Relevant bibliographies by topics / Whiplash

Academic literature on the topic 'Whiplash'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Whiplash"

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Kwan, Oliver, and John Friel. "Whiplash sine whiplash." International Journal of Legal Medicine 116, no. 4 (April 20, 2002): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-002-0286-y.

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BROOS PLO. "Whiplash." Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 55, no. 4 (January 1, 1999): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/tvg.55.4.5000369.

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Winemiller, Mark H. "Whiplash." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 77, no. 12 (December 2002): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/77.12.1398-b.

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Medeiros, John M. "Whiplash." Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 5, no. 3 (January 1997): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jmt.1997.5.3.104.

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Wallace, Daniel J. "Whiplash." JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 11, no. 1 (February 2005): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.rhu.0000152196.12665.d8.

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&NA;. "Whiplash." Back Letter 28, no. 4 (April 2013): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.back.0000429079.79269.ef.

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Halperin, Jonathan S. "Whiplash." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 81, no. 11 (November 2002): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-200211000-00009.

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Stevens, Deborah. "Whiplash." Practice Nursing 18, no. 12 (December 2007): 616–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2007.18.12.27879.

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Rosenfeld RPT, Mark. "Whiplash." American Journal of Medicine 110, no. 8 (June 2001): 667–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00700-8.

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Morrison, M. C. T., and George Mendelson. "Whiplash." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94, no. 2 (February 2001): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107680109400218.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whiplash"

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Harder, Susan. "Prognostic factors in whiplash injury." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68179.

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A historical cohort of 3014 individuals who sustained a whiplash injury resulting from a motor vehicle accident in Quebec in 1987 was assembled and followed up to six years using data obtained from the computerised databases of the province's universal automobile insurance plan. The prognostic factors that were found to be associated with the time to recovery from whiplash were gender, age, number of dependents, marital status, accident severity, vehicle type, seatbelt use, and the presence of multiple injuries. Factors that were predictive of the risk of recurrence of symptoms were age, number of dependents, and accident severity. None of the prognostic factors studied were found to be useful predictors of the amount of medically-related costs reimbursed by the insurance plan.
The results of this study will be used in a future study involving more numerous and precise medical prognostic factors to assess their role in the management of whiplash patients.
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Maak, Travis Gardner. "Dynamic Intervertebral Foramen Narrowing During Whiplash." Yale University, 2006. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-06282006-113354/.

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A biomechanical study of intervertebral foraminal narrowing during simulated automotive head-forward and head-turned rear impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify foraminal width, height and area narrowing during head-forward and head-turned rear impacts, and evaluate the potential for nerve root and ganglion impingement. Muscle weakness and paresthesias, documented in whiplash patients, have been associated with neural compression within the cervical intervertebral foramen. Rotated head posture at the time of rear impact has been correlated with increased frequency and severity of chronic radicular symptoms, as compared to facing forward. No studies have quantified dynamic changes in foramen dimensions during head-forward or head-turned rear impacts. Six whole cervical spine specimens with muscle force replication and surrogate head underwent simulated whiplash at 3.5, 5, 6.5 and 8 g, following non-injurious baseline 2 g acceleration. Continuous dynamic foraminal width, height and area narrowing were recorded, and the peaks were determined during each impact and statistically compared to baseline narrowing. During head-forward rear impacts, significant increases (P<0.05) in average peak foraminal width narrowing above baseline were observed at C5-C6 beginning with 3.5 g impact. No significant increases in average peak foraminal height narrowing were observed, while average peak foraminal areas were significantly narrower than baseline at C4-C5 at 3.5, 5 and 6.5 g. During head-turned rear impacts, significant increases (P<0.05) in average peak foraminal width narrowing above baseline of up to 1.8 mm in the left C5-C6 foramen at 8 g were observed. Average peak dynamic foraminal height was significantly narrower than baseline at right C2-C3 foramen at 5 g and 6.5 g, while no significant increases in foraminal area were observed. Extrapolation of the present head-forward rear impact results indicated that the greatest potential for ganglia compression injury was at the lower cervical spine, C5-C6 and C6-C7. The present head-turned rear impact results indicated that the greatest potential ganglia compression injury exists at C5-C6 and C6-C7. Greater potential for ganglia compression injury exists at C3-C4 and C4-C5 due to head-turned rear impact, as compared to head-forward rear impact. Acute ganglia compression may produce a sensitized neural response to repeat compression leading to chronic radiculopathy following head-forward and head-turned rear impacts. Dynamic ganglion or nerve root compression may also lead to chronic radiculopathy.
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Tjell, Carsten. "Diagnostic considerations on whiplash associated disorders /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1998/91-628-3139-9/.

