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Journal articles on the topic 'Whistled Speech'
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1
Belyk, Michel, Benjamin G. Schultz, Joao Correia, Deryk S. Beal, and Sonja A. Kotz. "Whistling shares a common tongue with speech: bioacoustics from real-time MRI of the human vocal tract." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1911 (September 25, 2019): 20191116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1116.
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Most human communication is carried by modulations of the voice. However, a wide range of cultures has developed alternative forms of communication that make use of a whistled sound source. For example, whistling is used as a highly salient signal for capturing attention, and can have iconic cultural meanings such as the catcall, enact a formal code as in boatswain's calls or stand as a proxy for speech in whistled languages. We used real-time magnetic resonance imaging to examine the muscular control of whistling to describe a strong association between the shape of the tongue and the whistled frequency. This bioacoustic profile parallels the use of the tongue in vowel production. This is consistent with the role of whistled languages as proxies for spoken languages, in which one of the acoustical features of speech sounds is substituted with a frequency-modulated whistle. Furthermore, previous evidence that non-human apes may be capable of learning to whistle from humans suggests that these animals may have similar sensorimotor abilities to those that are used to support speech in humans.
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Tran Ngoc, Anaïs, Fanny Meunier, and Julien Meyer. "Testing perceptual flexibility in speech through the categorization of whistled Spanish consonants by French speakers." JASA Express Letters 2, no. 9 (September 2022): 095201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0013900.
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Whistled speech is a form of modified speech where, in non-tonal languages, vowels and consonants are augmented and transposed to whistled frequencies, simplifying their timbre. According to previous studies, these transformations maintain some level of vowel recognition for naive listeners. Here, in a behavioral experiment, naive listeners' capacities for the categorization of four whistled consonants (/p/, /k/, /t/, and /s/) were analyzed. Results show patterns of correct responses and confusions that provide new insights into whistled speech perception, highlighting the importance of frequency modulation cues, transposed from phoneme formants, as well as the perceptual flexibility in processing these cues.
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Sicoli, Mark A. "Repair organization in Chinantec whistled speech." Language 92, no. 2 (2016): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2016.0028.
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Meyer, Julien. "Environmental and Linguistic Typology of Whistled Languages." Annual Review of Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030444.
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Whistled forms of languages are distributed worldwide and survive only in some of the most remote villages on the planet. They are not limited to a given continent, language family, or language structure, but they have been detected only sporadically by researchers and travelers, partly because they can be taken for nonlinguistic phenomena, such as simple signaling. Whistled speech consists of speaking while whistling to communicate at a long distance. The result is a melody that imitates modal speech and that remains intelligible for the interlocutors. This review proposes a typology of this special, little-known, natural speech type and takes socio-environmental and linguistic aspects into consideration. The amazing potential of this phenomenon to provide an alternative point of view into language diversity and speech offers a unique occasion to revisit human language with original insights embracing the adaptive flexibility that characterizes speech production and perception.
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Verhoef, Tessa. "The origins of duality of patterning in artificial whistled languages." Language and Cognition 4, no. 4 (December 2012): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog-2012-0019.
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AbstractIn human speech, a finite set of basic sounds is combined into a (potentially) unlimited set of well-formed morphemes. Hockett (1960) placed this phenomenon under the term ‘duality of patterning’ and included it as one of the basic design features of human language. Of the thirteen basic design features Hockett proposed, duality of patterning is the least studied and it is still unclear how it evolved in language. Recent work shedding light on this is summarized in this paper and experimental data is presented. This data shows that combinatorial structure can emerge in an artificial whistled language through cultural transmission as an adaptation to human cognitive biases and learning. In this work the method of experimental iterated learning (Kirby et al. 2008) is used, in which a participant is trained on the reproductions of the utterances the previous participant learned. Participants learn and recall a system of sounds that are produced with a slide whistle. Transmission from participant to participant causes the whistle systems to change and become more learnable and more structured. These findings follow from qualitative observations, quantitative measures and a follow-up experiment that tests how well participants can learn the emerged whistled languages by generalizing from a few examples.
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Belyk, Michel, Joseph F. Johnson, and Sonja A. Kotz. "Poor neuro-motor tuning of the human larynx: a comparison of sung and whistled pitch imitation." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (April 2018): 171544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171544.
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Vocal imitation is a hallmark of human communication that underlies the capacity to learn to speak and sing. Even so, poor vocal imitation abilities are surprisingly common in the general population and even expert vocalists cannot match the precision of a musical instrument. Although humans have evolved a greater degree of control over the laryngeal muscles that govern voice production, this ability may be underdeveloped compared with control over the articulatory muscles, such as the tongue and lips, volitional control of which emerged earlier in primate evolution. Human participants imitated simple melodies by either singing (i.e. producing pitch with the larynx) or whistling (i.e. producing pitch with the lips and tongue). Sung notes were systematically biased towards each individual's habitual pitch, which we hypothesize may act to conserve muscular effort. Furthermore, while participants who sung more precisely also whistled more precisely, sung imitations were less precise than whistled imitations. The laryngeal muscles that control voice production are under less precise control than the oral muscles that are involved in whistling. This imprecision may be due to the relatively recent evolution of volitional laryngeal-motor control in humans, which may be tuned just well enough for the coarse modulation of vocal-pitch in speech.
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Caughley, Ross C. "Glottalic and pitch features in Chepang and Bhujel." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 45, no. 2 (November 4, 2022): 230–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.22001.cau.
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Abstract This paper looks at two closely related Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal, Chepang and Bhujel, in relation to certain supra-segmental features they possess which are involved in the distinction of minimal pairs. Since these features include pitch and glottalisation, the possible phonemic analyses of these in terms of either a supra-segmental solution (tone) or a segmental one (glottal plosive) are discussed. Given the latter, a non-tonal analysis for the present state of these languages, and the possibilities of one or both of these becoming tonal languages in the future, are considered. Also, Chepang is unusual in possessing a whistled form of speech and the relation of this to the spoken language is described. These features are exemplified in the Appendices by waveforms, fundamental frequency (F0) contours and spectrogram illustrations, and also by sound files.
