Journal articles: 'Wheelchair athletes'

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Mangus, Brent C. "Medical Care for Wheelchair Athletes." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 5, no. 2 (April 1988): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.5.2.90.

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The number of wheelchair-bound athletes training for and competing in local, state, national, and international sporting events increases every year. As participation increases, sports injuries associated with the training and competition of these athletes also increase. Medical attention for wheelchair athletes during training and competition should be provided by competent professionals. However, even with competent professionals providing medical attention to wheelchair athletes, injuries do occur. Typical injuries experienced by the wheelchair-bound athlete include carpal tunnel syndrome, various shoulder problems, numerous problems with the hands, and lacerations, abrasions, and contusions to all parts of the body. The ability of the wheelchair athlete to thermoregulate his or her own body is also an area of concern for those providing health care during practice and competition. More researchers are studying injuries and injury rates to the wheelchair athlete, and the body of literature in this area is becoming larger. Future research can begin to document the effects of strength training, nutrition, various conditioning strategies, the biomechanics of the wheelchair motion, and the psychological impact of athletic injuries. Although some physiological factors have been studied, many remain to be addressed in an effort to shed light on the injuries experienced by wheelchair athletes.

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van der Slikke, Rienk M. A., Annemarie M. H. de Witte, Monique A. M. Berger, Daan J. J. Bregman, and Dirk Jan H. E. J. Veeger. "Wheelchair Mobility Performance Enhancement by Changing Wheelchair Properties: What Is the Effect of Grip, Seat Height, and Mass?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 8 (September 1, 2018): 1050–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0641.

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Purpose: To provide insight on the effect of wheelchair settings on wheelchair mobility performance (WMP). Methods: Twenty elite wheelchair basketball athletes of low (n = 10) and high classification (n = 10) were tested in a wheelchair-basketball-directed field test. Athletes performed the test in their own wheelchairs, which were modified for 5 additional conditions regarding seat height (high–low), mass (central–distributed), and grip. The previously developed inertial-sensor-based WMP monitor was used to extract wheelchair kinematics in all conditions. Results: Adding mass showed most effect on WMP, with a reduced average acceleration across all activities. Once distributed, additional mass also reduced maximal rotational speed and rotational acceleration. Elevating seat height had an effect on several performance aspects in sprinting and turning, whereas lowering seat height influenced performance minimally. Increased rim grip did not alter performance. No differences in response were evident between low- and high-classified athletes. Conclusions: The WMP monitor showed sensitivity to detect performance differences due to the small changes in wheelchair configuration. Distributed additional mass had the most effect on WMP, whereas additional grip had the least effect of conditions tested. Performance effects appear similar for both low- and high-classified athletes. Athletes, coaches, and wheelchair experts are provided with insight into the performance effect of key wheelchair settings, and they are offered a proven sensitive method to apply in sport practice, in their search for the best wheelchair–athlete combination.

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Abdullah, Nagoor Meera, Fatin Nabilah Nordin, Mohammad Nizam Mohamed Shapie, Mohd Rahizam Abdul Rahim, Vincent Parnabas, and Wahidah Tumijan. "COMPARISON OF STATE AND TRAIT CONFIDENCE ON WHEELCHAIR TENNIS AND WHEELCHAIR BADMINTON ATHLETES." Malaysian Journal of Sport Scienceand Recreation (MJSSR) 17, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjssr.v17i1.12721.

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An individual’s mental state has been identified to play a significant role when performing a sport specific task. This ability leads to the success or failure of every athlete. The purpose of the study is to compare the level of state and trait self-confidence among athletes with disabilities. Total of 100 athletes (n = 100) comprises of 61 wheelchair tennis (WT) athletes and 39 wheelchair badminton (WB) athletes age range between 18-54 years voluntarily participated in the study. The athletes were practicing their sports at least from 2 to 18 years. The study uses the reliable instruments that is State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI) and Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI). The questionnaires were distributed during Malaysia Open Wheelchair Tennis Championship and MBPJ-MPM Paralympics Sport Carnival. Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (TSCI) was distributed among subjects approximately 24 hours before the competition and State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI) was distributed among subjects within 1 hour after end of the game. Paired-Sample T-test and IndependentSamples T-test data was analysed and shows mean difference of TSCI and SSCI among WT athletes and WB athletes was significant (P < 0.05). The mean of TSCI in WT is 4.59 and 4.69 in WB. Meanwhile, mean in SSCI for WT is 7.20 and 7.12 in WB. In conclusion, there is no difference in the level of self confidence among wheelchair tennis athletes and wheelchair badminton athletes. Selfconfidence has been linked as contributing factors to athletic performance. The current finding can assist coaches and athletes in understanding level of self-confidence before the competition.

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van der Slikke, Rienk M. A., Monique A. M. Berger, Daan J. J. Bregman, and Dirkjan H. E. J. Veeger. "Wearable Wheelchair Mobility Performance Measurement in Basketball, Rugby, and Tennis: Lessons for Classification and Training." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 21, 2020): 3518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123518.

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Athlete impairment level is an important factor in wheelchair mobility performance (WMP) in sports. Classification systems, aimed to compensate impairment level effects on performance, vary between sports. Improved understanding of resemblances and differences in WMP between sports could aid in optimizing the classification methodology. Furthermore, increased performance insight could be applied in training and wheelchair optimization. The wearable sensor-based wheelchair mobility performance monitor (WMPM) was used to measure WMP of wheelchair basketball, rugby and tennis athletes of (inter-)national level during match-play. As hypothesized, wheelchair basketball athletes show the highest average WMP levels and wheelchair rugby the lowest, whereas wheelchair tennis athletes range in between for most outcomes. Based on WMP profiles, wheelchair basketball requires the highest performance intensity, whereas in wheelchair tennis, maneuverability is the key performance factor. In wheelchair rugby, WMP levels show the highest variation comparable to the high variation in athletes’ impairment levels. These insights could be used to direct classification and training guidelines, with more emphasis on intensity for wheelchair basketball, focus on maneuverability for wheelchair tennis and impairment-level based training programs for wheelchair rugby. Wearable technology use seems a prerequisite for further development of wheelchair sports, on the sports level (classification) and on individual level (training and wheelchair configuration).

