Academic literature on the topic 'Whether to land'
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Journal articles on the topic "Whether to land"
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Judd, Ellen R. "Land Divided, Land United." China Quarterly 130 (June 1992): 338–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000040765.
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Decollectivization and the division of land have raised questions about whether a landed basis might reappear for a contemporary reformulation of patriliny in the Chinese countryside. This article addresses these questions by examining the processes through which formerly collective land has been divided and partially brought together again in informal, nameless co-operative groupings with an apparent patrilineal tinge.
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De Schutter, Olivier. "The Emerging Human Right to Land." International Community Law Review 12, no. 3 (2010): 303–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197310x513725.
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AbstractThis article identifies the emergence of the right to land in international human rights law, and which measures of implementation are called for to ensure the full realization of this right. In certain contexts, the right to land may be seen as a self-standing right, whether it is protected as an element of the right to property, whether it is grounded on the special relationship of indigenous peoples to their lands, territories and resources, or whether it is a component of the right to food. In other cases, the right to land may be said to be instrumental to the right to food: it is protected as an indispensable means through which people can produce food, for their own consumption or as a source of income allowing them, in turn, to purchase food. In making the case for the explicit recognition of the right to land in international human rights law, this article recalls the current pressures on land; it examines the protection of landusers in their existing access to natural resources; and it discusses whether agrarian reform may be seen as a component of the progressive realization of the emerging human right to land.
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Brunelle, Thierry, and David Makowski. "Assessing whether the best land is cultivated first: A quantile analysis." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): e0242222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242222.
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Classical land rent theories imply that the best land is cultivated first. This principle forms the basis of many land-use studies, but empirical evidence remains limited, especially on a global scale. In this paper, we estimate the effects of agricultural suitability and market accessibility on the spatial allocation of cultivated areas at a 30 arc-min resolution in 15 world regions. Our results show that both determinants often have a significant positive effect on the cropland fraction, but with large variations in strength across regions. Based on a quantile analysis, we find that agricultural suitability is the dominant driver of cropland allocation in North America, Middle East and North Africa and Eastern Europe, whereas market accessibility shows a stronger effect in other regions, such as Western Africa. In some regions, such as South and Central America, both determinants have a limited effect on cropland fraction. Comparison of high versus low quantile regression coefficients shows that, in most regions, densely cropped areas are more sensitive to agricultural suitability and market accessibility than sparsely cropped areas.
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Georgiev, Minko, and Dafinka Grozdanova. "Acquisition and inheritance of agricultural land in Bulgaria - from fragmentation towards consolidation." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law = Agrár- és Környezetjog 15, no. 29 (November 24, 2020): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21029/jael.2020.29.66.
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The theory of agricultural land mobility tries to answer the question whether or not it is possible to produce more and cheaper agricultural goods through land consolidation. Acquisition, inheritance, and in the Bulgarian case also the use of property of agricultural lands, are an instrument for the vertical and real/literal integration of the farmers. However, they indirectly affect the access to agricultural land.
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Kirova, Diana. "An Institutional Approach to the Analysis of the History of Agricultural Land Legislation in Bulgaria in the Period 1989-2020." Vocational Education 23, no. 5 (October 25, 2021): 462–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/voc21-5.4ins.
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In this paper, the institutional approach for analysis of the history of agricultural land legislation will trace legislation changes concerning agricultural lands during the period from 1989 to the beginning of 2021. The following article aims to analyse whether evolutionary update and legislative changes achieve establishment of order and justice in reference to distribution of land resources to society - in the face of the state, in its role as an institution and whether the same it has accomplished the desired result.
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YILDIRIM, Abdulkerim. "The Problem of Whether Construction Contracts in Return for Land Shares Can Be Considered a Consumer Transaction." Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 71, no. 3 (October 19, 2022): 1165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33629/auhfd.1182025.
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The Supreme Court does not accept the construction contracts in returnfor land share, which is formed by the land-owner and the contractor, as aconsumer transaction and decides that the disputes arising from thesecontracts do not fall under the jurisdiction of the consumer court. Accordingto the Court, the aim pursued by the land-owner is not to acquire a house foruse, but to evaluate the land. Seeing such contracts outside the consumertransaction is not in accordance with the definition of consumer transaction inTKHK. The judge must evaluate the situation according to each case. Thereis no doubt that the contractor acts for commercial/professional purposes inthese contracts. However, it is possible to refer a consumer transaction if theland-owner has become a party to the contract to acquire a residential/holidayreal-estate for the use of himself or his relatives. It is inconsistent with thepurpose of TKHK to distinguish between someone who acquires immovablefor residential/holiday purposes for use by paying the price to the contractor,and someone who gives his land and wants to acquire a residential/holidayimmovable in order to use it. In both cases, the parties against the contractordeserve equal protection.
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Copus, Gary D., and James McLain. "Land usage conflict in Alaska: the case of mental health lands." Polar Record 25, no. 153 (April 1989): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400010433.
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AbstractIn 1956 the United States government allowed the Territory (now State) of Alaska to select 404,695 hectares of land to provide specifically for mental health services for Alaskans. State legislatures have since tried to place this land into private ownership because of the ‘highest and best use principle’ of land management. ‘Strict usage principle’ opponents have countered with legal action, the result of which is to place the land in a status where it serves neither proponent groups. The question raised by this piece of land history is whether, in a federalism such as the United States, it is possible to use land to serve dedicated social needs.
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KANEKO, Kansai. "The Controversy Concerning Whether the Pure Land is Included within the Three Worlds." JOURNAL OF INDIAN AND BUDDHIST STUDIES (INDOGAKU BUKKYOGAKU KENKYU) 45, no. 2 (1997): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4259/ibk.45.755.
