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Journal articles on the topic 'White-rot fungi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Adaskaveg, J. E., R. A. Blanchette, and R. L. Gilbertson. "Decay of date palm wood by white-rot and brown-rot fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 615–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-083.

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Wood from trunks of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was decayed for 12 weeks with white-rot fungi (Ganoderma colossum, G. zonatum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Scytinostroma galactinum, or Trametes versicolor) or brown-rot fungi (Wolfiporia cocos, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Fomitopsis pinicola). Using the vermiculite-block assay, white-rot fungi caused significantly more weight loss (63%) than brown-rot fungi (32%). Of the white-rot fungi, G. colossum caused the greatest weight loss (81%), while S. galactinum caused the least (36%). In contrast, weight loss caused by the brown-rot fungi was similar. Chemical analyses indicated that both white-rot and brown-rot fungi caused losses of starch, holocellulose, and lignin. White-rot fungi, however, removed greater amounts of lignin than the brown-rot fungi with three species, S. galactinum, P. chrysosporium, and G. zonatum, causing selective delignification. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that phloem and parenchyma cells were more susceptible to decay than xylem and fiber cells. Starch grains were degraded by all fungi and were nearly removed in wood decayed by G. colossum. In wood decayed by white-rot fungi, cell walls were eroded and middle lamellae were degraded. Selective delignification was observed in fibers adjacent to vascular tissue in wood decayed by the three white-rot fungi. In wood decayed by brown-rot fungi, walls of ground parenchyma and vascular bundle cells were swollen and fragmented when physically disrupted. In wood decayed by F. pinicola, some cell walls were nearly disintegrated. Key words: selective delignification, simultaneous decay, ultrastructure.

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2

Ma, Wei Jian, Yue Chun Zhao, and Jun Qin Wu. "Biodegradation of DDT in Soil under Different Conditions by White Rot Fungi and Laccase Extract from White Rot Fungi." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.549.

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Biodegradation of 2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) -1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (DDT) in soil by white rot fungi and laccase under different experimental conditions was investigated. DDTs stands for the sum of p, p′-DDE, o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD and p, p′-DDT in soil. The results shown that the residues of DDTs in soils with different pH levels decreased by 79%, 76%, 73%, 70% and 67% after 28 days of incubation with white rot fungi and laccase, respectively. The residues of DDTs in different pH soils decreasing order was: pH4.5>pH3.5>pH5.5>pH2.5>pH6.5. The residues of DDTs in soils incubated with white rot fungi and laccase decreased with the increase of pollution levels of DDT, the residues of DDTs decrease by 47%, 56% and 70% after 28 days of incubation with white rot fungi and laccase, respectively. The white rot fungi and the laccase extract from white rot fungi can rapidly and efficiently degrade DDT in soil.

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3

Celimene, Catherine C., Jessie A. Micales, Leslie Ferge, and Raymond A. Young. "Efficacy of Pinosylvins against White-Rot and Brown-Rot Fungi." Holzforschung 53, no. 5 (September 10, 1999): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.081.

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Summary Three stilbenes, pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM) and pinosylvin dimethyl ether (PSD), were extracted from white spruce (Picea glauca), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and red pine (Pinus resinosa) pine cones, and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic and chromatographic (HPLC, GC/MS, NMR and FTIR) analysis. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of these stilbenes at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % were examined for their fungal inhibitory activity by two bioassay methods. Growth of white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium), and brown-rot fungi (Neolentinus lepideus, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta) on agar media in the presence of each of the stilbenes or a 1:1:1 mixture inhibited growth of white-rot fungi, but slightly stimulated growth of brown-rot fungi. Soil-block assays, conditions more representative of those found in nature, did not correlate with those from the screening on agar media. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of the three compounds at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % did not impart any significant decay resistance to white-rot fungi inoculated on a hardwood (Red maple). However under the same conditions, decay resistance was observed against brown-rot fungi on a softwood (Southern yellow pine). It appears that stilbenes at least partially contribute to wood decay resistance against brown-rot fungi.

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4

Green, Frederick, and Carol A. Clausen. "Production of Polygalacturonase and Increase of Longitudinal Gas Permeability in Southern Pine by Brown-Rot and White-Rot Fungi." Holzforschung 53, no. 6 (November 11, 1999): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.093.

