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Journal articles on the topic 'White Australia'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Frances, Raelene. "‘White Slaves’ and White Australia: prostitution and Australian Society1." Australian Feminist Studies 19, no. 44 (July 2004): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0816464042000226483.

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2

Shaparov, A. "From «White Australia» to Multiculturalism." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2010): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2010-3-96-104.

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The article deals with issues of the immigration policymaking and its implementation in Australia. Factors influencing the change of the national immigration policy models are revealed. Problems and modern condition of an immigration policy are covered. The Australian experience in quality improvement of the involved migrants' human capital is generalized.

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3

Flannery, Belinda J., Susan E. Watt, and Nicola S. Schutte. "Looking Out For (White) Australia." International Perspectives in Psychology 10, no. 2 (April 2021): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2157-3891/a000008.

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Abstract. We conceptualized and developed a measure of right-wing protective popular nationalism (RWPPN) – a specific form of popular nationalism where people seek to protect the national culture from outgroup influences. RWPPN is derived from a sociological analysis of right-wing popular nationalism in Australia and is theoretically related to several key psychological constructs, including right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and symbolic threat. We conducted two surveys using nationally representative samples of Australian citizens. In study 1 ( n = 657), participants completed measures of RWPPN and related constructs. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a 10-item scale. Construct validity was tested and confirmed across divergent, convergent, predictive, and concurrent validation domains. Additional convergent validation with RWA and SDO was tested in study 2 ( n = 316). Together, RWPPN was found to relate to expressions of national identity, prejudice, perceived outgroup threat, opposition to multiculturalism, and aggressive tendencies toward ethnic minorities. These effects remained significant when controlling for nationalism (measured as a concern for national superiority) and blind patriotism. In study 2, the effect on aggressive tendencies held when controlling for RWA and SDO and RWPPN mediated the relationship between RWA and aggressive tendencies. Reflecting the conservative nature of Australian popular nationalism, RWPPN correlated with right-wing political alignment. The research was conducted in Australia, but given the rise in right-wing populism internationally, RWPPN may be a phenomenon in other countries. Therefore, this paper offers a new construct and scale to investigate it in Australia and internationally.

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4

Coleborne, Catharine, and Christina Twomey. "‘Challenging White Australia’." Australian Historical Studies 45, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2014.918500.

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5

Nobes, Karen, and Susan Kerrigan. "White noise." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 24 (December 20, 2022): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.24.05.

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First Nations content on commercial Australian television drama is rare and First Nations content makers rarely produce the content we see. Despite a lack of presence on commercial drama platforms there has been, and continues to be, a rich array of First Nations content on Australian public broadcast networks. Content analysis by Screen Australia, the Federal Government agency charged with supporting Australian screen development, production and promotion, aggregates information across the commercial and non-commercial (public broadcasting) platforms which dilutes the non-commercial output. The research presented in this article focused on the systemic processes of commercial Australian television drama production to provide a detailed analysis of the disparity of First Nations content between commercial and non-commercial television. The study engaged with First Nations and non-Indigenous Australian writers, directors, producers, casting agents, casting directors, heads of production, executive producers, broadcast journalists, former channel managers and independent production company executive directors—all exemplars in their fields—to interrogate production processes, script to screen, contributing to inclusion or exclusion of First Nations content in commercial television drama. Our engagement with industry revealed barriers to the inclusion of First Nations stories, and First Nations storytelling, occurring across multiple stages of commercial Australian television drama production.

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6

Martínez, Julia. "INDONESIANS CHALLENGING WHITE AUSTRALIA." Indonesia and the Malay World 40, no. 117 (July 2012): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2012.683678.

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7

Horikawa, Tomoko. "Australia’s Minor Concessions to Japanese Citizens under the White Australia Policy." New Voices in Japanese Studies 12 (August 17, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21159/nvjs.12.01.