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R.K. Bsharat, Tahani, and Baraa A.A. Abed. "DOES THE EDUCATIONAL DRAMA METHODS AND TECHNIQUES EXIST IN ISLAM AND USED BY THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH)? AN EXPLORATORY STUDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 01 (January 31, 2022): 1246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14170.
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Michael Hart spent 28 years writing a book called The Hundred Greats and after he finished writing it, he announced in his lecture in London about the greatest personality in history, and the audience whistled at him and interrupted him with protest and screaming so that his speech would not be completed... saying: [The man stopped in a small village, which is Mecca. He said to the people in it: I am the Messenger of God to you... I came to perfect your morals. So he believed with him four. His wife, a friend, and two children! Now, after 1400 years, the number of Muslims has exceeded one and a half billion, and every day it is increasing. It cannot be a liar because no lie lives 1400 years. No one can ever deceive more than a billion and a half people. There is one more thing. Despite the passage of this long time, there are millions of Muslims who are ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of a word that affects their Prophet. He is the greatest character in history(Hart,1978). furthermore, educational drama exists in Islam and our prophet Muhammad PBUH used the Drama and its techniques such as acting, Role-play, Mime, Simulations, practice, repeat things, and story-telling and all of these methods and techniques related to Drama.
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R.K., Tahani, and Baraa A. Abed. "DOES THE EDUCATIONAL DRAMA METHODS AND TECHNIQUES EXIST IN ISLAM AND USED BY THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH)? AN EXPLORATORY STUDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 02 (February 28, 2022): 1229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14337.
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Michael Hart spent 28 years writing a book called The Hundred Greats and after he finished writing it, he announced in his lecture in London about the greatest personality in history, and the audience whistled at him and interrupted him with protest and screaming so that his speech would not be completed... saying: [The man stopped in a small village, which is Mecca. He said to the people in it: I am the Messenger of God to you... I came to perfect your morals. So he believed with him four. His wife, a friend, and two children! Now, after 1400 years, the number of Muslims has exceeded one and a half billion, and every day it is increasing. It cannot be a liar because no lie lives 1400 years. No one can ever deceive more than a billion and a half people. There is one more thing. Despite the passage of this long time, there are millions of Muslims who are ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of a word that affects their Prophet. He is the greatest character in history(Hart,1978). furthermore, educational drama exists in Islam and our prophet Muhammad PBUH used the Drama and its techniques such as acting, Role-play, Mime, Simulations, practice, repeat things, and story-telling and all of these methods and techniques related to Drama.
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Barker, Rachel, and R. Dawood. "Whistle blowing in the organization." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 23, no. 2 (October 24, 2022): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v23i2.1771.
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In his speech at the Anti-corruption Summit Conference in Cape Town in 1998, the deputypresident of South Africa said that the culture of entitlement, so prevalent in ourcommunity, had contributed to the ‘name it, claim it’ syndrome where individuals soughtan elusive moral justification for engaging in criminal activity and that public servantswere obliged to serve the public with integrity (Speech of the …: 1998 [O]).Although the problem of corruption can be traced back to the 1960s in America and the1980s in South Africa, the concept of whistle blowing has become an importantphenomenon in modern organizations in the last decade. Subsequently, it is clear thatthe concept of whistle blowing should be conceptualized in terms of a theoreticalframework to provide a context for the analysis thereof. The main aim of this article istherefore to conduct an exploratory study, based on a comprehensive literature review,to explore, elucidate and critically assess the current status of whistle blowing in SouthAfrica. The first section of this article explores the development and theoretical perspectiveson the concept, and proposes perspectives on whistle blowing as a communicationphenomenon. The second section deals with the current status of whistle blowing inSouth Africa in terms of legislation and ethical considerations. The last sectionoperationalizes the whistle blowing process and proposes criteria for dealing with whistleblowing in the organization.
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Yuan, Jing, Chenxiao Li, Qiao Wang, Ying Han, Jialinqing Wang, Zhima Zeren, Jianping Huang, Jilin Feng, Xuhui Shen, and Yali Wang. "Lightning Whistler Wave Speech Recognition Based on Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111828.
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The recognition algorithm of the lightning whistler wave, based on intelligent speech, is the key technology to break the bottleneck of massive data and study the temporal and spatial variation rules of the lightning whistler wave. However, its recognition effect depends on the hyperparameters determined by manual experiments repeatedly, which takes a great deal of time and cannot guarantee the best recognition effect of the model. Therefore, we proposed the lightning whistler wave recognition algorithm based on grey wolf optimization (GWO). In this paper, the GWO algorithm is used to automatically find the best value of hyperparameters of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) in their limited searching space. Here we consider the number of hidden units (hu) and learning rate (lr) as the hyperparameters to be optimized, and the spatial coordinate (hu, lr) as the grey wolf position. By the end of the GWO process, we obtain the position of the wolf king α with the optimal hu and lr searched by the GWO algorithm. Then we use the optimal hu and lr to configure LSTM and perform supervised learning on the train set to obtain the final lightning whistler wave speech recognition model. Through experimental verification, the recognition model based on the GWO not only overcomes the uncertainty of the traditional model relying on manual finetuning of parameters and realizes the mechanism of automatic search and acquisition of hyperparameters, but also its recognition effect improves by about 2% in accuracy, F1score, and other metrics compared with the model trained by manually setting hyperparameters.
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Redding, W. Charles. "Rocking boats, blowing whistles, and teaching speech communication." Communication Education 34, no. 3 (July 1985): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634528509378613.
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Huang, X. D. "An overview of Microsoft’s Whistler text‐to‐speech system." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 2 (February 1999): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424922.
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Li, Yalan, Jing Yuan, Jie Cao, Yaohui Liu, Jianping Huang, Bin Li, Qiao Wang, et al. "Spaceborne Algorithm for Recognizing Lightning Whistler Recorded by an Electric Field Detector Onboard the CSES Satellite." Atmosphere 14, no. 11 (October 30, 2023): 1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14111633.
