Journal articles: 'Whispering gallery modes (WGMs)'

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da Silva, Jaime, Elie R. Salameh, M. Volkan Ötügen, and Dominique Fourguette. "Photonic Seismometer Based on Whispering Gallery Modes." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 2A (January 26, 2022): 753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210253.

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Abstract We present the concept of an all-optical seismometer based on the principle of optical whispering gallery modes (WGMs). The proposed sensor is compact, rugged, low power, and resistant to electromagnetic interference. A cantilever configuration of a fiber-pigtailed photonic integrated circuit with a ring resonator is employed as the sensing element. The measurement approach is based on the optical excitation of the WGMs of a ring resonator using a 1313 nm tunable diode laser. A digital signal processing system analyzes the recorded WGM scans. The base acceleration is calculated from the WGM shifts caused by the deformation of the optical ring resonator. A prototype seismometer is developed, calibrated, and tested. The frequency response of the seismometer is assessed by observing the free vibration of the sensor. The preliminary results are encouraging and suggest that a WGM-based optical seismometer is feasible.

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Woska, Simon, Lukas Rebholz, Pascal Rietz, and Heinz Kalt. "Intrinsic mode coupling in mirror-symmetric whispering gallery resonators." Optics Express 30, no. 18 (August 24, 2022): 32847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.459348.

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Rotationally symmetric micro-cavities with disk, ring or toroidal shape displaying whispering gallery modes (WGMs) play an essential role in modern-day photonics. Due to the reduced symmetry of such resonators compared to spheres, an exact analytical model yielding WGMs as solutions does not exist. The established WGM classification scheme based on approximated analytical solutions is generally useful but neglects a possible interaction between the different modes. In this paper, we assess the limitation of the validity of this established classification based on extensive finite element method (FEM) simulations. We investigate respective mode couplings as well as underlying selection rules based on avoided crossings of the modes’ resonance wavelengths. We propose conserved mode properties solely based on true symmetries of the underlying refractive-index distribution and deduce a novel WGM classification scheme.

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Dukin A. A. and Golubev V. G. "Features of the shape of the emission spectrum of a spherical microresonator with a high refractive index luminescent shell due to the polarization of the whispering gallery modes." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 11 (2022): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.11.55107.3857-22.

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The effect of the thickness and refractive index of the shell on the amplitudes of lines of the TE and TM polarized whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in the emission spectrum of a microcavity structure consisting of a spherical core covered with a luminescent shell with a refractive index greater than that of the core is studied. The luminescence spectra of the shell, the radial distribution of the WGM field, and the mode parameters (wavelength, quality factor, and effective volume) are calculated using the method of spherical wave transfer matrices. It is shown that at certain subwavelength shell thicknesses, the amplitude of the TE mode emission peak is many times greater than the amplitude of the TM mode peak with the same polar, azimuthal, and radial indices. This is explained by the fact that with these parameters of the shell, WGMs propagate inside the shell as waveguide modes. Keywords: spherical microresonator, high refractive index luminescent shell, whispering gallery modes, mode polarization, amplitude of emission lines.

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Kogut, A. Ye, I. K. Kuzmichev, R. S. Dolia, S. O. Nosatiuk, Ye A. Shulha, and He Jaochan. "A shielded planar dielectric resonator with whispering gallery modes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 63, no. 4 (January 12, 2019): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2018-63-4-478-485.

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The spectral and energy characteristics of two planar dielectric resonators (DRs), open and shielded from the curvilinear surface, excited in higher-order modes as whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in Ka-waveband are investigated. These resonators are formed by a thin (compared to the operating wavelength) disk dielectric structure, located between two conducting planes. Thus, the E-field of the resonator was limited along the height of the planar disk by two conducting surfaces. The resonance properties of such a structure are determined by the condition of total internal reflection of waves from the internal curvilinear surface of a dielectric disk. The carried out investigations shown that the unloaded Q-factor is increased at the arrangement of planar dielectric disk inside the ring metal shield at the certain ratio of the radiuses of the shield and dielectric disk. The Q-factor of the shielded resonant structure at the high-frequency edge increases to 40 %. The partial displacement of the resonant field of the WGMs modes from the dielectric to the air gap is the cause of this effect. It leads to decrease in losses in the dielectric material. A computer simulation of the WGMs fields in the planar DR was carried out using the CST Microwave Studio 2013 software to confirm this effect. In addition, computer simulation results shown that these WGMs in the planar DR are characterized by a homogeneous distribution of the resonant field along the axial coordinate. The perspectives of using planar DR in solid-state Ka-band oscillators are shown.

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Dantham, Venkata Ramanaiah, and Prem Ballabh Bisht. "Influence of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) on energy transfer." Chemical Physics 388, no. 1-3 (September 2011): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.07.015.

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Zhou, Taojie, Kar Wei Ng, Xiankai Sun, and Zhaoyu Zhang. "Ultra-thin curved visible microdisk lasers with three-dimensional whispering gallery modes." Nanophotonics 9, no. 9 (July 4, 2020): 2997–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0242.

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AbstractMicrodisk lasers are important components in photonic integrated circuits (PICs), of which the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are usually confined within a two-dimensional (2D) planar slab. Here, owing to the strain relaxation of quantum wells by wet-etching method, we present ultra-thin curved visible microdisk lasers with single-mode lasing emission and a high quality factor of ∼17,000, which enable a 3D spatial intensity distribution of WGMs and provide an extra degree of freedom for the confined photons compared with the conventional 2D in-plane WGMs. The curved microdisk lasers with a 3D spatial profile of WGMs may provide attractive applications in flexible and multilevel photon sources for the PICs.

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Du, Xiao-Jing, Xu-Tao Tang, Bo Xie, Lin Ma, Ma-Long Hu, Jun He, and Zhong-Jian Yang. "Turning whispering-gallery-mode responses through Fano interferences in coupled all-dielectric block-disk cavities." Optics Express 31, no. 18 (August 17, 2023): 29380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.500562.

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Here, we theoretically demonstrate a strategy for efficiently turning whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) responses of a subwavelength dielectric disk through their near-field couplings with common low-order electromagnetic resonances of a dielectric block. Both simulations and an analytical coupled oscillator model show that the couplings are Fano interferences between dark high-quality WGMs and bright modes of the block. The responses of a WGM in the coupled system are highly dependent on the strengths and the relative phases of the block modes, the coupling strength, and the decay rate of the WGM. The WGM responses of coupled systems can exceed that of the individual disk. In addition, such a configuration will also facilitate the excitation of WGMs by a normal incident plane wave in experiments. These results could enable new applications for enhancing light-matter interactions.