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Balmford, Andrew, Rhys Green, and Ben Phalan. "Land for Food & Land for Nature?" Daedalus 144, no. 4 (September 2015): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00354.
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Opinions on how to limit the immense impact of agriculture on wild species are divided. Some think it best to retain as much wildlife as possible on farms, even at the cost of lowering yield (production per unit area). Others advocate the opposite: increasing yield so as to limit the area needed for farming, and then retaining larger areas under natural habitats. Still others support a mixture of the two extremes, or an intermediate approach. Here we summarize a model designed to resolve this disagreement, and review the empirical evidence available to date. We conclude that this evidence largely supports the second, so-called land-sparing approach to reconciling agriculture and biodiversity conservation, but that important questions remain over the generality of these findings for different biota and for ecosystem services, how best to increase yields while limiting environmental externalities, and whether there are effective, socially just, and practical mechanisms for coupling yield growth to habitat retention and restoration.
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Chama, Brian. "Economic Development at the Cost of Indigenous Land." Ethnic Studies Review 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2011.34.1.199.
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The notion of economic development has affected the general welfare of indigenous groups worldwide. The major conflict has been on land ownership claims on which they have occupied for many years and government quest to bring about economic development. The indigenous groups have struggled to retain their lands despite appealing to both customary and international laws. The paper argues as to whether customary law and international law are vital sources for indigenous land claims. It also presents empirical cases to land claims while making these arguments within the context of economic development.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Whether to land"
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Chcn, Hung Tien, and 陳宏典. "Investigating Whether the Money Supply and Land Price Would Leave Adverse Effects on the Income Inequality." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44058662291831628495.
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碩士義守大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
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This study uses the ratio of house prices to income as the indicator of income inequality, investigating whether the money supply and land price would leave adverse effects on the income inequality. The study data before and after the financial tsunami, collected from the General discussion on housing prices and the relationship between economic variables, and using vector error correction model for relationship between house prices and economic variables derived from leading backward, found the money supply and land prices will have a deteriorating effect on gap between rich and poor. Proceeds of land prices, the money supply and the price ratio, two-way causal relationship exists between . It may cause land prices skyrocketing and loose monetary policy will cause inflation, affect the desire of flat-collar purchased the House, resulting in widening the gap between rich and poor. Proceeds than one-way leading land prices in the price. The likely reason is, the widening of the gap between rich and poor, making rich people, not only will buy a House, or even more than two houses, thus bidding up land prices.
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Sibiya, Thandiwe. "An investigation to assess whether or not the employers of domestic workers do comply with the minimum conditions of employment as laid down in: Sectoral determination 7: Domestic worker sector." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2158.
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This research set out to ascertain whether the employers of domestic workers within the Msunduzi Area do comply with the requirements of Sectoral Determination 7: Domestic Worker Sector. For domestic workers who were exploited during the apartheid era, this determination was perceived as a mechanism that would liberate them (Department of Labour, 2005, p.7). Trade unions use collective bargaining as a tool to fight for employee rights. Domestic workers are unionised, but their trade unions are not as powerful as their counterparts in the private sector (Department of Labour, 2005, p.7). According to Huber (2001, p.20), one of the reasons domestic workers were excluded from most labour laws was the belief that it would be difficult to check whether or not each individual employer complied with the laws. This problem still exists and needs to be solved. Government laws were meant to protect vulnerable workers from exploitation (mainly farm and domestic workers), but what is actually happening is that, rather than protecting employees from exploitation, they serve as corrective action. They are only implemented when there is a case between an employee and the employer. The government has a responsibility to protect vulnerable employees such as domestic and farm workers. The mechanism instituted by the government to protect domestic workers was through the promulgation of Sectoral Determination 7: Domestic Service Sector, which lays down minimum working conditions for domestic workers (Department of Labour, 2005, p.9). The main aim was to alleviate exploitation of domestic workers by the employers due to the power imbalance between these two parties (Department of Labour, 2005, p.9). This study compares what the employer offers to an employee in terms of wages, working hours, meal intervals and leave. From the observation of the research, little research has been done on the compliance or non-compliance with Sectoral Determination 7: Domestic Service Sector, within the Msunduzi Region. The outcome of the findings from this research were that the minimum salary for those employees who work more than five days are R727,60 instead of R861,90 and for those domestic workers who work for five days a week it is an average of R528,93 instead of R567, 79. The results indicated that many of the standards set down by the government are clearly not being met by the employers of domestic workers, for example minimum wages are not being paid and maximum hours are being exceeded. The determination stipulated that the maximum hours that should be worked a week is 45 hours and a maximum of nine hours per day; this was not in line with the standards, seeing that the average amount of time worked per week by respondents was 46.9 hours and 9.3 hours per day. As far as meals are concerned Sectoral Determination 7: Domestic Worker Sector, indicated that the standard should be an hour meal interval for every five hours worked. Respondents from this study disagreed that they were given an hour-long lunch time and reflected that the average time taken for meals was only 30 minutes. Finally, domestic workers need to have annual leave of 21 consecutive days (Department of Labour, 2005, p.9). This standard was not being met, as the average number of days being given for annual leave is 16.5 days. Maternity leave should be given as four consecutive months for domestic workers. It was found that 89,3% of domestic workers were given maternity leave of less than the stipulated four consecutive months. Domestic workers should be given five days' leave for family responsibility (Department of Labour, 2005, p.9). The respondents indicated that this was not adhered to, as the average number of days being given to the domestic workers for family responsibility was 1.4 days. Only 13,8% of domestic workers were granted five days' family responsibility leave and approximately 67,6% received less than five days for family responsibility leave. The study recommended that there should be some kind of government policy of doing consistent spot checks in different areas in the Msunduzi Area and possibly the rest of the country. This will require the Department of Labour to increase its manpower. More labour inspectors will be needed to ensure that this whole area is sufficiently monitored. The study revealed that union officials need to devise means and ways of coming into contact with domestic workers. Employers were expected to have a copy of Sectoral Determination 7: Domestic Service Sector available, within easy access of domestic workers.Thesis (M.B.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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SMAGADI, Aphrodite. "The utilization of natural plant genetic resources and benefit-sharing for the production and legal protection of medicines : the impact of the implementation of the convention on biological diversity." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6597.