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This paper explores concessions made by Australian authorities concerning Japanese immigration during the era of the White Australia Policy in the early twentieth century. Australia’s Immigration Restriction Act was introduced in December 1901. As the major piece of legislation in the White Australia Policy, the act made it virtually impossible for non-Europeans to migrate to Australia. However, Japanese people enjoyed a special position among non-Europeans under the White Australia Policy thanks to Japan’s growing international status as a civilised power at the time, as well as its sustained diplomatic pressure on Australia. While the Commonwealth was determined to exclude Japanese permanent settlers, it sought ways to render the policy of exclusion less offensive to the Japanese. In the early 1900s, two minor modifications to the Immigration Restriction Act were implemented in order to relax the restrictions imposed on Japanese citizens. Moreover, in the application of Commonwealth immigration laws, Japanese people received far more lenient treatment than other non-Europeans and were afforded respect and extra courtesies by Australian officials. Nevertheless, these concessions Australia made to Japanese citizens were minor, and the Commonwealth government maintained its basic policy of excluding Japanese permanent settlers from Australia. This paper shows that, despite continued diplomatic efforts, Japan was fundamentally unable to change pre-war Australia’s basic policy regarding the exclusion of Japanese permanent settlers.

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8

Appetiti, Emanuela. "Black and white Australia, 1770-1970. A History of Dispossession." Revista de Indias 59, no. 217 (December 30, 1999): 837–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revindias.1999.i217.837.

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9

Gao, Jia. "Politics of a Different Kind: Chinese in Immigration Litigation in the Post White Australia Era." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (April 4, 2011): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v3i1.1786.

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The first mass Chinese immigration to Australia occurred in the 19th century, with approximately 100,000 Chinese arriving between the 1840s and 1901 (Fitzgerald 2007; Ho 2007), during which questions were raised both in relation to the Chinese rights of migration and settlement in Australia, and the validity of the government's actions against the Chinese. The latter question was in fact considered in the colonial courts (Cronin 1993; Lake and Reynolds 2008). Since then, the Chinese in Australia have never shied away from taking various legal actions, although they are normally seen as people who keep to themselves. Australia abandoned its 'White Australia' policy in 1974, and lately Australia has placed more emphasis on skilled and business migration. As a result, many believe that Chinese migrants have come to Australia under its normal skilled, business or family migration programs, which ignores the fact that a high proportion of them have obtained their chance to stay in Australia directly or indirectly through a series of legal battles. This paper contributes to the discussion of the Chinese in Australian political life by looking at how the Chinese have fought in the Courts in the post-White Australia era in past decades, and the key features of their unique experiences. This is a different type of political activism, characterising the lives of many Australian Chinese, their engagement with the Australian political system, and becoming part of the background of their identity, transnationality, socio-political attitudes and behaviour and many other traits.

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10

Amella Leuca, Ni Made, Chairul Aftah, and Rendy Wirawan. "Strategi Australia Mengakomodir Politik Rivalitas Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok dalam Australian White Paper 2017." Interdependence Journal of International Studies 2, no. 2 (December 4, 2021): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54144/ijis.v2i2.39.

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Rivalitas Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok menimbulkan dilema kepada Australia, sebab Amerika Serikat adalah mitra utama Australia di bidang pertahanan dan keamanan dan Tiongkok merupakan mitra dagang utama Australia. Respon Amerika Serikat terhadap Kebangkitan Tiongkok menimbulkan rivalitas, Amerika Serikat berupaya mempertahankan pengaruhnya di Asia Pasifik dengan menghasilkan kebijakan Pivot to Asia dan Free and Open Indo Pacific. Sebagai mitra dari kedua negara kekuatan besar, rivalitas dari kedua negara tersebut berdampak pada terganggunya kepentingan Australia, sebab Australia berada ditengah diantara kedua negara yang bersitegang. Kekhawatiran Australia akan terancamnya kepentingan Australia dengan kedua mitra penting tersebut membuat Australia untuk menghasilkan kebijakan Australian White Paper 2017 yaitu kebijakan yang berisikan strategi untuk mengakomodir hubungan bilateral dengan Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok.

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11

Griffiths, Phil, and John Fitzgerald. "Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia." Labour History, no. 94 (2008): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516281.

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12

Ip, David. "Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia." Journal of Chinese Overseas 4, no. 2 (2008): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325408788691318.

