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Journal articles on the topic 'White cast-iron'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sukhanov, Dmitry, Leonid Arhangelskiy, Natalya Plotnikova, Larisa Sukhanova, and Aleksandr Golikov. "White Cast Iron Plastic Deformation." Metal Working and Material Science, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2017-4-43-54.

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2

Eiselstein, Lawrence E., and Robert D. Caligiuri. "Particulate Composites of White Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 426-432 (August 2003): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.895.

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3

Li, Y. X., Z. L. Liu, and X. Chen. "Development of boron white cast iron." International Journal of Cast Metals Research 21, no. 1-4 (August 2008): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/136404608x361684.

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4

Park, J. S., and J. D. Verhoeven. "Directional solidification of white cast iron." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 27, no. 8 (August 1996): 2328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02651887.

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5

Yen, Chien Lung, Fu Je Chen, and Yung Ning Pan. "Research on the Wear Resistance of High-Chromium White Cast Iron and Multi-Component White Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 859 (December 2013): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.859.64.

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The pin-on-disk wear test and solid particle erosion test were used to investigate the wear resistance property of both high chromium white cast iron and multi-component white cast iron with optimal alloy compositions and heat treatment conditions. Experimental results indicate that a linear relationship between the wear lose and the testing time exists for high chromium white cast irons. Apparent scratch grooves and sheared pits appeared on the specimen surface. Subsurface observations found pit depths of some 4.5~8.0 mm. Crack propagation routes were clearly visible along the martensitic grain boundaries for alloys in the as-quenched state. Tempering treatment increases the toughness of the alloy, resulting in an increase in the resistance to crack formation. On the other hand, the multi-component white cast irons exhibited a non-linear relationship between the wear lose and the testing time. Relatively shallow scratches were found on the specimen surface, and pit depths of about 4.0 mm were observed through subsurface observations. Tempering at 570°C caused a reduction in hardness of the alloy, and therefore, the fracture mode tends to be ductile. As a result, deformation only occurred in crater regions with no clear evidence of spreading.

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6

Otsubo, Fumitaka, Kousuke Matsuki, Hidenori Era, and Hidenori Kuroki. "Columnar Ferrite Structure in Cast Iron Formed by Decarburization of White Cast Iron." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 59, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 1326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.f-m2018822.

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7

Солдатов, Валерий, Valeriy Soldatov, Дмитрий Илюшкин, Dmitriy Ilyushkin, Олег Петраков, and Oleg Petrakov. "INVESTIGATION OF WHITE ALLOYED CAST IRON DUCTILITY." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2019, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5c652633961a58.10645526.

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8

Turakhodjaev, Nodir Djakhongirovich, Nosir Muysinalievich Saidmakhamadov, Ruslan Samadovich Zokirov, Furkat Umarbekovich Odilov, and Kamola Utkurovna Tashkhodjaeva. "ANALYSIS OF DEFECTS IN WHITE CAST IRON." Theoretical & Applied Science 86, no. 06 (June 30, 2020): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2020.06.86.125.

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9

Chatterjee, S., M. K. Banerjee, and A. K. Seal. "Graphitization in hot forged white cast iron." Materials Science and Technology 3, no. 8 (August 1987): 674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1987.3.8.674.

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10

da Silva, C. R. S., and M. Boccalini. "Thermal cracking of multicomponent white cast iron." Materials Science and Technology 21, no. 5 (May 2005): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328405x21012.

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11

Kutsomelya, Yu Yu, T. P. Govorun, A. P. Cheilyakh, and Ya Mikula. "Manganese White Cast Iron Plasma Hardening Treatment." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 53, no. 9-10 (January 2018): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-018-0390-6.

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12

Drapkin, B. M., G. M. Kimstach, and S. B. Zhabrev. "Graphitization and diffusion in white cast iron." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 35, no. 1 (January 1993): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00770063.