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Defence date: 14 November 2006Examining board: Prof. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Francesco Francioni (European University Institute) ; Prof. Thomas Cottier (University of Bern, Switzerland) ; Dr. Graham Dutfield (Queen Mary, University of London)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Books on the topic "Whether to land"
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Environment, Department of the. (Draft) guidance on determination of whether land is contaminated land under the provisions of (Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990). [London]: Dept. of the Environment, 1995.
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Great Britain. Colonial Office. Canada, clergy reserves: Return to an address of the House of Lords of the 15th February 1853, for, the Government Gazette of Canada of 8th May 1849, or any other document in the Colonial Office containing copy of an address to the Governor-General of British North America from the Romish prelates and clergy of Quebec in the year 1849, and of the answer of His Excellency to that address; also, return stating whether the two Canada Acts 12 Vict. Cap. 136, and Cap. 143, or either, and which of them, were disallowed by Her Majesty, and also, copy of any official letter from the Lord Bishop of Quebec to His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, one of Her Majesty's principal secretaries of state, on the matter of clergy reserves in Canada. [London: HMSO, 2001.
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Oversight hearing to consider whether potential liability deters abandoned hardrock mine cleanup: Hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, June 14, 2006. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.
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Swinburne, Henry. A briefe treatise of testaments and last willes: Very profitable to be vnderstoode of all the subiects of this realme of England (desirous to know, whether, whereof, and how, they may make their testaments and by what meanes the same may be affected or hindered) ... : compiled of such lawes eccliasticall and ciuill, as be not repugnant to the lawes, customes, or statutes of this realme, no derogatorie to the prerogatiue royall : in which treatise also are inserted diuers statutes of this land together with mention of sundrie customes ... besides diuers marginall notes and quotations ... : with two tables, the one analytical ... the other alphabeticall ... London: Printed by Iohn Windet, 1992.
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Bassnett, Madeline, and Hillary M. Nunn. In the Kitchen, 1550–1800. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463721646.
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In the Kitchen insists that the preparation of food, whether imaginative, physical, or spatial, is central to a deeper understanding of early modern food cultures and practices. Devoted to the arts of cooking and medicine, early modern kitchens concentrated on producing, processing, and preserving materials necessary for nourishment and survival; yet they also fed social and economic networks and nurtured a sense of physical, spiritual, and political connection to surrounding lands and their cultures. The essays in this volume illuminate this expansive view of cooking and aspire to show how the kitchen's inner workings prove tightly, though often invisibly, interwoven with local, national, and, increasingly, global surroundings. Engaging with literary and historical methodologies, including close reading, recipe analysis, and perspectives on gender, class, race, and colonialism, we begin to develop a shared theoretical and practical language for the art of cooking that combines the physical with the intellectual, the local with the global, and the domestic with the political.
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Cooke, Elizabeth. Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854067.001.0001.
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This book is an account of the land law of England and Wales written in the Clarendon style: as a letter to a friend, with a minimum of footnotes and statutory material. It explains the origins of land law in the feudal system, its transformation by the legislation of 1925, and the modern regime in which registration is the key to the validity and enforceability of interests in land. The unique role of the trust in English law is explored, and the many complications that can arise where ownership of land is shared (whether concurrently or consecutively). Themes of the book include the management of complexity in land law, and the tension between dynamic and static security. The law of mortgages, leases, easements, and covenants is explained. Recent decisions of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court are discussed, as are reform proposals by the Law Commission.
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Lindenmayer, David, Saul Cunningham, and Andrew Young, eds. Land Use Intensification. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104082.
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There can be little doubt that there are truly colossal challenges associated with providing food, fibre and energy for an expanding world population without further accelerating already rapid rates of biodiversity loss and undermining the ecosystem processes on which we all depend. These challenges are further complicated by rapid changes in climate and its additional direct impacts on agriculture, biodiversity and ecological processes.
There are many different viewpoints about the best way to deal with the myriad issues associated with land use intensification and this book canvasses a number of these from different parts of the tropical and temperate world. Chapters focus on whether science can suggest new and improved approaches to reducing the conflict between productive land use and biodiversity conservation.
Who should read this book? Policy makers in regional, state and federal governments, as well as scientists and the interested lay public.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 2. What is land? Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0002.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter explores in detail the legal meaning of land and the nature of its protection. It considers usefulness of the cujus est solum, ejus est usque ad coelum et ad infernos brocard to proving the reach of a land owner's rights above and below the surface of the land. It also considers how the courts decide on whether particular objects count as part of land, or instead as independent chattels.
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Bogusz, Barbara, and Roger Sexton. Complete Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198824909.001.0001.
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Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This edition of Complete Land Law combines clear commentary in relation to land law with essential extracts from legislation and cases. A wide range of extracts are included, providing convenient and reliable access to all the materials needed. This edition features discussion of the latest case law in the area of land law, including: the Supreme Court’s decision in Regency Villas Title Ltd v Diamond Resorts (Europe) Ltd on whether sporting and recreational rights can be an easement; the Court of Appeal’s confirmation in Baker v Craggs that an easement cannot be overreached; a discussion of the Homes (Fitness for Habitation) Act 2018, providing greater protection for short-term leases; and a discussion of the lease/licence distinction in relation to guardians from the judgment Camelot Guardian Management v Khoo.