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Okada, Naoki, James B. Cole, Shigeki Yamada, Kensuke Ogawa, and Yoshifumi Katayama. "Nonstandard FDTD Simulation-Based Design of CROW Wavelength Splitters." Advances in Optical Technologies 2011 (June 1, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/265702.

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The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm has been used in simulation-based designs of many optical devices, but it fails to reproduce high-Q whispering gallery modes (WGMs). On the other hand, the nonstandard (NS) FDTD algorithm can accurately compute WGMs and can be used to make simulation-based designs of WGM devices. Wavelength splitters using the coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) based on WGM couplings have recently attracted attention because they are potentially ultracompact. In this paper, we design a CROW wavelength splitter using NS FDTD simulations and demonstrate high interchannel extinction ratios of over 20 dB.

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Michihata, Masaki, Akifumi Kawasaki, and Yasuhiro Takaya. "Precise Diameter Measurement of a Microsphere Based on Polarization Analysis of Whispering Gallery Mode Resonance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 870 (September 2017): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.870.108.

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Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonance is used for the diameter measuring method of a microsphere smaller than φ 1 mm. It is aimed to achieve measurement accuracy better than 10 nm. There are two electromagnetic modes for WGMs, and then mis-detection of the electromagnetic mode expands measurement errors more than 100 nm, so it is indispensably to distinguish the electromagnetic mode. As theoretical simulation implies, polarization mode of WGMs can be selectively excited by controlling polarization of the incident light in optical coupling. Based on the analysis, it was proofed experimentally that the polarization of WGMs could be classified. As a result, the diameter measurement for a microsphere was performed with measurement error of ± 1 nm.

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Siriroj, R., K. Srinuanjan, and P. P. Yupapin. "Micro Plasma Source Design Using WGMs a PANDA Ring." Advanced Materials Research 979 (June 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.979.3.

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Plasma is a one of state of matter that is produced by applying energy into gas or fluid like, where the ionized electrons from gas or fluid atoms to be free electrons. In this paper, the use of micro plasma source generation by using a PANDA ring resonator is introduced, in which the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are formed within the center ring and can be used to create the high power of electromagnetic wave for gas plasma production. In application, the micro plasma source can be fabricated in small scale material process or others suitable operation. In this case, the plasma source can be decreased to be micro-scale device, where in fact, the common plasma source system size is large because the high energy source to produce high power plasma is required. Finally, the detail of using such small scale plasma source is discussed. The theoretical details of whispering gallery mode and quantum tunneling effects are also reviewed and discussed.

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Ivanov, Alexey, Kirill Min`kov, Alexey Samoilenko, and Gennady Levin. "The Measurement of Nanoparticle Concentrations by the Method of Microcavity Mode Broadening Rate." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 5950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205950.

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A measurement system for the detection of a low concentration of nanoparticles based on optical microcavities with whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) is developed and investigated. A novel method based on the WGM broadening allows us to increase the precision of concentration measurements up to 0.005 ppm for nanoparticles of a known size. We describe WGM microcavity manufacturing and quality control methods. The collective interaction process of suspended Ag nanoparticles in a liquid and TiO2 in the air with a microcavity surface is studied.

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Andrianov, Alexey V., Maria P. Marisova, and Elena A. Anashkina. "Thermo-Optical Sensitivity of Whispering Gallery Modes in As2S3 Chalcogenide Glass Microresonators." Sensors 22, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 4636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124636.

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Glass microresonators with whispering gallery modes (WGMs) have a lot of diversified applications, including applications for sensing based on thermo-optical effects. Chalcogenide glass microresonators have a noticeably higher temperature sensitivity compared to silica ones, but only a few works have been devoted to the study of their thermo-optical properties. We present experimental and theoretical studies of thermo-optical effects in microspheres made of an As2S3 chalcogenide glass fiber. We investigated the steady-state and transient temperature distributions caused by heating due to the partial thermalization of the pump power and found the corresponding wavelength shifts of the WGMs. The experimental measurements of the thermal response time, thermo-optical shifts of the WGMs, and heat power sensitivity in microspheres with diameters of 80–380 µm are in a good agreement with the theoretically predicted dependences. The calculated temperature sensitivity of 42 pm/K does not depend on diameter for microspheres made of commercially available chalcogenide fiber, which may play an important role in the development of temperature sensors.

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Wang, Mengyu, Xueying Jin, Fei Li, and Keyi Wang. "Analysis and application of whispering gallery modes of the triple-layer-coated microsphere resonator." MATEC Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818901009.

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Microsphere resonators supporting whispering gallery modes (WGMs) have been extensively applied for considerable fields including narrow linewidth filters, high-sensitivity sensors, and nonlinear optics. We numerically demonstrate a coated microsphere resonator with three layers of high, low, high refractive-index (RI) from inside to outside. A phase matched waveguide is used to overlap the WGMs evanescent radiation field. Eigen-mode, relative intensity spectra, electromagnetic (EM) field distributions are observed to analyze resonant characteristics of WGMs by using the finite difference time domain method. As a result, two brilliant rings with strong EM fields distribute in two high-RI layers. By optimizing the gap distance between the microsphere and waveguide, the WGMs of two high-RI layer are efficiently excited. More energy is stored in such a structure rather than a single-layer-coated microsphere. Our approach provides the RI sensing application with such a triple-layer-coated structure.

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Chen, Zeji, Qianqian Jia, Wenli Liu, Quan Yuan, Yinfang Zhu, Jinling Yang, and Fuhua Yang. "Dominant Loss Mechanisms of Whispering Gallery Mode RF-MEMS Resonators with Wide Frequency Coverage." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 7017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247017.

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This work investigates the dominant energy dissipations of the multi-frequency whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators to provide an insight into the loss mechanisms of the devices. An extensive theory for each loss source was established and experimentally testified. The squeezed film damping (SFD) is a major loss for all the WGMs at atmosphere, which is distinguished from traditional bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators where the high-order modes suffer less from the air damping. In vacuum, the SFD is negligible, and the frequency-dependent Akhiezer damping (AKE) has significant effects on different order modes. For low-order WGMs, the AKE is limited, and the anchor loss behaves as the dominant loss. For high-order modes with an extended nodal region, the anchor loss is reduced, and the AKE determines the Q values. Substantial Q enhancements over four times and an excellent f × Q product up to 6.36 × 1013 at 7 K were achieved.