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13

Zhang, Jian Jun, Yi Min Gao, Jian Dong Xing, Sheng Qiang Ma, Wan Qin Yan, and Jing Bo Yan. "Microstructure and Properties of Isothermally Quenched High Boron White Cast Iron." Key Engineering Materials 457 (December 2010): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.457.207.

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Microstructure and properties of isothermally quenched high boron white cast iron were investigated in this paper. The results show that the microstructure of high boron white cast iron is mainly composed of many continuous and netlike eutectic borides, pearlite and ferrite under as-cast condition. The microhardness of Fe2B ranges in 1200-1600HV whose value seems to approximate that of (Fe,Cr)7C3–type carbide (HV1200~1800) in high chromium white cast iron. After isothermal quenching, the matrix transforms into lower bainite in which carbide precipitations are arranged in parallel rows at an angle of 60 deg to the long axis of the plates, but the morphology of boride remains nearly unchanged compared with its as-cast condition. Moreover, precipitation particles with the size of about 1~4 μm can be found in the matrix of isothermally quenched high boron white cast iron. Impact fracture morphology of isothermally quenched high boron white cast iron indicates that fracture propagated more easily through boride/matrix interface than through matrix.

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14

Kawalec, M. "Microstructure Control of High-alloyed White Cast Iron." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0012.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of studies of high-alloyed white cast iron modified with lanthanum, titanium, and aluminium-strontium. The samples were taken from four melts of high-vanadium cast iron with constant carbon and vanadium content and near-eutectic microstructure into which the tested inoculants were introduced in an amount of 1 wt% respective of the charge weight. The study included a metallographic examinations, mechanical testing, as well as hardness and impact resistance measurements taken on the obtained alloys. Studies have shown that different additives affect both the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-vanadium cast iron.

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15

Agarwrwal, Dhirendra, Neeraj Kumar, and A. K. Bansal. "Development of Low Cost Corrosion Resistant Fe-Cr-Mn-Mo White Cast Irons." Material Science Research India 14, no. 2 (December 25, 2017): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/140215.

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Cast irons are basically binary alloys of iron and carbon having carbon exceeding its maximum solid solubility in austenite but less than the carbon content of iron carbide. However, like steels, cast irons have varying quantities of silicon, manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. Silicon plays an important role in controlling the properties of cast irons and for this reason, the term cast iron is usually applied to a series of iron, carbon and silicon alloys. Special purpose cast irons include white and alloy cast irons which are mainly used for applications demanding enhanced abrasion, corrosion or heat resistance. In present study, corrosion resistant cast irons are of our interest.

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16

Zhou, Xian Liang, Xiao Zhen Hua, Jian Yun Zhang, Yong Jin Tang, and Qing Jun Chen. "Microstructure and Property of the New Type White Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 51 (June 2008): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.51.31.

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The influences of the different Si (0.723%~4.5%) and Cr (2.0%~8.0%) contents on the microstructures and properties of Cr-Si-Mn white cast iron were investigated. It is shown that with increasing of amounts of Si and Cr elements, carbide undergoes an evident change in the morphology from the continuous net to isolated stripe and becomes clearly finer, even forms chrysanthemum-like microstructure which is usually found in high Cr white cast iron. Additionally, the amounts of the carbides increase too. The XRD analysis shows that the carbides are a mixture of Fe3C and Fe7C3 phases. Furthermore, the hardness of carbide and matrix is also found to progressively increase with increasing of amounts of Si and Cr elements. The hardness of the matrix in as-cast white cast iron is over HV400, suggesting that the matrix consists of martensite and bainite phases. The impact toughness of the samples declines evidently when Si content excesses 3.0wt%. It is also revealed that the bainite matrix in the Si-Cr white cast iron has a higher impact abrasive wear resistance than others, which is almost not dependent upon heating temperature and cooling rate. When Cr content approaches 5wt%, the impact wear resistance of the new cast iron is comparable to that of the traditional high Cr cast iron.