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The electric field detector of the CSES satellite has captured a vast number of lightning whistler events. To recognize them effectively from the massive amount of electric field detector data, a recognition algorithm based on speech technology has attracted attention. However, this approach has failed to recognize the lightning whistler events which are contaminated by other low-frequency electromagnetic disturbances. To overcome this limitation, we apply the single-channel blind source separation method and audio recognition approach to develop a novel model, which consists of two stages. (1) The training stage: Firstly, we preprocess the electric field detector wave data into the audio fragment. Then, for each audio fragment, mel-frequency cepstral coefficients are extracted and input into the long short-term memory network for training the novel lightning whistler recognition model. (2) The inference stage: Firstly, we process each audio fragment with the single-channel blind source to generate two different sub-signals. Then, for each sub-signal, the mel-frequency cepstral coefficient features are extracted and input into the lightning whistler recognition model to recognize the lightning whistler. Finally, the two results above are processed by decision fusion to obtain the final recognition result. Experimental results based on the electric field detector data of the CSES satellite demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Compared with classical methods, the accuracy, recall, and F1-score of this algorithm can be increased by 17%, 62.2%, and 50%, respectively. However, the time cost only increases by 0.41 s.
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Neugarten, Julia. "The Whistle Stop Café and Luke’s Diner." Digital Literature Review 8, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/dlr.8.1.71-81.
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This paper compares the Whistle Stop Café in Fanny Flagg’s 1987 novel Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Café to Luke’s Diner in the pilot episode of the TV show Gilmore Girls (2000). I argue that the two cafes are similar in that both offer up a utopian space where women can be themselves, enact their desires and speak their minds without fear of judgement or violence. Through a comparison of the two, I also show the ways in which gendered power dynamics have changed over time: while the Whistle Stop Café provides a refuge from male violence, Luke's Diner functions as a space in which women can exert their own agency through speech, thus keeping the threat of male violence at bay. My analysis shows that the culinary space of the café or diner contains traditionally feminine elements through its association with food and cooking as well as traditionally masculine elements through its presence in the public sphere.
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Nidhi, Aditi, and Nideesh Kumar TV. "Right to Information and Whistle Blower: A Journey from Theory to Practice." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8i1.2435.
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History is witness to the fact that there have always been informers who reveal inside information to others. Ancient Greeks talked about whistleblowing centuries before. Lykourgos, the Athenian orator, in his speech against Leokratis said: neither laws nor judges can bring any results unless someone denounces the wrongdoers. Even in Ancient India, the concept of a Whistle blower was in existence, Kautilya proposed- “Any informant (súchaka) who supplies information about embezzlement just under perpetration shall, if he succeeds in proving it, get as reward one-sixth of the amount in question; if he happens to be a government servant (bhritaka), he shall get for the same act one-twelfth of the amount.Whistle blowers play an important role in fighting corruption, in protecting the public and the environment from harm, and in providing accountability for the violation of legal norms. When an individual blows the whistle on alleged wrongdoing, he/she may suffer severe financial consequences. The law recognizes the social good that can come from whistleblowing by providing some protection for them and encouraging such conduct in a variety of ways.Even so, whistle blowers continue to occupy a fundamentally ambivalent position in society. Some whistle blowers are celebrated for their courage and self-sacrifice in protecting society from harm. But at the same time, many whistle blowers experience financial and social retaliation. This ambivalence is reflected in the law of whistleblowing: both its limited scope and how it operates. The law offers whistle blowers some legal protection, but government officials who are responsible for administering those laws often find ways to narrow that protection. Thus, even the most robust legal protection cannot protect whistle blowers from the social consequences of their action.While whistle blowers can play a critical role in protecting the public, they often pay an enormous personal price. The article will seek to aid an understanding of how different policy purposes, approaches, and legal options can be combined in the design of better legislation. It provides a guide to key elements of the new legislation, as an example of legislative development taking place over a long period, informed by different trends.
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Lavan, Helen, and Marsha Katz. "Disciplining Employees for Free Speech, Whistle Blowing, and Political Activities." Journal of Individual Employment Rights 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1774-qt00-j648-2238.
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Shipp, Thomas, Per-Aka Lindestad, Frances MacCurtain, John S. Walker, and Graham F. Welch. "Whistle register and falsetto voice." Journal of Voice 2, no. 2 (January 1988): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-1997(88)80072-9.
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Sweet, Sierra J., Stephen C. Van Hedger, and Laura J. Batterink. "Of words and whistles: Statistical learning operates similarly for identical sounds perceived as speech and non-speech." Cognition 242 (January 2024): 105649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105649.
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Ciocca, Valter, Albert S. Bregman, and Kathleen L. Capreol. "The Phonetic Integration of Speech and Non-speech Sounds: Effects of Perceived Location." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 44, no. 3 (April 1992): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749208401299.
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The third-formant (F3) transition of a three-formant /da/ or /ga/ syllable was extracted and replaced by sine-wave transitions that followed the F3 centre frequency. The syllable without the F3 transition (base) was always presented at the left ear, and a /da/ (falling) or /ga/ (rising) sine-wave transition could be presented at either the left, the right, or both ears. The listeners perceived the base as a syllable, and the sine-wave transition as a non-speech whistle, which was lateralized near the left ear, the right ear, or the middle of the head, respectively. In Experiment 1, the sine-wave transition strongly influenced the identity of the syllable only when it was lateralized at the same ear as the base (left ear). Phonetic integration between the base and the transitions became weak, but was not completely eliminated, when the latter was perceived near the middle of the head or at the opposite ear as the base (right ear). The second experiment replicated these findings by using duplex stimuli in which the level of the sine-wave transitions was such that the subjects could not reliably tell whether a /da/ or a /ga/ transition was present at the same ear as the base. This condition was introduced in order to control for the possibility that the subjects could have identified the syallables by associating a rising or falling transition presented at the left ear with a /da/ or /ga/ percept. Alternative suggestions about the relation between speech and non-speech perceptual processes are discussed on the basis of these results.
