea Route. The scientific basis of the research was Russian and foreign publications, state and corporate statistical materials, opinions and assessments of experts in the field, as well as the author’s own developments.
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Fedonkin, M. A., A. Simonetta, and A. Y. Ivantsov. "New data onKimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286, no. 1 (2007): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp286.12.
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Sharov, N. V., L. I. Bakunovich, B. Z. Belashev, V. A. Zhuravlev, and M. Yu Nilov. "Geological-geophysical models of the crust for the White Sea region." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 11, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 566–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2020-11-3-0491.
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The study of the White Sea region and the adjacent area aimed to model the structure of the crystalline portion of the crust at the contact of the northeastern slope of the Fennoscandian Shield and the Russian Plate. Modeling was based on geological, geophysical and DSS profile data, State Geological Map of the Russian Federation (scale 1:1 000 000), Explanatory Notes to Sheets Q-35, 36, 37, and 38 (third generation, 2009), and Tectonic Map of the White Sea and Adjacent Areas (2012). A model was constructed using GIS INTEGRO software (VNIIgeosystems), specifically its procedures for calculation and visualization of 2D and 3D models showing crust density and magnetic fields. The model of the study area shows the structure of the crust and the characteristics of its horizons.
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Druzhinin, A. G., D. A. Volkhin, and A. V. Shmytkova. "Modern Russian Black Sea region: approaches to delimitation and structuring." Regional nye issledovaniya 78, no. 4 (2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-4-2.
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The development of the Russian Federation as a maritime power is largely connected with its positions in the marine waters surrounding the country, with marine economic activity taking into account their natural resource and geopolitical specifics, as well as with the socio-economic situation on the sea coasts under Russian jurisdiction. This initiates the solution of a wide range of research tasks aimed at identifying specific socio-geographical structures and processes in the land–sea contact zone. The article, methodologically based on the generalization of domestic and foreign developments in the study of the phenomena of maritime regionalization, aqua-territorial system formation and socio-economic thalassoattractivity, based on extensive analytics, reveals the geopolitical and politico-geographical determinants of the isolation of the Russian Black Sea region. Based on the consideration of the ecological and economic effects associated with the “sea factor” (and the assessment of remoteness from it) (most clearly manifested in the last decade), the delimitation of the Russian Black Sea region is proposed, its central-peripheral structure is identified. Particular attention is paid to the spatial stratification of marine economic activity in the Russian Black Sea region (marine transport, extraction of biological resources, extraction of natural gas on the shelf, etc.), as well as its structuring with the separation of four aqua-territorial «support bases» (Sevastopol-Crimean, Rostov, Novorossiysk and Sochi-Tuapse). It is shown that the military-political events of 2022 increase the fragmentation of the entire Black Sea region, while significantly increasing the geopolitical and socio-economic significance of its coasts gravitating to the sea for Russia.
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Popov, G. G., T. G. Chshiev, and O. Yu Kazenkov. "The Entente’s Support for the White Armies in Southern Russia (Late 1918–1919)." MGIMO Review of International Relations 17, no. 3 (July 10, 2024): 170–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2024-3-96-170-196.
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This article examines a previously underexplored aspect of the Russian Civil War during its critical phase in late 1918–1919: the logistical support provided by the Entente to the White armies in the South, set against the backdrop of the final military interventions. The authors concentrate on the interactions between General A.I. Denikin's regime and the British authorities, who were the primary proponents of the Entente's intervention in Russia, as well as the conditions surrounding the involvement of the French armed forces.The research primarily draws on documents from the Russian State Military Archive, created by officers of the White armies of Southern Russia, and the National Archives of Great Britain. This comprehensive source base enables a reassessment of some long-held views in Russian historiography regarding the Entente's intervention in the Black Sea region. The study aims to delineate the scope and nature of the Entente’s support and to understand why this assistance failed to secure a victory for the White forces.Post-Soviet historiography commonly posits that the Red Army enjoyed an economic advantage in terms of weapons and ammunition supply for most of the Civil War. This article, however, reveals that the support from Entente countries was substantial and that the use of foreign weapons and equipment significantly influenced the late 1918-1919 period. Nonetheless, the critical factor, as argued by the authors, was the timing of deliveries. The peak of the Entente’s military-technical support to the Armed Forces of Southern Russia occurred after the Red Army had already fortified its positions with adequate firepower. The lengthy strategic decision-making processes of the British Cabinet, characteristic of British democratic and bureaucratic systems, resulted in delayed assistance to Denikin’s troops, ultimately undermining its effectiveness.
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USHAKOVA, Elena G. "Arctic Frontier: Ice Silk Road and Its Role in China's Advance to the Arctic." Arctic and North, no. 43 (June 24, 2021): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2021.43.128.
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In recent circumstances of world climate change, Arctic zone has become of great interest for those countries actively involved in its development. With the constant climate warming, deglaciation and increasing of sea-level, commercial transport ways through the Arctic Ocean become a possible economic solution for large exporting countries. Due to importance of north passage for China, Beijing proclaimed itself as a "near-circle State" to get advantages from the development of Northern Sea Route (NSR) that can provide direct access to the Arctic zone and its natural resources. Considering this, China has recently published its White Paper on Arctic Policy, where it announces "Ice Silk Road" to be the official Arctic strategy of China. This article underlines the major intentions and interests of China in its Arctic strategy. One of China's intentions is an enhancement of the Northern Sea Route, that still raises concerns from the specialists whether it can be applicable part of Arctic strategy of China. This article approves that according to Ice Silk Road's connotation Russia should play an indispensable role in China's advancement to the Arctic zone through NSR. Moreover, the author investigates the influence of "Ice Silk Road" on Sino-Russian relations. Both China and Russia appear to prioritize this strategy to ameliorate economic situation and infrastructure in less-developed regions of two countries. Though, economic development of Arctic coastal cities is one of the priorities of the Russian Federation, it remains to be attentive to the involvement of China in the development of the region, mainly out of fear that it will influence its legal position in the Arctic region. Meanwhile, it stays important that two governments come to a consensus concerning the legislative basis of NSR usage and have a deep assessment of advantages and disadvantages that come out as a result of their partnership.