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SummaryHydrolysis of bordered and pinoid pits may be a key event during colonization of wood by decay fungi. Although pits are numerous, studies of pectin-hydrolyzing enzymes in wood decay fungi are scarce, probably because of the relatively low content (less than 4 %) of pectin in wood and because of the primary focus on understanding the degradation of lignified components. Endopolygalacturonase (endo- PG) activity was estimated by cup-plate assay and viscosity reduction of pectin from liquid cultures of fifteen brown-rot and eight white-rot basidiomycetous fungi using sodium polypectate as the carbon source. Oxalic acid was estimated in liquid culture and related to mycelial weight of each fungus. Changes in longitudinal gas permeability of southern pine cores exposed to selected decay fungi in liquid culture were measured to determine the extent of hydrolysis of bordered pits. Twelve of fifteen brown-rot and six of eight white-rot fungi tested were positive for at least one of the polygalacturonase test methods. Accumulation of oxalic acid was detected in thirteen of fifteen brown-rot isolates and none of the white-rot fungi tested. Gas permeability of pine cores increased approximately fourfold among brown-rot fungi tested and eighteenfold among white-rot fungi tested. Scanning electron microscopy revealed bordered pit membrane hydrolysis in cores colonized by white-rot fungi, but only torus damage, weakening and tearing of the pit membranes, was observed in cores exposed to brown-rot fungi. We conclude that both brown- and white-rot decay fungi have the enzymatic capacity to hydrolyze pectin, damage bordered pit membranes, and increase wood permeability during colonization and incipient decay.

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5

Shah, Vishal, and Frantisek Nerud. "Lignin degrading system of white-rot fungi and its exploitation for dye decolorization." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 857–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-090.

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With global attention and research now focused on looking for the abatement of pollution, white-rot fungi is one of the hopes of the future. The lignin-degrading ability of these fungi have been the focus of attention for many years and have been exploited for a wide array of human benefits. This review highlights the various enzymes produced by white-rot fungi for lignin degradation, namely laccases, peroxidases, aryl alcohol oxidase, glyoxal oxidase, and pyranose oxidase. Also discussed are the various radicals and low molecular weight compounds that are being produced by white-rot fungi and its role in lignin degradation. A brief summary on the developments in research of decolorization of dyes using white-rot fungi has been made.Key words: lignin degradation, white-rot fungi, laccase, peroxidase, radicals, dye decolorization.

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6

HARVEY, P. J., H. E. SCHOEMAKER, and J. M. PALMER. "Lignin degradeation by white rot fungi." Plant, Cell and Environment 10, no. 9 (December 1987): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1987.tb01108.x.

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7

Harvey, P. J., H. E. Schoemaker, and J. M. Palmer. "Lignin degradation by white rot fungi." Plant, Cell and Environment 10, no. 9 (December 1987): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11604752.

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8

Ferrey, Mark L., William C. Koskinen, Robert A. Blanchette, and Todd A. Burnes. "Mineralization of alachlor by lignin-degrading fungi." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m94-126.

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White rot fungi were able to mineralize the aromatic ring carbon of alachlor to CO2. After 122 days, 14 and 12% of the alachlor that was initially present in malt extract cultures supplemented with a wood substrate was mineralized at room temperature by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Phlebia tremellosa, respectively. Although Phanerochaete chrysosporium mineralized alachlor at 25 °C, it did so more slowly than the other two white rot fungi. The brown rot fungus Fomitopsis pinicola did not mineralize alachlor.Key words: alachlor, mineralization, white rot fungi, pesticide.

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9

Fan, Biao, Yuechun Zhao, Ganhui Mo, Weijuan Ma, and Junqin Wu. "Co-remediation of DDT-contaminated soil using white rot fungi and laccase extract from white rot fungi." Journal of Soils and Sediments 13, no. 7 (April 30, 2013): 1232–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0705-3.

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10

Boyle, C. David. "Development of a practical method for inducing white-rot fungi to grow into and degrade organopollutants in soil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1995): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-047.

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White-rot fungi degrade many hazardous organic compounds that are not readily degraded by other microorganisms. Some of these compounds are soil contaminants, so methods for using these fungi to decontaminate soil through either land farming or composting technologies are being developed. White-rot fungi normally colonize plants or plant residues (e.g., wood) and do not grow well in unamended soil, particularly if it is not sterilized. A practical method to promote their growth in soil, without the use of large quantities of amendments or inoculum, is presented. A variety of assays showed that growth of white-rot fungi in steamed soil is limited by availability of carbon and nitrogen sources, but not other nutrients. Ground alfalfa straw was a more effective inexpensive source of these nutrients than the other amendments that were tested. However, the fungi only sometimes colonized alfalfa-amended nonsterile soil, as a result of competition from other microorganisms. Consistently high growth of the white-rot fungi in alfalfa-amended soil could be induced by adjusting the moisture content, adding the fungicide benomyl, and inoculating with benomyl-resistant fungi. In soil so treated, degradation (mineralization) of pentachlorophenol was much more rapid than in untreated soil.Key words: white-rot fungi, bioremediation, growth, pentachlorophenol.