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Carlson, Erik James. "Vertebral artery elongation during whiplash trauma." [New Haven, Conn. : s.n.], 2008. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-11212008-114040/.

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Billhage, Gunnar, and Linda Westling. "Whiplash : Preskription och adekvat kausalitet vid trafikolyckor." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-105.

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Whiplash is a bodily injury, where the person that is injured is subjected to force towards the neck, mainly in traffic accidents. Even low speed accidents can cause severe damage due to the complicated muscle and nerve structure of the neck. Symptoms range from neck aches and headaches to numb fingers and this makes the Whiplash injury difficult to diagnose. Whiplash is also a treacherous injury due to the fact that the symptoms can not be objectively verified. The principal symptom of the injury is pain, which is to its nature highly subjective. One problem that is fairly unique for Whiplash is that it can take several years for the injury to expose itself.

The starting point for the essay is to examine what kind of problems that might, given the unique character of Whiplash, present themselves to the victim of Whiplash. The problem of verifying the symptoms objectively, and the fact that more than 90% of the people subjected to this kind of injury manage to recover, means that the remaining 10% are viewed sceptically by the insurance companies. These persons often claim that the injury of Whiplash is due to a different, competing incident. The right to compensation, in case of an accident, is a fundamental pillar of the Swedish welfare society. Few people would object to this, but the general perception is also that compensation should not be paid to anyone that has not been subjected to an injury. However, this pose a problem to the Whiplash victim, where a significant amount of time often passes before the pain caused by the injury reveals itself. The requirements placed by the courts on the burden of proof, and whom is responsible for obtaining this evidence, are questions that naturally arises in Whiplash related dis-putes. The verdict of the courts is often based on the medical evaluation provided by the arguing parties. Unfortunately the opinions of the various doctors involved are often contradictory.

A consequence caused by the fact that a long time may pass before the Whiplash related pains reveal themselves is that the statute of limitation may have expired before the injured person has a possibility to pursue a claim of compensation in court. The 31 § (ex 28 §) of the Swedish traffic regulation is not very clear on this issue and only states that the statute of limitations relating to traffic accidents are three and ten years respectively. The start of the limitation period occurs when the person wishing to file a claim has sufficient knowledge to do so. What is meant by sufficient knowledge is not further specified in paragraph 31 TSL; this has been left in the hands of the court to decide. Until recently the verdicts of the court have often been in favour of the in-surance companies. This in the sense that the statute of limitation was considered to start at the time of the accident; a point in time that could easily be objectively verified. This had the unfortunate consequence of often leaving Whiplash victims in a position where they would be facing a fait accompli, i.e. of having their claims rejected due to the statute of limitation. One could say that a conflict existed between the injured person’s need for compensation and the insurance companies’ need of settling insurance claims in a quick an orderly fashion. However, in recent years the Swedish Supreme Court has made several rulings to specify what is meant by “sufficient knowledge”.

Unfortunately these problems show no signs of becoming less relevant, with the amount of accidents resulting in Whiplash injuries estimated to amount to more than half of the 60 000 cases of personal injuries reported to the Swedish insurance compa-nies in 2003.

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Berglund, Jimmy. "Eftermonterbart whiplash-skydd till BMW 5-serie." Thesis, Department of Management and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19720.

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Syftet med denna examensrapport är att ta fram ett eftermonterbart whiplashskydd till BMW 5-serie. Detta eftersom att denna modell, jämfört med modeller i samma prisklass, har fått mycket dåliga resultat i två oberoende whiplashtest.