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17

Liu, E., Feng Lan Wei, and Li Chun Qiu. "The Effect of Modification and Heat Treatment on Low Chromium White Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1114.

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The effect of compound modification and various kinds of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of the low chromium white cast iron was studied.The results showed that,after modification,the carbide morphology in cast iron has been greatly improved;the annealed modified cast iron is suitable for machining;both martensitic quenching and austempering can cause the hardness and the impact toughness of modified cast iron increase greatly.

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18

Song, J. M., T. S. Chou, L. H. Chen, and T. S. Lui. "Texture examination on strip-cast Fe-C-Si white cast iron." Scripta Materialia 44, no. 7 (April 2001): 1125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(01)00660-1.

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19

Zheng, Baochao, Zhifu Huang, Jiandong Xing, Yiyang Xiao, and Fan Xiao. "Effect of chromium content on cementite – pearlite interaction of white cast iron during three-body abrasive wear." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-08-2016-0195.

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Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate the effect of varying chromium content on the wear behavior of white cast iron, to study the interaction relationship between cementite and pearlite in white cast iron, while estimating their contribution rate in abrasive wear. Design/methodology/approach To study interaction of cementite-pearlite of white cast irons with different chromium content in three-body abrasive wear, three kinds of chromium white cast iron, bulk single-phase cementite, pure pearlite samples and the white cast iron (WCI), were prepared using the melting and casting technique. The so-called pure pearlite samples have the same chemical composition, microstructure and properties as the pearlite matrix in white cast iron. Findings Results indicated that the interaction has a negative value. Its absolute value decreased with increasing chromium addition. Meanwhile, a high load resulted in an increased interaction value. The contribution rate of cementite to interaction, which was higher than that of pearlite, increased with increasing chromium addition. This indicated cementite was a main phase. Besides, the reductive size of abrasive has a significant effect on the contribution rate at the high load. These prominent cementite occurred fracture, when small size abrasive indented the matrix. These result in the absence of a protective effect of cementite during wear process. Eventually, the contribution rate of cementite decreased significantly. Originality/value This paper demonstrates the effect of varying chromium content on wear behavior of white cast iron, to study the interaction relationship between cementite and pearlite in white cast iron while estimating their contribution rate in abrasive wear.

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20

Dojka, Malwina, and Marcin Stawarz. "Bifilm Defects in Ti-Inoculated Chromium White Cast Iron." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 3124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143124.

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In recent years, white chromium cast iron has gained a well-settled position among wear-resistant materials. In recent times, chromium cast iron samples containing titanium have attracted attention. In cast iron samples, titanium combines with carbon and forms TiC particles, which may be form a crystallization underlay for eutectic M7C3 carbides and austenite. Accordingly, the inoculation process occurring in the crystallizing alloy should result in the proper, regular distribution of fine eutectic chromium carbides in the austenitic matrix. The presented research was conducted on 20% Cr hypoeutectic white cast iron with the addition of 0.5, 1, and 2% of Ti. Ti inoculation and the presence of TiC allowed for superior wear properties to be obtained. However, the conducted study revealed a significant decrease in the impact strength of examined alloys, especially for the cast iron samples with a high amount of Ti, in which the TiC compounds agglomerated. Titanium compounds accumulate in clusters and their distribution is irregular. Most of the TiC compounds were transported by the crystallization front into the center of the castings, where micropores were formed, meaning they were no longer effective crystallization underlays. In the authors’ opinion, the agglomerate formation is strictly connected with the appearance of bifilm defects in the casting microstructure. The conducted research shows how an incorrect volume of an additive may have negative influences on the properties of the casting. This is a vital issue not only from a technological point of view, but also for economic reasons.

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21

Amorim, P., Henrique Santos, J. Santos, S. Coimbra, and C. Sá. "Soft Annealing of High Chromium White Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 455-456 (May 2004): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.455-456.290.