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Korshunkov, Vladimir A. "The Route to the White Sea in the 19th Century. Part 2: Commercial Transportation by Land." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 3 (June 20, 2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v262.
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For centuries, ways have led from the Vyatka region to Arkhangelsk and the White Sea coast. Grain, flour, flaxseed and hemp from the region’s towns, as well as goods from the Volga and Kama regions were exported along these routes every winter. Through dense forests and then on river barges, the cargo was transported to Arkhangelsk. This paper examines the state of roads that ran from the central part of the Vyatka region to the river piers during the19th century. The purpose of this study is to determine how the condition of roads and roadside facilities affected interregional trade in agricultural goods. This topic is considered here in the context of the so-called road tradition of Russia, i.e. conditions, circumstances, and situations that accompanied journeys by land over long distances. Getting with cargo to the northern river piers along cart roads was very difficult, since the way was long and ran through sparsely populated wooded areas. This hampered the economic activity of millions of people: costs were significant while earnings were low. In addition, the transported goods were raw materials or agricultural products with low level of processing. Bad roads stimulated the search for fundamentally different ways of delivering cargo to the White Sea. However, the Perm–Vyatka–Kotlas railway line, which was completed by 1900, came too late: cargo transportation from Vyatka and neighbouring regions had already shifted from the north to the west, i.e. towards Rybinsk and St. Petersburg.
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Moseev, Dmitry S., Marina O. Berezina, Ludmila A. Sergienko, Elena Yu Churakova, and Andrey V. Leshchev. "Vaucheria coronata and V. velutina – new species of the yellow-green algae of the Xanthophyceae for the Arkhangelsk Region (White Sea)." Turczaninowia 25, no. 4 (December 24, 2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.25.4.15.
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The article provides information about two species of the yellow-green algae – Vaucheria coronata and V. velutina. Vaucheria coronata was found on the Solovetsky Islands and is the secondly recorded for the species in Russia and for the first for the Arkhangelsk Region. Vaucheria velutina is indicated for the first time for the White Sea. A brief description of the localities and habitats of growth and general distribution of these species is given. Morphological features of the studied specimens are given.
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Tatarintseva, Valeria G., and Ekaterina I. Kotova. "AIR TECHNOGENIC POLLUTION OF THE WHITE SEA CATCHMENT MIRES (EXAMPLE OF THE ARKHANGELSK REGION)." Географический вестник = Geographical bulletin, no. 2(57) (2021): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2021-2-135-150.
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The work investigated the influence of atmosphere circulation processes on the level of Arkhangelsk region mires pollution with heavy metals. The aim of the work was to study long-term patterns of air traffic (data for 20 years, from 2001 to 2020 were analysed) and to compare these data with the main Russian emission sources of heavy metals and the quantity of metals in atmosphere and on the mires surface. There were three objects of study located in Archangelsk region – Ilas bog (Primorskij region), Bol'shoj moh bog (Onezhskij region) and Trofimovskoe bog (Mezenskij region). The inverse trajectory statistics method using the HYSPLIT model was applied to study air mass patterns. Quantitative assessment of pollution was carried out for Pb, Cd, As, Zn, Ni, Cr and Cu based on official data on pollutants emissions into the atmosphere in cities and regions of the Russian Federation. Maximum heavy metal concentrations for the three mires were found to be expected in winter due to the meteorological characteristics of the season. This indicates an increase in anthropogenic pressure on the mires and related watercourses during snowmelt. It was revealed that Cu, Ni and Cr have the highest concentrations in air and surface fluxes and the quantitative distribution of elements varies between the three mires significantly. Murmansk region is the major emission source of Cu and Ni towards our objects of study. The inverse trajectory statistics method can be used both to identify pollution sources and to predict and prevent possible environmental disasters.
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Denisova, Tatyana S. "Russia’s Planned Naval Logistics Base on the Red Sea: Regional Security Implications." Asia and Africa Today, no. 5 (2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750025681-1.
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In 2020, it was announced that Russia signed an agreement with Sudan on the establishment of a naval centre on the Red Sea. While the agreement still has not been ratified by Sudan’s legislative body, which has not been formed, in February 2023 Sudan’s military authorities declared their support for the construction of the Russian naval facility after having reviewed terms of the treaty, which has made the implementation of the project most probable to date. Over the past decade, Moscow has repeatedly demonstrated its desire to obtain naval facilities in the region; this has arguably become a central theme of Russian negotiations with littoral countries. The paper will argue that Russia’s naval presence in the Red Sea and adjacent areas serves the interest of littoral and neighbouring countries in light of Moscow’s historic and contemporary interests, approaches and objectives in the region. The fact that regional powers have already engaged in what has been conceptualized as ‘strategic hedging’ – a geopolitical strategy by which states pursue policies that are in their national interests while not openly antagonizing ‘the hegemon’ – is likely to offer Russia a corresponding window of opportunity.
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Konechnaya, Yana, Alexey Morozov, Natalya Vaganova, and Irina Zueva. "Updated data on the current seismicity of the White Sea and the Karelian region during the period 2005–2016." Arctic Environmental Research 19, no. 1 (March 8, 2019): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/issn2541-8416.2019.19.1.11.
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This article is the result of previous studies to clarify the seismicity of the White sea, supplemented by similar studies on the continental part of the Republic of Karelia. The relocated catalog of earthquakes was created for the period from 2005 to 2016 for White Sea and the Karelian region. With the help of proven methods, the parameters of the epicenters of identified earthquakes were relocated and a map of current seismicity was obtained. The parameters of the epicenters were specified using BARENTS travel-time model, a single methodological approach (using Generalized beamforming) and all currently available source data and bulletins of Russian and foreign seismic stations. The obtained seismic catalog allowed us to identify the main patterns of the distribution of current seismicity in the White Sea region. Seismicity of the White sea and the Karelian region is characterized as low-magnitude (generally of low magnitude with ML<2.0). Most earthquakes in the White Sea are characterized by a focal depths up to 20 km. Analysis of catalog shows that the majority of earthquakes are concentrated in the north-western part of the defined area, in the continental part of Karelia and Kandalaksha graben. Some earthquakes were recorded in the eastern and central part of the White sea.
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Maria S., Dirivyankina. "The evolution of repressive policies of the Bolsheviks in 1920–1924 on the example of Kuban-Black Sea region." Kavkazologiya 2024, no. 2 (June 30, 2024): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2024-2-84-100.