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Bogusz, Barbara, and Roger Sexton. Complete Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198793250.001.0001.
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Complete Land Law: Text, Cases, and Materials Abstract: Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. Complete Land Law combines clear commentary in relation to land law with essential extracts from legislation and cases. A wide range of extracts are included, providing convenient and reliable access to all the materials needed. This edition features discussion of the latest case law in the area including: Wood v Waddington on the scope of s62 LPA 1925, Regency Villas Title Ltd v Diamond Resorts (Europe) Ltd on whether sporting and recreational rights can be an easement, the use of clear visible signs to prevent the acquisition of a prescriptive easement in Winterburn v Bennett, and Birdlip v Hunter on building schemes. There is an account of the Supreme Court decision in Edwards v Kumarasamy on the scope of ‘exterior’ in relation to repairing covenants in leases.
Book chapters on the topic "Whether to land"
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Müller, Mathias. "Whether a dog or horse — animals always trusted me." In Land schaf[f]t Wissen / Research[in]g the Region, 194–97. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1249-6_47.
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Hogan, Larry. "I am interested whether the Bible has something to say about tattoos." In Land schaf[f]t Wissen / Research[in]g the Region, 70–73. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1249-6_16.
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Holden, Stein T. "The gender dimensions of land tenure reforms in Ethiopia 1995-2020." In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy, 143–52. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0012.
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Abstract Continued rapid population growth in rural areas is a major challenge to future land access for all in Ethiopia. Landlessness is growing and farm sizes shrinking. This tends to erode the constitutional right of all rural residents without another livelihood option to access land for subsistence. With the recent land laws also stipulating minimum farm sizes, this also restricts inheritance rights of children living on small farms. It also restricts the opportunity to share land equally among spouses upon divorce. Co-management of land among divorced parents and children on small farms is also challenging. The result may be disguised fragmentation. Given the growing landlessness and inheritance rules and the need for alternative livelihoods for youth, we may wonder whether women are at a disadvantage in non-farm employment. Recent studies of a large sample of resource-poor rural youth that have been eligible to join youth business groups and have been allocated rehabilitated communal lands have female members that on average have fewer assets, lower incomes and less education than male members. They are also much less likely to own a mobile phone and to become group leaders or group board members. This shows that young women in Ethiopia continue to be disadvantaged and are among the most resource-poor and vulnerable. There is a need for more targeted policies to give them equal opportunities in the ongoing rural as well as rural-urban transformation processes.
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Sait, M. Siraj, and M. Adil Sait. "The paradox of Islamic land governance and gender equality." In Land governance and gender: the tenure-gender nexus in land management and land policy, 153–66. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247664.0013.
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Abstract The curious case of Islamic land perspectives in the context of African countries highlights the prospects and tensions in acknowledging distinctive Islamic land occurrences as part of the Islamic land governance or more broadly hybrid land governance regimes. Muslim customary land norms recall its history and context to produce land systems that appear more effective on the ground. These sociohistorical patterns mapping faithbased tenure contribute to additional types of land and property rights regimes that potentially increase access to land for women and marginalized groups. Examples from Kenya and Tanzania to Nigeria, Senegal and Somalia highlight that Islamic land perspectives cannot be seen as either homogeneous or existing in a vacuum. Shaped in various forms by customary practices, classical Islamic law, as well as colonial-era policies, Islamic land perspectives highlight the need for appropriate land governance. The paradox of 'Islamic' land governance is that while Islamic law has often been invisible and sometimes dismissed, it is an additional useful lens in rethinking the role of faith in land governance. The compelling and volatile relationship between Islamic land practices and governance query whether Islamic tenures need religious informed land governance to be effective.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. "18. Reform of the Land Registration Act 2002." In Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806066.003.0018.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter assesses the impact of the Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002) and looks at recent Law Commission proposals to reform the LRA 2002. The Act principally affects the acquisition and defences questions. It considers whether the Act has achieved its aim of providing a comprehensive and accurate register, and also examines if such an aim is a worthwhile one. The effect of the Act depends on whether C’s registration can be said to be a ‘mistake’; but that term is not defined in the Act, and so there is room for disagreement amongst judges and commentators as to how the crucial notion of ‘mistake’ should be interpreted. The Act also concentrates on the different question of whether B can assert a pre-existing legal or equitable property right against C. The chapter considers the detail of some of the Law Commission’s recent proposals to update the LRA 2002, and notes how those proposals are based on a more nuanced approach, which balances the need of a registered party against other policy concerns.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. "20. Regulating Leases and Protecting Occupiers." In Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806066.003.0020.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter reviews the statutory protection potentially available to B if he or she has a lease. It is shown that, in some cases, B can be seen as having a lease (at least, in the sense used by a particular statute) even if B has no property right. A lease can give B status: the status of a party qualifying for statutory protection. As the Law Commission has noted, however, it is questionable whether the availability of such protection should continue to turn on whether B has a lease rather than a licence, and a new approach has been taken in recent reforms introduced in Wales.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. "20. Regulating Leases and Protecting Occupiers." In Land Law, 754–77. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198868521.003.0020.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter reviews the statutory protection potentially available to B if he or she has a lease. It is shown that, in some cases, B can be seen as having a lease (at least, in the sense used by a particular statute) even if B has no property right. A lease can give B status: the status of a party qualifying for statutory protection. As the Law Commission has noted, however, it is questionable whether the availability of such protection should continue to turn on whether B has a lease, rather than a licence, and a new approach has recently been taken in Wales.
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Berent, Iris. "Land of the Free." In The Blind Storyteller, 240–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061920.003.0015.