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22

Kawalec, M., and H. Krawiec. "Corrosion Resistance of High-Alloyed White Cast Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0048.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of corrosion resistance tests carried out on high-alloyed white cast iron. Tests were performed in 0.1 M NaCl by the technique of linear voltammetry. The test material was collected from six high-vanadium cast iron melts with a variable content of carbon and vanadium, and thus with different microstructure. Studies have confirmed that the type of crystallised microstructure has a very important effect on the alloy corrosion resistance. The highest corrosion resistance showed the alloy with a ferritic matrix containing the spheroidal precipitates of vanadium carbide VC, while the lowest had the eutectic alloy with a pearlitic matrix.

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23

Gulyaev, A. P., and S. I. Astakhov. "Structural features of atomized white cast iron powder." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 33, no. 1 (January 1991): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00775038.

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24

Li, Hong, C. F. Burdett, and Youming Wang. "Solidification characteristics of atomized white cast iron powders." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 29, no. 2 (July 1993): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(93)90317-l.

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25

Guo, D. Z., L. J. Wang, and J. Z. Li. "Erosive wear of low chromium white cast iron." Wear 161, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(93)90466-y.

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26

Kaleicheva, Julieta, Krasimir Kirov, Valentin Plamenov Mishev, and Zdravka Karaguiozova. "MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF HIGH CHROMIUM WHITE CAST IRONS ALLOYED WITH BORON." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2021): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol3.6656.

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The microstructure and mechanical properties of high chromium white cast iron with composition: 2,6÷3,4% C; 0,9÷1,1% Si; 0,8÷1,1% Mn; 1,0÷1,3% Mo; 12,3÷13,4% Cr, additionally doped with boron in an amount of 0,18% to 1,25% is investigated. The microstructure of six compositions of white cast irons is studied by means of an optical metallographic analysis - one without boron, and the others contain 0,18%; 0,23%; 0,59%; 0,96% and 1,25% boron. A test is performed to determine: hardness by the Rockwell method; microhardness; bending strength and impact toughness. It was found that at a boron content of 0,18%; 0,23% and 0,59%, the structure of white cast irons is subeutectic, with impact toughness in the range of 1,80÷1,52 J/cm2; with a boron content of 0,96%, the structure of white cast iron is close to the eutectic, with impact toughness 0,98 J/cm2 ; at a boron content of 1,25% the structure of white cast iron is supereutectic and the impact toughness decreases to 0,68 J/cm2. With a change in the boron content from 0,8% to 1,25%, the amount of carbide phase in the structure of white cast iron increases, which leads to an increase in hardness from 53 to 59 HRC. The highest bending strength (Rmi=660,85 MPa) was obtained in white cast irons with a boron content of 0,23%.

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27

Kopyciński, D., M. Kawalec, A. Szczęsny, R. Gilewski, and S. Piasny. "Analysis of the Structure and Abrasive Wear Resistance of White Cast Iron with Precipitates of Carbides." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 973–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0113.

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Abstract The resistance of castings to abrasive wear depends on the cast iron abrasive hardness ratio. It has been anticipated that the white cast iron structure will be changed by changing the type of metal matrix and the type of carbides present in this matrix, which will greatly expand the application area of castings under the harsh operating conditions of abrasive wear. Detailed metallographic analysis was carried out to see the structure obtained in selected types of white cast iron, i.e. with additions of chromium and vanadium. The study compares the results of abrasive wear resistance tests performed on the examined types of cast iron.

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28

Aghali Quliyev, Zaka Salimov, Aghali Quliyev, Zaka Salimov. "STUDY OF HIGH CHROME WHITE SHEEP DEPENDENCE ON CARBONE QUANTITY AND ABRAZIVE CONDITIONS." ETM - Equipment, Technologies, Materials 08, no. 04 (September 26, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/etm0804202172.