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The change of power in October 1917 in Russia led to an increase in confrontation in society, ex-pressed both in an open military conflict - the Civil War, and in the growth of political radicalism. Any government in relation to its opponents - in this case, counter-revolutionaries, conspirators, rebels - reserves the right to use legal violence, which reflects one of the main functions of the state. The problem of red terror, like white terror, in turn, is at the intersection of the concepts of law and lawlessness, since they were carried out by the state in the form of lynchings and repris-als, which included innocent citizens. The V All-Russian Congress of Soviets ensured the legaliza-tion of the legal policy of the Bolsheviks. The regime of power established in October 1917 passed into the status of legitimate, and the formed state bodies received the right to legally implement all functions available to the state, including receiving a monopoly on violence. The problems of the transition period from war communism to NEP, accompanied by extra-legal methods, mani-fested themselves most clearly in the Cossack south of Soviet Russia, which differed in class, na-tional composition and special land use conditions.
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Gulshan Zeynalova, Gulshan Zeynalova. "CORRELATION OF OIL AND GAS RESOURCES OF THE CASPIAN COUNTRIES." ENECO-Proceeding of Energy Economic Research Center 06, no. 02 (July 4, 2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/eneco0602202123.
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The Caspian Sea is the largest body of water in Eurasia: After the collapse of the USSR, the water area of this region is a zone of interest for many states. [1] The Caspian region rightfully serves as one of the most significant regions for most countries interested in the mineral resources that the Caspian is rich in. The Caspian Sea has a significant hydrocarbon reserves. According to the Energy Information Administration (EIA), hydrocarbon resources in the Caspian basin have the following values: oil - 48 billion barrels of oil, natural gas - 292 trillion. cubic feet (found and probable reserves), of which 75% and 67%, respectively, are produced or may be produced offshore. The northern part of the Caspian Sea contains most of the oil reserves, while the southern sector of the Caspian Sea is rich in natural gas.[2] It should be emphasized that the list of states that have the rights to use the resources of the Caspian Sea is as follows: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan. It is impossible to correlate the importance of the oil and gas resources of the Caspian reservoir for each of the above countries, for the following reasons: Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are countries for which the hydrocarbon potential of the Caspian is the most important predictor of the formation and development of the economy, while for Kazakhstan, the use of oil and gas resources of the Caspian Sea plays an important , but not the most decisive role, since oil and gas deposits in this country are not limited to the Caspian region, but its economy is developing in other directions. Iran and Russia, however, are interested in influencing the direction of flows of oil and gas raw materials, including their transit through the territory of the countries. [3] The last years for the Caspian region have become the years of a shift in the development of the oil and gas industry of the Caspian "five", which account for 17.6% of oil reserves and 46.4% of gas reserves in terms of global reserves. It is assumed that on the territory of the Caspian shelf, which belongs to Russia, oil reserves amount to 270 million tons, natural gas reserves - 0.5 trillion cubic meters. m of gas. [4] Of course, it is worth noting that the potential of the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea is significantly lower than the oil and gas potential of Yamal or Western Siberia, but the development of this region is important for the strategic development of the oil and gas sector, in particular offshore drilling.
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Vakhrameeva, Polina, Maxim Portnyagin, Vera Ponomareva, Peter M. Abbott, Tatiana Repkina, Anna Novikova, Andreas Koutsodendris, and Jörg Pross. "Identification of Icelandic tephras from the last two millennia in the White Sea region (Vodoprovodnoe peat bog, northwestern Russia)." Journal of Quaternary Science 35, no. 4 (February 26, 2020): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3190.
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Korshunkov, Vladimir A. "The Route to the White Sea in the 19th Century. Part 1: Road State and Transportation Conditions." Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no. 2 (April 20, 2023): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v248.
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From the Vyatka region, ways led to the north, i.e. to Arkhangelsk and the White Sea coast. Grain, flour, flaxseed, and hemp from the region’s towns – Khlynov (Vyatka), Slobodskoy, Kotelnich, and Orlov – as well as goods from the Volga and Kama regions were exported along these routes every winter for several centuries. Through dense forests and then on river barges, the cargo was transported to Arkhangelsk. Back to the south they sent fish and imported goods. This paper examines the state of roads that ran from the central part of the Vyatka region to the river piers (mainly in the 19th century). The purpose of this study is to determine how the condition of roads and roadside facilities affected interregional trade in agricultural goods. This topic is considered here in the context of the so-called road tradition of Russia (in other words, road daily life, road culture, traditional travel culture). The road tradition is the conditions, circumstances, and situations that accompanied journeys by land over long distances. It was very difficult to get with cargo to the northern river piers along cart roads, since the way was long and ran through sparsely populated wooded areas. Winter roads were full of potholes; sledges would break down, and the horses would get completely exhausted. These problems hampered the economic activity of millions of people: costs were significant while earnings were low. In addition, the transported goods were raw materials or agricultural products with low level of processing. Bad roads stimulated the search for fundamentally different ways of delivering cargo to the White Sea.
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Grichanov, I. Ya, and E. I. Ovsyannikova. "Notes on Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from the White Sea coast and islands (Russian North)." Acta Biologica Sibirica 4, no. 4 (December 22, 2018): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/abs.444869.
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Original data on Dolichopodidae from the Belomorsk district of Karelia and Bolshoi Solovetskii Island (Arkhangelsk Region, Primorskii district) resulted from the short-term visit (2018) are presented. All ten collected species and the genus Medetera are firstly recorded for the Solovetskiye Islands. Dolichopus discifer Stannius, 1831, Dolichopus ungulatus (Linnaeus, 1758), Rhaphium laticorne (Fallén, 1823), Sympycnus pulicarius (Fallén) and Syntormon tarsatus (Fallén, 1823) are new species for the Arkhangelsk Region. Photographs of habitats of dolichopodid species are included.
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Potapov, GS, and YuS Kolosova. "Bombus (Pyrobombus) jonellus (Kirby, 1802) in the north-western Russian Plain: its distribution and ecology." Arctic Environmental Research 20, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/issn2541-8416.2020.20.1.1.