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Mintairov, A. M., J. L. Merz, J. Kapaldo, A. S. Vlasov, and S. A. Blundell. "Wigner localization and whispering gallery modes of electrons in quantum dots." Физика и техника полупроводников 52, no. 4 (2018): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2018.04.45827.16.

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AbstractWe used a low temperature near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) to study a formation of Wigner molecules (WMs) in the emission spectra of self-organized InP/GaInP QDs having up to seven electrons. We used a Schottky diode structure for the electrostatic control of the number of the electrons ( N ) in QD, and we observed the emission of the charged excitons (for N < 3) and of the WMs (for N > 2) in the regime of weak Wigner localization. We show, that a contribution of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of the electrons and rearrangement of the electrons between the WM and WGM states in the QDs, can explain the anomalous dependence of NSOM image size on the quantum confinement observed for some dots.

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Kogut, A. E., M. T. Islam, E. A. Kogut, Z. E. Eremenko, and R. S. Dolia. "Increasing the Q-factor of thin planar dielectric resonator with whispering gallery modes." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 960–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000525.

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AbstractThe spectral and energy characteristics of the tunable thin planar dielectric resonator with the movable metal mirror are researched. It is found that the high-Q HE-polarized whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are effectively excited in such a resonator by the dielectric waveguide. A mode set of the tunable thin planar dielectric resonator depends on the presence of an air gap in its design. Changing the height of the air gap affects the energy characteristics of the tunable thin planar dielectric resonators (DR). Shifting the resonant fields of WGMs from the dielectric disk to the air gap is the reason for this effect. It is shown that at certain heights of the air gap, increasing the unloaded Q-factor of the tunable thin planar DR and improving the excitation efficiency of WGMs in it is achieved.

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Sánchez, Luis A., Martina Delgado-Pinar, Antonio Díez, and Miguel V. Andrés. "Analysis of forward Brillouin scattering in optical fibers with whispering-gallery modes." EPJ Web of Conferences 287 (2023): 09010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328709010.

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A new approach to detect and analyze transverse acoustic mode resonances (TAMRs), responsible for forward Brillouin scattering in optical fibers, is reported using optical whispering gallery modes (WGMs). TAMRs generate perturbations in the geometry and the dielectric permittivity of the fiber that couples the acoustic and optical resonances. This interaction is exploited to probe opto-excited TAMRs exhibiting an optimal efficiency for detecting low-order TAMRs.

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Zhang, Ping, Dongyue He, Chen Zhang, and Zhiruo Yan. "FDTD Simulation: Simultaneous Measurement of the Refractive Index and the Pressure Using Microdisk Resonator with Two Whispering-Gallery Modes." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 16, 2020): 3955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143955.

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In this paper, an approach to measure both the refractive index (RI) and the pressure simultaneously using two Whispering-Gallery Modes (WGMs) in a microdisk resonator is theoretically proposed. Due to the difference in the energy distribution of the first and second order WGMs, the sensitivity of two modes toward the variation of RI and pressure applied to the device show differences. An RI sensitivity of 29.07 nm/RIU and pressure sensitivity of 0.576 pm/kPa for WGM (1,36), and an RI sensitivity of 38.68 nm/RIU and a pressure sensitivity of 0.589 pm/kPa for WGM (2,28) are obtained through the 3D finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulation. Dual parametric sensing can be achieved by solving the second-order inverse sensitivity matrix. Therefore, strain–optical coupling behavior is effectively eliminated. The dual sensing scheme we proposed provides a novel approach to overcome the difficulty of multi-sensing applications based on the flexible photonic device.

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Mahariq, Ibrahim, Thabet Abdeljawad, Abdullah S. Karar, Shadi A. Alboon, Hamza Kurt, and Alexey V. Maslov. "Photonic Nanojets and Whispering Gallery Modes in Smooth and Corrugated Micro-Cylinders under Point-Source Illumination." Photonics 7, no. 3 (July 21, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7030050.

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We numerically investigate the generation of photonic nanojets (PNJs) and the excitation of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) supported by both smooth and corrugated dielectric micro-cylinders under point-source illumination. Results show that the location of the point-source defines the location and properties of PNJs, whereas stability of WGMs exists in smooth micro-cylinders but vanishes in corrugated ones. It is shown that the location of the point-source acts as an additional degree of freedom for controlling the characteristics of the generated PNJs for both smooth and corrugated dielectric micro-cylinders. Furthermore, the influence of the point-source location on the stability of the excited WGMs was diminished for the smooth micro-cylinders, while being fully pronounced for their corrugated counterparts.

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Дукин, А. А., and В. Г. Голубев. "Особенности формы спектра излучения сферического микрорезонатора с люминесцентной оболочкой с высоким показателем преломления, обусловленные поляризацией мод шепчущей галереи." Оптика и спектроскопия 130, no. 11 (2022): 1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2022.11.53781.3857-22.

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The effect of the thickness and refractive index of the shell on the amplitudes of lines of the TE and TM polarized whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in the emission spectrum of a microcavity structure consisting of a spherical core covered with a luminescent shell with a refractive index greater than that of the core is studied. The luminescence spectra of the shell, the radial distribution of the WGM field, and the mode parameters (wavelength, quality factor, and effective volume) are calculated using the method of spherical wave transfer matrices. It is shown that at certain subwavelength shell thicknesses, the amplitude of the TE mode emission peak is many times greater than the amplitude of the TM mode peak with the same polar, azimuthal, and radial indices. This is explained by the fact that with these parameters of the shell, WGMs propagate inside the shell as waveguide modes.

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François, Alexandre, Tess Reynolds, Nicolas Riesen, Jonathan M. M. Hall, Matthew R. Henderson, Enming Zhao, Shahraam Afshar V., and Tanya M. Monro. "Combining whispering gallery mode lasers and microstructured optical fibers: limitations, applications and perspectives for in-vivo biosensing." MRS Advances 1, no. 33 (2016): 2309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.342.