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Kakita, Mari, Yukio Mikami, Tatsuru Ibusuki, Takashi Shimoe, Yoshi-ichiro Kamijo, Sven P. Hoekstra, and Fumihiro Tajima. "The prevalence of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and ulnar nerve dislocation in recreational wheelchair marathon athletes." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): e0243324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243324.

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Background Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow is an entrapment neuropathy, while ulnar nerve dislocation might also be involved in its incidence and severity. Wheelchair marathon athletes may be at an increased risk for Ulnar Neuropathy. However, there is a paucity of research into the prevalence of Ulnar Neuropathy and ulnar nerve dislocation in this population. Objective To investigate the prevalence of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and ulnar nerve dislocation in wheelchair marathon athletes. Participants Wheelchair marathon athletes (N = 38) who participated in the 2017, 2018, and 2019 Oita International Wheelchair Marathon. 2 athletes participated only one time, 36 athletes repeatedly. Data from athletes`latest assessment were used. Methods The day before the race, questionnaires, physical examinations, and ultrasonography were conducted to screen for Ulnar Neuropathy in both upper limbs. Ulnar nerve dislocation was confirmed by physical examination and ultrasonography. Results 11 (29%) athletes were diagnosed with Ulnar Neuropathy. There were no significant differences in age, height, weight, Body Mass Index, or history of primary illness between athletes with and without Ulnar Neuropathy. In the group without Ulnar Neuropathy, 44% of athletes reported to have been engaging in other wheelchair sports, compared to 9% in the group with Ulnar Neuropathy (p = 0.037). Ulnar nerve dislocation was diagnosed in 15 (39%) athletes by ultrasonography. Out of the 14 elbows of 11 athletes diagnosed with Ulnar Neuropathy, 9 (64%) elbows had ulnar nerve dislocation. Conclusion The prevalence of Ulnar Neuropathy in wheelchair marathon athletes was higher than previously reported in able-bodied, non-athlete individuals and lower than in non-athletes with lower limb dysfunction. Therefore, while wheelchair sports may provide some protection against Ulnar Neuropathy, this study further supports the importance of screening for Ulnar Neuropathy, as well as for ulnar nerve dislocation as a potential risk factor for the development of Ulnar Neuropathy.

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Eremiev, Martin, Bobi Krumov, Irena Lyudmilova, Nadezhda Popova, and Daniela Lubenova. "EFFECTIVENESS OF INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY OF CHRONIC SHOULDER PAIN AND PHYSICAL FUNCTIONING IN ELITE ATHLETES WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES." Journal of Applied Sports Sciences 2, no. 2020 (December 16, 2020): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/jass.2020.02.8.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Тo study the potential effectiveness of individual physiotherapy program for wheelchair athletes with shoulder girdle persistent pain and dysfunctions. Materials and methods: Thirteen athletes, members of the Bulgarian National Teams in wheelchair basketball and track and field athletics, with mean age 40.6 ± 10.9 participated in the study. The studied athletes had had a history of persistent pain and shoulder girdle dysfunctions for more than 6 months. Individual physiotherapy programs were applied to the participants for a period of two weeks. The selection of techniques was based on the initial assessment and evaluation. The participants were evaluated before treatment, after the first week of treatment, and at the end of the period with the use of the following specific questionnaires and tests: Goniometry of shoulder flexion and horizontal adduction, Apley’s Scratch test, Active compression test of O’Brien (ACT), Athletic shoulder outcome rating scale and Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Results: Post-treatment effects demonstrated a significant (p<0.05) increase in shoulder flexion (14.6° for the right and 12.7° for the left) and horizontal adduction (21.9° for the right and 18.8° for the left). A corresponding increase in the scores for the Athletic shoulder outcome rating scale was found with 10.92 points difference to the initial score (p<0.05). The WUSPI demonstrated a non-significant improvement of 0.69 points. The results of ACT and Apley scratch test showed a non-significant decrease of 23.1% for the right shoulder and, 15.4% decrease for the left shoulder after 7 days of treatment. Those results remained unchanged in post-treatment testing. Conclusion: This study showed that the individual physiotherapy programs are effective in the management of wheelchair athletes with chronic shoulder pain. The involvement of Mulligan’s manual therapy techniques combined with other types of exercises for the shoulder and the trunk are beneficial for wheelchair athletes with chronic shoulder pain.

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Molik, Bartosz, and James J. Laskin. "The International wheelchair basketball federation’s classification system." Kinesiology 49, no. 1 (2017): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.49.1.1.

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The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate opinions of elite athletes, coaches and classifiers regarding the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation’s (IWBF) functional classification system. We were also interested in the athletes’ perspective regarding potential changes to the classification system. In addition, we compared the generalized opinions reported by the athletes to those of coaches and classification officers. This survey was administered during the Wheelchair Basketball Gold Cup (Amsterdam, 2006). Seventy-nine athletes, 50 men and 29 women, as well as 12 coaches and 14 classifiers completed the survey. The first part of the survey addressed demographic characteristics of the participants. The second part focused on their opinions regarding the current classification system. Based on the survey responses, athletes reported that the IWBF classification system is generally satisfactory. However, athletes as well as coaches and classification officers did report some specific concerns about this classification system. These concerns included changes in an athlete classification, athlete cheating and communication between classifiers and athletes. Athletes, coaches and classifiers, as the wheelchair basketball’s primary constituent groups, have a vested interest in the evolution of the game and should be included in the evaluation and modifications to the functional classification system. This study has demonstrated that a classification specific survey could provide useful information and insight into the perspectives of these constituent groups.