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The fauna and ecology of bumblebees in the European North are quite well-studied. However, there is a scarcity of information about the distribution and ecology of certain species of bumblebees, especially for the territory of Northern Russia. In this study, we summarised materials concerning Bombus (Pyrobombus) jonellus (Kirby, 1802), which is typical bumblebee species for the north-western portion of the Russian Plain and surrounding areas. The studied territory includes the Arkhangelsk Region and the western part of the Nenets Autonomous District, i.e. a wide strip from taiga to tundra ecosystems. Due to the studies of materials that were collected over a period 17 years, we established that B. jonellus is widely distributed and the northern border of its range within the studied region reaches the northern part of the Kanin Peninsula. In the north-western Russian Plain, B. jonellus has been found in various types of habitats, the most common being coniferous and birch forests, secondary meadows and ruderal patches. In the Solovetsky Islands, White Sea, Russia, B. jonellus is typical on coastal heathlands. In the northern part of the studied region, B. jonellus has a tendency to forage in open habitats and visits a wide range of entomophilous plants, mostly of the family Ericaceae. Our findings highlight that the territory of the north-western Russian Plain and surrounding areas is where B. jonellus is widely distributed and abundant, being recorded in different types of habitats.
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Chernova, N. V. "On the capture of whiting Merlangius merlangus (Gadiformes: Gadidae) in the White Sea." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 327, no. 1 (March 25, 2023): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2023.327.1.57.
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In connection with climate warming in recent years, it has been reported about the "borealization" or "atlantization" of the Barents Sea region. Along with other manifestations of this process, heat-loving migrants, which are not typical for these waters, are increasingly being observed in the Barents Sea. Thus, whiting Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758) began to occasionally occur along the coast of Murman, the main range of which is in the North Sea. The article presents data on the captures of whiting in the White Sea, where this species was not previously known. The specimens were caught in September 2013 and in August 2017 in the Kandalaksha Bay (Chupa Bay near the Cape Kartezh, area of the biological station of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ca. 66°20.23’N; 33°38.97’E). The characters that distinguish it from other codfish species of the White Sea are listed; information is given about its rare captures in the Barents Sea region. Naturalization of whiting in these waters, apparently, does not occur; for it, this marginal area of the range is a zone of sterile expatriation.
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Boltunov, Andrei N., and Stanislav E. Belikov. "Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) of the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 4 (July 22, 2002): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2842.
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This paper reviews published information on the white whale or beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabiting the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas. Some data obtained during multi-year aerial reconnaissance of sea ice in the Russian Arctic are also included. Ice conditions, considered one of the major factors affecting distribution of belugas, are described. The number of belugas inhabiting the Russian Arctic is unknown. Based on analysis of published and unpublished information we believe that the primary summer habitats of belugas in the Western Russian Arctic lie in the area of Frants-Josef Land, in the Kara Sea and in the western Laptev Sea. Apparently most belugas winter in the Barents Sea. Although it has been suggested that a considerable number of animals winter in the Kara Sea, there is no direct evidence for this. Apparent migrations of animals are regularly observed at several sites: the straits of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, the waters north of the archipelago, and Vilkitskiy Strait between the Kara and Laptev seas. Calving and mating take place in summer, and the beluga mother feeds a calf for at least a year. Females mature earlier than males, and about 30% of mature females in a population are barren. Sex ratio is apparently close to 1:1. The diet of the beluga in the region includes fish and crustaceans and shows considerable spatial and temporal variations. However, polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is the main prey most of the year, and whitefish (Coregonidae) contribute in coastal waters in summer. Usually belugas form groups of up to 10 related individuals of different ages, while large aggregations are common during seasonal migrations or in areas with abundant and easily available food. Beluga whaling in Russia has a history of several centuries. The highest catches were taken in the 1950s and 1960s, when about 1,500 animals were caught annually in the Western Russian Arctic. In the 1990s, few belugas were harvested in the Russian Arctic. In 1999 commercial whaling of belugas in Russia was banned. Belugas can be caught only for research, cultural and educational purposes and for the subsistence needs of local people. With the absence of significant whaling, anthropogenic pollution seems to be the major threat for the species.
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Boldina, O. N., A. A. Ulanova, and A. S. Chunaev. "Stephanosphaera pluvialis (Volvocales, Chlorophyta), a rare freshwater species of the northwestern Russia." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 48 (2014): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2014.48.27.
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Stephanosphaera pluvialis Cohn is considered a rare alga, a habitant of rock pools. There are no signs of its findings after the mid 1930s in Russia, and it has never been seen in the Russian White Sea islands or in the Leningrad Region of Russia. In mid July, 2007, however, it dominated in two small pools in the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea (66°19′40ʺ N, 33°52′10ʺ E) and in early September, 2013 in two very small puddles on the western coast of Lake Ladoga (60°34′15ʺ N, 30°41′9ʺ E). The cenobia and cells from both Ladoga probes were studied under the light microscope during long-time cultivation in a mixed culture, using liquid mineral medium supplemented by vitamins B6 and B12. In fresh material, the greater part of revealed 8- and 4-celled coenobia and cells were larger than it was described by Cohn, namely the sizes of coenobia in the first puddle were 62–66 μm, those of the cells 22–28 μm; the coenobia in the second one were 70–85.5 μm, the cells 26–30 μm. After 1.5–2 months cultivation, there were observed single coenobia of spherical cells organized in tetrades or giant (100 μm) coenobia with dying cells. In that period and later, single cells with thickened walls (cysts or zygotes) of different sizes were revealed. After 5 months of cultivation, few single cells with short appendix or very small young coenobia with rounded cells were observed.
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Durand, Olivia Irena. "‘New Russia’ and the Legacies of Settler Colonialism in Southern Ukraine." Journal of Applied History 4, no. 1-2 (December 12, 2022): 58–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25895893-bja10025.
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Abstract Russia’s conquest of the northern shores of the Black Sea in the late eighteenth century and their renaming as ‘New Russia’ contributed to a wider movement of colonisation, settlement, and re-signification of territories worldwide under the aegis of imperial ideology. The adoption of the new name was also a way to erase the memory of the former inhabitants of the region—in the case of Southern Ukraine, its Tatar and Cossack populations, as well as its Greek and Jewish minorities. However, the coloniality of ‘New Russia’ was always up for debate in Russian official discourse: because the conquests happened in contiguous territories, Southern Ukraine was both an object of colonisation and an agent of further conquest, especially in the direction of the Caucasus. Inventing ‘New Russia’ thus asserted the colonial and ‘oriental’ significance of the Black Sea steppes, while entrenching Russia’s own imperial status and suggesting a place where Russia’s future might be.