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13

Brawley, Sean, and Chris Dixon. "Jim Crow Downunder? African American Encounters with White Australia, 1942––1945." Pacific Historical Review 71, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 607–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2002.71.4.607.

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Between 1941 and 1945, as the U.S. military machine sent millions of Americans——and American culture——around the world, several thousand African Americans spent time in Australia. Armed with little knowledge of Australian racial values and practices, black Americans encoutered a nation whose long-standing commitment to the principle of "White Australia" appeared to rest comfortably with the segregative policies commonly associated with the American South. Nonetheless, while African Americans did encounter racism and discrimination——practices often encouraged by the white Americans who were also stationed in Australia during the war——there is compelling evidence that their experiences were not always negative. Indeed, for many black Americans, Australians' apparent open-mindedness and racial views of white Britons and others with whom African Americans came into contact during the war. Making use of U.S. Army censors' reports and paying attention to black Americans' views of their experiences in Australia, this article not only casts light on an aspect of American-Australian relations that has hitherto recieved scant scholarly attention and reveals something about the African American experience, but also offers insights into race relations within the U.S. armed forces.

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14

Saul, B. "From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration." Journal of Refugee Studies 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/16.4.449.

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15

Price, Charles A., and Marie M. de Lepervanche. "Indians in a White Australia." International Migration Review 22, no. 1 (1988): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546413.

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16

Brawley, Sean. "Finding Home in White Australia." History Australia 11, no. 1 (January 2014): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2014.11668503.

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17

Richards, Eric, Andrew Markus, Sean Brawley, Ann-Mari Jordens, John Lack, and Jacqueline Templeton. "The Spectre of White Australia." Labour History, no. 72 (1997): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516475.

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18

Cawthen, Lisa. "White-striped freetail bat in Tasmania – resident, vagrant or climate change migrant?" Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 2 (2013): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12052.

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The white-striped freetail bat (Austronomus australis) is distributed throughout mainland Australia, but historically has not been known from the island of Tasmania, off south-eastern mainland Australia. Between 2009 and 2012, echolocation calls identified as those of A. australis were recorded in Tasmania during bat call surveys. There are three hypotheses that could explain the discovery of this species in Tasmania: that A. australis is a previously undetected resident; it is a vagrant; or it is undergoing a southwards range expansion or shift. Based on the limited evidence available, including this species’ long-range flight capabilities (including over open water out to sea), I suggest that this species is a periodic vagrant to Tasmania and that monitoring is necessary to identify whether this species is undergoing a southwards range extension into Tasmania.

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19

PERKINS, PHILIP D. "A revision of the water beetle genus Gymnochthebius Orchymont (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) for Australia and Papua New Guinea." Zootaxa 1024, no. 1 (July 29, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1024.1.1.