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ABSTRACTWhispering gallery modes (WGMs) have been widely studied over the past 20 years for various applications, including biological sensing. While the WGM-based sensing approaches reported in the literature have shown tremendous performance down to single molecule detection, at present such sensing technologies are not yet mature and still have significant practical constraints that limit their use in real-world applications. Our work has focused on developing a practical, yet effective, WGM-based sensing platform capable of being used as a dip sensor for in-vivo biosensing by combining WGM fluorescent microresonators with silica Microstructured Optical Fibers (MOFs).We recently demonstrated that a suspended core MOF with a dye-doped polymer microresonator supporting WGMs positioned onto the tip of the fiber, can be used as a dip sensor. In this architecture the resonator is anchored to one of the MOF air holes, in contact with the fiber core, enabling a significant portion of the evanescent field from the fiber to overlap with the sphere and hence excite the fluorescent WGMs. This architecture allows for remote excitation and collection of the WGMs. The fiber also permits easy manipulation of the microresonator for dip sensing applications, and hence alleviates the need for a complex microfluidic interface. More importantly, it allows for an increase in both the excitation and collection efficiency compared to free space coupling, and also improves the Q factor.In this paper we present our recent results on microstructured fiber tip WGM-based sensors and show that this sensing platform can be used in clinical diagnostics, for detecting various clinically relevant biomarkers in complex clinical samples.

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Wang, Xingyuan, Xiaoyong Hu, and Tianrui Zhai. "Vortex Laser Based on a Plasmonic Ring Cavity." Crystals 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080901.

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The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of the structure light is viewed as a candidate for enhancing the capacity of information processing. Microring has advantages in realizing the compact lasers required for on-chip applications. However, as the clockwise and counterclockwise whispering gallery modes (WGM) appear simultaneously, the emitted light from the normal microring does not possess net OAM. Here, we propose an OAM laser based on the standing-wave WGMs containing clockwise and counterclockwise WGM components. Due to the inhomogeneous intensity distribution of the standing-wave WGM, the single-mode lasing for the OAM light can be realized. Besides, the OAM of the emitted light can be designed on demand. The principle and properties of the proposed laser are demonstrated by numerical simulations. This work paves the way for exploring a single-mode OAM laser based on the plasmonic standing-wave WGMs at the microscale, which can be served as a basic building block for on-chip optical devices.

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Anashkina, Elena A., Maria P. Marisova, Vitaly V. Dorofeev, and Alexey V. Andrianov. "Cascade Brillouin Lasing in a Tellurite-Glass Microsphere Resonator with Whispering Gallery Modes." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082866.

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Brillouin microlasers based on microresonators with whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are in high demand for different applications including sensing and biosensing. We fabricated a microsphere resonator with WGMs from a synthesized high-quality tellurite glass with record high Q-factors for tellurite microresonators (Q ≥ 2.5 × 107), a high Brillouin gain coefficient (compared to standard materials, e.g., silica glasses), and a Brillouin frequency shift of 9 ± 0.5 GHz. The high density of excited resonance modes and high loaded Q-factors allowed us to achieve experimentally cascade Stokes-Brillouin lasing up to the 4th order inclusive. The experimental results are supported by the results of the theoretical analysis. We also theoretically obtained the dependences of the output Brillouin powers on the pump power and found the pump-power thresholds for the first five Brillouin orders at different values of pump frequency detuning and Q-factors, and showed a significant effect of these parameters on the processes under consideration.

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TAMEE, KREANGSAK, and PREECHA P. YUPAPIN. "PSYCHIATRIC INVESTIGATION USING WGMs IN MICRORING CIRCUITS." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 06, no. 04 (October 2013): 1350044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545813500442.

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The use of an electrical probe is formed by whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of light within the coated microring circuits, in which the electrical signal is generated by trapped electron tunneling along the circular path of the coated microring circuit. The collection of electrons is formed within the WGMs, where in this study, a modified nonlinear microring resonator known as a PANDA ring resonator is coated by gold material and forms the mirroring circuit. The induced current (magnetic field) within the circuit occurs by the coupling effects between trapped electrons and coated ring, which can penetrate into the brain cells and transform to the required signals via the terahertz carrier for psychiatric investigations. The use of WGMs for 3D image construction using a PANDA conjugate mirror is also discussed, which is useful for thermal and imaging sensors.

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Chien, Ching-Hang, and Yia-Chung Chang. "Photoluminescence spectra of zno microspheres: effects of exciton-polariton and Purcell factor." MRS Advances 4, no. 31-32 (2019): 1759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.295.

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ABSTRACTWe present theoretical calculations of the line shapes of emission spectra of ZnO micro spheres (MSs), including the exciton-polariton and Purcell effect. Our calculation explains the red shift of emission peaks of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in UV range commonly observed in ZnO MSs. We show that the red shift of the UV emission peak is caused by the combination of cavity effect and the polariton dispersion. The positions and relative strengths of sharp peaks arising from WGMs are also simulated by our calculation, and theoretical predictions match well with experimental data. Our calculation provides useful guide lines for the design of MS cavities for applications in white-light illumination, optical communication, and biosensing.

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Parsamyan, Henrik, Khachik Sahakyan, and Khachatur Nerkararyan. "Analysis of bistability at the coupling between waveguide and whispering gallery modes of a nonlinear hemicylinder." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 16 (January 21, 2022): 165102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac49b8.

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Abstract The optical bistability caused by the coupling between modes of the parallel-plate waveguide and a nonlinear hemicylindrical crystal is studied using theoretical and numerical analysis. In such a system a waveguide channel is parallelly coupled to whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of a hemicylindrical microresonator ensuring bistable behaviour at input intensities of the order of a few MW cm−2. The characteristic minimum switching time of the system (around 30 ps) can be controlled by varying the thickness of the metal layer which couples the waveguide and WGMs. This is conditioned by the change of the quality Q-factor, as well as the coupling coefficient of the resonator. The main advantages of the system are fabrication simplicity, small sizes of the order of 3 µm, integrability with other optical components and the possibility of adjusting the processes by making use of the electro-optical effect.

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Wang, Zhe, Arun Kumar Mallik, Fangfang Wei, Zhuochen Wang, Anuradha Rout, Qiang Wu, and Yuliya Semenova. "A Micron-Range Displacement Sensor Based on Thermo-Optically Tuned Whispering Gallery Modes in a Microcapillary Resonator." Sensors 22, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 8312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218312.

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A novel micron-range displacement sensor based on a whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microcapillary resonator filled with a nematic liquid crystal (LC) and a magnetic nanoparticle- coated fiber half-taper is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proposed device, the tip of a fiber half-taper coated with a thin layer of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) moves inside the LC-filled microcapillary resonator along its axis. The input end of the fiber half-taper is connected to a pump laser source and due to the thermo-optic effect within the MNPs, the fiber tip acts as point heat source increasing the temperature of the LC material in its vicinity. An increase in the LC temperature leads to a decrease in its effective refractive index, which in turn causes spectral shift of the WGM resonances monitored in the transmission spectrum of the coupling fiber. The spectral shift of the WGMs is proportional to the displacement of the MNP-coated tip with respect to the microcapillary’s light coupling point. The sensor’s operation is simulated considering heat transfer in the microcapillary filled with a LC material having a negative thermo-optic coefficient. The simulations are in a good agreement with the WGMs spectral shift observed experimentally. A sensitivity to displacement of 15.44 pm/µm and a response time of 260 ms were demonstrated for the proposed sensor. The device also shows good reversibility and repeatability of response. The proposed micro-displacement sensor has potential applications in micro-manufacturing, precision measurement and medical instruments.