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Having seen how Dualism and Essentialism toy with our understanding of our beginning and end, health and disease, Chapter 15 turns to examine how these colored lenses distort our view of our free will and the self. Whether free will truly exists is not a matter I will decide here, but whether we think it does is entirely within this chapter’s purview. When I believe I have freely chosen to lift my finger, I essentially believe in three things: first, that I can tell whether I did it; second, that I can tell whether I consciously willed the act; and third, that there is a single, unitary, willing ”me.” All three beliefs are demonstrably wrong. Dualism and Essentialism are again to blame.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. "14. Co-ownership and Third Parties: Applications for Sale." In Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806066.003.0014.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter considers applications for sale of land held on trust, which are brought by third parties; typically creditors and trustees in bankruptcy of a beneficiary. The chapter explores the different legislation and rules that apply depending on whether the application is made by a creditor or a trustee in bankruptcy.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. "7. Personal Rights: Licences." In Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806066.003.0007.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.This chapter presents a discussion on licences. Licences can be grouped into a number of categories, including bare licences, contractual licences, estoppel licences, statutory licences, and licences coupled with an interest. The key feature of a bare licence is that A is under no duty to B not to revoke the licence. The distinction between a bare licence and a contractual licence turns on the question of whether A is under a contractual duty to B. An estoppel licence, as well as a statutory licence, is similar to a contractual licence: the key difference is the source of A’s duty to B. The concept of a ‘licence coupled with an interest’ has been applied by the courts as a way in which to develop the remedies available to B when B has a contractual licence, whilst at the same time technically respecting past decisions that limited those remedies. The chapter considers whether particular forms of licence ought to count as equitable interests in land, and also examines the means by which a licensee may be protected against a third party, even if the licence itself is only a personal right.
Conference papers on the topic "Whether to land"
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Mohammadyari, Fatemeh, Mir Mehrdad Mirsanjari, Jūratė Sužiedelytė Visockienė, and Ardavan Zarandian. "Evaluation of Change in Land Usage and Land Cover in Karaj, Iran." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.649.
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In this study, classification results were derived from remote sensing data and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm used in this process, which classifies Landsat land-cover images. The accuracy of image classifications was evaluated by calculation of the Kappa coefficient. The area of study is Karaj, the capital of Alborz province, in north-central Iran. It is situated in the foothills of the Alborz Mountains and occupies a fertile agricultural plain. Landsat data used in the classification of land cover were collected from USGS websites, and multi-temporal images from the data were geometrically corrected. After this process, we calculated 11 metrics at the landscape and class-level scales: five metrics of class level and six metrics of landscape. The results showed that the landscape patterns in Karaj were changed due to the process of urbanization over an 11-year period. At the class level, for all classifications, the AI metric increased and the PD and NP metrics decreased. At the landscape level, the PD, ED, NP, and SHDI metrics decreased, and LPI and AI increased. These results provide insights about urban development policies and about whether the expansion of urban areas is beneficial for environmental sustainability in Iran and elsewhere in the world.
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Orme, G. J., and M. Venturini. "Property Risk Assessment for Combined Cycle Power Plants." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50586.
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In the paper, a procedure for Property Risk Assessment is presented and discussed. The procedure is applied to some combined cycle power plants and the most common sources of loss are identified. The impact on operational costs is evaluated through the determination of two indices of risk. First, their dependence on combined cycle configuration and electric power output is established. Second, a sample analysis for risk/benefit evaluation is carried out to estimate whether the adoption of risk assessment procedures allows an actual profit for plant owners. Finally, customer feedback is also discussed.
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Coldrick, Simon, Paul Ivey, and Roger Wells. "Considerations for Using 3D Pneumatic Probes in High Speed Axial Compressors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30045.
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This paper describes preparatory work towards three dimensional flowfield measurements downstream of the rotor in an industrial, multistage, axial compressor, using a pneumatic pressure probe. The probe is of the steady state four hole cobra probe type. The design manufacture and calibration of the probe is described. CFD calculations have been undertaken in order to assess the feasability of using such a probe in the high speed compressor environment where space is limited. This includes effects of mounting the probe in close proximity to the downstream stator blades and whether it is necessary to adjust the calibration data to compensate for these effects.
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Narendra, Anju, John Down, Kirk Mathews, Ravi Rajamani, Sal Leone, Jonathan Thatcher, and Bruce Norman. "Model-Based Detection of Leaks and Blockages in Pipes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0353.
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This paper deals with a model-based strategy for detecting leaks and blockages in a network of pipes. The fault detection and isolation (FDI) system uses a Kalman filter and a model of the piping system to decide whether the system is operating in a normal or failed state, and to distinguish the type of fault. While the idea of using Kalman filters is quite old, its application in the present case is novel, as is the formulation of the FDI system that uses only one model. The theory is backed by experimental validation on a test rig.
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Tsujikawa, Y., K. Kaneko, T. Yamauchi, and S. Katsura. "Performance Analysis of APT (Atmospheric Pressure Turbine): Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Hybrid System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90091.
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Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) has been extensively developed in many countries as a high efficient energy converter. Such high temperature fuel cell can be operated as a hybrid system of integrating of turbo machinery. A major decision is whether to place the cell stack in pressurized or unpressurized section. This paper discusses the exhaust energy recovery from fuel cells by use of turbo machines under unpressurized conditions, working with inverted Brayton cycle in which turbine expansion, cooling by heat exchanger and draft by compressor are made in an open cycle mode. It is denoted as “atmospheric pressure turbine (APT)”.
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Tacina, Kathleen M., and Christopher M. Heath. "Evolution of Combustion-Generated Particles at Tropospheric Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23689.