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Marshalla, Pam. "Horns, whistles, bite blocks, and straws: A review of tools/objects used in articulation therapy by van Riper and other traditional therapists." International Journal of Orofacial Myology 37, no. 1 (November 1, 2011): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52010/ijom.2011.37.1.6.
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The use of tools and other objects in articulation therapy has been bundled into new groups of activities called “nonspeech oral motor exercises” (NSOME) and ‘nonspeech oral motor treatments’ (NSOMT) by some authors. The purveyors of these new terms suggest that there is no proof that such objects aid speech learning, and they have cautioned students and professionals about their use. Speech-language pathologists are trying to reconcile these cautions with basic Van Riper type therapy routines. The purpose of this literature review was to summarize the ways in which tools/objects were used by Van Riper and other speech professionals between 1939 and 1968. Fourteen textbooks were selected for review. Van Riper and other developers of traditional articulation therapy regularly used a wide variety of tools/objects in articulation therapy. Tools/objects were used when other auditory, linguistic, and cognitive means failed to stimulate correct phoneme productions. To call these activities “non-speech” methods seems to misrepresent the historic purpose objects have served in articulation therapy. More empirical research is required in this area.
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Miscione, Gianluca. "Digital organizing outside organizations, WikiLeaks’ whistle and Snowden’s flute." puntOorg International Journal 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19245/25.05.pij.8.2.1.
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Research on information and organization is used to highlight how organizations and their practices are digitalized. In this contribution, the opposite angle is taken: the focus is on how values and organizing practices originated on the internet avoid, encounter, and clash – not without controversies – with existing organizations. WikiLeaks and Snowden’s revelations regarding governments’ secret activities marked a breakdown in journalist organizations, just as they have been having largely unimaginable consequences including the widely spreading adoption of cryptography and the European Union GDPR. The peculiar ways in which WikiLeaks and Snowden pulled together people and information technologies exemplify two distinct modes of digital organizing: one more closely derived from the original culture of the internet based on radical openness, the other more sensitive to broadly established Western institutions such as freedom of speech and freedom of the press. The contrast between these distinct modes of organizing suggests that recognizable narratives fill the gaps left open by the diverse social orders spanned by digital infrastructures. Overall, these case studies illustrate some peculiarities of digital transformation in contemporary organizations and societies.
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Coleman, Gabriella. "How has the fight for anonymity and privacy advanced since Snowden’s whistle-blowing?" Media, Culture & Society 41, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719843867.
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This article examines the legal, social, and political forces in a post-Snowden era that clarified the stakes around privacy and anonymity all while pulling more people into the orbit of a contemporary privacy and anonymity movement. It compares and contrasts the 100-year period in which US courts fleshed out free speech ideals and recent grass-roots privacy and anonymity initiatives that have come to reach a critical mass, highlighting the importance of civil society, journalists, and especially hackers whose aggressive pursuit of practical solutions have created the conditions for acting anonymously and securing privacy in our current era.
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Walker, J. Steven. "An investigation of the whistle register in the female voice." Journal of Voice 2, no. 2 (January 1988): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-1997(88)80070-5.
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Herzel, Hanspeter, and Robert Reuter. "Whistle Register and Biphonation in a Child’s Voice." Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 49, no. 5 (1997): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000266458.
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Hamdalah, Mutiara. "Looking for Justice in the Black Cloud: Providing Justice for Victims of Sexual Harassment in Indonesia." Semarang State University Undergraduate Law and Society Review 2, no. 2 (July 22, 2022): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/lsr.v2i2.53755.
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According to Komnas Perempuan, sexual harassment is a sexual act through physical or non-physical touch that targets the sexual organs or sexuality of the victim. This includes using whistles, flirting, sexually suggestive speech, displaying pornographic material and sexual desires, touching or touching body parts, gestures or gestures of a sexual nature that cause discomfort, be offended, feel humiliated, and possibly cause health problems. and safety. The law also has its own interpretation of sexual harassment. In the Criminal Code (KUHP) there is no term sexual harassment, but in Article 289 to Article 296 of the Criminal Code it is called obscenity. R. Soesilo in the book “KUHP and its comments”, sexual harassment includes acts that violate a sense of decency, or other vile acts, and all of them are in an environment of sexual lust. For example, kissing, groping the genitals, groping the breasts and so on. The term sexual harassment, according to Ratna, refers to sexual harassment which is defined as unwelcome attention or legally defined as an imposition of unwelcome sexual demands or creation of sexually offensive environments.
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Erbal, Ayda. "The Armenian Genocide, AKA the Elephant in the Room." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 4 (October 14, 2015): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000987.
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The summer of 2015 will perhaps be remembered as a watershed moment in the annals of racism in the United States. What had been normalized for decades by the southern states and giant retailers in “postracist” America was institutionally delegitimized almost overnight. Upping the ante, the department store giant Macy's announced it will discontinue Donald Trump merchandise because of Trump's racist remarks. A mere half century after the 1964 Civil Rights Act, in a perfect act of Foucauldian governmentality and market regulation from above, American business interests aggressively interfered in redefining the discursive and symbolic boundaries of the new mainstream normativity and truth in the United States. One can safely say that symbolic and actual denial of slavery and racist essentialism as normalized discourses in mainstream US culture and scholarship took another institutional blow, even though some reactionary book review here and there can still make its way into the mainstream, and even though defeating “dog whistle politics” is much more difficult than defeating outright racist symbols or speech.
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Dalola, Amanda. "#YouAreWhatYouTweetCHHH: Identity and fricative epithesis in French-language tweets." Journal of French Language Studies 32, no. 2 (July 2022): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269522000047.
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AbstractPhrase-final fricative epithesis (PFFE), often indicated in informal writing with a final -h or -ch, e.g. beaucoup_h, oui_ch, is a sociophonetic variable of Hexagonal French in which utterance-final vowels give way to intense fricative-like whistles. Production research has found PFFE to be used at equal rates among men and women, and perception research has found that native French speakers perceive it to mark either formal speech or intense affect. This research furthers the special issue’s line of inquiry on French variation in forms of digital media by extending the analysis to a sociophonetic variable with a robust life on Twitter. The study compares the pragmatic value of tweets containing PFFE with previously described values and then examines interactions of gender, hostword phrasal location and lexical frequency on its realization. 96.8% of PFFE occurrences in the 2060-token corpus were classified into the pragmatic categories of Formality and Intense Affect. Results suggest that PFFE has become a salient enough sociophonetic variable that 21st-century French users represent it graphically in their tweets, however, its usage is structurally more permissive than in spoken language, signaling that it has taken on an iconic value in digital spaces.