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Derman, Wayne, Martin P. Schwellnus, Esme Jordaan, Phoebe Runciman, Cheri Blauwet, Nick Webborn, Jan Lexell, et al. "Sport, sex and age increase risk of illness at the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games: a prospective cohort study of 51 198 athlete days." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097962.

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ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of illness at the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games.MethodsA total of 3657 athletes from 78 countries, representing 83.5% of all athletes at the Games, were monitored on the web-based injury and illness surveillance system (WEB-IISS) over 51 198 athlete days during the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games. Illness data were obtained daily from teams with their own medical support through the WEB-IISS electronic data capturing systems.ResultsThe total number of illnesses was 511, with an illness incidence rate (IR) of 10.0 per 1000 athlete days (12.4%). The highest IRs were reported for wheelchair fencing (14.9), para swimming (12.6) and wheelchair basketball (12.5) (p<0.05). Female athletes and older athletes (35–75 years) were also at higher risk of illness (both p<0.01). Illnesses in the respiratory, skin and subcutaneous and digestive systems were the most common (IRs of 3.3, 1.8 and 1.3, respectively).Conclusion(1) The rate of illness was lower than that reported for the London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games; (2) the sports with the highest risk were wheelchair fencing, para swimming and wheelchair basketball; (3) female and older athletes (35–75 years) were at increased risk of illness; and (4) the respiratory system, skin and subcutaneous system and digestive system were most affected by illness. These results allow for comparison at future Games.

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Fairbairn, Jessica R., and Kellie C. Huxel Bliven. "Incidence of Shoulder Injury in Elite Wheelchair Athletes Differ Between Sports: A Critically Appraised Topic." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0360.

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Clinical Scenario: Until recently, injury epidemiology data on elite Paralympic athletes were limited. Current data suggest high rates of shoulder injury in wheelchair athletes. Differences in shoulder injury rates between sports have not been reported in this population. Clinical Question: Is the incidence of shoulder injury in elite wheelchair athletes different between sports? Summary of Key Findings: Shoulder injury rates are high in elite wheelchair athletes, particularly in sports such as field events and fencing that require a stable base (eg, trunk, core control) from which to perform. Wheelchair racing requires repetitive motions that contribute to shoulder injuries, but rates are lower than field sports and fencing. Wheelchair curling and sledge hockey have low shoulder injury risk. Clinical Bottom Line: Shoulder injury rates vary based on sport in elite wheelchair athletes. In addition to incorporating shoulder complex specific rehabilitation for overuse shoulder injuries, clinicians should focus on core and trunk stabilization in elite wheelchair athletes competing in sports, such as field events and fencing. Strength of Recommendation: Grade C evidence exists that reports shoulder injury rates among elite wheelchair athletes differ based on sport participation.

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Paulson, Thomas, and Victoria Goosey-Tolfrey. "Current Perspectives on Profiling and Enhancing Wheelchair Court Sport Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 3 (March 2017): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0231.

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Despite the growing interest in Paralympic sport, the evidence base for supporting elite wheelchair sport performance remains in its infancy when compared with able-bodied (AB) sport. Subsequently, current practice is often based on theory adapted from AB guidelines, with a heavy reliance on anecdotal evidence and practitioner experience. Many principles in training prescription and performance monitoring with wheelchair athletes are directly transferable from AB practice, including the periodization and tapering of athlete loads around competition, yet considerations for the physiological consequences of an athlete’s impairment and the interface between athlete and equipment are vital when targeting interventions to optimize in-competition performance. Researchers and practitioners are faced with the challenge of identifying and implementing reliable protocols that detect small but meaningful changes in impairment-specific physical capacities and on-court performance. Technologies to profile both linear and rotational on-court performance are an essential component of sport-science support to understand sport-specific movement profiles and prescribe training intensities. In addition, an individualized approach to the prescription of athlete training and optimization of the “wheelchair–user interface” is required, accounting for an athlete’s anthropometrics, sports classification, and positional role on court. In addition to enhancing physical capacities, interventions must focus on the integration of the athlete and his or her equipment, as well as techniques for limiting environmental influence on performance. Taken together, the optimization of wheelchair sport performance requires a multidisciplinary approach based on the individual requirements of each athlete.

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Jeon, In-Ho, Hemanshu Kochhar, Jong-Min Lee, Hee-Soo Kyung, Woo-Kie Min, Hwan-Sung Cho, Ho-Wug Wee, Dong-Joo Shin, and Poong-Taek Kim. "Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Shoulder in Elite Wheelchair Tennis Players." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 19, no. 2 (May 2010): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.19.2.161.

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Context:Wheelchair tennis has been identified as a high-risk sport for shoulder injury, so understanding shoulder pathology in these athletes is important.Objective:This study investigated the incidence and pattern of shoulder injuries in wheelchair tennis players using high-resolution ultrasonography.Design:Descriptive study.Setting:International Wheelchair Tennis Open.Participants:33 elite-level wheelchair tennis players.Outcome Measures:Wheelchair tennis players completed a self-administered questionnaire, and shoulders of each athlete were investigated using high-resolution ultrasonography (linear probe 7.5 MHz).Results:The most common pathology in the dominant shoulder was acromioclavicular pathology, in 21 players (63.6%). Full-thickness rotator-cuff tears involving the supraspinatus were found in 8 dominant shoulders and 6 nondominant shoulders. There were no correlations between identified shoulder pathology and the different variables studied, such as age, training time per day, length of wheelchair use, and length of career as a wheelchair tennis player.Conclusion:High prevalence of rotator-cuff and acromioclavicular pathology was found by ultrasonographic examination in the elite wheelchair tennis players in both dominant and nondominant shoulders. A high index of suspicion of these pathologies in wheelchair athletes is required.