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This paper describes particle evolution measurements taken in the Particulate Aerosol Laboratory (PAL). The PAL consists of a burner capable of burning jet fuel that exhausts into an altitude chamber that can simulate temperature and pressure conditions up to 13,700 m. After presenting results from initial temperature distributions inside the chamber, particle count data measured in the altitude chamber are shown. Initial particle count data show that the sampling system can have a significant effect on the measured particle distribution: both the value of particle number concentration and the shape of the radial distribution of the particle number concentration depend on whether the measurement probe is heated or unheated.
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Nikolic, M., E. P. Petrov, and D. J. Ewins. "Coriolis Forces in Forced Response Analysis of Mistuned Bladed Discs." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90315.
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The problem of estimating the mutual interaction of the effects of Coriolis forces and of blade mistuning on the vibration characteristics of bladed discs is addressed in this paper. The influence of different degrees of mistuning on forced response and amplification factors are studied in the presence of Coriolis forces and then compared to their non-Coriolis counterparts using a computationally inexpensive, yet representative, model of a bladed disc. The primary objective of the study reported in this paper is to establish whether current mistuned bladed disc analyses should incorporate Coriolis effects in order to represent accurately all the significant factors that affect the forced response levels.
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Jalbert, Paul A., and Vincent A. Zaccardi. "Improved Methodology for Turbine Engine Emission Measurements." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30606.
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Whether the intended application of a gas turbine engine is aero-propulsion or power production, the engine exhaust gas emissions must comply with all applicable air quality regulations. For an aircraft gas turbine engine, the current range of certifiable operating conditions includes the landing and takeoff cycle. For a stationary, power-producing engine the range of operating conditions is narrow, but there is increasing interest in measurements of speciated hydrocarbons and other species that pose health and environmental hazards. Existing emission measurement methodologies are time consuming and expensive. An engine emissions survey was performed on a JT-12 engine at Middle Tennessee State University using a new integrated rapid sampling, measurement, and analysis system. Improved methodologies should be considered for turbine engine emissions certification.
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Gostelow, J. P., R. L. Thomas, and D. S. Adebayo. "On the Response of a Strongly Diffusing Flow to Propagating Wakes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28237.
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Further evidence on the similarities between transition and separation phenomena occurring in turbomachinery and wind tunnel flows is provided by measurements on a large scale flat plate under a strong adverse pressure gradient. The flat plate has a long laminar separation bubble and is subjected to a range of disturbances with triggering caused by injection of a transverse jet and subsequently by wakes generated by rods moving transversely upstream of the leading edge. Wakes were originally presented individually. Each individual wake provoked a vigorous turbulent patch, resulting in the instantaneous collapse of the separation bubble. This was followed by a very strong, and stable, calmed region. Following the lead given by the experiments of Gutmark and Blackwelder on triggered turbulent spots, wakes were then presented in pairs at different wake spacing intervals. In this way wake interaction effects could be investigated in more detail. As in the work on triggered turbulent spots the spacing between impinging wakes was systematically varied; it was found that for close wake spacings the calmed region acted to suppress the turbulence in the following turbulent patch. To investigate whether this phenomenon was a recurring one, or whether the flow then reverted back to its unperturbed state, the experiments were repeated with three and four rods instead of two. This has the potential for making available a wide range of variables including direction and speed of rod rotation. It was found that the subsequent wakes were also suppressed by the calming effect. It may be anticipated that this repeating situation is present in a turbomachine, resulting in hidden benefits for blade count and efficiency. There may also conceivably be blade loading advantages whilst retaining favorable heat transfer conditions in high pressure turbines or stall margin in axial compressors. The inherent and prospective benefits of the calming effect therefore need to be understood thoroughly and new opportunities exploited where this is feasible.
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Orme, G. J., and M. Venturini. "Prediction of Power Plant Exposure to Economic Losses Through a Property Risk Assessment Methodology." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59018.
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In this paper, a procedure for Risk Assessment, which makes use of two risk indices (PML - Probable Maximum Loss and MFL - Maximum Foreseeable Loss) is applied to power plants to evaluate potential economic losses due to risk exposure for two different loss scenarios (probable and worst-case). The paper is mainly focused on Property Insurance aspects, though Boiler and Machinery Insurance and business interruption are also addressed. First, the procedure is applied to provide a prediction of probable and maximum loss as a function of power output. The results allow an estimate of whether the adoption of risk assessment procedures and devices allows an actual payback for plant owners. Second, the economic loss predicted through the risk assessment procedure is compared against real power plant loss values, taken from published data.
Reports on the topic "Whether to land"
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Berkowitz, Jacob, Christine VanZomeren, Nia Hurst, and Kristina Sebastian. An evaluation of soil phosphorus storage capacity (SPSC) at proposed wetland restoration locations in the western Lake Erie Basin. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42108.
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Historical loss of wetlands coupled with excess phosphorus (P) loading at watershed scales have degraded water quality in portions of the western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB). In response, efforts are underway to restore wetlands and decrease P loading to surface waters. Because wetlands have a finite capacity to retain P, researchers have developed techniques to determine whether wetlands function as P sources or sinks. The following technical report evaluates the soil P storage capacity (SPSC) at locations under consideration for wetland restoration in collaboration with the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) and the H2Ohio initiative. Results indicate that the examined soils display a range of P retention capacities, reflecting historic land-use patterns and management regimes. However, the majority of study locations exhibited some capacity to sequester additional P. The analysis supports development of rankings and comparative analyses of areas within a specific land parcel, informing management through design, avoidance, removal, or remediation of potential legacy P sources. Additionally, the approaches described herein support relative comparisons between multiple potential wetland development properties. These results, in conjunction with other data sources, can be used to target, prioritize, justify, and improve decision-making for wetland management activities in the WLEB.
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Lucas, Brian. Impacts of Trade Facilitation on Carbon Emissions. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.039.