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Wang, Tai-An, Shuai Feng, and Yong Zhang. "Synchronized preparation of bi- and tri-qubit entanglement with nitrogen-vacancy centers coupled to microtoroidal resonators." International Journal of Quantum Information 17, no. 02 (March 2019): 1950014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021974991950014x.

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We research the input–output process with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers fixed on the surface of micro-toroidal resonators (MTRs) with whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) and then present an efficient scheme for the synchronized generation of Bell and W states. In our scheme, entanglement can be prepared with the assistance of the polarized photon pulse and electron spin state of NV center. The analysis of the efficiency shows that our scheme is feasible with the current technology, which can be further used for quantum information processing.

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Jin, Yingying, Liu Yang, Chenxinyu Pan, Zhangxing Shi, Bowen Cui, Peizhen Xu, Yuxin Yang, et al. "Strong coupling of a plasmonic nanoparticle to a semiconductor nanowire." Nanophotonics 10, no. 11 (July 22, 2021): 2875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0214.

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Abstract By placing a single Au nanoparticle on the surface of a cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanowire, we demonstrate strong coupling of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes in the nanoparticle and whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in the nanowire. For a 50-nm-diameter Au-nanosphere particle, strong coupling occurs when the nanowire diameter is between 300 and 600 nm, with a mode splitting up to 80 meV. Using a temperature-induced spectral shift of the resonance wavelength, we also observe the anticrossing behavior in the strongly coupled system. In addition, since the Au nanosphere has spherical symmetry, the supported LSPR mode can be selectively coupled with transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) WGMs in the nanowire. The ultracompact strong-coupling system shown here may provide a versatile platform for studying hybrid “photon–plasmon” nanolasers, nonlinear optical devices, and nanosensors.

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Zadorozhnaya, Ludmila A., Andrey P. Tarasov, and Vladimir M. Kanevsky. "The Growth Mechanism, Luminescence, and Lasing of Polyhedral ZnO Microcrystals with Whispering-Gallery Modes." Photonics 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2023): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10121328.

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This work studies the features of the formation of isometric polyhedral ZnO microcrystals that provide stimulated emission and whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) lasing in the near-UV range. For this purpose, the growth stages of such crystals in the process of gas-transport synthesis and the luminescent properties of the structures obtained at each stage were investigated. It was shown that the growth of laser microcrystals begins with the formation of microspheroids with thin ZnO shells. Such spheroids exhibit mainly white luminescence with a small contribution of near-UV emission. Increasing the synthesis duration results in thickening and faceting of the spheroid shells, as well as a decrease in the contribution of the yellow–red component to the luminescence spectrum. At the same time, ZnO microcrystallites nucleate and grow inside the spheroids, using as a material the remains of a liquid zinc drop and oxygen entering the spheroids through their shells. Such growth conditions allow them to take on an equilibrium polyhedral shape. Eventually, upon destruction of the spheroid shell, a polyhedral ZnO microcrystal supporting WGMs is observed.

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Fan, Huibo, Dawei Zhou, Li Fan, Yuanyan Wu, Hao Tao, and Junbin Gong. "Excitation of Multi-Beam Interference and Whispering-Gallery Mode in Silica Taper-Assisted Polymer Microspheres for Refractometric Sensing." Photonics 8, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040117.

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We propose and numerically analyze a fiber-optic sensor based on a silica taper-assisted multiple polymer microspheres to realize high-sensitivity refractometric sensing due to the excitation of multi-beam interference and whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) in each microsphere. Up to 5 UV-cured adhesive microspheres are dripped in sequence on the 2 µm-diameter silica taper with the certain distances in between. Scattering and reflection of light in each microsphere enhance the multi-beam interference because of the emergence of high-order modes. Moreover, WGMs with certain resonant wavelengths are excited in the microspheres, further enhancing the transmission spectrum with high contrast and quality factor. Furthermore, irregular transmission spectrum corresponds to the large wavelength tuning range. Propagating light between the microspheres could be strongly affected by the environmental factor with the large transmission spectrum shift, therefore realizing the refractometric sensing with high sensitivity of 846 nm/RIU based on the taper-assisted 2-spheres sensor. Furthermore, another two microspheres are placed on both sides of 2-spheres sensor to form 4-spheres-loop sensor, re-collecting those large-angle scattering light with the enhancement of multi-beam interference and WGMs. Therefore, the sensitivity of 4-shperes-loop sensor is further improved to the maximum of 1296.3 nm/RIU.

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Li, Yuyin, Peng Chen, Xianfei Zhang, Ziwen Yan, Tong Xu, Zili Xie, Xiangqian Xiu, et al. "The Study on the Lasing Modes Modulated by the Dislocation Distribution in the GaN-Based Microrod Cavities." Nanomaterials 13, no. 15 (August 1, 2023): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13152228.

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Low-threshold lasing under pulsed optical pumping is demonstrated in GaN-based microrod cavities at room temperature, which are fabricated on the patterned sapphire substrates (PSS). Because the distribution of threading dislocations (TDs) is different at different locations, a confocal micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy (μ-PL) was performed to analyze the lasing properties of the different diameter microrods at the top of the triangle islands and between the triangle islands of the PSS substrates, respectively. The μ-PL results show that the 2 μm-diameter microrod cavity has a minimum threshold of about 0.3 kW/cm2. Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in the microrod cavities are investigated by finite-difference time-domain simulation. Combined with the dislocation distribution in the GaN on the PSS substrates, it is found that the distribution of the strongest lasing WGMs always moves to the region with fewer TDs. This work reveals the connection between the lasing modes and the dislocation distribution, and can contribute to the development of low-threshold and high-efficiency GaN-based micro-lasers.

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Chiavaioli, Francesco, Dario Laneve, Daniele Farnesi, Mario Falconi, Gualtiero Nunzi Conti, Francesco Baldini, and Francesco Prudenzano. "Long Period Grating-Based Fiber Coupling to WGM Microresonators." Micromachines 9, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9070366.