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The Australian and Papua New Guinean species of the water beetle genus Gymnochthebius Orchymont, 1943, are revised, based on the study of 4,904 specimens. The genus is redescribed, and redescriptions are provided for G. australis (Blackburn), G. brisbanensis (Blackburn), G. clarki (Deane), G. levis (Deane), G. lividus (Deane), G. notalis (Deane), and G. tenebricosus (Deane). Lectotypes are designated for Ochthebius australis Blackburn, 1888, and Ochthebius tenebricosus Deane, 1931. Ochthebius fischeri Deane, 1931, and Ochthebius leai Deane, 1931, are synonymized with Ochthebius australis Blackburn, 1888; Ochthebius flavocinctus Deane 1933, is synonymized with Ochthebius lividus Deane, 1933; and Ochthebius angustipennis Deane, 1931, is synonymized with Ochthebius clarki Deane, 1931. Twenty-nine new species are described, and a key to the 36 species known from Australia and Papua New Guinea is given. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), the male genitalia are illustrated, and Australian geographic distributions are mapped. Only one species, G. clarki, inhabits both Australia and Papua New Guinea; two species, G. bacchusi n. sp. and G. papua n. sp. are endemic to Papua New Guinea; 33 species are endemic to Australia. Members of Gymnochthebius are found at the gravelly/sandy/silty margins of flowing and standing water. A preliminary grouping of species according to microhabitat substrate is presented. Correspondences between ventral morphology and microhabitat preferences suggest that a few species are evolving toward humicolous habits. New species of Gymnochthebius are: G. angulonotus (Queensland, Tinaroo Creek Road via Mareeba), G. bacchusi (Papua New Guinea, Morobe District, c. 7 miles Lae Bulolo Road), G. benesculptus (South Australia, Warburton River, 1 km N White Bull Yard Kalamurina Stn.), G. coruscus (South Australia, Warburton River, 1 km N White Bull Yard Kalamurina Stn.), G. fontinalis (South Australia, Elizabeth (Mound) Springs, 7 km NW Coward Springs R.S.), G. fumosus (New South Wales, Sydney), G. hesperius (Western Australia, Lyndon River Bridge), G. inlineatus (Western Australia, Millstream, creek near Deep Reach), G. lustrosulcus (Queensland, Cloncurry), G. minipunctus (Northern Territory, Palm Valley), G. nanosetus (Northern Territory, Roderick Creek, Gregory National Park), G. nicki (Victoria, Possum Hollow falls, West branch Tarwin River, 5.6 km SSW Allambee), G. nigriceps (South Australia, Mound Spring near Coward Springs), G. papua (Papua New Guinea, Morobe District, ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), G. perpunctus (South Australia, Somme Creek, between Angaston and Sedan), G. pluvipennis (South Australia, Warburton

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20

Alexander, Isabella. "White Law, Black Art." International Journal of Cultural Property 10, no. 2 (January 2001): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739101771305.

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This article examines the issues surrounding the appropriation of indigenous culture, in particular art. It discusses the nature and context of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander art in Australia in order to establish why appropriation and reproduction are important issues. The article outlines some of the ways in which the Australian legal system has attempted to address the problem and looks at the recent introduction of the Label of Authenticity. At the same time, the article places these issues in the context of indigenous self-determination and examines the problematic use of such concepts as “authenticity.” Finally, the article looks beyond the Label of Authenticity and existing law of intellectual and cultural property, to sketch another possible solution to the problem.

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21

LI, XUANKUN, and DAVID K. YEATES. "One hundred years of solitude ended: A second species of Marmasoma White, 1916 (Diptera, Bombyliidae, Bombyliinae, Eclimini) from Australia." Zootaxa 4420, no. 1 (May 14, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4420.1.2.

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Known as a monotypic genus for over a century, Marmasoma White, 1916 is an endemic Australian bee fly genus belonging to the tribe Eclimini of the subfamily Bombyliinae. A new species: Marmasoma hortorum sp. nov. is described based on a series of specimens from Western Australia and South Australia. This new species can be easily distinguished from the congener by the inconspicuous pale wing markings and mostly white to pale yellow scales on the body, as well as characters of both male and female genitalia. M. sumptuosum is found in south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania, and some specimens have been collected on Kangaroo Island, South Australia. M. hortorum sp. nov. occurs in south Western Australia, and a pair of specimens has been taken just north of Port Augusta in South Australia. A key to species of Marmasoma is provided.

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22

Atkinson, David C. "The White Australia Policy, the British Empire, and the World." Britain and the World 8, no. 2 (September 2015): 204–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2015.0191.

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This article recovers the essential imperial and international context of the Immigration Restriction Act in 1901, and argues that the foundational deliberations that produced the White Australia Policy cannot be fully understood without attention to that global perspective. Indeed, the real and potential imperial and international implications of Asian restriction dominated the parliamentary debates and influenced the policy's character and application from the outset. The debate was not about whether to implement a restrictive immigration regime, it was about how to implement that regime, a calculus suffused with a range of imperial and international considerations. This paper therefore argues that the White Australia Policy was a consciously and deliberately imperial and international act that imparted a distinctly global inflection to the Australian nation building project at its inception.

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23

BOROWSKI, ALLAN. "Creating a Virtuous Society: Immigration and Australia's Policies of Multiculturalism." Journal of Social Policy 29, no. 3 (July 2000): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400006036.