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11

Wang, Xin, Lei Song, Zhaoxing Li, Zijun Ni, Jia Bao, and Huiwen Zhang. "The remediation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil by immobilized white-rot fungi." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 7 (2020): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190822130w.

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This research focused on the degradation of chlorpyrifos via immobilized white rot fungi in soil, with the aim to select excellent degrading strains and an optimal carrier of white rot fungi. Immobilization of white rot fungi was assessed on corn stover, wheat straw, peanut shells, wood chip, and corn cobs. Phlebia sp., Lenzites betulinus and Irpex lacteus were grown in defined nutrient media for the remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils. The carrier of the biomass was determined by observing the growth of white rot fungi. The results showed that corn stover and wheat straw are suitable carriers of the immobilized white rot fungi and that Phlebia sp. and Lenzites betulinus have a positive effect on the degradation of chlorpyrifos. At 30?C and neutral pH, the degradation rate of chlorpyrifos was 74.35 %, Phlebia sp. being immobilized by corn stover in 7 days, which was the best result compared to other combinations of strains and carriers. The orthogonal experiment showed that the pH value and temperature affected the pollutant degradability more than the initial concentration and the biomass dosage.

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12

Freitag, Michael, and Jeffrey J. Morrell. "Decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478 by wood-inhabiting fungi." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-133.

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Decolorization of the polymeric dye Poly R-478, an indicator of phenoloxidase activity, was examined as a potential method for separating white- and brown-rot fungi taxonomically and for screening for ligninolytic capability. In plate tests, decolorization proceeded more slowly than radial growth, which indicates that decolorizing enzymes are associated with growing and developed hyphae. Strains of the same species differed in decolorizing ability, but as expected, there were no differences between monokaryons and dikaryons of the same species. Raising the temperature from 20 to 40 °C usually increased the decolorization rate, but less than it increased the growth rate. Most brown-rot, soft-rot, or xylophilous fungi did not decolorize the dye, but 16 of 47 brown-rot fungi weakly decolorized the dye at 20 or 30 °C. Aspergillus niger and one Henningsomyces sp. also decolorized the dye. Studies with the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Fomitopsis pinicola on liquid media revealed no lignin peroxidase or manganese-dependent peroxidase activity, although nonspecific peroxidase activity was detected. Poly R-478 proved useful for selecting most white-rot fungi; however, some brown-rot fungi also reacted positively in these tests. Further studies on the pathways and mechanisms of dye decolorization by brown-rot fungi are recommended. Key words: brown rot, white rot, polymeric dyes, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase.

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13

Silva, Ronivaldo Rodrigues da. "Potential of white-rot fungi for bioremediation." Revista Brasileira de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade 4, no. 7 (2017): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21438/rbgas.040722.

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Environmental applications of enzymes in biodegradation for preventing pollution by toxic byproducts warrants approaches that can be performed under mild conditions, are economically feasible and can replace the use of chemicals. Technologies involving physico-chemical methods, like incineration, dechlorination and UV oxidation, for waste treatment are not acceptable since they generate a lot of pollutants as by-products. To address these problems, environmental–friendly alternatives are required for bioremediation. In this context, fungal enzymes have emerged as a natural tool to detoxification of pollutants in environment, and the potential to convert toxic substances to less hazardous or non-hazardous forms. However, what are the effective advances by using white-rot fungi for bioremediation? Here, a brief discussion about the application of these fungi to detoxification of pollutants in environment has been considered.

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14

Yetis, Ülkü, Gülay Özcengiz, Filiz B. Dilek, Neslihan Ergen, Alev Erbay, and Ayla Dölek. "Heavy metal biosorption by white-rot fungi." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0656.