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Jeong, Shin-Gyo. "Legal issues of public interest reporting and reporter protection." Korea Association for Corruption Studies 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52663/kcsr.2022.27.3.131.
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The protection of reporters is a means to protect the freedom of the press, and the free circulation of information cannot be expected without the protection of the reporters. In addition, if the professional duty and conscience of a journalist are presupposed, the protection of reporters should be guaranteed. Theoretically, the protection of reporters guarantees free press coverage and, along with the protection of public interest whistle blowers, will serve as the basis for the development of democracy by monitoring authorities in power and satisfying the people's right to know. In this regard, the Code of Conduct for Journalism Ethics stipulates that the identity of a reporter should not be revealed if the safety of the reporter is in danger or there is a risk of being unfairly disadvantaged. In particular, crime-related reports require very thorough security for the identity of the informant as there is a possibility of secondary damage to the informant due to the disclosure of the identity of the informant. In addition, the protection of public interest whistle blowers is protected by the relevant laws, and there are penalties for violations. There are also views claiming that the scope of protection of sources is not limited to professional and professional media organizations and journalists, but rather broad protection in the free press process. Of course, this will have to be considered more carefully. It would be most effective to take legal action for the protection of sources. This is because it can guarantee their predictability between potential informants and media agencies. However, due to the nature of the Korean media, which shows problems such as abuse of anonymous reporting, sensationalism, and partisanship, it is also true that the law to protect reporters is sometimes criticized for their right to enjoy privileges. Even if there is no law on reporters, judicial administration should make efforts to protect reporters through the freedom of speech guaranteed by the Constitution.
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Ceci, Stephen J., Wendy M. Williams, and Katrin Mueller-Johnson. "Is tenure justified? An experimental study of faculty beliefs about tenure, promotion, and academic freedom." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 6 (December 2006): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06009125.
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The behavioral sciences have come under attack for writings and speech that affront sensitivities. At such times, academic freedom and tenure are invoked to forestall efforts to censure and terminate jobs. We review the history and controversy surrounding academic freedom and tenure, and explore their meaning across different fields, at different institutions, and at different ranks. In a multifactoral experimental survey, 1,004 randomly selected faculty members from top-ranked institutions were asked how colleagues would typically respond when confronted with dilemmas concerning teaching, research, and wrong-doing. Full professors were perceived as being more likely to insist on having the academic freedom to teach unpopular courses, research controversial topics, and whistle-blow wrong-doing than were lower-ranked professors (even associate professors with tenure). Everyone thought that others were more likely to exercise academic freedom than they themselves were, and that promotion to full professor was a better predictor of who would exercise academic freedom than was the awarding of tenure. Few differences emerged related either to gender or type of institution, and behavioral scientists' beliefs were similar to scholars from other fields. In addition, no support was found for glib celebrations of tenure's sanctification of broadly defined academic freedoms. These findings challenge the assumption that tenure can be justified on the basis of fostering academic freedom, suggesting the need for a re-examination of the philosophical foundation and practical implications of tenure in today's academy.
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Wang, Meiqin. "Pandemic, censorship and creative protests via grassroots visual mobilization." Journal of Contemporary Chinese Art 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcca_00043_1.
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In early 2020, Chinese people engaged in several rounds of extraordinary online campaigns in response to the government’s handling of the outbreak of coronavirus. During these campaigns, visual images played a crucial role in facilitating netizens to inform each other, escape official censoring machinery, express anger and frustration, excavate truth, document reality and mobilize online support and protest. In particular, images related with Dr Li Wenliang, one of whistle-blowers of the soon-to-be pandemic who himself died of the virus, and Dr Ai Fen, the first doctor to share information about a possible coronavirus diagnose among her colleagues, became the focal points of the unprecedented online mobilization successively. Millions of netizens participated in the effort to circulate these images (and stories behind them) and invented ingenious ways to continue the endeavour when confronted by the heightened censorship. Various art communities and individuals have done their share to fuel in this momentum of visual mobilization and there was a surge of call for public participation in responding to the pandemic through participatory public artworks. Maskbook, initiated by artist Wen Fang, and One More Day led by MeDoc, are two exemplary cases. Through analysing these images, this article discusses China’s grassroots visual mobilization to claim for freedom of speech and access to truth in the wake of the massive health crisis and articulates its contribution to the formation of a bottom-up visual discourse that challenges the state’s media discourse in interpreting the pandemic as a victory of government leadership.
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Sharma, Piyush Kumar, Shashwat Chaudhary, Nikhil Hassija, Mukulika Maity, and Sambuddho Chakravarty. "The Road Not Taken: Re-thinking the Feasibility of Voice Calling Over Tor." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2020, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popets-2020-0063.
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AbstractAnonymous VoIP calls over the Internet holds great significance for privacy-conscious users, whistle-blowers and political activists alike. Prior research deems popular anonymization systems like Tor unsuitable for providing the requisite performance guarantees that real-time applications like VoIP need. Their claims are backed by studies that may no longer be valid due to constant advancements in Tor. Moreover, we believe that these studies lacked the requisite diversity and comprehensiveness. Thus, conclusions from these studies, led them to propose novel and tailored solutions. However, no such system is available for immediate use. Additionally, operating such new systems would incur significant costs for recruiting users and volunteered relays, to provide the necessary anonymity guarantees.It thus becomes an imperative that the exact performance of VoIP over Tor be quantified and analyzed, so that the potential performance bottlenecks can be amended. We thus conducted an extensive empirical study across various in-lab and real world scenarios to shed light on VoIP performance over Tor. In over half a million calls spanning 12 months, across seven countries and covering about 6650 Tor relays, we observed that Tor supports good voice quality (Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) >3 and one-way delay <400 ms) in more than 85% of cases. Further analysis indicates that in general for most Tor relays, the contentions due to cross-traffic were low enough to support VoIP calls, that are anyways transmitted at low rates (<120 Kbps). Our findings are supported by concordant measurements using iperf that show more than the adequate available bandwidth for most cases. Hence, unlike prior efforts, our research reveals that Tor is suitable for supporting anonymous VoIP calls.