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Australia's post-war programme of mass immigration has been accompanied by growing ethnic and racial diversity. This process of diversification accelerated markedly from the 1970s onwards after the abandonment of the White Australia Policy in the 1960s. Despite this diversification, Australia has been able to sustain itself as a peaceful liberal democracy. It is the contention of this article that Australia's policies of multiculturalism have played an important role in contributing to this state of relative peacefulness. This article seeks to assemble some evidence from the Australian experience to ‘test’ the notion that the peacefulness of Australian society may, in some measure, be understood as a product of the contribution of its policies of multiculturalism to engendering and reinforcing those very virtues which liberal democracies require in order to sustain themselves over time.

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24

McLeish, L. J., G. N. Berg, J. M. Hinch, L. V. Nambiar, and M. R. Norton. "Plant parasitic nematodes in white clover and soil from white clover pastures in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96046.

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Summary. Seventeen sites, including locations in all the major white clover growing regions of Australia, were surveyed for the presence of plant parasitic nematodes in autumn and spring 1993. Trifolium repens L. cvv. Haifa and Irrigation, plus 1 other cultivar, were sampled at each site and nematodes extracted from roots, stems and soil. Thirteen genera of plant parasitic nematodes were detected. The clover cyst nematode, Heterodera trifolii, and root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., were each recorded at over 75% of the sites. The most common genera of plant parasitic nematodes detected were Tylenchus, which was present at all sites, and Pratylenchus (root lesion nematode), which was present at all but 1 site. Other plant parasitic nematode genera found included Ditylenchus, Helicotylenchus and Paratylenchus. The widespread presence of nematodes in white clover pastures, and the high populations at some sites, suggest that they may be economically important to the Australian dairy industry.

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25

Larsen, Svend Erik. "Australia between White Australia and Multiculturalism: a World Literature Perspective." Comparative Literature: East & West 1, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2017.1339510.

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26

Affeldt, Stefanie. "The Burden of ‘White’ Sugar: Producing and Consuming Whiteness in Australia." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 439–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2017-0020.

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Abstract This article investigates the history of the Queensland cane sugar industry and its cultural and political relations. It explores the way the sugar industry was transformed from an enterprise drawing on the traditional plantation crop cultivated by an unfree labour force and employing workers into an industry that was an important, symbolical element of ‘White Australia’ that was firmly grounded in the cultural, political, nationalist, and racist reasoning of the day. The demographic and social changes drew their incitement and legitimation from the ‘White Australia’ culture that was represented in all social strata. Australia was geographically remote but culturally close to the mother country and was assigned a special position as a lone outpost of Western culture. This was aggravated by scenarios of allegedly imminent invasions by the surrounding Asian powers, which further urged cane sugar’s transformation from a ‘black’ to a ‘white man’s industry’. As a result, during the sugar strikes of the early 20th century, the white Australian sugar workers were able to emphasize their ‘whiteness’ to press for improvements in wages and working conditions. Despite being a matter of constant discussion, the public acceptance of the ‘white sugar campaign’ was reflected by the high consumption of sugar. Moreover, the industry was lauded for its global uniqueness and its significance to the Australian nation. Eventually, the ‘burden’ of ‘white sugar’ was a monetary, but even more so moral support of an industry that was supposed to provide a solution to population politics, support the national defence, and symbolize the technological advancement and durability of the ‘white race’ in a time of crisis.

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27

Fathi, Romain. "The (Great) War for White Australia." History Australia 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2019.1582444.

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28

Bulbeck, Chilla. "The ‘white worrier’ in South Australia." Journal of Sociology 40, no. 4 (December 2004): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783304048379.

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In his analysis of ‘paranoid nationalism’, Hage (2003: xii, 2) coins the figure of the ‘white worrier’ to identify how white Australians marginalized by the inequalities of economic rationalism and globalization displace their anxieties onto even weaker ‘others’, Aboriginal people and migrants, particularly refugees. Hage’s ideas are applied to the discourses used by young South Australians when they discuss Australian multiculturalism, immigration and reconciliation. Hage’s suggestion that white worrying is the response of the white working class male to his economic and ideological marginalization is only partially supported in this sample of young people. While those from non-English speaking and Indigenous backgrounds are much less likely to be ‘paranoid nationalists’, fear and loathing of the other are expressed across the socio-economic spectrum of young ‘white’ Australians, with exposure to a university education, either on the part of respondents or their parents, being the main antidote to hostile attitudes to the ‘other’.