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In this study, heavy metal biosorption potentials of two white-rot fungi, Polyporous versicolor and Phanarochaete chrysosporium, which are commonly used in wastewater treatment were determined. Biosorption studies were performed for Cu(II), Cr(III), Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) at the same operational conditions and the effectiveness of both fungi at removing these heavy metals was compared. It was found that both P. versicolor and P. chrysosporium were the most effective in removing Pb(II) from aqeous solutions with maximum biosorption capacities of 57.5 and 110 mg Pb(II)/g dry biomass, respectively. With P. versicolor, the adsorptive capacity order was determined to be Pb(II)>Ni(II)>Cr(III)>Cd(II)>Cu(II) whereas the order was Pb(II)>Cr(III)>Cu(II)=Cd(II)>Ni(II) with P. chrysosporium. As a general trend, metal removal efficiency with these fungi decreased as the initial metal ion concentration increased.

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15

Dumitrache-Anghel, Cristina N., Danielle Tilmanis, Lyndal Roberts, Warren L. Baker, and Greg T. Lonergan. "Extracellular Enzymes of the White Rot Fungi." International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 3, no. 2-3 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjmedmushr.v3.i2-3.530.

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16

Aust, Steven D. "Mechanisms of Degradation by White Rot Fungi." Environmental Health Perspectives 103 (June 1995): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3432481.

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17

L. Villalba, Laura, Maria I. Fonseca, Martin Giorgio, and Pedro D. Zapata. "White Rot Fungi Laccases for Biotechnological Applications." Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187221510793205728.

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18

Aust, S. D. "Mechanisms of degradation by white rot fungi." Environmental Health Perspectives 103, suppl 5 (June 1995): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s459.

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19

Leonowicz, Andrzej, Anna Matuszewska, Jolanta Luterek, Dirk Ziegenhagen, Maria Wojtaś-Wasilewska, Nam-Seok Cho, Martin Hofrichter, and Jerzy Rogalski. "Biodegradation of Lignin by White Rot Fungi." Fungal Genetics and Biology 27, no. 2-3 (July 1999): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fgbi.1999.1150.

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20

Van Hamme, Jonathan D., Eddie T. Wong, Heather Dettman, Murray R. Gray, and Michael A. Pickard. "Dibenzyl Sulfide Metabolism by White Rot Fungi." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 2 (February 2003): 1320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.2.1320-1324.2003.

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ABSTRACT Microbial metabolism of organosulfur compounds is of interest in the petroleum industry for in-field viscosity reduction and desulfurization. Here, dibenzyl sulfide (DBS) metabolism in white rot fungi was studied. Trametes trogii UAMH 8156, Trametes hirsuta UAMH 8165, Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATCC 24725, Trametes versicolor IFO 30340 (formerly Coriolus sp.), and Tyromyces palustris IFO 30339 all oxidized DBS to dibenzyl sulfoxide prior to oxidation to dibenzyl sulfone. The cytochrome P-450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole eliminated dibenzyl sulfoxide oxidation. Laccase activity (0.15 U/ml) was detected in the Trametes cultures, and concentrated culture supernatant and pure laccase catalyzed DBS oxidation to dibenzyl sulfoxide more efficiently in the presence of 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) than in its absence. These data suggest that the first oxidation step is catalyzed by extracellular enzymes but that subsequent metabolism is cytochrome P-450 mediated.

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21

Moreira, M. T., G. Feijoo, and J. M. Lema. "Fungal Bioreactors: Applications to White-Rot Fungi." Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 2, no. 2-4 (2003): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:resb.0000040463.80808.dc.

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22

Braun-Lüllemann, A., A. Majcherczyk, and A. Hüttermann. "Degradation of styrene by white-rot fungi." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 47, no. 2 (February 21, 1997): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050904.

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23

Blanchette, Robert A., Todd A. Burnes, Gary F. Leatham, and Marilyn J. Effland. "Selection of white-rot fungi for biopulping." Biomass 15, no. 2 (1988): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(88)90099-6.

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24

Cottyn, B. G. "Treatment of lignocellulosics with white rot fungi." Veterinary Microbiology 21, no. 1 (November 1989): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(89)90021-7.

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25

S., Pointing. "Feasibility of bioremediation by white-rot fungi." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 57, no. 1-2 (October 1, 2001): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530100745.

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26

Gow, N. A. R. "Treatment of lignocellulosics with white-rot fungi." Biological Wastes 27, no. 4 (January 1989): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90014-1.

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27

Cottyn, B. G. "Treatment of lignocellulosics with white rot fungi." Animal Feed Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (May 1990): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(90)90106-i.

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28

Nerud, F., Z. Zouchová, and Z. Mišurcová. "Ligninolytic properties of different white-rot fungi." Biotechnology Letters 13, no. 9 (September 1991): 657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01086322.