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A comprehensive model for designing robust all-in-fiber microresonator-based optical sensing setups is illustrated. The investigated all-in-fiber setups allow light to selectively excite high-Q whispering gallery modes (WGMs) into optical microresonators, thanks to a pair of identical long period gratings (LPGs) written in the same optical fiber. Microspheres and microbubbles are used as microresonators and evanescently side-coupled to a thick fiber taper, with a waist diameter of about 18 µm, in between the two LPGs. The model is validated by comparing the simulated results with the experimental data. A good agreement between the simulated and experimental results is obtained. The model is general and by exploiting the refractive index and/or absorption characteristics at suitable wavelengths, the sensing of several substances or pollutants can be predicted.

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Xu, Hongya. "Super-persistent Currents in Chaotic Dirac Fermion Systems." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2017, DPC (January 1, 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2017dpc-tp4_presentation6.

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Persistent currents (PCs), one of the most intriguing manifestations of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect, are known to vanish for Schrödinger particles in the presence of random scatterings, e.g., due to classical chaos. But would this still be the case for Dirac fermions? Addressing this question is of significant value due to the tremendous recent interest in two-dimensional Dirac materials. We investigate relativistic quantum AB rings threaded by a magnetic flux and find that PCs are extremely robust. Even for highly asymmetric rings that host fully developed classical chaos, the amplitudes of PCs are of the same order of magnitude as those for integrable rings, henceforth the term superpersistent currents (SPCs). A striking finding is that the SPCs can be attributed to a robust type of relativistic quantum states, i.e., Dirac whispering gallery modes (WGMs) that carry large angular momenta and travel along the boundaries. We propose an experimental scheme using topological insulators to observe and characterize Dirac WGMs and SPCs, and speculate that these features can potentially be the base for a new class of relativistic qubit systems. Our discovery of WGMs in relativistic quantum systems is remarkable because, although WGMs are common in photonic systems, they are relatively rare in electronic systems.

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Gu, Ping, Yuheng Guo, Jing Chen, Zuxing Zhang, Zhendong Yan, Fanxin Liu, Chaojun Tang, Wei Du, and Zhuo Chen. "Multiple Sharp Fano Resonances in a Deep-Subwavelength Spherical Hyperbolic Metamaterial Cavity." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092301.

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We theoretically study the multiple sharp Fano resonances produced by the near-field coupling between the multipolar narrow plasmonic whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) and the broad-sphere plasmon modes supported by a deep-subwavelength spherical hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) cavity, which is constructed by five alternating silver/dielectric layers wrapping a dielectric nanosphere core. We find that the linewidths of WGMs-induced Fano resonances are as narrow as 7.4–21.7 nm due to the highly localized feature of the electric fields. The near-field coupling strength determined by the resonant energy difference between WGMs and corresponding sphere plasmon modes can lead to the formation of the symmetric-, asymmetric-, and typical Fano lineshapes in the far-field extinction efficiency spectrum. The deep-subwavelength feature of the proposed HMM cavity is verified by the large ratio (~5.5) of the longest resonant wavelength of WGM1,1 (1202.1 nm) to the cavity size (diameter: 220 nm). In addition, the resonant wavelengths of multiple Fano resonances can be easily tuned by adjusting the structural/material parameters (the dielectric core radius, the thickness and refractive index of the dielectric layers) of the HMM cavity. The narrow linewidth, multiple, and tunability of the observed Fano resonances, together with the deep-subwavelength feature of the proposed HMM cavity may create potential applications in nanosensors and nanolasers.

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Kang, Yvonne, Alexandre François, Nicolas Riesen, and Tanya Monro. "Mode-Splitting for Refractive Index Sensing in Fluorescent Whispering Gallery Mode Microspheres with Broken Symmetry." Sensors 18, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 2987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092987.

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Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators have become increasingly diverse in terms of both architecture and applications, especially as refractometric sensors, allowing for unprecedented levels of sensitivity. However, like every refractometric sensor, a single WGM resonator cannot distinguish temperature variations from changes in the refractive index of the surrounding environment. Here, we investigate how breaking the symmetry of an otherwise perfect fluorescent microsphere, by covering half of the resonator with a high-refractive-index (RI) glue, might enable discrimination of changes in temperature from variations in the surrounding refractive index. This novel approach takes advantage of the difference of optical pathway experienced by WGMs circulating in different equatorial planes of a single microsphere resonator, which induces mode-splitting. We investigated the influence of the surrounding RI of the microsphere on mode-splitting through an evaluation of the sphere’s WGM spectrum and quality factor (Q-factor). Our results reveal that the magnitude of the mode-splitting increases as the refractive index contrast between the high-refractive-index (RI) glue and the surrounding environment increases, and that when they are equal no mode-splitting can be seen. Investigating the refractive index sensitivity of the individual sub modes resulting from the mode-splitting unveils a new methodology for RI sensing, and enables discrimination between surrounding refractive index changes and temperature changes, although it comes at the cost of an overall reduced refractive index sensitivity.

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Zhang, Zhifang, Jia Yan, Zuoru Dong, Ningning Zhang, Peizong Chen, Kun Peng, Yanyan Zhu, Zhenyang Zhong, and Zuimin Jiang. "Unique Enhancement of the Whispering Gallery Mode in Hexagonal Microdisk Resonator Array with Embedded Ge Quantum Dots on Si." Nanomaterials 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2023): 2553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13182553.

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The coupling between the quantum dots (QDs) and silicon-based microdisk resonator facilitates enhancing the light–matter interaction for the novel silicon-based light source. However, the typical circular microdisks embedded with Ge QDs still have several issues, such as wide spectral bandwidth, difficult mode selection, and low waveguide coupling efficiency. Here, by a promising structural modification based on the mature nanosphere lithography (NSL), we fabricate a large area hexagonal microdisk array embedded with Ge QDs in order to enhance the near-infrared light emissions by a desired whispering gallery modes (WGMs). By comparing circular microdisks with comparable sizes, we found the unique photoluminescence enhancement effect of hexagonal microdisks for certain modes. We have confirmed the WGMs which are supported by the microdisks and the well-correlated polarized modes for each resonant peak observed in experiments through the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulation. Furthermore, the unique enhancement of the TE5,1 mode in the hexagonal microdisk is comparatively analyzed through the simulation of optical field distribution in the cavity. The larger enhanced region of the optical field contains more effectively coupled QDs, which significantly enhances the PL intensity of Ge QDs. Our findings offer a promising strategy toward a distinctive optical cavity that enables promising mode manipulation and enhancement effects for large-scale, cost-effective photonic devices.