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Moran, Ryan N., Steven P. Broglio, Karla K. Francioni, and Jacob J. Sosnoff. "Exploring Baseline Concussion-Assessment Performance in Adapted Wheelchair Sport Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 8 (June 30, 2020): 856–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-294-19.

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Context With growing awareness of and advocacy for including individuals with disabilities in sport, implementation of concussion-assessment and -management strategies is warranted. Limited research is available on concussion assessment in adapted wheelchair sport athletes. Objective To examine baseline symptom reporting, computerized neurocognitive testing, and a modified balance scoring system in adapted athletes. A secondary objective was to provide preliminary normative data for this population. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting University athletic training room and computer laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Twenty-one athletes (age = 22.1 ± 3.0 years) from 1 institution's collegiate adapted athletics program. Main Outcome Measure(s) Athletes completed baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) and the Wheelchair Error Scoring System (WESS) before the start of their respective seasons. Symptom reporting variables consisted of total symptoms, symptom severity scores, and baseline symptom factors (eg, vestibular-somatic, sleep arousal, cognitive-sensory, and affective). We analyzed ImPACT composite scores of verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor processing speed, and reaction time and impulse control to determine neurocognitive function. Balance performance was quantified using the WESS condition and overall errors. Results Compared with normative reference values, 17 (81%) of adapted athletes reported greater symptoms and 20 (95%) performed at or below average on at least 1 neurocognitive composite score. Mean errors on the WESS were 3.14 ± 2.9, with 81% committing ≥1 error. Sex differences were not present for symptoms, neurocognitive testing, or balance measures. Conclusions Our findings provide context for baseline performance in adapted athletes and help to further develop the WESS as an assessment of balance in these athletes.

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Vanlandewijck, Yves C., Arthur J. Spaepen, and Roeland J. Lysens. "Relationship between the Level of Physical Impairment and Sports Performance in Elite Wheelchair Basketball Athletes." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 12, no. 2 (April 1995): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.12.2.139.

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Fifty-two male elite wheelchair basketball athletes, classified into four functional ability classes, were studied to determine whether overall wheelchair basketball performance in a game situation is related to the functional ability level of the participant. To determine the quality of the individual’s game performance, 18 championship games were videotaped and analyzed by means of the Comprehensive Basketball Grading System. Physical fitness parameters (propulsive force and aerobic power) were determined in specific laboratory conditions. Force application on the wheelchair handrims was measured by means of an ergodyn device. Finally, the subjects, while in their wheelchairs, performed a maximal exercise capacity test on a motordriven treadmill. The analyses indicated significant differences in field performance and aerobic power between Class I and the rest of the classes. However, isometric and dynamic force application on the handrims could not be proven to be functional ability dependent. In conclusion, reducing the number of classes to improve fair and equitable competition in wheelchair basketball was considered viable.

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Pate, Joshua R., and Danielle Bragale. "Challenges of an established amateur sport: Exploring how wheelchair basketball grows and thrives through a sport development lense." Journal of Amateur Sport 5, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 50–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v5i1.7937.

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Wheelchair basketball has been played in the United States for more than 70 years, and the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA) governing body has professionalized the sport to some extent with a league and culminating annual championship for its eight divisions. However, teams continue to face challenges that characteristically align with those of amateur sport in addressing recruiting and retaining athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine the challenges elite, competitive wheelchair basketball programs face and to understand their approach to recruiting and retaining athletes with disabilities to play the sport. Green’s (2005) theory of sport development was chosen as the lens for this study because of its focus on establishment of a sport for sustainability through athlete participation. An online open-ended questionnaire was sent to all 139 NWBA team contacts, with 28 responses representing multiple divisions within the league. Findings revealed that teams were primarily formed through unstable means of personal interest and community needs as well as stable means of university and rehabilitation hospital systems. Participants identified funding as the biggest challenge as they offered little support for tournament travel or financial rewards for athletes. Teams recruited athletes through social connections and community presence, but offered little structure for their means of retaining athletes. These findings show the NWBA teams operate with challenges akin to amateur sport due to uncertainty of funding and athlete sustainability.

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Altmann, Viola C., Jacques Van Limbeek, Anne L. Hart, and Yves C. Vanlandewijck. "Improvement of the Classification System for Wheelchair Rugby: Athlete Priorities." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 31, no. 4 (October 2014): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2013-0064.

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A representative sample (N = 302) of the wheelchair rugby population responded to a survey about the classification system based on prioritized items by International Wheelchair Rugby Federation members. Respondents stated, "The classification system is accurate but needs adjustments" (56%), "Any athlete with tetraequivalent impairment should be allowed to compete" (72%), "Athletes with cerebral palsy and other coordination impairments should be classified with a system different than the current one" (75%), and "The maximal value for trunk should be increased from 1.0 to 1.5" (67%). A minority stated, "Wheelchair rugby should only be open to spinal cord injury and other neurological conditions" (36%) and "There should be a 4.0 class" (33%). Results strongly indicated that athletes and stakeholders want adjustments to the classification system in two areas: a focus on evaluation of athletes with impairments other than loss of muscle power caused by spinal cord injury and changes in classification of trunk impairment.

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Watanabe, Kimberly T., Rory A. Cooper, Annette J. Vosse, Fred D. Baldini, and Rick N. Robertson. "Training Practices of Athletes Who Participated in the National Wheelchair Athletic Association Training Camps." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 9, no. 3 (July 1992): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.9.3.249.

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A survey designed to record training practices of athletes with disabilities was administered to participants in the 1990 and 1991 National Wheelchair Athletic Association Elite and Developmental Athlete Training Camp. Information on age, weight, nature and level of disability, the sport and experience in it, sources of training information, dietary practices, and alcohol and cigarette consumption was requested. The athletes were also asked to report their weekly training practices by quarters for the previous year concerning average number of workouts per week, number of hours per workout, number of miles per week, percent of time spent on speed work and/or interval training per week, number of weight training sessions per week, and the number of competitions entered per quarter. Results indicate that most of the athletes derived much of their training information from personal contact with coaches, other athletes, and sport scientists. Many do not set goals in developing training routines, training diets, or competition schedules.