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In addition to studying the properties of abrasive corrosion-resistant alloys, the article considers it important to study the abrasive corrosion-based effect of abrasive corrosion resistance of high-chromium white cast iron on the amount of carbon and the dependence of abrasive particles on carbide and particle dependence. At the same time, the spread of white cast iron with 1.5 - 30% Mo is higher, which makes it easier to spread the processed martensite cast iron. Açar sözlər: oil drilling equipment high chromium alloy, abrasive particle, diffusion resistance, hardness, erosion coefficient, abrasive conditions.

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29

Girnet, Alexandru Ioan, Daniela Lucia Chicet, Mihai Axinte, Sergiu Stanciu, and Ion Hopulele. "White Cast Irons with Acoustic Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.81.

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There is the opinion, imprinted by tradition, that only bronze alloyed with tin may be used to build bells, musical instruments or sound transmitters, without the need to bring a scientific explanation. Starting from the physical theory and experimental determination that sound travels only through bodies with elastic proprieties, a study over acoustic white cast iron was proposed. After convincing experiments, it results that white cast irons have good properties for producing and transmitting sound waves. The measurements focused two fundamental aspects, the elastic energy available for producing and transmitting sounds and amortization, resulting that white cast irons can substitute with success bronze with tin or even better properties.

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30

Жижкина, Наталья, Natalya Zhizhkina, Сергей Ипатов, and Sergey Ipatov. "The Study of Qualities’ Specialties of Cast Iron’s with Different Composition." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2015, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/22738.

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The paper has been devoted to study of white, chilled and gray cast iron. It has been showed that white cast irons’ ingots are characterized by high level of properties. What is why such materials are used at high temperature and wear condition. Carbides’ and granites existence in the structure increase properties of chilled cast iron. Such cast irons are used for details of metallurgical and other branches of industry. Flake graphite in structure of cast iron decreases level of analyzed properties. But ingots of such cast iron showed high values of tensile strength on compression.

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31

Kawalec, M., and J. Kozana. "Effect of Microstructure of Fe-C-V Alloys on Selected Functional Properties." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 3 (August 8, 2014): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0057.

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Abstract The cast alloys crystallizing in Fe-C-V system are classified as white cast iron, because all the carbon is bound in vanadium carbides. High vanadium cast iron has a very high abrasion resistance due to hard VC vanadium carbides. However, as opposed to ordinary white cast iron, this material can be treated using conventional machining tools. This article contains the results of the group of Fe-C-V alloys of various microstructure which are been tested metallographic, mechanical using an INSTRON machine and machinability with the method of drilling. The study shows that controlling the proper chemical composition can influence on the type and shape of the crystallized matrix and vanadium carbides. This makes it possible to obtain a high-vanadium cast iron with very high wear resistance while maintaining a good workability.

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32

De Mello, J. D. B., M. Durand-Charre, and T. Mathia. "Abrasion mechanisms of white cast iron I: Influence of the metallurgical structure of molybdenum white cast irons." Materials Science and Engineering 73 (August 1985): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(85)90309-x.

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33

Aso, S., S. Goto, Y. Komatsu, and W. Hartono. "Sliding wear of graphite crystallized chromium white cast iron." Wear 250, no. 1-12 (October 2001): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(01)00600-7.

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34

Berns, Hans. "Comparison of wear resistant MMC and white cast iron." Wear 254, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(02)00300-9.

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35

Al-Sayed, Samar Reda, Ahmed Magdi Elshazli, and Abdel Hamid Ahmed Hussein. "Laser Surface Hardening of Ni-hard White Cast Iron." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060795.