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29

Hage, Ghassan. "Multiculturalism and white paranoia in Australia." Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 3, no. 3-4 (September 2002): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-002-1023-6.

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30

Van Heekeren, Margaret. "Charles Brunsdon Fletcher, the Sydney Morning Herald, Australia, Asia and the Pacific." Media International Australia 157, no. 1 (November 2015): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515700115.

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Based on the premise of journalism as a text resulting from intellectual endeavour, this article undertakes a sustained examination of the thought of author and newspaper editor Charles Brunsdon Fletcher (1859–1946) in relation to Asia and the Pacific. It examines three books and lead newspaper editorials published during Fletcher's time as editor of the Brisbane Courier (1898–1903) and the Sydney Morning Herald (1918–37). Fletcher argued that geographic proximity necessitated closer ties between Australia and her neighbours, while the White Australia policy had restricted Australia's potential for economic and population growth – particularly in the tropical north. Such views placed Fletcher among a small but articulate movement of the period, which encouraged greater understanding of Australia's regional neighbours. In identifying such sentiment in newspaper editorials, this research reveals greater diversity in opinion in Australian journalism on migration and race than was previously known.

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31

Holz, Peter, Jasmin Hufschmid, Wayne S. J. Boardman, Phillip Cassey, Simon Firestone, Lindy F. Lumsden, Thomas A. A. Prowse, Terry Reardon, and Mark Stevenson. "Does the fungus causing white-nose syndrome pose a significant risk to Australian bats?" Wildlife Research 46, no. 8 (2019): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18194.

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Abstract ContextPseudogymnoascus destructans is the fungus responsible for white-nose syndrome (WNS), which has killed millions of hibernating bats in North America, but also occurs in bats in Europe and China without causing large-scale population effects. This is likely to be due to differences in species susceptibility and behaviour, and environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity. Pseudogymnoascus destructans is currently believed to be absent from Australia. AimsTo ascertain the level of risk that white-nose syndrome poses for Australian bats. Methods This risk analysis examines the likelihood that P. destructans enters Australia, the likelihood of the fungus coming in contact with native bats on successful entry, and the potential consequences should this occur. Key results This risk assessment concluded that it is very likely to almost certain that P. destructans will enter Australia, and it is likely that bats will be exposed to the fungus over the next 10 years. Eight cave-dwelling bat species from southern Australia are the ones most likely to be affected. ConclusionsThe risk was assessed as medium for the critically endangered southern bent-winged bat (Miniopterus orianae bassanii), because any increase in mortality could affect its long-term survival. The risk to other species was deemed to range from low to very low, owing to their wider distribution, which extends beyond the P. destructans risk zone. Implications Although Australia’s milder climate may preclude the large mortality events seen in North America, the fungus could still significantly affect Australian bat populations, particularly bent-winged bats. Active surveillance is required to confirm Australia’s continuing WNS-free status, and to detect the presence of P. destructans should it enter the country. Although White-nose Syndrome Response Guidelines have been developed by Wildlife Health Australia to assist response agencies in the event of an incursion of WNS into bats in Australia, these guidelines would be strengthened by further research to characterise Australian cave temperatures and hibernating bat biology, such as length of torpor bouts and movement over winter. Risk-mitigation strategies should focus on education programs that target cavers, show-cave managers and tourists, particularly those who have visited regions where WNS is known to occur.

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32

Laing, Kate. "‘The White Australia Nettle’: women’s internationalism, peace, and the White Australia Policy in the interwar years." History Australia 14, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2017.1319736.

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33

JACOBSEN, IAN P., and MIKE B. BENNETT. "A Taxonomic Review of the Australian Butterfly Ray Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) and Other Members of the family Gymnuridae (Order Rajiformes) from the Indo-West Pacific." Zootaxa 2228, no. 1 (September 11, 2009): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2228.1.1.