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Connick, Mark J., Emma Beckman, Yves Vanlandewijck, Laurie A. Malone, Sven Blomqvist, and Sean M. Tweedy. "Cluster analysis of novel isometric strength measures produces a valid and evidence-based classification structure for wheelchair track racing." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 17 (November 25, 2017): 1123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097558.

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BackgroundThe Para athletics wheelchair-racing classification system employs best practice to ensure that classes comprise athletes whose impairments cause a comparable degree of activity limitation. However, decision-making is largely subjective and scientific evidence which reduces this subjectivity is required.AimTo evaluate whether isometric strength tests were valid for the purposes of classifying wheelchair racers and whether cluster analysis of the strength measures produced a valid classification structure.MethodsThirty-two international level, male wheelchair racers from classes T51–54 completed six isometric strength tests evaluating elbow extensors, shoulder flexors, trunk flexors and forearm pronators and two wheelchair performance tests–Top-Speed (0–15 m) and Top-Speed (absolute). Strength tests significantly correlated with wheelchair performance were included in a cluster analysis and the validity of the resulting clusters was assessed.ResultsAll six strength tests correlated with performance (r=0.54–0.88). Cluster analysis yielded four clusters with reasonable overall structure (mean silhouette coefficient=0.58) and large intercluster strength differences. Six athletes (19%) were allocated to clusters that did not align with their current class. While the mean wheelchair racing performance of the resulting clusters was unequivocally hierarchical, the mean performance of current classes was not, with no difference between current classes T53 and T54.ConclusionsCluster analysis of isometric strength tests produced classes comprising athletes who experienced a similar degree of activity limitation. The strength tests reported can provide the basis for a new, more transparent, less subjective wheelchair racing classification system, pending replication of these findings in a larger, representative sample. This paper also provides guidance for development of evidence-based systems in other Para sports.

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Druvert, J. C., and D. Pailler. "Shoulder injuries in wheelchair athletes." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 55 (October 2012): e251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2012.07.639.

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Groah, Suzanne L., and Indira S. Lanig. "Neuromusculoskeletal Syndromes in Wheelchair Athletes." Seminars in Neurology 20, no. 02 (2000): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-9829.

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McCormack, D. A. R., D. C. Reid, R. D. Steadward, and D. G. Syrotuik. "Injury Profiles in Wheelchair Athletes." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 1, no. 1 (January 1991): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199101000-00005.

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Burnham, Robert S., Laura May, Ewen Nelson, Robert Steadward, and David C. Reid. "Shoulder pain in wheelchair athletes." American Journal of Sports Medicine 21, no. 2 (March 1993): 238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659302100213.

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Ferrara, M. S., and R. W. Davis. "Injuries to elite wheelchair athletes." Spinal Cord 28, no. 5 (June 1990): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1990.44.

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Shimizu, Yukiyo, Hirotaka Mutsuzaki, Kaori Tachibana, Kazushi Hotta, and Yasuyoshi Wadano. "Investigation of the Female Athlete Triad in Japanese Elite Wheelchair Basketball Players." Medicina 56, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56010010.

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Background and objectives: Para-sports have become increasingly competitive, necessitating greater physical activity; secondary disorder prevention is therefore crucial. Among secondary disorders, the female athlete triad (FAT) is defined as low energy availability (EA), menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density (BMD); although studied in able-bodied athletes, reports on female para-athletes are scarce. We retrospectively investigated the FAT in wheelchair basketball players in the Japanese national team. Materials and Methods: Thirteen female wheelchair basketball players (mean age: 28.9 ± 8.1 years) were enrolled. The medical history (underlying diseases, gynecological disorders, and stress fractures), athletic and sport-specific parameters (wheelchair basketball classification, and wheelchair usage conditions), hematological status (hemoglobin, iron, estradiol, progesterone, total P1NP, and TRACP-5b levels), nutritional status (total energy, protein, calcium, and iron intake), body composition (BMD and lean body mass (LBM)), and EA were assessed. Results: Two (15.4%) had pertinent gynecological histories and six (46.2%) had menstrual cycle disorders. Three (23.1%) experienced excessive menstrual flow and nine (69.2%) had menstrual pain. No stress fractures were reported. All laboratory data were within normal limits. Total energy and iron intakes based on age-specific requirements were 99.8% and 59.8%, respectively. Iron and hemoglobin levels correlated with menstrual flow (ρ = −0.63, p = 0.019 and ρ = −0.56, p = 0.046, respectively). The mean total BMD was 109.2%, and the mean EA (41.4 kcal/kg LBM) was lower than recommended levels. The leg BMD in spinal disorders was significantly lower than that in skeletal disorders (p = 0.003). The arm LBM was higher (150.6%) than that of age-matched controls. Conclusion: Among female wheelchair basketball players with FAT, the total BMD was comparable to that of age-matched controls; however, leg BMD in spinal disorders was significantly lower than that in skeletal disorders. Players with heavy menstrual flow had lower hemoglobin and iron levels. Further research is needed on the FAT to optimize health and sports performance among para-athletes.

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Watson, John C. "Uninspired: Framing Wheelchair Basketball and Able-Bodied Basketball in College News Sources." Communication & Sport 8, no. 4-5 (December 23, 2019): 526–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479519894669.