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Laser surface treatment on two different types of nickel–chromium white cast iron (Ni-hard) alloys (Ni-hard 1 and Ni-hard 4) was investigated. Nd:YAG laser of 2.2-kw with continuous wave was used. Ni-hard alloys are promising engineering materials, which are extensively used in applications where good resistance to abrasion wear is essential. The conventional hardening of such alloys leads to high wear resistance nevertheless, the core of the alloy suffers from low toughness. Therefore, it would be beneficial to harden the surface via laser surface technology which keeps the core tough enough to resist high impact shocks. A laser power of different levels (600, 800 and 1000 Watts) corresponding to three different laser scanning speeds (3, 4 and 5 m·min−1) was adopted hoping to reach optimum conditions for wear resistance and impact toughness. The optimum condition for both properties was recorded at heat input of 16.78 J·mm−2. The present findings reflect that the microhardness values and wear resistance clearly increased after laser hardening by almost three times due to laser surface hardening, whereas, the impact toughness was increased from five joules obtained from conventionally heat-treated samples to 6.4 J as gained from laser-treated samples.

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36

Ryzhikov, A. A., and V. A. Korovin. "Method of graphitizing annealing of white cast iron castings." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 28, no. 5 (May 1986): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00814697.

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37

Lushchenkov, V. L., G. I. Slyn'ko, and A. D. Sherman. "Distribution of chromium and molybdenum in white cast iron." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 31, no. 8 (August 1989): 634–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00802697.

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38

Polyakov, S. P., N. V. Livitan, Yu K. Bunina, and S. A. Bogoyavlenskii. "Plasma-ARC surface hardening of white-cast-iron specimens." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 28, no. 6 (June 1986): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00836889.

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39

Fesomade, Kayode I., Damilola D. Alewi, Saliu O. Seidu, Sheriff O. Saka, Bonaventure I. Osuide, Godwin C. Ebidame, Marybeth C. Ugoh, and Damilola O. Animasaun. "The Effect of Palm Kernel Shell Ash on the Mechanical and Wear Properties of White Cast Iron." Advanced Technologies & Materials 45, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/atm-2020-2-004.

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This study investigates the influence of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) on mechanical and wear properties of white cast iron (WCI) particularly its influence on its microstructure, elemental composition, hardness and wear resistance. The PKSA was characterized to determine its elemental composition, and it was found to contain high amount of silicon (Si) and iron (Fe) followed by calcium (Ca) and other trace elements. The cast iron was cast into rods of specific dimension with sand casting method using rotary furnace to re-melt cast iron scrap. The WCI rods were then cut into bits for the various test. Heat treatment operation was carried out to determine its properties. Upon completion of the examinations, it was found that the PKSA increased the cementite phase within the matrix of the cast iron, and reduced the pearlitic phase and graphite formation, which gave it increased hardness, and perfect wear resistance due to the increment in carbon content and reduction in silicon content. Also, upon heat treatment, it was found that the PKSA reduced the pearlitic phase within the matrix of the cast iron, increases the formation of transformed ledeburites, austenitic dendrites and tempered graphite, which lead to increased machinability and ductility as well as to reduced hardness, and wear resistance when compared to non-heat treated samples.

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40

Purwadi, Wiwik. "Gravity Sand Casting of Metallurgical Bonded Bimetallic Grinding Roll Made of White Cast Iron-Nodular Cast Iron." International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 7, no. 2 (March 2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/9622-0702044451.

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41

Xu, Jianzhong, Xingjian Gao, Zhengyi Jiang, and Dongbin Wei. "A Comparison of Hot Deformation Behavior of High-Cr White Cast Iron and High-Cr White Cast Iron/Low Carbon Steel Laminate." steel research international 87, no. 6 (September 10, 2015): 780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201500234.

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Kawalec, M. "Modification of the High-alloyed White Cast Iron Microstructure with Magnesium Master Alloy." Archives of Foundry Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2013-0039.