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29

Wu, Jun Qin, Yue Chun Zhao, Lu Liu, Biao Fan, and Ming Hua Li. "Remediation of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ether Contaminated Soil Using White Rot Fungi." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.465.

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Biodegradation of decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in soil by white rot fungi under various experimental conditions was investigated in this study. It was found that BDE-209 in soil could be rapidly and efficiently degraded by white rot fungi, and the biodegradation fits the pseudo-first-order kinetics during a 15-day incubation period. The residues of BDE-209 in soil decreased with the increase of amount of white rot fungi addition. It can be seen from the results that, white rot fungi have good ability on degradation with one-step or two-step addition method. In native soil, the degradation of BDE-209 reached 52.65%, which was higher than that in sterilized soil. About 37.76-53.74% of BDE-209 was degraded in different soil types after 15 days. In addition, it was confirmed in this study that the presence of Cu2+, Cd2+could enhance the remediation of BDE-209 contaminated soil, and the residues decreased by 69.20% and 54.65% for Cu2+and Cd2+treatment, respectively. However, the superior ability of white rot fungi to degrade BDE-209 was not obvious at low pollution level (≤0.5 mg kg-1).

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30

Schalchli, Heidi, Emilio Hormazábal, José Becerra, Gabriela Briceño, Víctor Hernández, Olga Rubilar, and María Cristina Diez. "Volatiles from white-rot fungi for controlling plant pathogenic fungi." Chemistry and Ecology 31, no. 8 (November 17, 2015): 754–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2015.1094465.

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31

Goodell, Barry, Geoffrey Daniel, Jody Jellison, and Yuhui Qian. "Iron-reducing capacity of low-molecular-weight compounds produced in wood by fungi." Holzforschung 60, no. 6 (November 1, 2006): 630–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.106.

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AbstractBirch and pine wood specimens were colonized by individual isolates of 12 brown-rot, 26 white-rot, six soft-rot and four blue (sap)-stain fungi. Homogenized wood was subsequently extracted in 75% ethyl acetate and centrifuged. The filtered extracts were analyzed for their iron-reducing capabilities using a ferrozine-based assay. Agar fungal cultures were also examined directly using a spot test for iron reduction. Extracts from wood colonized by brown-rot fungi showed significantly greater iron-reducing capability than extracts from wood colonized by white-rot or non-decay fungi. Results of the spot test ratings were highly variable, but in general the greatest color responses were associated with the brown-rot cultures. The ability of brown-rot fungi to produce compounds and/or modify the wood components that reduce iron is of relevance to the “chelator-mediated Fenton mechanism” that has been advanced as a theory for the non-enzymatic degradation of wood by brown-rot fungi.

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32

Yu, Qibin, Dian-Qing Yang, S. Y. Zhang, Jean Beaulieu, and Isabelle Duchesne. "Genetic variation in decay resistance and its correlation to wood density and growth in white spruce." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 2177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-150.

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This study investigated the genetic variation of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) in decay resistance and its correlation with wood density and growth. Three fungi were examined, a brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum), a white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), and a standing-tree-decay fungus (Fomitopsis pinicola). The decay resistance was inversely related to the growth rate of the fungi on heartwood blocks. A total of 270 trees of 35 families were harvested from 36-year-old provenanceprogeny trials at two sites through a thinning operation. The narrow-sense heritabilities of white spruce decay resistance to brown rot and white rot were 0.21 and 0.27, respectively. There were no significant differences in resistance to standing-tree-decay fungus among the families. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between the growth rate of brown rot on heartwood blocks and wood density were positive, but the genetic correlation between wood density and the growth rate of white rot on heartwood blocks was negative but not significant. The results indicate that the different species of fungi have different relationships with the annual growth of trees and wood density, and suggest that selection for wood density in white spruce might lead to an increase in resistance to white rot, but a decrease in resistance to brown rot.

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33

Isroi, Ria Millati, Siti Syamsiah, Claes Niklasson, Muhammad Nur Cahyanto, Knut Lundquist, and Mohammad J. Taherzadeh. "Biological pretreatment of lignocelluloses with white-rot fungi and its applications: A review." BioResources 6, no. 4 (August 6, 2011): 5224–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.isroi.