Projektet resulterade i ett skydd som enkelt och tryggt kan monteras på nackstöden i bilen. Skyddet reducerar risken för en whiplashskada genom att minska det kritiska avståndet mellan huvud och nackstöd. Konstruktionen av skyddet är okomplicerad men designad så att den inte kan röra sig ur läge vid en kollision.

För att nå fram till detta resultat har en designmetodik använts som är lämpad för just detta ändamål. Designmetodiken innefattar olika processer så som brainstorming och evalueringsmatris.

Resultatet i denna rapport är endast ett koncept, så vidare utveckling krävs för att nå fram till en färdig produkt.


The objective of this master thesis is to develop a post-mountable whiplash protection device for the BMW 5 Series. The reason for this is that the model has, in comparison to other models in the same price range, performed porely in two independent whiplash tests.

The outcome of the project is a protection device that can be mounted in an easy and safe way on the headrests in the car. The protection device will reduce the risk of a whiplash injury by decreasing the critical distance between the head and the headrest. The protection device's design is simple, but engineered to prevent the device from moving out of position in case of a collision.

In order to reach the result, a design method suitable for this kind of work has been used. The design method involves different processes like brainstorming and the use of an evaluation matrix.

The result of the thesis is only conceptual, and further development is necessary to reach a final product.

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Lemming, Dag. "Experimental Aspects on Chronic Whiplash-Associated Pain." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Rehabiliteringsmedicin, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10693.

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Introduction: Chronic pain after whiplash trauma (chronic WAD) to the neck is still a common clinical problem in terms of pain management, rehabilitation and insurance claims. In contrast to the increased knowledge concerning mechanisms of chronic pain in general, no clinical guidelines exist concerning assessment, pain control and rehabilitation of patients with chronic WAD. Aim: The general aim of this thesis was to use experimental techniques to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying chronic pain after whiplash trauma. The specific aims of papers I and II were mainly to use analgesic drugs with different target mechanisms alone or in combinations to assess their effects on pain intensity (VAS). Experimental pain techniques were used in all studies to assess deep tissue sensitivity (electrical, mechanical and chemical stimuli). Paper IV aimed at assessing deep tissue sensitivity to mechanical and chemical stimulation. The aim in paper III was to investigate if biochemical changes in interstitial muscle tissue (trapezius muscle) could be detected in WAD patients. Materials and Methods: The thesis is based on three different groups of patients with chronic WAD. In paper III and IV two different groups of healthy controls also participated. All patients were initially assessed in the pain and rehabilitation centre. In paper I (30 patients) and II (20 patients) two different techniques of drug challenges were used. In paper I: morphine, ketamine and lidocaine were used as single drugs. In paper II: remifentanil, ketamine and placebo were used in combinations and together with experimental pain assessments. Microdialysis technique was used in paper III (22 patients from study IV and 20 controls). In paper IV (25 patients and 10 controls) a new quantitative method, computerized cuff pressure algometry, was used in combination with intramuscular saline. In all papers, experimental pain techniques for deep tissue assessment (except cutaneous electrical stimulation in paper I) were used in different combinations: intramuscular hypertonic saline infusion, intramuscular electrical stimulation and pressure algometry. Results and Conclusion: There are multiple mechanisms behind chronic whiplash-associated pain, opioid sensitive neurons, NMDA-receptors and even sodium channels might play a part. A significant share of the patients were pharmacological non-responders to analgesic drugs targeting the main afferent mechanisms involved in pain transmission, this implies activation of different pain processing mechanisms (i.e. enhanced facilitation or changes in the cortical and subcortical neuromatrix). Experimental pain assessments and drug challenges together indicate a state of central hyperexcitability. Ongoing peripheral nociception (paper III), central sensitization and dysregulation of pain from higher levels in the nervous system may interact. These findings are likely to be present early after a trauma, however it is not possible to say whether they are trauma-induced or actually represents pre-morbid variations. Clinical trials with early assessments of the somatosensory system (i.e., using experimental pain) and re-evaluations, early intervention (i.e. rehabilitation) and intensified pain management could give further knowledge.
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Holm, Lena. "Epidemiological aspects on pain in whiplash-associated disorders /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-083-1/.

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Pettersson, Kurt. "Whiplash injury : a clinical, radiographic and psychological investigation." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ortopedi, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96904.