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Abstract High-vanadium cast iron is the white cast iron in which the regular fibrous γ + VC eutectic with the volume fraction of vanadium carbide amounting to about 20% crystallises. This paper presents the results of studies on high-vanadium cast iron subjected to the inoculation treatment with magnesium master alloy. The aim of this operation is to change the morphology of the crystallising VC carbides from the fibrous shape into a spheroidal one. The study also examines the effect of the amount of the introduced inoculant on changes in the morphology of the crystallising VC carbides. To achieve the goals once set, metallographic studies were performed on high-vanadium cast iron of eutectic composition in base state and after the introduction of a variable content of the inoculant. The introduction of magnesium-based master alloy resulted in the expected changes of microstructure. The most beneficial effect was obtained with the introduction of 1.5% of magnesium master alloy, since nearly half of the crystallised vanadium carbides have acquired a spheroidal shape.

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Zhang, Guo Shang, Yi Min Gao, Jian Dong Xing, Shi Zhong Wei, and Xi Liang Zhang. "Interfacial Characteristics and Wear Resistance of WCp/White-Cast-Iron Composites." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.293.

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To improve the wear resistance of high chromium white cast iron under severe abrasive conditions, a composites layer was designed for wear surface, which were locally reinforced with WC particles. And the local composites were successfully fabricated by optimized centrifugal casting process. Then the interface between WC and iron matrix was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). And three body wear tests were carried out on a self-made rig to investigate the wear resistance of the composites. For comparison, the wear tests of high chromium white cast iron were also carried out under the same conditions. The results show that: There are no defects such as inclusion, crack, gas pore and so on in the obtained composites layer, which with a uniform thickness of 10 mm. WC particles are homogeneously distributed in the composites layer and tightly bonded with the iron matrix. The WC particles are partially dissolved in the iron matrix during centrifugal casting. The elements W, C and Fe react to form new carbides such as Fe3W3C or M23C6, which precipitate around former WC particles during subsequent solidification. So the interface between WC particles and the iron matrix is a strong metallurgical bonding. WC particles in the composites layer can effectively resist cutting by the abrasive, and then protect the matrix. The wear resistance of the composites layer is 7.23 times of that of high chromium cast iron.

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De Mello, J. D. B., M. Durand-Charre, and T. Mathia. "Abrasion mechanisms of white cast iron II: Influence of the metallurgical structure of VCr white cast irons." Materials Science and Engineering 78, no. 2 (March 1986): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(86)90316-2.

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Gao, Xing Jian, Qi Zhang, Dong Bin Wei, Si Hai Jiao, and Zheng Yi Jiang. "Dry Sliding Wear of As-Cast and Thermomechanically Processed Low Chromium White Cast Iron." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.725.

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This investigation attempts to improve the wear resistance of low chromium white cast iron (LCCI) by thermomechanical treatment. The thermomechanical treatment of the brittle LCCI with crack-free was successfully carried out by bonding it with a ductile low carbon steel firstly. Afterwards the dry sliding wear behavior of as-cast (LCCI-A) and thermomechanically processed (LCCI-B) samples was studied using a pin-on-disc apparatus under different test conditions. The microstructural examination shows that the refined supercooled austenite and plenty of secondary carbides in LCCI-B replaced the original microstructure of martensite and retained austenite with network carbide in LCCI-A. This significant evolution is beneficial to form and stabilise the oxide layer on the substrate, which makes the oxidational wear rather than abrasive wear or delamination dominating the wear process so that the improvement of the wear resistance of LCCI was achieved by hot working.

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Salih, Ekbal Mohammed Saeed, Ahmed Ouda Al-Roubaiy, and Yasser Louy Azeez Salih. "Analysis of the Influence of Hot Impacts on the Transformation of White Cast Iron." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 45, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.450104.