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Lignocellulosic carbohydrates, i.e. cellulose and hemicellulose, have abundant potential as feedstock for production of biofuels and chemicals. However, these carbohydrates are generally infiltrated by lignin. Breakdown of the lignin barrier will alter lignocelluloses structures and make the carbohydrates accessible for more efficient bioconversion. White-rot fungi produce ligninolytic enzymes (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase) and efficiently mineralise lignin into CO2 and H2O. Biological pretreatment of lignocelluloses using white-rot fungi has been used for decades for ruminant feed, enzymatic hydrolysis, and biopulping. Application of white-rot fungi capabilities can offer environmentally friendly processes for utilising lignocelluloses over physical or chemical pretreatment. This paper reviews white-rot fungi, ligninolytic enzymes, the effect of biological pretreatment on biomass characteristics, and factors affecting biological pretreatment. Application of biological pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis, biofuels (bioethanol, biogas and pyrolysis), biopulping, biobleaching, animal feed, and enzymes production are also discussed.

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34

Atalar, Aydan, and Nurcan Çetinkaya. "Samanlarda Biyolojik Muamelelerle Lignoselüloz Kompleksin Sindirilebilirliğinin Artırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 13 (December 18, 2017): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i13.1704-1709.1522.

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The efforts to break down the lignocellulosic complex found in the cell wall of straws, besides digestible cellulose and hemicellulose by rumen fermentation, improvement of straw digestibility by the degradation of indigestible lignin fraction of complex by using of biotechnological methods is one of the focus areas of animal nutritionists in recent years. Biological method sare prefer redover other methods due to the environmental friendliness. In the biological treatment methods of lignocellulosic complex, biodiversity of bacteria, enzymes and fungi gives opportunity to select lignin degrading species. Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter and Flavobacterium genre bacteria are used to degrade lignin by bacterial treatment. Lignocellulolytic enzymes isolated from different varieties of fungi are used in enzyme treatment. There are 3 genres of fungus that are white, Brown and soft rot in fungal treatments. Brown rot fungi prefer ably attack cellulose and hemicelluloses, but not lignin. White rot fungi attack the lignin and break up lignol bonds and aromatic ring. White rot fungi break down polysaccharides with hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase, xylanase, and lignin with oxidative ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase and laccase. Because of the fact that the microorganisms that can break down the lignocellulosic materials are the fungi and the cost is low, the application of white rot fungi is possible. In this paper, improvement the lignocellulosic comlex digestibility of straw by biological treatment with the advantage of biodiversity is discussed.

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Atalar, Aydan, and Nurcan Çetinkaya. "Samanlarda Biyolojik Muamelelerle Lignoselüloz Kompleksin Sindirilebilirliğinin Artırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 13 (December 22, 2017): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i13.1720-1725.1522.

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The efforts to break down the lignocellulosic complex found in the cell wall of straws, besides digestible cellulose and hemicellulose by rumen fermentation, improvement of straw digestibility by the degradation of indigestible lignin fraction of complex by using of biotechnological methods is one of the focus areas of animal nutritionists in recent years. Biological method sare prefer redover other methods due to the environmental friendliness. In the biological treatment methods of lignocellulosic complex, biodiversity of bacteria, enzymes and fungi gives opportunity to select lignin degrading species. Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter and Flavobacterium genre bacteria are used to degrade lignin by bacterial treatment. Lignocellulolytic enzymes isolated from different varieties of fungi are used in enzyme treatment. There are 3 genres of fungus that are white, Brown and soft rot in fungal treatments. Brown rot fungi prefer ably attack cellulose and hemicelluloses, but not lignin. White rot fungi attack the lignin and break up lignol bonds and aromatic ring. White rot fungi break down polysaccharides with hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase, xylanase, and lignin with oxidative ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase and laccase. Because of the fact that the microorganisms that can break down the lignocellulosic materials are the fungi and the cost is low, the application of white rot fungi is possible. In this paper, improvement the lignocellulosic comlex digestibility of straw by biological treatment with the advantage of biodiversity is discussed.

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Kumar, Anuj, Pavla Ryparovà, Bohumil Kasal, Stergios Adamopoulos, and Petr Hajek. "Resistance of bamboo scrimber against white-rot and brown-rot fungi." Wood Material Science & Engineering 15, no. 1 (May 18, 2018): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2018.1475420.

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Sahu, Neha, Zsolt Merényi, Balázs Bálint, Brigitta Kiss, György Sipos, Rebecca A. Owens, and László G. Nagy. "Hallmarks of Basidiomycete Soft- and White-Rot in Wood-Decay -Omics Data of Two Armillaria Species." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010149.