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Whiplash injury is a common and troublesome disorder and approximately 10-40 per cent of its victims develop chronic symptoms. The annual incidence is estimated at 1/1000 inhabitants and the prevalence at 1%. The cause of chronic symptoms after whiplash injury is still unknown and no effective treatment has been presented so far. The present study is divided into two parts; the first part includes clinical, radiographic and psychological investigations, and the second part the effect of surgical intervention as well as intervention with medication. MRI studies (n=39) showed a larger proportion of pathologic findings compared to normal subjects, but no correlation with initial neurologic deficits was found. At the 2-year follow-up all patients with disc herniations with medullary impingement had persistent symptoms. Three patients had disc herniations that deteriorated from slight and moderate initial changes on the MRI to severe changes with medullary cord impingement. This deterioration might be a first sign of disc degeneration. Thus our results indicate that disc pathology is a contributing factor in the development of chronic symptoms. Measurements from standard lateral radiographs taken in neutral position were evaluated (n=48). A graphic digitizer connected to a microcomputer was used and the sagittal diameters were determined. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the spinal canal was significantly smaller in patients with persistent symptoms indicating that a narrow spinal canal is unfavourable in patients subjected to whiplash injury. A psychological investigation (n=70) revealed no relationship between pre-existing personality traits and persistent symptoms. In our study, whiplash patients showed no differences in personality traits compared to normal controls. Our results after discectomy and anterior cervical fusion (n=20) because of chronic symptoms after whiplash injury were not satisfactory. We noticed that about half of the cases had less headache and neck pain but no beneficial effects on radicular pain, vertigo, visual and auditory symptoms were observed. Based on the criteria of a surgical evaluation, two patients were classified as good, nine as fair and nine as poor. A prospective randomised double-blind study of high-dose methyl-prednisolone compared to placebo was conducted (n=40). A clinical follow-up with repeated neurological examinations and a standardised questionnaire including VAS-scales and a pain sketch form were used for the evaluation of initial symptoms, before drug administration and at the follow-ups at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 6 months after the injury. At the 6-month follow-up there was a significant difference between the actively treated patients and placebo concerning disabling symptoms defined as inability to return to previous work, number of sick-days and sick-leave profile. All the actively treated patients had returned to work and none had multiple symptoms though three of them complained of intermittent neck pain. Our conclusion is therefore that acute treatment with high-dose corticosteroids might be beneficial to the prevention of disabling symptoms after whiplash injury.

Härtill 6 uppsatser


digitalisering@umu
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Mordaka, Justyna K. "Finite element analysis of whiplash injury for women." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429241.

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Whiplash injuries are among the most common injuries reported for low velocity car accidents, particularly for rear-end impacts. Although they are mainly minor injuries they result in a great deal of suffering and cost. Surprisingly, female car occupants have a 1.5-2 times higher risk of soft tissue neck injury than men. Moreover, females are more prone to long-term injury. There is no direct explanation for this gender difference; the whiplash injury mechanism itself has not been fully established and so few theories have pursued what is undoubtedly seen as a side issue. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that most research is influenced by international safety standards, leading to the average female car occupant being poorly represented by an average 50th percentile male model or a 5th percentile female model during experiments, let alone during the car safety design process. Summing up, it is apparent that it is timely and necessary to investigate the mystery of female whiplash injury. The existing Nottingham Trent FE model of a male head-neck complex grafted onto a standard Hybrid III dummy model was gradually refined and adapted to represent the average woman. The first part of the study showed that females cannot be represented by a simple, scaled down male model and proved that there was a need for a more sophisticated female model. Subsequent models developed with explicit female anatomical and physiological characteristics showed significant gender differences in their head-neck kinematics during rear-end impact simulation. The results were in agreement with experimental data. The influence of head-head restraint horizontaldistance was also investigated. On the basis of this interim success, the male and female models were further developed and extended to include active muscle response. It was found that the active muscle response principally influenced the head-neck motion by reducing the peak head rotation and the axial forces on ligaments. Furthermore, by simulating different onset times and force levels for the muscle response, the head-neck kinematics and the loads on the neck soft tissue were shown to be related to an occupant's awareness of an oncoming impact. However, of most direct interest to the subject of this thesis, the results indicated higher intervertebral rotation, greater head retraction and increased ligament forces on females than males, particularly for the female model in the "surprised" condition, where the impact is totally unexpected. Female models also had greater peak intervertebral displacements in the horizontal and vertical directions, together with simultaneous higher rotation. This could suggest impingement of the synovial folds, which would lead to neck pain. Female flexor muscles also underwent greater length contraction in comparison to male muscles. The results of tjos research give a possible explanation for the higher risk of whiplash injuries among female car occupants. However, the many limitations pointed out in the thesis show that further complementary experimental and computational research is required before definite recommendations can be made for changes to the design of car seats and head restraints in order to reduce the risk of soft tissue injury to women. Nevertheless, the findings of this study show that female gender is a crucial but neglected problem in the car safety industry and suggest a revision of test programmes and regulations, whcih are currently based on the average male, in order to improve overall female car occupant safety.
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Books on the topic "Whiplash"