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Guided by framing theory, this study identifies qualitative differences in the coverage of college wheelchair and able-bodied basketball teams. The sample consisted of 160 wheelchair basketball and 160 able-bodied basketball articles published over five seasons in seven online, student-led news sources at universities with wheelchair sports programs. This analysis contrasts previous studies of adaptive sports coverage, which focused primarily on professional journalists’ portrayals of the Paralympics. The framing of wheelchair basketball players as high-performance, physical athletes was scarce when compared to the coverage of able-bodied athletes. Overall, wheelchair basketball was portrayed as lacking legitimacy. When performance of wheelchair basketball players and teams was noted, references to performance statistics, emphasis on the physical and psychological demands of the sport, and the use of literary devices were scarce. In contrast, able-bodied players were framed as talented, legitimate athletes and warriors fighting important battles for their teams. Critical disability theoretical implications are discussed. A discussion of practical implications for adaptive sports journalists, student sports reporters, and collegiate wheelchair basketball concludes the study.

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Roeleveld, Karin, Eric Lute, Dirkjan Veeger, Luc van der Woude, and Tom Gwinn. "Power Output and Technique of Wheelchair Athletes." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 11, no. 1 (January 1994): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.11.1.71.

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To assess power output, force application, and kinematics of wheelchair propulsion in peak exercise, nine wheelchair athletes with medical lesion levels of T8 or lower performed a 30-s sprint test on a stationary wheelchair ergometer. Mean power output, calculated for the right wheel only, was 59.4 ± 8.5 W. The ratio between effective force and total propulsive force was 60 ± 6%. A negative torque around the hand and a not tangentially directed total force accounted for this low effectiveness. Since the subject group was highly trained, their technique was considered to be optimal for the given circumstances. Therefore, athletes who want to improve power output by increasing effectiveness should keep in mind the existence of a nontangential propulsive force and a braking torque applied by the hands onto the hand rim surface. It is likely that both aspects will be influenced by the geometry of the wheelchair, for example, hand rim dimension or seat position.

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Skordilis, E. K., C. Sherrill, A. Yilla, D. Koutsouki, and N. A. Stavrou. "Use of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire with Wheelchair Athletes: Examination of Evidence for Validity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 95, no. 1 (August 2002): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.95.1.197.

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The factor structure of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire with three factors of competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation was examined in a sample of 243 wheelchair athletes from the USA. Based on sample-specific validity evidence theory, it was hypothesized that the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses would yield evidence on validity for wheelchair athletes who were different from able-bodied athletes. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed the hypothesis with a clear fourth and a questionable fifth factor. A confirmatory factor analysis did not adequately explain the new five-factor model. The new emerging fourth and fifth factors separated the competitiveness element of the questionnaire in ‘self-referenced’ and ‘other-referenced’ elements of competitiveness. Results are discussed in terms of demographic characteristics of the sample of wheelchair athletes.

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Evaggelinou, Christina, and Dimitris Grekinis. "A Survey of Spectators at the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 15, no. 1 (January 1998): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.15.1.25.

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Disability sport provides a setting in which attributes, practices, and beliefs of spectators can be examined. The Spectator Questionnaire (SQ) was used to collect data on 114 of the spectators attending the 1993 International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games (ISMWG). Most spectators (96%) were not athletes in the games, and only 24% were relatives of athletes with disabilities. Spectators were attending the games primarily to encourage athletes in their efforts and to learn more about wheelchair sports. Spectators indicated they would prioritize their time to view wheelchair sports on television. Studying spectators at carefully organized wheelchair sport events may provide useful information that can be used in other settings, such as in the development and implementation of programs to facilitate the inclusion of people with disabilities in mainstreamed environments.

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Martin, Jeffrey J., and Laurie A. Malone. "Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players’ Mental Skills and Sport Engagement." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 7, no. 4 (December 2013): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.7.4.253.

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Although sport psychologists have started to examine elite disability sport, studies of comprehensive mental skill use are rare. In the current study, we examined multidimensional imagery and self-talk, as well as comprehensive mental skills (i.e., coping with adversity, goal setting, concentration, peaking under pressure, being coachable, confident, and feeling free from worry). In addition to descriptive data, we also were interested in the ability of athlete’s mental skills to predict engagement (e.g., being dedicated). Fourteen elite level wheelchair rugby players from the United States participated, and results indicated that athletes employed most mental skills. We accounted for 50% of the variance in engagement with comprehensive mental skills (β = .72, p = .03) contributing the most to the regression equation, while imagery (β = -.02, p = .94) and self-talk (β = -.00, p = .99) were not significant. Athletes who reported using a host of mental skills (e.g., coping with adversity) also reported being engaged (e.g., dedicated, enthused, committed) to wheelchair rugby. Athletes reporting minimal mental skill use were less engaged.

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Hallaceli, Hasan. "Injuries in Wheelchair Basketball Players." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances in Pure and Applied Sciences, no. 8 (December 9, 2017): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjapas.v0i8.2785.

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In the literature, information about injury patterns, risk factors and management strategies is limited for wheelchair athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and nature of injuries in wheelchair sports participants. Demographic data, sport history, type, area, cause and story of the injury and barriers of collecting this sport information were recorded. A total of 15 individuals were included in the study. The biggest barrier to play the sport was the cost of the wheelchair. 26.6% of them had injury in the past one year and 75% of them had injuries because of muscle tears. Injuries while playing wheelchair sports are common, and mostly occurred while driving the wheelchair. Mostly their fingers are squeezed and stuck to the wheelchair. Education for prevention of injuries should be given to all the players. Protective equipment for hands should be considered to protect against injuries. Keywords: Injury, wheelchair, basketball players, wheelchair athletes

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Bauerfeind, Joanna, Magdalena Koper, Jacek Wieczorek, Piotr Urbański, and Tomasz Tasiemski. "Sports Injuries in Wheelchair Rugby – A Pilot Study." Journal of Human Kinetics 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0098.