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Belk, William. "HST: Memories of the Truman Years, and: Miracle of '48: Harry Truman's Major Campaign Speeches and Selected Whistle-Stops (review)." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8, no. 3 (2005): 538–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rap.2005.0052.
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Shanahan, Mark. "Whistle Stop: How 31,000 Miles of Train Travel, 352 Speeches and a Little Midwest Gumption Saved the Presidency of Harry Truman. By Philip White. University Press of New England. ForeEdge. 2014. 314pp. $29.95/£22.00." History 100, no. 343 (December 2015): 790–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-229x.12130_35.
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Kordovska, P. A. "Italian singer Daisy Lumini as an interpreter of the post-avant-garde music." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 56, no. 56 (July 10, 2020): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-56.16.
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Introduction. In the music of the late twentieth century the realization of the creative potential of performers is rarely limited with the framework of direction which was chosen in the beginning of career. The field of the academic music may be too narrow for the artist, but this does not mean a definitive departure from this area. The life and performances of Italian singer, actress and composer Daisy Lumini (1936–1993) could be considered as one of the examples of the twentieth century “variability” of the artist’s way. She developed from a graduate of the Conservatory to a pop star and a cabaret singer, from a medieval folklore performer to an interpreter of contemporary academic music. Daisy Lumini’s unique performing experience led her to collaborate with Italian composers of the late twentieth century. Theoretical background. The extraordinary personality of Daisy Lumini received a certain resonance in the European press. High historical value is the biographical essay “Daisy e la musica. Una grande e tragica storia” (2019) by Chiara Ferrari, based on the memories of Beppe Chierici. Daisy Lumini and her works are mentioned in digest “The Singer-Songwriter in Europe: Paradigms, Politics and Place” (2016) and in Jacopo Tomatis’s “Storia culturale della canzone italiana” (2019). The purpose of this paper is to reveal the specifics of the interaction of the composer and performer in the post-avant-garde music based on the creative collaboration of Daisy Lumini and Italian composers of the late twentieth century (Franco Mannino, Luciano Berio, Salvatore Sciarrino). This study requires the use of analytical, style and performing methods of scientific research. Results of the research. Daisy Lumini’s singing style has implicated using a lot of types of intonational practices which is usually associated with the mass twentieth century culture (including pop songs, folk music, cabaret aesthetic etc.). Nevertheless, she had started her musician career with getting education (as a composer and pianist) in totally academic environment in Luigi Cherubini Conservatory (Florence, Italy). Being a daughter of the Florentine painter Vasco Lumini, Daisy Lumini had would be able to continue a calm and comfortable existence in Florence. However, after she had been graduated from the Conservatory in late 1950s she decided to change her life vector, moved to Rome, started her activity as a cantautrice (female singer-songwriter) and produced her first singles. During this period, Lumini found success in collaboration with lyric writer Aldo Alberini and well-known Italian singers Mina Mazzini and Claudio Villa. Along with traditional vocal techniques, Lumini used the whistling technique, due to which she got the nickname “l’usignolo di Firenze” (“the Florentine nightingale”) and was invited by Ennio Morricone to whistle in the soundtrack of Lina Wertmüller’s “I Basilischi” (“The Lizards”, 1963). In 1960s a work in Gianni Bongiovanni’s Derby Club Cabaret (Milan) and a collaboration with the RCA (Radio Corporation of America) turned into the fields of Lumini’s creative activity. The acquaintanceship with Beppe Chierici, an actor, who would become her husband, lead to a new “folklore” stage of Lumini’s career. As a result of careful research of Italian folk music founded on the materials of Conservatory Santa Cecilia Library (Rome), the singer together with Beppe Chierici had produced several musical performances in the aesthetics of poor theater based on the Tuscan and Piedmontese songs of the XV–XIX centuries, as well as the Songs of Minstrels album based on the texts of the XII–XIV centuries. There was DaisyLumini’s gradual return to the environment of academic music in 1970s. Singer’s friendly communication with conductor Gianluigi Gelmetti, composers Franco Mannino, Domenico Guaccero and others, who represented Santa Cecilia Conservatory, has resulted in a number of creative collaborations. In 1973, even being immersed in ethnographic research, Daisy Lumini performed as mezzo-soprano in Franco Mannino’s “Il diavolo in giardino”. Another milestone in Daisy Lumini’s work became 1982, when director Roberto Scaparro invited the singer to participate in the Italian premiere of Luciano Berio’s “La vera storia”. In the opera, which is a creative reinterpretation of Verdi’s “Troubadour”, Daisy Lumini played the role of one of the cantastorie – singing storytellers or narrators describing and commenting events of the plot. Daisy Lumini achieved a real success as a performer of the post-avant-garde music in the 1980s, in collaboration with Salvatore Sciarrino. Daisy Lumini has premiered a great number of his chamber works, such as “Efebo con Radio”, “Canto degli specchi”, “Vanitas”, “Lohengrin” and some others. Conclusions. Although Daisy Lumini is an individual case, the phenomena and strategies discussed here may turn out to be symptomatic for contemporary music practice. Performers may rarely allow themselves to remain within the same intonational practice in the contemporary music art. It is especially important if it comes to the first performing of the post-avant-garde music that requires a certain congeniality of the performer and the author. The interaction of the composer and the performer is often a factor affecting the creation of a musical work at all stages, from the appearance of an idea for a premiere performance. The musician with a rich life experience and wide range of performing techniques may be considered as the co-author of the score.
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Meyer, Julien, Marcelo O. Magnasco, and Diana Reiss. "The Relevance of Human Whistled Languages for the Analysis and Decoding of Dolphin Communication." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (September 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689501.