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Shealy, Dennis R. Whiplash! New York: Random House, 2010.

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Whiplash. Leicester: Thorpe, 2015.

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Coulter, Catherine. Whiplash. Detroit: Large Print Press, 2011.

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Whiplash. Athlone: Modjaji Books, 2008.

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Whiplash. London: Robert Hale, 2013.

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Coulter, Catherine. Whiplash. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2010.

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Patrick, Spaziante, ed. Whiplash! New York: Random House, 2010.

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McSquare, Eddie. Metallica whiplash! New York: Wise Publications, 1990.

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Meet Whiplash. New York: Simon Spotlight, 2013.

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L, Rook Jack, ed. Whiplash injuries. Philadelphia: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Whiplash"

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Powell, Matthew R., and Michael McCrea. "Whiplash." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3728–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_288.

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Reichgelt, B. "Whiplash." In Verpleegkundig Vademecum, 461–63. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-7326-0_85.

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Powell, Matthew R., and Michael McCrea. "Whiplash." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_288-2.

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van der Velde, Gabrielle. "Whiplash." In Evidence-Based Orthopedics, 669–74. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444345100.ch77.

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Mahajer, Amir, and Ronald B. Tolchin. "Whiplash." In Musculoskeletal Sports and Spine Disorders, 333–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50512-1_76.

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Curatolo, Michele, and Nikolai Bogduk. "Whiplash." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 4259–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_4865.

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Powell, Matthew R., and Michael A. McCrea. "Whiplash." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2708–9. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_288.

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Groves, Derham. "Whiplash." In Australian Westerns in the Fifties, 91–138. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12883-7_3.

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Chow, Y. S., Virendra K. Gupta, Sue W. Nicolson, Harley P. Brown, Vincent H. Resh, David M. Rosenberg, Edward S. Ross, et al. "Whiplash Dermatitis." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4242. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2666.

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Ciabarra, Anthony. "Whiplash Injury." In International Neurology, 655–56. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444317008.ch167.

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Conference papers on the topic "Whiplash"

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Stemper, Brian D., Narayan Yoganandan, and Frank A. Pintar. "Spinal Posture Affects Whiplash Biomechanics." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43012.

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The present study implemented the MADYMO 50th percentile male head-neck model to investigate effects of initial spinal posture on cervical spine kinematics in whiplash. The model was altered to three initial postures: lordosis, straight, kyphosis. The three models were exercised under 2.6 m/sec rear impact pulses. Segmental kinematics and ligament strains were investigated during cervical S-curvature and throughout the whiplash event. Anterior longitudinal ligament strains during S-curvature varied from 20 to 47% of maximum strains. Facet joint strains during S-curvature were 42 to 100% of maximum strains. This finding indicates that facet joint ligaments are more susceptible to whiplash injury during S-curvature, while anterior longitudinal ligament injury likely occurs during the extension phase. Kyphosis and straight postures increased anterior longitudinal ligament strains in the upper cervical spine from the lordosis posture. Lower cervical facet joint and anterior longitudinal ligament strains were greater in the lordosis posture. This study shows that spinal posture may affect injury mechanisms and render a specific population more susceptible to whiplash injury.
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Yang, Hongying, and Jikuang Yang. "Optimization of Anti-Whiplash Seat." In 2012 Third International Conference on Digital Manufacturing and Automation (ICDMA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdma.2012.136.