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Frolov, Aleksandr Yu, Joris Van de Vondel, Vladimir I. Panov, Pol Van Dorpe, Andrey A. Fedyanin, Victor V. Moshchalkov, and Niels Verellen. "Probing higher order optical modes in all-dielectric nanodisk, -square, and -triangle by aperture type scanning near-field optical microscopy." Nanophotonics 11, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0612.

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Abstract All-dielectric nanoantennas, consisting of high refractive index semiconductor material, are drawing a great deal of attention in nanophotonics. Owing to their ability to manipulate efficiently the flow of light within sub-wavelength volumes, they have become the building blocks of a wide range of new photonic metamaterials and devices. The interaction of the antenna with light is largely governed by its size, geometry, and the symmetry of the multitude of optical cavity modes it supports. Already for simple antenna shapes, unraveling the full modal spectrum using conventional far-field techniques is nearly impossible due to the spatial and spectral overlap of the modes and their symmetry mismatch with incident radiation fields. This limitation can be circumvented by using localized excitation of the antenna. Here, we report on the experimental near-field probing of optical higher order cavity modes (CMs) and whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in amorphous silicon nanoantennas with simple, but fundamental, geometrical shapes of decreasing rotational symmetry: a disk, square, and triangle. Tapping into the near-field using an aperture type scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) opens a window on a rich variety of optical patterns resulting from the local excitation of antenna modes of different order with even and odd parity. Numerical analysis of the antenna and SNOM probe interaction shows how the near-field patterns reveal the node positions of – and allows us to distinguish between – cavity and whispering gallery modes. As such, this study contributes to a richer and deeper characterization of the structure of light in confined nanosystems, and their impact on the structuring of the light fields they generate.

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Pluchon, David, Nolwenn Huby, Alain Moréac, Pascal Panizza, and Bruno Bêche. "From Fabrication to Characterization of 3D Organic Microresonators: A Complementary Alliance of Microfluidics and Optics." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (November 8, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/767836.

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This paper introduces a preview of targeted current research on organic optofluidic materials and devices devoted to 3D photonics microresonators (MRs). First, such an approach takes advantage from a significant know-how on optical simulations of 3D spherical MRs by complementary and coupled ways based on electromagnetism and quantum mechanics principle. Such simulations have allowed to preset the quantization of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) and to define a new formulation of optical caustics in global 3D MRs cavities. Leaning from these simulations, an interdisciplinary approach has been achieved by combining microfluidics techniques and thin layer processes that allowed with flow rates control the realization of 3D droplets MRs of several tens of micrometers in radii. Finally, free-space optical characterizations have been performed on such 3D polymeric MRs by judicious protocols based, respectively, on a modified Raman spectroscopy laser excitation and an adequate direct beam waist optical coupling. Spectral analysis on such 3D MRs of various sizes confirms the excitation of the expected WGMs revealing free spectral range (FSR) and caustics values close to the analytical ones.

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Rubino, Edoardo, and Tindaro Ioppolo. "A Vibrometer Based on Magnetorheological Optical Resonators." Vibration 1, no. 2 (October 17, 2018): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration1020017.

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This paper addresses the feasibility of an optical vibrometer that is based on the shift of the optical modes, also known as whispering gallery modes (WGMs), of a magnetorheological optical resonator. The optical resonator that is used in this study is fabricated by mixing polyvinyl chloride plastisol with magnetically polarizable particles. When a permanent magnet that is located nearby the optical resonator is moved, it induces a perturbation of the morphology of the resonator, due to the magnetostrictive effect. This change in the morphology induces a shift in the optical modes of the resonator. The shift of the optical modes can be related to the displacement of the permanent magnet. The proposed sensor concept is based on monitoring the displacement of a tiny magnet that is attached to a moving surface. The optical quality factor of the resonator used in these studies was of the order of 106. The experimental results show a sensitivity of 0.32 pm/μm and a resolution that is less than 300 nm.

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Rivera-Pérez, E., A. Díez, J. L. Cruz, E. Silvestre, and M. V. Andrés. "Analysis of whispering gallery modes resonators: wave propagation and energy balance models." Suplemento de la Revista Mexicana de Física 2, no. 1 Jan-Mar (March 31, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/suplrevmexfis.2.1.81.

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Electromagnetic whispering gallery modes (WGM) are surface waves guided by the curvature of an interface. Microspheres, microdisks and microcylinders –as for example standard optical fibers– are high quality microresonators for the WGM. In fact, they can be regarded as compact and small ring resonators. Here, we present a comparison between wave propagation and energy balance models, stablishing the equivalence and discussing the basic characteristics of these two complementary approaches.

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Tanaram, C., P. Phatharacorn, S. Chiangga, and P. P. Yupapin. "Analytical and simulation results of micro-ring resonator system using two eyes imaging model." International Journal of Scientific World 3, no. 2 (July 5, 2015): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v3i2.4881.

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<p>In this review article, the artificial vision model using the 3 cascaded conjugate mirrors system can be constructed, analyzed and simulated. A single 3D pixel (point) imaging construction is formed and obtained by using the conjugate mirror concept, where the large area of pixels can be potentially constructed and realized for large area application. This is a simulation work, where the software program is the finite difference time domain (FDTD) commercial program (Opti-wave). However, the used device parameters and materials can be fabricated and formed the artificial eyes for 3D artificial vision. Simulation result obtained has shown that the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of radiation within the cascaded microring conjugate mirrors can be easily formed, and are coupled by the two nonlinear side rings, which can be potentially used for 3D imaging pixel construction applications by the two eyes construction model.</p>

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Yakuhina, Anastasia, Alexey Kadochkin, Vladimir Amelichev, Dmitry Gorelov, and Sergey Generalov. "Research of Constructive and Technological Methods for Forming a Silicon Disk Resonator with Whispering Gallery Modes." Photonics 7, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7020031.

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This article presents the results of a computer simulation of whispering gallery modes in the structure of a silicon disk resonator with a wedge-shaped profile made on a silicon-on-isolator base (SOI). The rationale for the choice of silicon as a material for its manufacturing is given. The results of the study of the influence of the wedge angle on the whispering gallery mode parameters (WGM) are presented. The optimum wedge angle of a silicon disk resonator is determined, which ensures the minimum loss and maximum mode stability. The technological aspects of plasma-chemical etching processes for forming a wedge-shaped profile of the edge of a silicon disk resonator are studied.