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Humans use whistled communications, the most elaborate of which are commonly called “whistled languages” or “whistled speech” because they consist of a natural type of speech. The principle of whistled speech is straightforward: people articulate words while whistling and thereby transform spoken utterances by simplifying them, syllable by syllable, into whistled melodies. One of the most striking aspects of this whistled transformation of words is that it remains intelligible to trained speakers, despite a reduced acoustic channel to convey meaning. It constitutes a natural traditional means of telecommunication that permits spoken communication at long distances in a large diversity of languages of the world. Historically, birdsong has been used as a model for vocal learning and language. But conversely, human whistled languages can serve as a model for elucidating how information may be encoded in dolphin whistle communication. In this paper, we elucidate the reasons why human whistled speech and dolphin whistles are interesting to compare. Both are characterized by similar acoustic parameters and serve a common purpose of long distance communication in natural surroundings in two large brained social species. Moreover, their differences – e.g., how they are produced, the dynamics of the whistles, and the types of information they convey – are not barriers to such a comparison. On the contrary, by exploring the structure and attributes found across human whistle languages, we highlight that they can provide an important model as to how complex information is and can be encoded in what appears at first sight to be simple whistled modulated signals. Observing details, such as processes of segmentation and coarticulation, in whistled speech can serve to advance and inform the development of new approaches for the analysis of whistle repertoires of dolphins, and eventually other species. Human whistled languages and dolphin whistles could serve as complementary test benches for the development of new methodologies and algorithms for decoding whistled communication signals by providing new perspectives on how information may be encoded structurally and organizationally.
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Sicoli, Mark A. "Repair organization in Chinantec whistled speech: Supplementary Material." Language 92, no. 2 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2016.0026.
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Meyer, Julien. "Typology and acoustic strategies of whistled languages: Phonetic comparison and perceptual cues of whistled vowels." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38, no. 01 (April 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100308003277.
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Amha, Azeb, James Slotta, and Hannah S. Sarvasy. "Singing the Individual: Name Tunes in Oyda and Yopno." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (August 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667599.
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Music beats spoken language in identifying individuals uniquely in two disparate communities. In addition to their given names, which conform to the conventions of their languages, speakers of the Oyda (Omotic; SW Ethiopia) and Yopno (Finisterre-Huon; NE Papua New Guinea) languages have “name tunes,” short 1–4 s melodies that can be sung or whistled to hail or to identify for other purposes. Linguistic given names, for both communities, are often non-unique: people may be named after ancestors or contemporaries, or bear given names common to multiple individuals. But for both communities, name tunes are generally non-compositional and unique to individuals. This means that each new generation is likely to bring thousands of new name tunes into existence. In both communities, name tunes are produced in a range of contexts, from quotidian summoning and mid-range communication, to ceremonial occasions. In their use of melodies to directly represent individual people, the Oyda and Yopno name tune systems differ from surrogate speech systems elsewhere that either: (a) mimic linguistic forms, or (b) use music to represent a relatively small set of messages. Also, unlike some other musical surrogate speech traditions, the Oyda and Yopno name tune systems continue to be used productively, despite societal changes that have led to declining use in some domains.
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LaVan, Helen, and Marsha Katz. "Disciplining Employees for Free Speech, Whistle Blowing, and Political Activities." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2612504.
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Brewer, Adam M. "A Manager’s Guide to Free Speech and Social Media in the Public Workplace: An Analysis of the Lower Courts’ Recent Application of Pickering." Public Personnel Management, September 4, 2020, 009102602095450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091026020954507.
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Public organizations are experiencing a burgeoning of workplace challenges involving employee use of social media. Comments, images, or videos ranging from racist remarks, to calls to violence, simple criticism of one’s organization, to full on whistle blowing significantly challenge public organizations’ policies for addressing speech that creates discord in the workplace. With the blurring of lines between personal and professional lives, these challenges create uncertainty for public organizations regarding how to maintain the efficient operation of the workplace, deal with the social and political fallout of such instances, and manage organizational liability. This article performs content analysis on 33 federal lower court opinions involving speech/social media workplace issues. The study analyzes the manner in which the lower courts apply free speech precedent on contemporary workplace speech cases. The findings suggest that patterns emerge from the opinions providing key insights for public managers regarding how to better manage these complex issues.
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Quaranto, Anne. "Dog whistles, covertly coded speech, and the practices that enable them." Synthese 200, no. 4 (August 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-022-03791-y.
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Braune, Sean. "Arche-speech and Sound Poetry." Pivot: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies and Thought 3, no. 1 (June 8, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2369-7326.36075.
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Steve McCaffery describes sound poetry as a “new way to blow out candles” and “what sound poets do.” In his brief survey of sound poetry, McCaffery describes the genealogy of sound poetry from its earliest formalized birth during Russian futurism (found in the experiments of Khlebnikov and Kruchenykh) and builds his survey until North America, 1978. This essay will consider the history of sound poetry, a history that has no history, but retains the avant-garde experimentalism of modernist poetics. By looking at sound poems by Raoul Hausmann and Kurt Schwitters; the sound-experiments of Diamanda Galás; performance in sound poetry; the influence of “primal therapy” (which emphasizes the therapeutic potential of the scream); and the theological tradition of glossolalia, I will demonstrate how the noisiness and non-sense of sound poetry offers a variety of forms of political engagement against hegemonic uses of sound and silence. Sound poetry is notable in that it is loud – originally being called Lautgedichte or literally “loud poems” – and this brash noise opens up a heterotopic space of acoustic potential: of potential sonic engagement outside of normative chirps, whistles, vocalizations, glottal stops, fricatives, and speech. This “sonic engagement” will be grounded in the new theoretical concept of what I call "arche-speech" or "arche-sound."
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Bartelt, Guillermo. "THE WHISTLE IS NOT A DECORATION: ADMONISHMENT IN INTERTRIBAL DISCOURSE." European Journal of Applied Linguistics Studies 4, no. 1 (September 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejals.v4i1.285.