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AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyze etiology and the incidence of sports injuries among wheelchair rugby players. Moreover, we verified if the levels of aggressiveness and anger presented by the athletes and their roles in the team influenced the incidence and severity of the injuries. The study involved 14 male players, members of the Polish National Wheelchair Rugby Team. During a 9-month period, the athletes participated in up to 9 training camps and 4 Wheelchair Rugby tournaments. The study was based on the Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale, registry of sports injuries consulted and non-consulted with a physician and a demographic questionnaire. The following observations were made during the 9-month period corresponding to a mean of 25 training and tournament days: 1) wheelchair rugby players experienced primarily minor injuries (n=102) that did not require a medical intervention, 2) only four injuries needed to be consulted by a physician, 3) sports injuries occurred more frequently among offensive players than in defensive players, 4) offensive players showed a tendency to higher levels of anger and aggressiveness than defensive players. It can be concluded that wheelchair rugby is a discipline associated with a high incidence of minor injuries that do not require a medical intervention. The incidence rate of injuries during the analyzed period was 0.3 per athlete per training day.

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Ferreira, Sandra Aires, William Cordeiro de Souza, Matheus Amarante do Nascimento, Marcus Peikriszwili Tartaruga, Bruno Sergio Portela, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, and Marcos Roberto Queiroga. "Características morfológicas, desempenho de força e de potência anaeróbia em jogadores de basquetebol em cadeira de rodas." Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance 19, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2017v19n3p343.

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The aim of this study was to provide a descriptive analysis of the morphological structure, muscle strength, and anaerobic power performance of the upper limbs of wheelchair basketball athletes. Eleven male players (33.2 ± 10.6 years, 71.8 ± 15.8 kg) were submitted to anthropometric measurements and dynamometry (kg), medicine ball throwing (m) and wingate arm tests (W). he results showed sitting height (79.7 ± 4.6 cm), relative body fat (20.7 ± 7.6%), handgrip strength and explosive muscle strength (50.1 ± 10.6 kg and 3.9 ± 1.1 m, respectively), as well as peak power (316.8 ± 126.2 W), mean power (160.5 ± 76.5 W) and fatigue index (50.4%) lower than the performance of other wheelchair basketball athletes. he morphological characteristics and performance of athletes in the present study suggest disadvantages when compared to other wheelchair basketball athletes.

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Plinta, Ryszard, Joanna Sobiecka, Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop, Agnieszka Nowak-Brzezińska, and Violetta Skrzypulec-Plinta. "Sexuality of Disabled Athletes Depending on the Form of Locomotion." Journal of Human Kinetics 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0094.

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AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to determine sexuality of disabled athletes depending on the form of locomotion. The study included 170 disabled athletes, aged between 18 and 45. The entire population was divided into 3 research groups depending on the form of locomotion: moving on wheelchairs (n=52), on crutches (n=29) and unaided (n=89). The research tool was a questionnaire voluntarily and anonymously completed by the respondents of the research groups. The questionnaire was composed of a general part concerning the socio-demographic conditions, medical history, health problems, a part dedicated to physical disability as well as the Polish version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) evaluating sexual life. STATISTICA 10.0 for Windows was used in the statistical analysis. Subjects moving on crutches were significantly older than ones moving on wheelchairs and unaided (34.41 ±11.00 vs. 30.49 ±10.44 and 27.99 ±10.51 years, respectively) (p=0.018). Clinically significant erectile dysfunctions were most often diagnosed in athletes moving on wheelchairs (70.27%), followed by athletes moving on crutches and moving unaided (60% and 35.42%, respectively; p=0.048). Clinical sexual dysfunctions were diagnosed on a similar level among all female athletes. It was concluded that the form of locomotion may determine sexuality of disabled men. Males on wheelchair revealed the worst sexual functioning. Female athletes moving on wheelchairs, on crutches and moving unaided were comparable in the aspect of their sexual life.

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Coutts, K. D., and D. C. McKenzie. "622 VENTILATORY THRESHOLD OF WHEELCHAIR ATHLETES." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (May 1994): S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00624.

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Sutton, L., J. Wallace, V. Goosey-Tolfrey, M. Scott, and T. Reilly. "Body Composition of Female Wheelchair Athletes." International Journal of Sports Medicine 30, no. 04 (March 13, 2009): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1105941.

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Sherrill, C., L. Silliman, B. Gench, and M. Hinson. "Self-actualisation of elite wheelchair athletes." Spinal Cord 28, no. 4 (May 1990): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.1990.32.

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Vanlandewijck, Yves. "Assessment and Training of Wheelchair Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000272675.54981.1e.

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van der Woude, L. H. V., H. E. J. Veeger, T. Gwinn, and C. V. C. Bouten. "Maximum performance of wheelchair track athletes." Journal of Biomechanics 25, no. 7 (July 1992): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(92)90401-l.