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Wood-decaying Basidiomycetes are among the most efficient degraders of plant cell walls, making them key players in forest ecosystems, global carbon cycle, and in bio-based industries. Recent insights from -omics data revealed a high functional diversity of wood-decay strategies, especially among the traditional white-rot and brown-rot dichotomy. We examined the mechanistic bases of wood-decay in the conifer-specialists Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria cepistipes using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Armillaria spp. (Fungi, Basidiomycota) include devastating pathogens of temperate forests and saprotrophs that decay wood. They have been discussed as white-rot species, though their response to wood deviates from typical white-rotters. While we observed an upregulation of a diverse suite of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, unlike white-rotters, they possess and express an atypical wood-decay repertoire in which pectinases and expansins are enriched, whereas lignin-decaying enzymes (LDEs) are generally downregulated. This combination of wood decay genes resembles the soft-rot of Ascomycota and appears widespread among Basidiomycota that produce a superficial white rot-like decay. These observations are consistent with ancestral soft-rot decay machinery conserved across asco- and Basidiomycota, a gain of efficient lignin-degrading ability in white-rot fungi and repeated, complete, or partial losses of LDE encoding gene repertoires in brown- and secondarily soft-rot fungi.

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38

Sahu, Neha, Zsolt Merényi, Balázs Bálint, Brigitta Kiss, György Sipos, Rebecca A. Owens, and László G. Nagy. "Hallmarks of Basidiomycete Soft- and White-Rot in Wood-Decay -Omics Data of Two Armillaria Species." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010149.

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Wood-decaying Basidiomycetes are among the most efficient degraders of plant cell walls, making them key players in forest ecosystems, global carbon cycle, and in bio-based industries. Recent insights from -omics data revealed a high functional diversity of wood-decay strategies, especially among the traditional white-rot and brown-rot dichotomy. We examined the mechanistic bases of wood-decay in the conifer-specialists Armillaria ostoyae and Armillaria cepistipes using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Armillaria spp. (Fungi, Basidiomycota) include devastating pathogens of temperate forests and saprotrophs that decay wood. They have been discussed as white-rot species, though their response to wood deviates from typical white-rotters. While we observed an upregulation of a diverse suite of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, unlike white-rotters, they possess and express an atypical wood-decay repertoire in which pectinases and expansins are enriched, whereas lignin-decaying enzymes (LDEs) are generally downregulated. This combination of wood decay genes resembles the soft-rot of Ascomycota and appears widespread among Basidiomycota that produce a superficial white rot-like decay. These observations are consistent with ancestral soft-rot decay machinery conserved across asco- and Basidiomycota, a gain of efficient lignin-degrading ability in white-rot fungi and repeated, complete, or partial losses of LDE encoding gene repertoires in brown- and secondarily soft-rot fungi.

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Huang, ShiYuan, Sheng Li, ZhenYu Wang, SenHuan Lin, and Jian Deng. "Enzyme degradation mechanism of white rot fungi and its research progress on Refractory Wastewater." E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123701002.

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The lignin-degrading enzyme system of white rot fungi is highly efficient and non-specific, and can degrade a variety of pollutants, including dyes, phenolic compounds and pesticides.The article presents an overview of the mechanism of enzymatic degradation of white rot fungi and its research status in several refractory wastewater were described.

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Reyes, Carolina, Alexandre Poulin, Gustav Nyström, Francis W. M. R. Schwarze, and Javier Ribera. "Enzyme Activities of Five White-Rot Fungi in the Presence of Nanocellulose." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030222.

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White-rot fungi can degrade all lignocellulose components due to their potent lignin and cellulose-degrading enzymes. In this study, five white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor, Trametes pubescens, Ganoderma adspersum, Ganoderma lipsiense, and Rigidoporus vitreus were tested for endoglucanase, laccase, urease, and glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) production when grown with malt extract and nanocellulose in the form of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Results show that temperature plays a key role in controlling the growth of all five fungi when cultured with malt extract alone. Endoglucanase activities were highest in cultures of G. adspersum and G. lipsiense and laccase activities were highest in cultures of T. versicolor and R. vitreus. Urease activities were highest in cultures of G. adspersum, G. lipsiense, and R. vitreus. Glucose-6-phosphate levels also indicate that cells were actively metabolizing glucose present in the cultures. These results show that TEMPO-oxidized CNF and CNC do not inhibit the production of specific lignocellulose enzymes by these white-rot fungi. The apparent lack of enzymatic inhibition makes TEMPO-oxidized CNF and CNC excellent candidates for future biotechnological applications in combination with the white-rot fungi studied here.