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Cojocaru, Marius-George. "When you want to dominate the Black Sea at any cost From the internationalization of the Straits to the "Red line"." DIALOGO 9, no. 1 (December 5, 2022): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51917/dialogo.2022.9.1.11.
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The Black Sea region has been of great interest since Antiquity, not only for the riparians, but for any power that understood the importance of trade routes. The connection with the Mediterranean caused the importance of the Straits to arouse the interest of the powerful Empires of the time. The Black Sea has evolved from a “Turkish lake” to neutrality. The contemporary era brought the internationalization of the Straits but also the maximum interests of two of the riparians in controlling the region: Turkey and Russia. The importance of the area is similarly and selfishly valued. Turkey equates the Straits with national territory, and the Montreux Convention is the document on whose observance the balance of the area depends. Russia exhibits hegemonic tendencies and considers at least the eastern part of the Black Sea to be within its sphere of influence. The appearance of the North Atlantic Alliance, the acceptance of Turkey as its member, changed the balance of forces in the region. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the expansion of NATO to the east, 3 of the 6 riparian countries are members of the Alliance. The Russian Federation consistently opposed enlargement and gradually drew an imaginary “red line” over which it was unwilling to cross: inviting Ukraine and Georgia to join the Alliance. Currently, neither Turkey nor the Russian Federation is happy about actions by third parties that would rob them of their “sovereignty”. While Turkey is belligerent to the intentions of anyone with a security initiative in the Black Sea (including NATO allies, even the United States), the Russian Federation considered that crossing the “red line” (bringing NATO closer to its borders through eventual accession of Ukraine) must be punished with war.
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Taldenkova, Ekaterina. "Late Saalian – Eemian transition: a new high-resolution record of environmental changes from the northeastern White Sea Region, northern Russia." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.1637.
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Pianciola, Niccolò. "The Benefits of Marginality: The Great Famine around the Aral Sea, 1930–1934." Nationalities Papers 48, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.22.
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AbstractBased on research in Kazakhstani and Russian archives, this article is a regional study of the 1931–1933 Soviet famine. It compares Soviet policies in the southern and northern “halves” of the Aral Sea region. While the Kazaks in the northern part of the region suffered from the famine, the Karakalpaks in the south did not. The article explains this difference by underscoring the role of the main transportation infrastructure connecting Central Asia to Russia, the Orenburg-Tashkent railway. The railway crossed the northern, Kazak, part of the Aral Sea region and made massive livestock and grain procurements possible, while the absence of any reliable transportation route connecting Karakalpakstan to Soviet industrial centers contributed to shielding the Karakalpaks from the famine. The article also investigates the consequences of the famine for the Aral Sea fishing economy. The famine led to the inversion of the relative economic importance of the northern and southern parts of the sea: if before the famine fishing was concentrated in the former, after the famine it had shifted to the latter. Finally, the article situates the administrative detachment of Karakalpakstan from Kazakstan in 1930 within the context of Stalinist economic policies in Central Asia.
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Irkhin, Aleksandr A., Olga A. Moskalenko, Natalya E. Kabanova, and Natalya E. Demeshko. "The Rebirth of Empires: Contest and Cooperation of Russia and Türkiye in the Black Sea Region(Political and Historical Analysis)." REGIONOLOGY 31, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 214–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.123.031.202302.214-237.
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Introduction. Modern Russia and Türkiye are dynamically developing geopolitical centers actively participating in the formation of a new model of international relations. The purpose of the research is to determine how historical models and patterns of interaction of the two states have influenced on current cooperation and their possible clash in the near future and compare their main resource opportunities for obtaining the status of a power in the new world order. Materials and Methods. The study is carried out within the framework of the paradigms of classical geopolitics using system, geopolitical, civilizational and historical approaches. The authors consider the historical experience of Russian-Turkish relations in the form of the interaction of imperial systems. Results. It’s seen that although Russia and Türkiye can be seen as historical antagonists, their imperial nature is based on Eurasian spatial projects that influence their contemporary foreign policy. Despite the12 Russian-Turkish wars, the powers have never posed an existential threat to each other and have had unprecedented periods of political rapprochement, while at the same time they have faced the existential challenges from the united West. Now, having a significant space for cooperation in the economic and geopolitical sphere, Russia and Türkiye clash in three key regions: the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa, the Black Sea region, the South Caucasus and Central Asia. The central issue of interaction is the problem of the functioning of the Black Sea straits. The issue was updated after the start of the Special Military Operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, when Ankara, on the basis of the Montreux Convention, blocked the straits for all warships that benefits Russia. Discussion and Conclusion. The sovereign revival of Russia and Türkiye is a reason for an extremely unstable climate of bilateral relations, within which a positive agenda is currently being formed due to the personal factor of the two presidents: painful issues to be postponed for future. This state of affairs requires a qualitative scientific examination of the historical and political experience of the interaction of the two powers and modeling of future bilateral relations.
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Belashev, B. Z., L. I. Bakunovich, and N. V. Sharov. "MODELING OF THE LITHOSPHERE IN THE WHITE SEA REGION USING DECOMPOSITION OF ANOMALOUS GRAVITATIONAL AND MAGNETIC FIELDS." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 14, no. 5 (October 17, 2023): 0720. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2023-14-5-0720.
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The research area includes the White Sea and adjacent land located in the junction zone of the eastern part of the Fennoscandian Shield and the Russian Plate. The purpose of the study is to construct a model of the lithospheric structure of the region using decomposition of anomalous gravitational and magnetic fields and inverse problem solving for components of gravity and magnetic fields, respectively. The decompositions of the fields were provided by the singular spectral method in the software package "R 4.3.1". The inverse problems were solved using the programs of the "Integro" complex. The components of the fields help to identify and analyze buried geological structures. The rift system of the White Sea is most clearly represented by the fourth component of the gravitational and magnetic fields. The positions of density and magnetic inhomogeneities of the Earth’s crust corresponding the components of the fields have been determined. The component model is compared with the seismic density and magnetic models of the lithosphere along the 3-AР geotraverse (Kem – White Sea Throat).