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Heat treatments are the most common method of transforming or modifying the structure of white cast iron. Cementite tapes can be decomposed at high temperatures and over a long period of time. These thermal treatments require special furnaces and a long period of time, as well as a high cost with major problems associated with these techniques. In this study, a mechanical thermal treatment was employed, which includes two basic stages, the first being heating at a certain temperature 1100℃ for a rather short period of time, then applying sequential strokes (one stroke or group of strokes) for a period not exceeding a few minutes. The findings proved that heating for short or long periods of time and at 1100℃ is not sufficient to get rid of cementite tapes, as the structure remained white cast iron. The important matter here is that the effect of the hot impact on the transformation of white cast iron into grey is related to the formation ratio. In this regard, the results uncover that using hot impact and at the same temperature, but at higher rates of forming (i.e., greater than 70%) the structure is completely transformed into grey cast iron.

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Kawalec, M., and M. Górny. "Alloyed White Cast Iron with Precipitates of Spheroidal Vanadium Carbides VC." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0113-y.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of tests on the spheroidising treatment of vanadium carbides VC done with magnesium master alloy and mischmetal. It has been proved that the introduction of magnesium master alloy to an Fe-C-V system of eutectic composition made 34% of carbides crystallise in the form of spheroids. Adding mischmetal to the base alloy melt caused 28% of the vanadium carbides crystallise as dendrites. In base alloy without the microstructure-modifying additives, vanadium carbides crystallised in the form of a branched fibrous eutectic skeleton. Testing of mechanical properties has proved that the spheroidising treatment of VC carbides in high-vanadium cast iron increases the tensile strength by about 60% and elongation 14 - 21 times, depending on the type of the spheroidising agent used. Tribological studies have shown that high-vanadium cast iron with eutectic, dendritic and spheroidal carbides has the abrasive wear resistance more than twice as high as the abrasion-resistant cast steel.

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Radzikowska, Janina M. "A New Look at Cast Iron Microstructure." Microscopy Today 11, no. 5 (October 2003): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500053244.

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Cast irons belong to a family of iron-carbon (Fe - C) alloys with free carbon in the form of graphite, a very soft constituent of iron microstructures, that improves machinability and damping properties of castings, or combined carbon, in the form of cementite, that improves wear resistance. Graphitic cast irons include grey iron, compacted iron, malleable iron, and ductile iron, Cementite irons include white cast iron and alloy cast irons. Solidification of graphite directly from molten metal takes place between 1145°C (2093 °F) and 1152 °C (2105 °F), according to the Fe-C equilibrium diagram. The above considerations regard only pure Fe - C alloys.

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Filipovic, Mirjana, Zeljko Kamberovic, and Marija Korac. "Solidification of High Chromium White Cast Iron Alloyed with Vanadium." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 52, no. 3 (2011): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m2010059.

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Filipovic, Mirjana. "Iron-chromium-carbon-vanadium white cast irons: Microstructure and properties." Chemical Industry 68, no. 4 (2014): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind130615064f.

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The as-cast microstructure of Fe-Cr-C-V white irons consists of M7C3 and vanadium rich M6C5 carbides in austenitic matrix. Vanadium changed the microstructure parameters of phase present in the structure of these alloys, including volume fraction, size and morphology. The degree of martensitic transformation also depended on the content of vanadium in the alloy. The volume fraction of the carbide phase, carbide size and distribution has an important influence on the wear resistance of Fe-Cr-C-V white irons under low-stress abrasion conditions. However, the dynamic fracture toughness of Fe-Cr-C-V irons is determined mainly by the properties of the matrix. The austenite is more effective in this respect than martensite. Since the austenite in these alloys contained very fine M23C6 carbide particles, higher fracture toughness was attributed to a strengthening of the austenite during fracture. Besides, the secondary carbides which precipitate in the matrix regions also influence the abrasion behaviour. By increasing the matrix strength through a dispersion hardening effect, the fine secondary carbides can increase the mechanical support of the carbides. Deformation and appropriate strain hardening occur in the retained austenite of Fe-Cr-C-V alloys under repeated impact loading. The particles of precipitated M23C6 secondary carbides disturb dislocations movement and contribute to increase the effects of strain hardening in Fe-Cr-C-V white irons.

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