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The taxonomy of G. australis was examined as part of a wider review of Indo-West Pacific Gymnuridae species. The study revealed two distinct morphological variants: G. australis var. eastern Australia and G. australis var. northern Australia. Gymnrua australis var. eastern Australia has ≤ 3 complete or partially-complete white tail-bands and may or may not have a dorsal fin. Gymnura australis var. northern Australia has a longer tail region, always possesses a dorsal fin and has ≥ 4 predominantly complete white tail-bands. Morphological and genetic comparisons indicate the observed differences were intraspecific (1.22% genetic gap difference). Wider morphometric comparisons between Indo-West Pacific gymnurids, revealed species differ principally in tail morphology. Dorsal-fin development in G. zonura also varied intraspecifically. Results obtained from the study, help clarify the taxonomic status of the family and provide strong evidence that all Gymnuridae species belong to a single genus Gymnura, with Aetoplatea subsequently defined as a junior synonym.

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34

Jupp, James. "Big White Lie: Chinese Australians in White Australia. John Fitzgerald." China Journal 59 (January 2008): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/tcj.59.20066413.

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35

Driskell, Amy C., Stephen Pruett-Jones, Keith A. Tarvin, and Sarah Hagevik. "Evolutionary relationships among blue- and black-plumaged populations of the white-winged fairy-wren (Malurus leucopterus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 6 (2002): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02019.

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The white-winged fairy-wren (Malurus leucopterus) exhibits striking plumage colour variation between the Australian mainland and two islands (Dirk Hartog Island and Barrow Island) off the coast of Western Australia. Adult males on the mainland are bright blue with white wings and adult males on the two islands are black with white wings. To examine evolutionary relationships within this species, we sequenced 980 base pairs of two mitochondrial genes from 34 individuals from both islands and five mainland sites. Birds on Barrow Island were the most genetically distinct. Specimens from Dirk Hartog shared a unique character with, and were most similar to, birds from the Western Australian mainland. The black-and- white-plumaged subspecies from the two islands were not each other's closest relatives. Mapping of plumage evolution produced two equally parsimonious hypotheses: (1) black plumage arose from blue plumage convergently on the two islands, or (2) black plumage arose from blue plumage once and was followed by a re-evolution of blue plumage in mainland Western Australia birds. Levels of genetic differentiation in this species were low but genetic differentiation was discovered between morphologically identical eastern and western populations of the mainland subspecies, which is evidence for a current barrier to gene flow on mainland Australia.

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36

Kwok, Jen Tsen, and Juliet Pietsch. "The Political Representation of Asian-Australian Populations since the End of White Australia." AAPI Nexus: Policy, Practice and Community 15, no. 1-2 (September 2017): 109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/1545-0317.15.1.109.

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The racial and ethnic landscape in Australia has changed markedly since the beginning of the postwar migration period in which migrants arrived from Europe, and later from Asia in the late 1970s. While Australians with European ancestry have gradually made it into state and federal parliament, there has been less visibility for Australians of Asian descent. This article provides an overview of demographic migration trends and levels of Asian-Australian political representation in state and federal politics, drawing on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and parliamentary websites. In doing so, we reflect on why political representation of Asian-Australian populations appears to be lagging so far behind.

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37

Freeman, Gary P. "Book Review: From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration." International Migration Review 38, no. 3 (September 2004): 1262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00235.xe.

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38

Ford, J. L., G. R. Cousins, Z. Jahufer, I. J. Baird, D. R. Woodfield, and B. A. Barrett. "Grasslands Legacy - a new, large-leaved white clover cultivar with broad adaption." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (January 1, 2015): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.458.