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Skublov, S. G., A. V. Berezin, and L. I. Salimgaraeva. "COMMENTS ON THE ARTICLE AUTHORED BY M.V. MINTS AND K.A. DOKUKINA – THE BELOMORIAN ECLOGITE PROVINCE (EASTERN FENNOSCANDIAN SHIELD, RUSSIA): MESO-NEOARCHEAN OR LATE PALEOPROTEROZOIC?" Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 12, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2021-12-3-0544.
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The comments are given on the article authored by M.V. Mints and K.A. Dokukina – The Belomorian Eclogite Province (Eastern Fennoscandian Shield, Russia): Meso-Neoarchean or Late Paleoproterozoic? (Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 2020, 11 (1), 151–200). The Belomorian (White Sea) province of the Fennoscandia Shield is a key site for studying the tectonics of the early periods because numerous Precambrian eclogites have been found there. It was not anticipated, but the problem of age determinations of the eclogite metamorphism of gabbroids in the White Sea mobile belt has turned out to be extremely relevant not only for this region, but also for the Precambrian geology in general. The reason is that a number of authors determine the age of eclogites as Archean (2.7–2.8 Ga), which makes the White Sea mobile belt the only example of the Archean eclogite metamorphism in the world and, therefore, the only dated evidence in support of the plate tectonic model of the evolution of the Earth’s crust at the earliest stage of its formation. The article consistently provides a critical analysis of the arguments put forward by the supporters of the Archean age of the eclogites of the White Sea mobile belt. Special emphasis is made on the isotope geochronological and geochemical features of the composition of zircons from eclogite samples, as well as on the phase and chemical compositions and distribution patterns of mineral inclusions. Considering the age of eclogite metamorphism that led to the formation of eclogites in the White Sea mobile belt, we propose our interpretation based on a set of independent isotope geochemical dating methods, including the local U- Pb method for heterogeneous zircons with magmatic cores and eclogite rims, the Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd methods for the minerals of eclogite paragenesis (garnet and omphacite). And this age interpretation is fundamentally different from the one described in the commented article: all the three methods independently determine the eclogite metamorphism as Paleoproterozoic and yield the same age of circa 1.9 Ga. According to our data, the eclogites of the White Sea mobile belt are among the most ancient high-pressure rocks, their reliably established age of metamorphism is circa 1.9 Ga, and the age of the magmatic protolith is the range of 2.2–2.9 Ga.
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Ziryanov, Sergej V., and Vasily L. Mishin. "Grey seals on the Murman coast, Russia: status and present knowledge." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 6 (January 1, 2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2718.
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Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) are distributed along the entire northern Murman coast in Russia. Breeding sites are located mainly on the Ainov and Seven islands, which belong to the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve. The annual pup production was estimated to be around 800 pups in the early 1990s, and the pup mortality has been observed to be relatively high. The population was estimated to be approximately 3,500 individuals in 1994. Grey seals migrate in small numbers into the White Sea during summer. The grey seal is protected and registered in the Red Books of Russia, Murmansk region and Fennoscandia. The main results of grey seals investigations from 1986 to 2000 are briefly reviewed. There are no recent studies on abundance, seasonal distribution, growth, moulting and feeding of the species.
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Marin, I. N. "Estuarine crabs of the Okhotsk Sea and the Sea of Japan: rare species and new records." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_140.
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The paper presents the list of coastal estuarine crabs occurring in estuaries of rivers flowing into the southern part of the Okhotsk Sea and Russian coasts of the Sea of Japan. At the moment the list includes five species: Hemigrapsus penicillatus (de Haan, 1835) (Varunidae) (first satisfied record for the Russian fauna), Hemigrapsus takanoi Asakura and Watanabe, 2005 (Varunidae), Eriocheir japonica (de Haan, 1835) (Varunidae), Helice tridens (de Haan, 1835) (Varunidae) (recorded as extinct species for the area) and Deiratonotus cristatum (de Man, 1895) (Camptandriidae). Two species, H. takanoi and E. japonica, are widespread along the Russian coast of the Sea of Japan and in the southern part of the Okhotsk Sea. Helice tridens previously recorded the region by the literature as “widespread” is probably presently extinct in the studied area as not recorded since 2000-ies. Two remaining species, D. cristatum and H. penicillatus, are marked as restricted-range species: three populations of D. cristatum are known from the estuary of Amur river, the Nevelskiy Strait (the most northern part of the Sea of Japan) and the Salmon Bay of Sakhalin Island (southern part of Okhotsk Sea) respectively whereas the only confirmed habitat of H. penicillatus in the Russian fauna is the estuary Volchanka River in Vostok Bay of the Sea of Japan. Presented records are the most northern known populations of all listed species while the areas of their distribution of them are mostly located in a subtropical region of the Sea of Japan and east coast of the Korean Peninsula south to tropical waters. The paper describes the morphology, coloration, features of ecology and distribution of all estuarine crab species on the territory of Russia and adjacent areas.
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Karagiannis, Emmanuel. "The Clash of Geo-Identities in the Black Sea." Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 24, no. 2 (September 2023): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gia.2023.a913648.
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Abstract: The rise of geo-identities in the Black Sea region is a new phenomenon with significant consequences for regional security. Elites in Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey have constructed geo-identities based on their selective interpretations of history, geography, and politics. These identities contain visions of national greatness and destiny, while they also produce domestic discourse to distinguish allies from enemies. In the context of great power politics, geo-identities emerge as crucial fault lines between East and West. Moscow claims to represent a unified nation of Russians that can stand up against the West. In contrast, Ukraine has rebranded itself as a democratic country fighting for its independence. Finally, Turkey has attempted to maintain a neutral position between Russia and Ukraine by emphasizing its exceptionalism. In the era of geopolitical upheaval, there is a need for a new security community of liberal democracies in the wider region supported by the United States.
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Shelest, Hanna. "Georgian-Russian Conflict and Its Influence on the Energy and Security Situation in the Black Sea – Caspian Region." Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (November 10, 2023): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2009.25.