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There is very little evidence that trade facilitation measures have a significant impact on carbon emissions, except in the case of trucks at land border crossings, where there is good evidence that trade facilitation can lead to significant reductions in emissions. There is good evidence that trade facilitation measures at land border crossings can reduce traffic congestion and waiting times for trucks, but only limited evidence of the impact of these improvements on carbon emissions. Computer models of inspection stations at the USA-Mexico border suggest that improving the efficiency of land border crossings through the driver, vehicle, and cargo pre-registration, automating inspection and administrative processes, and carrying out joint customs inspections could potentially reduce CO2 emissions from trucks by up to 86% in some cases. There appears to be no evidence available about whether trade facilitation efforts at seaports have an impact on carbon emissions; this issue appears to not have been studied by any ports, international agencies, or researchers. Some seaports have produced estimates of their carbon footprints, but none appear to have considered customs inspection or other activities related to trade facilitation as a distinct activity. Very few studies address the impacts of trade facilitation on carbon emissions across global value chains. Two studies that have done so suggest that trade facilitation measures could lead to small increases in CO2 emissions, ranging from less than 0.1% to 2.23%. Studies examining the more general relationship between increasing trade and carbon emissions, without specifically focusing on trade facilitation measures, have found mixed results including positive, negative, and inverse U-shaped relationships in different countries and groups of countries; several of these studies suggest that a country’s level of economic development and quality of political institutions influence the relationship between trade openness and carbon emissions.
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Dong, Hongwei. Can Californian Households Save Money on Transportation Costs by Living in Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs)? Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2012.
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Many residents in large Californian metropolitan areas are heavily burdened by housing costs. Advocates, researchers, and elected officials in California are debating whether transit-oriented development (TOD) could be an effective tool to mitigate the housing affordability problem by increasing housing supply and reducing transportation costs in transit-rich neighborhoods. This study contributes to this debate by estimating how much Californian families can save on transportation costs by living in transit-oriented developments (TODs). By utilizing the confidential version of the 2010–2012 California Household Travel Survey, this study evaluates the impact of TOD on household transportation expenditures by comparing TOD households with two control groups. When controlling for household demographics, TOD households save $1,232 per year on transportation expenditures—18% of their total annual transportation expenditures. When controlling for both demographics and neighborhood environment, TOD households save $429 per year—about 6% of their total annual transportation expenditures. The study confirms that Californian households save money on transportation costs by living in TODs mainly because they own fewer vehicles. About two-thirds of the savings can be attributed to transit-friendly neighborhood environment and one-third to access to rail transit, which highlights the importance of integrating a rail transit system with supportive land use planning and neighborhood design.
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Fertitta, David, Maxwell Agnew, and David Ramirez. Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers : HEC-RAS model. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45170.
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Upstream of the confluence of the Red River, Atchafalaya River, and ORCC Outflow Channel are vast low-lying flat areas on both sides of the Lower Red River. During times of high water on the Lower Red—whether from upstream water in the Red or from the ORCC Outflow Channel—enormous amounts of water flow over the natural riverbanks and flood this land. The loss of this water from the river into storage affects the operation of the ORCC, which in turn affects the stages and flows down the Atchafalaya and Mississippi Rivers. An improved understanding of this area and how water is stored during flood events is required to inform ORCC water management operations. Hydraulic analyses provide a basis to assess the changes in water levels, current directions and velocities, and flow rates for the assessment area. The hydraulic model HEC-RAS is used to expand on existing models of the area and to help overcome gaps in data. Understanding the processes of how water leaves the Red River channel, the volume and timing of the water moving into storage, and when the storage area begins to drain, will greatly inform the water managers and operators of the ORCC.
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Perrault, Anne, and Stephen Leonard. The Green Climate Fund: Accomplishing a Paradigm Shift? Rights and Resources Initiative, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/mkmz2578.
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The Green Climate Fund (GCF), established in 2010 at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is now the world’s largest climate financing institution. It has a current investment portfolio of 43 approved projects totaling around US$2 billion, and has 48 Accredited Entities (AEs) to support implementation, including UN agencies, banks, NGOs, and private companies. Through its investments, the GCF aims to achieve a paradigm shift in developing countries, toward low-emissions development and climate resilience. GCF investments must indicate whether and how they could impact Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and women who are most at risk from the adverse effects of climate change (e.g. via environmental and social management plans). These goals, however, are currently being challenged by inadequacies in the Fund’s policies and frameworks. GCF safeguards fail to recognize the critical contributions of rural peoples to the maintenance of ecosystem services that are essential to international climate and development objectives, and to offer adequate protection for their land and resource rights. Drawing on international standards and GCF policy documents, this report traces the adequacy and implementation effectiveness of the Fund’s current institutional frameworks across a representative sample of approved projects. Noting critical gaps in nearly every aspect of the Fund’s operational modalities and project approval processes, the report calls on the GCF to take progressive steps to make Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ rights a key part of its climate actions going forward.
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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.
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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Alexander, Serena E., Mariela Alfonzo, and Kevin Lee. Safeguarding Equity in Off-Site Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Mitigation in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2027.