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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) continues to play a pivotal role in the Australasian pastoral industry, despite increased use of nitrogen fertiliser on farms. Improved white clovers for dairy farming must be well adapted to the farm systems they are intended for, including increased rates of fertiliser nitrogen, higher stocking rates and access to irrigation. The breeding objective was to develop a white clover cultivar in evaluation systems that simulate modern farming practices, and test that cultivar in both New Zealand and Australia for adaptation and agronomic merit. This included breeding and early generation evaluation at research farms in the Manawatu and Waikato, with subsequent evaluations in these locations and farms in Southland and Victoria, Australia. This resulted in 'Grasslands Legacy', a new large leaved white clover cultivar bred for New Zealand and eastern temperate Australian pastures, which has shown significant (P

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39

O'Connell, Deirdre. "Contesting White Australia: Black Jazz Musicians in a White Man's Country." Australian Historical Studies 47, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2016.1163725.

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40

Dousset, Laurent, and Tim Rowse. "White Flour, White Power: From Rations to Citizenship in Central Australia." Pacific Affairs 72, no. 4 (1999): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2672431.

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41

Nelson, Jacqueline K., Maria Hynes, Scott Sharpe, Yin Paradies, and Kevin Dunn. "Witnessing Anti-White ‘Racism’: White Victimhood and ‘Reverse Racism’ in Australia." Journal of Intercultural Studies 39, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2018.1459516.

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42

Brock, Peggy, and Tim Rowse. "White Flour, White Power: From Rations to Citizenship in Central Australia." American Historical Review 104, no. 4 (October 1999): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649606.

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43

Moran, Anthony. "White Australia, Settler Nationalism and Aboriginal Assimilation*." Australian Journal of Politics and History 51, no. 2 (June 2005): 168–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2005.00369.x.

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44

Dobell, Graeme. "Lee Kuan Yew, Australia and ‘white trash’." Australian Journal of International Affairs 69, no. 4 (July 2, 2015): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2015.1042834.

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45

Price, Charles A. "Book Review: Indians in a White Australia." International Migration Review 22, no. 1 (March 1988): 159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838802200120.

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46

Reece, Nicholas. "Australia after the Asian Century White Paper." Australian Economic Review 47, no. 3 (September 2014): 350–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12080.

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47

Christie, M. J. "Aboriginal Modes of Behaviour in White Australia." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 13, no. 5 (November 1985): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014012.

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48

Walter, Maggie, Sandra Taylor, and Daphne Habibis. "How White is Social Work in Australia?" Australian Social Work 64, no. 1 (March 2011): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0312407x.2010.510892.

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49

Affeldt, Stefanie, and Wulf D. Hund. "Conflicts in racism: Broome and White Australia." Race & Class 61, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396819871412.

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This study examines the character of racism as a social relation. As such, racism is continuously produced and modified, not only culturally and ideologically but also in social interaction. Understanding racism and its repercussions demands close investigation of all the processes involved. An instructive example is an incident that unfolded in the early 1910s in Broome, Western Australia. The exemption from immigration restriction of a Japanese doctor raised tempers at a time when the nationwide aspiration for a racially homogeneous society determined political and social attitudes, and ‘whiteness’ was a crucial element of Australianness. The possibility of admitting a Japanese professional to a town that was already suspected of race chaos fuelled debates about the question of ‘coloured labour’ and the ‘yellow peril’, while challenging the unambiguousness of class and race boundaries. The influence and wealth of some Japanese, the indispensable position of their compatriots in the pearling industry, and the skills and reputation of their doctor, supplemented with the distinct racial pride of the whole Japanese community, proved to massively impede and disrupt the unrestricted implementation of white supremacy.

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50

Koerner, Catherine. "Learning the past to participate in the future." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v6i2.101.

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Indigenous curricula content, including particular narratives of Australian colonial history are highly contested in contemporary Australia. How do white Australians understand Australia’s colonial past and its relevance today? An empirical study was conducted with 29 rural Australians who self-identified as white. Critical race and whiteness studies provided the framework for analysis of the interviews. I argue that they revealed a delimited understanding of colonial history and a general inability to link this to the present, which limited their capacity to think crossculturally in their everyday living - activities considered crucial in the contemporary move to Reconciliation in Australia. The normative discourse of white settler Australians to be ‘Australian’ is invested in the denial of Indigenous sovereignty to protect white settler Australian claims to national sovereignty. The findings support arguments for a national curriculum that incorporates Indigenous history as well as an Indigenous presence throughout all subject areas.

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