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In this article author analyzes the influence of the Russian-Georgiancrisis of August 2008 on the security and energy situation in the BlackSea region. The main threats and risks due to the Russian-Georgiancrisis 2008 in the Black Sea region may be considered as activation ofthe situation in the separatist regions of Moldova and Azerbaijan, securityof the transport routes, pipelines, energy resources supply fromthe Caspian basin. For Ukraine – complication of the relations withRussian Federation, aggravation of the Black Sea Fleet status problem,possibility to use South Ossetia Scenario in the Crimea, difficulties forthe realization of the “White Stream” Project. Author also considerspositions of the third parties in particularly the EU, Turkey, Armenia,Belarus and other CIS states and how the conflict touches their interestsand relations with parties to conflict. Events of August 2008demonstrated which mechanisms the Russian Federation is ready touse to prevent post-soviet states from the Euroatlantic integration.And the same time the conflict has demonstrated how six days crisis insuch interconnected and important region as the Wider Black Sea caninfluence and impact not only on the regional players and neighborsbut on the common European security and stability.
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Kudrevatykh, I. A. "Characteristics of rabbits of domestic breeds and ways to increase their productivity in the region of the Middle Urals." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2301-05.
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Russia today occupies one of the last places in the world in the production of rabbit meat (about 10–15 thousand tons per year). In order to increase the production of rabbit meat in Russia imported meat breeds and crosses are being bred, existing domestic breeds are being improved. The housing of imported breeds and crosses requires the construction of expensive rabbit houses with climate control. The most popular domestic breeds in different regions of Russia are White giant – 12,87 % and Soviet chinchilla – 9,35 %, which are acclimatized to the harsh climatic conditions of our country and do not require large costs for housing. The purpose of the research was to characterize rabbits of domestic breeds and analyze ways to increase their productivity in the region of the Middle Urals. It has been proved on the base of comprehensive studies that rabbits of Soviet chinchilla and White giant breeds have changed the parameters of the conformation, live weight, and the intensity of growth of young animals in the direction of meat productivity. The influence of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the intestinal microfl ora of young rabbits on the dynamics of live weight has been proved. The positive effect of the use of line breeding on the growth rate of young animals under the conditions of the Middle Urals has been established. The analysis of economic data showed that the profit from the sale of meat of rabbits of Soviet chinchilla breed grown up to 3 months of age and was 4,09 % higher compared to herdmates of White giant breed. At the same time, when slaughtered at the age of 110 days, the indicators were higher in White giant rabbits, which should be taken into account when conducting breeding work with these breeds.
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Marshall, Gareth J., Rebecca M. Vignols, and W. G. Rees. "Climate Change in the Kola Peninsula, Arctic Russia, during the Last 50 Years from Meteorological Observations." Journal of Climate 29, no. 18 (September 2, 2016): 6823–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0179.1.
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Abstract The authors provide a detailed climatology and evaluation of recent climate change in the Kola Peninsula, Arctic Russia, a region influenced by both the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The analysis is based on 50 years of monthly surface air temperature (SAT), precipitation (PPN), and sea level pressure (SLP) data from 10 meteorological stations for 1966–2015. Regional mean annual SAT is ~0°C: the moderating effect of the ocean is such that coastal (inland) stations have a positive (negative) value. Examined mean annual PPN totals rise from ~430 mm in the northeast of the region to ~600 mm in the west. Annual SAT in the Kola Peninsula has increased by 2.3° ± 1.0°C over the past 50 years. Seasonally, statistically significant warming has taken place in spring and fall, although the largest trend has occurred in winter. Although there has been no significant change in annual PPN, spring has become significantly wetter and fall drier. The former is associated with the only significant seasonal SLP trend (decrease). A positive winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is generally associated with a warmer and wetter Kola Peninsula whereas a positive Siberian high (SH) index has the opposite impact. The relationship between both the NAO and SH and the SAT is broadly coherent across the region whereas their relationship with PPN varies markedly, although none of the relationships is temporally invariant. Reduced sea ice in the Barents and White Seas and associated circulation changes are likely to be the principal drivers behind the observed changes.
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Belikov, Stanislav E., and Andrei N. Boltunov. "The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in the western Russian Arctic." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 1 (June 2, 1998): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2981.
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This paper presents a review of available published and unpublished material on the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in the western part of the Russian Arctic, including the White, Barents and Kara seas. The purpose of the review is to discuss the status of ringed seal stocks in relation to their primary habitat, the history of sealing, and a recent harvest of the species in the region. The known primary breeding habitats for this species are in the White Sea, the south-western part of the Barents Sea, and in the coastal waters of the Kara Sea, which are seasonally covered by shore-fast ice. The main sealing sites are situated in the same areas. Female ringed seals become mature by the age of 6, and males by the age of 7. In March-April a female gives birth to one pup in a breeding lair constructed in the shore-fast ice. The most important prey species for ringed seals in the western sector of the Russian Arctic are pelagic fish and crustaceans. The maximum annual sealing level for the region was registered in the first 70 years of the 20th century: the White Sea maximum (8,912 animals) was registered in 1912; the Barents Sea maximum (13,517 animals) was registered in 1962; the Kara Sea maximum (13,200 animals) was registered in 1933. Since the 1970s, the number of seals harvested has decreased considerably. There are no data available for the number of seals harvested annually by local residents for their subsistence.
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Popov, Viktor, Alexander Iosifidi, Alexei Khramov, Jennifer Tait, and Valerian Bachtadse. "Paleomagnetism of Upper Vendian sediments from the Winter Coast, White Sea region, Russia: Implications for the paleogeography of Baltica during Neoproterozoic times." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 107, B11 (November 2002): EPM 10–1—EPM 10–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001jb001607.
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Matveev, I. "Russia’s role in ensuring food security of Arab countries: challenges, opportunities, and prospects." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2022): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2022-2-62-81.