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Emori, Richard I., and Junji Horiguchi. "Whiplash in Low Speed Vehicle Collisions." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/900542.

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Yanes-Hoffman, N., and DM Fraser. "AB0195 Whiplash from head to toe." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Annals of the rheumatic diseases ARD July 2001. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2001.673.

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Choi, Hyung-Yun, Keyyup Lee, Youngman Kim, Jeseung Pak, and Seungjun Hong. "Investigation of Whiplash Injury in Korea." In SAE 2005 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0292.

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Guoyong, Li, Zhang Tao, Li Zhengfei, and Lu Huilian. "Design of Intelligent Speech Electronic Whiplash." In 2021 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Information Technology, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (ICIBA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciba52610.2021.9688084.

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Kleinberger, Michael, Emily Sun, James Saunders, and Zaifei Zhou. "An Analytical Investigation of Whiplash Injury Risk Related to Head Restraint Position." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0489.

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Abstract Although no consensus currently exists on the mechanisms and tolerances of whiplash injuries, it is generally accepted that head restraint position plays an important role in determining injury risk. This study explores the effects of head restraint position on whiplash injury risk by analyzing a series of rear impact simulations. Head restraint height and backset are varied over a wide range of values and a number of engineering parameters believed to be related to whiplash injury risk are examined. Results indicate that relative motion between the head and torso is strongly related to head restraint position and relative stiffness of the head restraint and seat back. Whiplash injury risk is believed to be related to this relative motion.
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8

Quinn, Kyle P., Kathryn E. Lee, and Beth A. Winkelstein. "Joint Distractions Sufficient to Produce Pain Increase Collagen Fiber Undulation in the Cervical Facet Capsular Ligament in the Rat." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192644.

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Abstract:
Whiplash and its associated disorders are significant societal and health problems with half of affected patients reporting neck pain at one year after injury [1]. The cervical facet joint and its capsule have been identified in both biomechanical and clinical studies as a common site of painful injury during whiplash [2]. Also, in vivo joint distractions, which mimic the facet capsule loading reported in human cadaveric whiplash simulations, can produce behavioral hypersensitivity suggestive of chronic pain symptoms in the rat [3]. Increased laxity and decreased stiffness in the capsule are also produced after both painful joint distractions in the rat [4] and whiplash loading of the neck using cadaveric spines [5]. Together, these findings suggest that subfailure loading of the joint and its capsule produces both mechanical changes and pain. Yet, identifying the mechanical response associated with pathophysiological conditions in the capsular ligament requires an understanding of if, and how, its load-bearing microstructure is altered following painful loading.
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9

Stemper, Brian D., Narayan Yoganandan, and Frank A. Pintar. "Effects of Thoracic Ramping on Whiplash Kinematics." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59447.

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Abstract:
Whiplash injuries result from differential motion between the head and thorax. Experimental investigations using human volunteers and full body cadavers have described thoracic ramping due to interaction with the seatback and straightening of the thoracic spine. The effect of this motion on cervical kinematics has not been investigated. A head-neck computer model was used to determine the effects of thoracic ramping on whiplash kinematics. The model consisted of skull, cervical spine, first thoracic vertebra, intervertebral discs, spinal ligaments, facet joints, and passive musculature, and was subjected to 2.7 m/sec rear impact velocity. Vertical acceleration of T1 was prescribed according to literature. Segmental angulations and region dependent facet joint capsular ligament distractions were obtained from levels C2-C3 through C7-T1 during the time of cervical S-curvature. Maximum capsular ligament distractions during this time occurred in the dorsal region at the C2-C3 level and in the lateral region at the C3-C4 through C7-T1 levels. Increasing magnitudes of T1 ramping decreased segmental angulations and ligament distractions by less than 20% in most cases. Results of the present investigation demonstrated that thoracic ramping may play a secondary role in whiplash kinematics.
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10

Zuby, David S., D. Troy Vann, Adrian K. Lund, and Christina R. Morris. "Crash Test Evaluation of Whiplash Injury Risk." In 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/99sc17.

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