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Restraint and indirectness in the macro-speech act of admonishment, in the context of American Indian intertribal gatherings called powwows, are assessed as to their strategies of inclusiveness, dissociation, and reaffirmation of conservative social structures.
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Alm, Kristian, and Jacob Dahl Rendtorff. "Whistleblowing as Employee’s Freedom of Speech. Günther Wallraff’s authorship as an illustrative case." Nordicum-Mediterraneum 11, no. 3 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/nm.11.3.6.
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In this paper, we use Günther Wallraff’s authorship as an illustrative case in order to discuss whistleblowing understood as employees’ freedom of speech. We define the phenomenon according to significant democratic values; the public, fallible search for a deeper truth. When it comes to the sources, our point of departure is based on several of the most significant books published by Wallraff during a period from the end of the 1960-ties to the end of the 1980-ties. We trace some of the personal motivation behind his whistleblowing-project in Marxism and focus that he applies the undercover methods of journalism on the profession of journalists themselves. We argue that the Wallraff-case deals with three important issues; 1) investigative journalism linked to the discussion of the legitimacy of lying, 2) freedom of speech as an active choice of publically disclosing unethical behavior and different types of repression in organizations, and 3) Wallraff’s whistle-blowing in organizations as related to analogues modern types of freedom of speech. In the end, we use different social theories to explain why the type of whistleblowing Wallraff is famous for was necessary.
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Awan, Shaheen N., and Jordan A. Awan. "Use of a Vortex Whistle for Measures of Respiratory Capacity." Journal of Voice, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.07.038.
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Sayigh, Laela S., Nicole El Haddad, Peter L. Tyack, Vincent M. Janik, Randall S. Wells, and Frants H. Jensen. "Bottlenose dolphin mothers modify signature whistles in the presence of their own calves." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120, no. 27 (June 26, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2300262120.
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Human caregivers interacting with children typically modify their speech in ways that promote attention, bonding, and language acquisition. Although this “motherese,” or child-directed communication (CDC), occurs in a variety of human cultures, evidence among nonhuman species is very rare. We looked for its occurrence in a nonhuman mammalian species with long-term mother–offspring bonds that is capable of vocal production learning, the bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ). Dolphin signature whistles provide a unique opportunity to test for CDC in nonhuman animals, because we are able to quantify changes in the same vocalizations produced in the presence or absence of calves. We analyzed recordings made during brief catch-and-release events of wild bottlenose dolphins in waters near Sarasota Bay, Florida, United States, and found that females produced signature whistles with significantly higher maximum frequencies and wider frequency ranges when they were recorded with their own dependent calves vs. not with them. These differences align with the higher fundamental frequencies and wider pitch ranges seen in human CDC. Our results provide evidence in a nonhuman mammal for changes in the same vocalizations when produced in the presence vs. absence of offspring, and thus strongly support convergent evolution of motherese, or CDC, in bottlenose dolphins. CDC may function to enhance attention, bonding, and vocal learning in dolphin calves, as it does in human children. Our data add to the growing body of evidence that dolphins provide a powerful animal model for studying the evolution of vocal learning and language.
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Kato, Hikari, Yogaku Lee, Kohei Wakamiya, Takashi Nakagawa, and Tokihiko Kaburagi. "Vocal Fold Vibration of the Whistle Register Observed by High-Speed Digital Imaging." Journal of Voice, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.08.026.
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Ryan Daar. ""Playing Back the Dissonances": The Battle of Manassas in Context." Columbia Undergraduate Research Journal 6, no. 1 (May 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/curj.v6i1.9066.
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Before every performance, enslaved pianist-composer Thomas “Blind Tom” Wiggins would introduce his Battle of Manassas as a programmatic depiction of the titular Confederate victory. With sharply juxtaposed fragments of Northern and Southern tunes, along with drum motifs, bugle calls, “The Star-Spangled Banner,” and vocal enactments of trains and whistles—all continually interrupted by sudden “cannon fire” in the left hand—Wiggins would finish the piece shouting “Retreat! Retreat! Retreat!” at the top of his lungs before leaving two irreverent slams of the keys to reverberate throughout the hall. Famous for his lifelong ability to perfectly imitate any music, noise, or speech he heard, Wiggins amazed his audiences for decades claiming to represent Manassas’s events exactly as he heard them described to him. But over 150 years after its premiere, scholars have tended to detect a sense of irony, if not total subversion, in the enslaved pianist’s chaotic Confederate homage. My research considers recent interpretations of the piece with an eye toward its compositional circumstances, including its supposed timeline, its printed foreword’s odd reversal of an anthem’s Southern affiliation, and its likely response to a contemporaneous battle piece by Northern pianist-composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk.
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Dediu, Dan, Emily M. Jennings, Dennis van’t Ent, Scott R. Moisik, Grazia Di Pisa, Janna Schulze, Eco J. C. de Geus, Anouk den Braber, Conor V. Dolan, and Dorret I. Boomsma. "The heritability of vocal tract structures estimated from structural MRI in a large cohort of Dutch twins." Human Genetics, July 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-022-02469-2.
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AbstractWhile language is expressed in multiple modalities, including sign, writing, or whistles, speech is arguably the most common. The human vocal tract is capable of producing the bewildering diversity of the 7000 or so currently spoken languages, but relatively little is known about its genetic bases, especially in what concerns normal variation. Here, we capitalize on five cohorts totaling 632 Dutch twins with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Two raters placed clearly defined (semi)landmarks on each MRI scan, from which we derived 146 measures capturing the dimensions and shape of various vocal tract structures, but also aspects of the head and face. We used Genetic Covariance Structure Modeling to estimate the additive genetic, common environmental or non-additive genetic, and unique environmental components, while controlling for various confounds and for any systematic differences between the two raters. We found high heritability, h2, for aspects of the skull and face, the mandible, the anteroposterior (horizontal) dimension of the vocal tract, and the position of the hyoid bone. These findings extend the existing literature, and open new perspectives for understanding the complex interplay between genetics, environment, and culture that shape our vocal tracts, and which may help explain cross-linguistic differences in phonetics and phonology.