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The crisis in Ukraine and Western sanctions against Russia have been causing severe damage to the food security at global, regional, and national levels. The Arab world has not been an exemption: disruption of logistic chains in the Black Sea region and increasing volatility of grain prices, aggravated by demographic boom, the global warming, and water deficit, generate high risks of producing new hunger hotspots and the “Arab Spring 2.0.”. Meanwhile, the United States and its allies are trying to benefit from growing challenges in the Middle East and North Africa, employing of the “carrot and stick” tactics. While the compromise “grain deal” has been temporarily extended, it does not solve the problem, but only somewhat alleviates it. However, despite all the difficulties and the deep differences between Western and Russian interests, including in this region, Russia can even more significantly contribute to enhancing food security of the Arab countries, acting on the basis of equal and mutually beneficial cooperation with the Arab world.
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Gehling, James G., Bruce N. Runnegar, and Mary L. Droser. "Scratch Traces of Large Ediacara Bilaterian Animals." Journal of Paleontology 88, no. 2 (March 2014): 284–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-054.
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Ediacara fan-shaped sets of paired scratchesKimberichnus teruzziifrom the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite, South Australia, and the White Sea region of Russia, represent the earliest known evidence in the fossil record of feeding traces associated with the responsible bilaterian organism. These feeding patterns exclude arthropod makers and point to the systematic feeding excavation of seafloor microbial mats by large bilaterians of molluscan grade. Since the scratch traces were made into microbial mats, animals could crawl over previous traces without disturbing them. The trace maker is identified asKimberella quadrata, whose death masks co-occur with the mat excavation traces in both Russia and South Australia. The co-occurrence of animals and their systematic feeding traces in the record of the Ediacara biota supports previous trace fossil evidence that bilaterians existed globally before the Cambrian explosion of life in the ocean.
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Babushkin, M. V., A. V. Kuznetsov, A. A. Sharov, V. G. Pchelintsev, U. Sellis, G. Sein, E. A. Shikalova, et al. "Project “Osprey in Russia”: key findings in 2019–2023." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-92-97.
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In Russia, Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nests from the western borders of the Kaliningrad region to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Anadyr River basin, Sakhalin Island, southern Kuril Islands, and Japan. The northern border of its distribution runs along the edge of the northern taiga, forested river valleys in the north. During the Project, the breeding population, migration routes, and wintering sites were determined for the first time for Ospreys inhabiting the north of the European part of Russia, south of Central Siberia (Sayano-Shushenski State Nature Reserve), and in Far East (“Magadan” State Nature Reserve, central part of the Kamchatka Peninsula). After a significant population reduction because of “harmful predators” control and the use of organochlorine pesticides (until the 1970s), Osprey population stabilizes and gradually grows (2–2.5 times in about 30 years) in most regions of the European part of Russia. It was noted that the species colonized the central and northern regions of Kola Peninsula, Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk, and Pskov regions, where nesting had not previously been observed. Previously unknown viable Osprey breeding group was discovered on the coast of the Onega Peninsula of the White Sea (25 pairs; 2 pairs/100 km2). In most regions of Siberia and the Far East, reverse trends of population decline occur. The maximum nesting density is observed on coasts of reservoirs belonging to the Volga-Baltic waterway system. The Rybinsk Reservoir (Darwin State Nature Reserve) has the highest nesting density of Osprey in the country (up to 6–7 pairs/100 km2). In the subzone of the southern and middle taiga nesting density ranges in suitable habitats between 1–4 pairs/100 km2, in the northern taiga – 0.8–2 pairs/100 km2, in the forest tundra of the Kola peninsula – 0.1 pairs/100 km2. In remaining areas of the European part of Russia, Osprey is more diffusely distributed, its total population size is 1200–1400 breeding pairs. In the east of the country (Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Amur, Magadan, and Sakhalin regions, Chukotka), the number is declining in most regions, with about 1000–1200 breeding pairs total. In the Magadan State Nature Reserve, a slight decrease in numbers was noted compared to the 1990s. In 2020–2021, no more than 5–6 pairs with a total nesting stock of 12–15 nests bred here near the Kava River and its tributaries. In 2023, a unique to the region Osprey nesting group was discovered here: nests were located on the supports of a power line running along the Plotnikova, Bystraya, and Kamchatka rivers. 42 Osprey nests (16 of them occupied) were found along 280 km of power line. In 2019–2023, 16 Ospreys were tagged with GPS-GSM transmitters: in the north of the European part of Russia (three adults and seven young birds), in the Magadan State Nature Reserve (two young birds), in the Sayano-Shushenski State Nature Reserve (two adult birds), in Kamchatka (two adult birds). Ospreys that breed in the north of the European part of Russia winter on the African continent. Unlike Ospreys in eastern Europe, during the autumn migration they cross the Mediterranean Sea from the east and then disperse to their wintering grounds in Africa. Wintering area: from the south of the Mediterranean Sea to the southern coast of South Africa (except for the Sahara) and from the Niger River basin and Lake Chad to the Arabian Peninsula. The distance between wintering grounds and nesting areas is 4000–10550 km. Differences in migration strategies related to gender and age were found. Females and juveniles traveled shorter migratory distances than males and adults. Siberian Ospreys winter in South Asia. Two adult birds, a male and a female from a pair tagged in one of the nests in Sayano-Shushensky State Nature Reserve, spent the winter in India. The female spent two winters in the southeast of Rajasthan, 3500 km from the breeding territory (N24.5°–24.6°, E74.1°–74.4°). During the spring migration, it died in fishponds in China after becoming entangled in a net. The male from this pair collided with wind turbine, and later, while trying to take off, died on a power line on the Deccan Plateau (4300 km from the breeding territory). Tracks analysis allowed us to identify a new bottleneck” on the autumn raptor migration route – through the Karakoram Mountain range (a 200 km area between the upper reaches of the Shimshal and Nabra rivers). Ospreys native to the Far East winter from the Magadan State Nature Reserve spent their first year in Western (N3.4°– 3.6°, E101°–101.7°, 7400 km) and Eastern Malaysia (N4.9°–5.4°, E115.9°–116.2°, 6700 km). During the autumn migration, birds crossed the Sea of Okhotsk and flew through Primorye and South Korea. First osprey headed to Taiwan, and then, having flown over the South China Sea, reached the Malacca Peninsula, where it spent the first year and a half (30 km north of Kuala Lumpur). Second osprey crossed the South China Sea and spent two winters and a summer in the north of the Kalimantan Island. After 17–18 months spent in the wintering grounds, sub-adults began to move north: first reached the north of the Sakhalin Island, second – central China.