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Konstantinou, Georgia, Karolina Milenko, Kyriaki Kosma, and Stavros Pissadakis. "Multiple Light Coupling and Routing via a Microspherical Resonator Integrated in a T-Shaped Optical Fiber Configuration System." Micromachines 9, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9100521.

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We demonstrate a three-port, light guiding and routing T-shaped configuration based on the combination of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) and micro-structured optical fibers (MOFs). This system includes a single mode optical fiber taper (SOFT), a slightly tapered MOF and a BaTiO3 microsphere for efficient light coupling and routing between these two optical fibers. The BaTiO3 glass microsphere is semi-immersed into one of the hollow capillaries of the MOF taper, while the single mode optical fiber taper is placed perpendicularly to the latter and in contact with the equatorial region of the microsphere. Experimental results are presented for different excitation and reading conditions through the WGM microspherical resonator, namely, through single mode optical fiber taper or the MOF. The experimental results indicate that light coupling between the MOF and the single mode optical fiber taper is facilitated at specific wavelengths, supported by the light localization characteristics of the BaTiO3 glass microsphere, with spectral Q-factors varying between 4.5 × 103 and 6.1 × 103, depending on the port and parity excitation.

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Dukin A. A. and Golubev V. G. "Modeling of luminescence spectra in spherical microresonators with an emitting shell." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 13 (2022): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.13.53986.2266-21.

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The luminescence spectra of a microresonator structure consisting of a spherical core of small diameter (3.5-6 mcm) covered with a luminescent shell with a refractive index less than that of the core are modeled. Shell luminescence spectra, radial distribution of the whispering gallery mode (WGM) field, and mode parameters (wavelength, width, quality factor) are calculated using the expansion of the electromagnetic wave field in the basis of vector spherical harmonics and the method of spherical wave transfer matrices. The dependence of the luminescence spectra and WGM parameters on the geometric and optical parameters of the structure --- the shell thickness, the refractive index of the shell, and the core diameter --- is studied. Keywords: spherical microresonator, luminescent shell, whispering gallery modes, modeling of luminescence spectra.

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Tan, Wei, Lei Shi, and Xianfeng Chen. "Modeling of an Optical Sensor Based on Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) on the Surface Guiding Layer of Glass Filaments." Sensors 8, no. 10 (October 28, 2008): 6761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8106761.

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Dantham, V. R., and P. B. Bisht. "Modification of radiative rates of molecules coated on a single microcavity by evanescent coupling of whispering gallery modes (WGMs)." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 51, no. 2 (July 19, 2010): 20902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2010091.

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Yu, Ye Feng, Tarik Bourouina, and Ai Qun Liu. "An On-Chip Micro-Droplet Optical Filter Using Evanescent Wave Coupling." Advanced Materials Research 74 (June 2009): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.74.193.

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An on-chip micro-droplet optical filter based on the evanescent wave coupling by fiber taper is presented in this paper. The optical filter consists of a T-junction for micro-droplets generation and an integrated optical fiber taper for light input and output. The light is coupled into the droplet resonator when it has the same wavelengths as the Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) of the droplet. The coupling efficiency can be adjusted by tuning the distance between the droplet and the fiber taper using micro fluidic flow. Compared with the solid sphere or ring optical filter using fiber taper coupling, the diameter and refractive index of liquid droplet can be easily tuned, which means the resonant modes can also be tuned. The diameter of the droplet is controlled by the flow rate ratio at the T-junction. The micro-droplet optical filter also has advantages as wide wavelength tuning range, easy fabrication process, simple manipulation, and low cost, which promise for many applications in optical analysis on micro-optical-fluidic chip.

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Anashkina, Elena A., Maria P. Marisova, and Alexey V. Andrianov. "Theoretical Study of Multicascade Raman Microlasers Based on TeO2–WO3–Bi2O3 Glass." Photonics 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2023): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101137.

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The development and investigation of miniature narrow-line coherent light sources based on microresonators with low-power-consumption whispering gallery modes (WGMs) is an actual trend in modern photonics. Raman WGM microlasers can operate at wavelengths inaccessible to traditional laser media and provide a huge pump frequency tuning range. Here, we propose and theoretically study multicascade Raman microlasers based on soft tellurite TeO2–WO3–Bi2O3 glass WGM microresonators (microspheres) which can operate in the near-IR and mid-IR with the pump in the telecommunication range. Thanks to a large Raman gain (120 times exceeding the maximum Raman gain of silica glass) and a huge Raman frequency shift of 27.5 THz for this glass, the Raman waves at 1.83 µm, 2.21 µm, 2.77 µm, and 3.7 µm in the first, second, third, and fourth cascades, respectively, are theoretically demonstrated with a pump at 1.57 µm. We analyze in detail the influence of different factors on the characteristics of the generated Raman waves, such as microsphere diameters, Q-factors, pump powers, and detuning of the pump frequency from exact resonance. We also solve a thermo-optical problem to show that the temperature of a soft glass microresonator heated due to partial thermalization of pump power remains below the glass transition temperature. To the best of our knowledge, mid-IR tellurite glass Raman WGM microlasers have not been studied before.

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Kasani, Sujan, Kathrine Curtin, and Nianqiang Wu. "A review of 2D and 3D plasmonic nanostructure array patterns: fabrication, light management and sensing applications." Nanophotonics 8, no. 12 (October 4, 2019): 2065–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2019-0158.

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AbstractThis review article discusses progress in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) chip-based nanostructure array patterns. Recent advancements in fabrication techniques for nano-arrays have endowed researchers with tools to explore a material’s plasmonic optical properties. In this review, fabrication techniques including electron-beam lithography, focused-ion lithography, dip-pen lithography, laser interference lithography, nanosphere lithography, nanoimprint lithography, and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-based lithography are introduced and discussed. Nano-arrays have gained increased attention because of their optical property dependency (light-matter interactions) on size, shape, and periodicity. In particular, nano-array architectures can be tailored to produce and tune plasmonic modes such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), surface plasmon polariton (SPP), extraordinary transmission, surface lattice resonance (SLR), Fano resonance, plasmonic whispering-gallery modes (WGMs), and plasmonic gap mode. Thus, light management (absorption, scattering, transmission, and guided wave propagation), as well as electromagnetic (EM) field enhancement, can be controlled by rational design and fabrication of plasmonic nano-arrays. Because of their optical properties, these plasmonic modes can be utilized for designing plasmonic sensors and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Whispering gallery modes (WGMs)'

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