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41

Anttila, Anna-Kaisa, Anna Maria Pirttilä, Hely Häggman, Anni Harju, Martti Venäläinen, Antti Haapala, Bjarne Holmbom, and Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto. "Condensed conifer tannins as antifungal agents in liquid culture." Holzforschung 67, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2012-0154.

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Abstract In the last decades, many wood preservatives have been prohibited for their ecotoxicity. The present article is focusing on the conifer-derived condensed tannins as environment-friendly options for the substitution of artificial wood preservatives. Eight different tannin fractions were extracted from spruce cones, spruce barks, and pine cones. The parameters of tannin extraction, such as the methods of purification and concentration of active components in the extracts, have been investigated. The cone and bark extracts were tested for the growth inhibition of eight brown-rot fungi, three white-rot fungi, and four soft-rot fungi in liquid cultures. The cone tannins provided a more efficient fungal growth inhibition than bark tannins. Purification increased the antifungal properties of the extracts. The growth of brown-rot fungi was inhibited by the tannins already at low concentrations. However, the extracts were not effective against the white-rot or soft-rot fungi. More investigation is needed concerning the tannin source and the purification procedure of the extracts before tannins can be considered as an ecologically benign wood preservative.

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Risdianto, Hendro, and Susi Sugesty. "Pretreatment of Marasmius sp. on Biopulping of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches." Modern Applied Science 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v9n7p1.

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White rot fungi have an ability to degrade lignin by employing lignin-degrading enzymes i.e Lignin Peroxidase, Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase. Therefore, the fungi can be utilized on the pretreatment of biomass in pulp making (biopulping) and biobleaching. In this study, the pretreatment using White Rot Fungi of Marasmius sp. has been conducted on the the Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFBs). Marasmius sp. has been grown on EFBs for 30 days. The results showed that the lignin content could be removed by 35.94%. However, cellulose and hemicelluloses relatively did not show any changes in the EFBs. From the pulping process, the pretreatment exhibited the Kappa Number of 31.10. Compared to no pretreatment of white rot fungi, the Kappa Number obtained was 38.63. This result demonstrated a promising process for a green pulp making.

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Rodríguez-Couto, S. "Industrial and environmental applications of white-rot fungi." Mycosphere 8, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/8/3/7.

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44

Tirsit Tibebu Bogale. "Biotechnological applications of white rot fungi: A review." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 097–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2020.5.2.0043.

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The growing concern over the pollution issues by the rapid industrialization has posed a serious problem forcing researchers around the world to seek alternative eco-friendly technologies. Textile, pulp and paper industries discharge a huge quantity of waste in the environment, and the disposal of this waste is an immense problem. To solve this problem, work has done to discover biotechnological applications such a biological process, which can detoxify wastes and is not damaging the environment. Examples of white-rot fungi that possess selective decay at least under certain condition are C. subvermispora, Dichomitus squalens, P. chrysosporium, and Phlebia radiata. Examples of white-rot fungi that possess non-selective decay are Trametes versicolor and Fomes fomentarius. These enzymatic complexes mainly consist of lignin peroxidases (LiPs), manganese peroxidases (MnPs) and laccases. They also have capability to detoxify a range of environmental pollutants. The present work explores the potential of WRF in more recent areas of their applications such as, textile industries, food industries, bio remediation, pulp and paper industries and animal feed digestibility.

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Baldrian, Petr. "Interactions of heavy metals with white-rot fungi." Enzyme and Microbial Technology 32, no. 1 (January 2003): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00245-4.

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Vyas, B. R. M., S. Bakowski, V. Å aÅ¡ek, and M. Matucha. "Degradation of anthracene by selected white rot fungi." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 14, no. 1 (April 1994): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1994.tb00091.x.

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BARR, DAVID P., and STEVEN D. AUST. "MECHANISMS WHITE ROT FUNGI USE TO DEGRADE POLLUTANTS." Environmental Science & Technology 28, no. 2 (February 1994): 78A—87A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00051a724.

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DURRANT, LUCIA R., and ALESSANDRA B. MELLO. "Ligninolytic enzymes produced by two white-rot fungi." Biochemical Society Transactions 20, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 225S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst020225s.

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Kewalramani, Neelam, D. N. Kamra, D. Lall, and N. N. Pathak. "Bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse with white rot fungi." Biotechnology Letters 10, no. 5 (May 1988): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01026168.

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Mai, Carsten, Wiebke Schormann, Andrzej Majcherczyk, and Alois H�ttermann. "Degradation of acrylic copolymers by white-rot fungi." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 65, no. 4 (July 15, 2004): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-004-1668-5.

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