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Historically, the State of California assessed the environmental impacts of proposed developments based on how it was projected to affect an area’s level of service (LOS). However, as LOS focused on traffic delays, many agencies simply widened roads, which was an ineffective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). With the passage of Senate Bill (SB)743 in 2013, LOS was replaced by Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) as a more appropriate metric by which to gauge the environmental impacts of proposed development. Additionally, SB 743 presented an opportunity for off-site VMT mitigation strategies through banking and exchanges– allowing multiple development projects to fund a variety of strategies to reduce VMT elsewhere in the city or region. While the shift from LOS to VMT has generally been lauded, concerns remain about how to apply SB 743 effectively and equitably. This study aimed to: 1) understand how local governments are addressing this shift toward VMT while ensuring equity, including its approaches to off-site VMT mitigation; and 2) evaluate the various built environment factors that impact VMT, which should be considered by local governments, using both qualitative and quantitative research designs. The study posited that both micro and macro level aspects of the built environment needed to be considered when evaluating the impacts of proposed development on VMT, not only to ensure higher accuracy VMT models, but also because of the potential equity implications of off-site mitigation measures. Using multiple linear regression, the study shows that macroscale built environment features such as land use, density, housing, and employment access have a statistically significant impact on reducing VMT (35%), along with transit access (15%), microscale features such as sidewalks, benches, and trees (13%), and income (6%). More notably, a four-way interaction was detected, indicating that VMT is dependent on the combination of macro and micro level built environment features, public transit access, and income. Additionally, qualitative interviews indicate that transportation practitioners deal with three types of challenges in the transition to VMT impact mitigation: the lack of reliable, standardized VMT measure and evaluation tools; the lack of a strong legal foundation for VMT as a component of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); and the challenge of distributing off-site VMT mitigation equitably. Overall, findings support a nuanced, multi-factor understanding of the context in which new developments are being proposed, both in terms of modeling VMT, but also when considering whether offsite mitigation would be appropriate. The results of this study can help California ensure equitable VMT mitigation that better aligns with the state’s climate goals.
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DeSantis, John, and Jeffery Roesler. Longitudinal Cracking Investigation on I-72 Experimental Unbonded Concrete Overlay. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-002.
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A research study investigated longitudinal cracking developing along an experimental unbonded concrete overlay (UBOL) on I-72 near Riverton, Illinois. The project evaluated existing literature on UBOL (design, construction, and performance), UBOL case studies, and mechanistic-empirical design procedures for defining the mechanisms that are contributing to the observed distresses. Detailed distress surveys and coring were conducted to assess the extent of the longitudinal cracking and faulting along the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint. Coring over the transverse contraction joints in the driving lane showed stripping and erosion of the dense-graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA) interlayer was the primary mechanism initiating the longitudinal cracks. Cores from the lane-shoulder joint confirmed stripping and erosion was also occurring there and leading to the elevation difference between the driving lane and shoulder. Field sections by surrounding state departments of transportation (DOTs), such as Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Pennsylvania, with similar UBOL design features to the I-72 section were examined. Site visits were performed in Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania, while other sections were reviewed via state DOT contacts as well as Google Earth and Maps. Evidence from other DOTs suggested that HMA interlayers, whether dense graded or drainable, could experience stripping, erosion, and instability under certain conditions. An existing performance test for interlayers, i.e., Hamburg wheel-tracking device, and current models reviewed were not able to predict the distresses on I-72 eastbound. Adapting a dynamic cylinder test is a next step to screen HMA interlayers (or other stabilized layers) for stripping and erosion potential. To slow down the cracking and faulting on I-72 eastbound, sealing of the longitudinal lane-shoulder joint and driving lane transverse joints is suggested. To maximize UBOL service life, an HMA overlay will minimize water infiltration into the interlayer system and significantly slow down the HMA stripping and erosion mechanism that has led to longitudinal cracking and lane-shoulder faulting.
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Coyner, Kelley, and Jason Bittner. Infrastructure Enablers and Automated Vehicles: Trucking. SAE International, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022017.
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While automated trucking developers have established regular commercial shipments, operations and testing remain limited largely to limited-access highways like interstates. This infrastructure provides a platform or operating environment that is highly structured, with generally good road conditions and visible lane markings. To date, these deployments have not included routine movements from hub to hub, whether on or off these limited-access facilities. Benefits such as safety, fuel efficiency, staffing for long-haul trips, and a strengthened supply chain turn enable broader deployment which can enable movement from one transportation system to another. Infrastructure Enablers and Automated Vehicles: Trucking focuses on unresolved issues between the automated vehicle industry and infrastructure owners and operators that stand in the way of using infrastructure—both physical and digital—to extend use cases for automated trucking to more operational design domains (ODDs). The report also examines opportunities and recommendations related the integration of automated trucking across transportation networks and the supply chain. The topics include road conditions and lane marking visibility, work zone navigation, transfer hubs, and facility design, as well as connected and electric charging infrastructure.
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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Jessics Burniske. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate and International Humanitarian Law: Preliminary Considerations for States. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qiaf4598.
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In developing international humanitarian law (IHL), States have aimed in part to lay down the primary normative and operational framework pertaining to principled humanitarian action in situations of armed conflict. The possibility that certain counterterrorism measures may be instituted in a manner that intentionally or unintentionally impedes such action has been recognized by an increasingly wide array of States and entities, including the United Nations Security Council and the U.N. Secretary-General. At least two aspects of the contemporary international discourse on intersections between principled humanitarian action and counterterrorism measures warrant more sustained attention. The first concerns who is, and who ought to be, in a position to authentically and authoritatively interpret and apply IHL in this area. The second concerns the relationships between IHL and other possibly relevant regulatory frameworks, including counterterrorism mandates flowing from decisions of the U.N. Security Council. Partly in relation to those two axes of the broader international discourse, a debate has emerged regarding whether the U.N. Security Council may authorize one particular counterterrorism entity — namely, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) — to interpret and assess compliance with IHL pertaining to humanitarian action in relation to certain counterterrorism contexts. In a new legal briefing for the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC), Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Jessica S. Burniske seek to help inform that debate by raising some preliminary considerations regarding that possibility. The authors focus on the possible implications of States and other relevant actors pursuing various responses or not responding to this debate. One of the authors’ goals is to help raise awareness of this area with a focus on perspectives drawn from international law. Another is to invite a broader engagement with the question of the preservation of the humanitarian commitments laid down in IHL in a period marked by a growing number — and a deepening — of the intersections between situations of armed conflict and measures to suppress terrorism.