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Akınoğlu, Bihter, Tuğba Kocahan, Necmiye Ün Yıldırım, Çağlar Soylu, Ufuk Apur, and Adnan Hasanoğlu. "A comparison of wrist isokinetic muscle strength in wheelchair table tennis and wheelchair basketball players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 2_suppl2 (February 1, 2017): 2325967117S0006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00068.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare isokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexor and extensor muscles in paralympic athletes. Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 9 (4 females and 5 males) wheelchair (WC) table tennis players aged 24+3 and 8 male WC basketball players aged 26+3, met the criteria and voluntarly participate in the study. Body weight, height, body mass index and dominant extremity of the study subjects were recorded. İsokinetic measurement were performed with Isomed 2000® device. İsokinetic testing protocol; before the test all players performed the wrist flexion and extension isokinetic test with the 5 repeating at 90º/sec as a warm-up and comprehending the test. Then, wrist flexion and extension concentric-concentric strength measurements were performed with the 5 repeating at 60º/sec and with the 15 repeating at 240º/sec with the angle between 50 degrees of wrist flexion and 60 degrees of wrist extension and peak torque, peak torque/kg values and flexion/extension ratios were recorded. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare isokinetic muscle strength quantitative variables in athletes. Findings: Isokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexors and extensors was higher in both sides in WC table tennis players with 60º/sec speed (p<0,05). İsokinetic muscle strength of wrist flexors and extensors was higher in both sides in WC basketball players with 240º/sec speed (p<0,05). There was no significant difference statistically between the groups in isokinetic wrist flexion and extansion peak torque/kg ratio in all speeds (p>0,05). Wrist flexion/extension peak torque ratios were similar in both groups. When examining the athletes flexion/extension ratios, wrist extensor muscles were weaker than flexor muscles and flexor muscles were average twice stronger than extensor muscles in both sports ( Table1 ). [Table: see text] Results: We thought that imbalance of muscle strength in the wrist may have occurred because of the use of a WC and requiring the intensive wrist flexors in playing sports. In both groups wrist ekstansor muscles were found to be weaker than wrist flexors and flexor/extensor ratio was found to be imbalance. We believe that all athletes using WC such as WC table tennis and WC basketball players have a strenght imbalance in the muscle of the wrist and as a result, this situation will increase the possibility of injury. Therefore, our study showed that weakness of wrist extensors and imbalance of muscle stenght should be taken into account in WC athletes in athletic training and exercise programs.

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Свічкар, Р. Ю., and О. А. Димар. "Inclusive Training in Fencing as a Means of Changing Attitude to People with Disabilities." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2015.3.1149.

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Research objective: to develop and improve the training of fencers using inclusive training in order to increase sport results and shape a positive attitude to people with disabilities. Methods. The co-training of the “Unifekht” Sports Club fencers and wheelchair fencers lasted for three months. The athletes underwent the preliminary and the final testing on the target that showed a number of hits. Besides, during the individual lesson, the coach tested the athlete for the quality of performing attacking and defensive techniques. The preliminary and the final questionnaires revealed the opinions of the coaches, instructors of the Department of Fencing, fencers and wheelchair fencers and the students of the School of Physical Education and Sports of H. S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University as to the attitude of the athletes of both categories to sports and “Invasport” in Ukraine. There were 40 respondents taking the questionnaires: 3rd-year students (10 people), fencers (10 people), instructors of the Department of Fencing (5 persons), wheelchair fencers (8 people), fencing coaches (5 persons), wheelchair fencing coaches (2 persons). Results. The study shows that, despite the high results of the athletes with disabilities, there exist certain problems in Ukraine that affect the willingness of people with disabilities to go in for sports. The main causes thereof are the low level of financial support and the low quality of medical care. By the research results, the respondents indicate the main criterion motivating people with special needs to do wheelchair fencing to be: self-expression and self-realization (68%), an opportunity to communicate (21%), and financial support (11%). The factors of low interest in wheelchair fencing are: lack of motivation to training people with special needs (26%); social policy of the state (23%); poor facilities and resources in the specialized institutions (20% of the respondents). At the same time, 60% of the respondents without health defects are willing to assist in holding various sports events; 30% will agree to assist if they are not otherwise engaged (work, studying, personal circumstances). The results of the questionnaires and the testing of the fencers’ technical abilities prove co-training to be effective for the athletes of both categories.

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O’Connor, Thomas J., Rick N. Robertson, and Rory A. Cooper. "Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis and Physiologic Assessment of Racing Wheelchair Propulsion." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 15, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.15.1.1.

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Three-dimensional kinematic variables and their relationship to the physiology of racing wheelchair propulsion were studied. Six male wheelchair athletes performed two trials (medium and maximum speed) of 3 min each. VO2, VO2/kg, VE, and HR were measured. Results showed that at medium speed, wrist velocity on hand contact was significantly correlated with VO2/kg. At maximum speed, elbow velocity during preparatory phase was significantly correlated with VO2. Stepwise regression showed wrist trajectory angle and elbow velocity during preparatory phase were significantly correlated with VO2/kg. Results indicate that kinematic variables recorded prior to and on hand contact with the pushrim are significant variables in developing a more efficient racing wheelchair propulsion technique. Results of this study indicate a need to educate coaches of wheelchair track athletes concerning the best racing wheelchair propulsion technique.

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FULLERTON, HEATHER D., JEFFREY J. BORCKARDT, and ALAN P. ALFANO. "Shoulder Pain: A Comparison of Wheelchair Athletes and Nonathletic Wheelchair Users." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, no. 12 (December 2003): 1958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000099082.54522.55.

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Castellani, John W., Lawrence E. Armstrong, Robert W. Kenefick, Angela A. Pasqualicchio, Deborah Riebe, Catherine L. V. Gabaree, and Carl M. Maresh. "Cortisol and testosterone concentrations in wheelchair athletes during submaximal wheelchair ergometry." European Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 1-2 (February 16, 2001): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210000327.

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Ozmen, Tarik, Bekir Yuktasir, Necmiye Un Yildirim, Birol Yalcin, and Mark ET Willems. "Explosive strength training improves speed and agility in wheelchair basketball athletes." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 20, no. 2 (April 2014): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922014200201568.

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INTRODUCTION: Wheelchair basketball is a paralympic sport characterized by intermittent high-intensity activities that require explosive strength and speed.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of explosive strength training on speed and agility performance in wheelchair basketball players.METHODS: Ten male wheelchair basketball players (Mage=31±4 yrs) were divided into two groups [i.e. explosive strength training (ES); control (CN)] based on International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) classification scores. The ES group underwent 6-weeks of training, twice weekly, at 50% 1RM, 10-12 repetitions and 3-4 sets in addition to routine training. Effects of training were measured by the 20 m sprint test and Illinois agility test.RESULTS: The ES group, showed significantly higher increases in speed and agility performance (p ≤ .05).CONCLUSION: A short-duration (i.e. 6-week) explosive strength training programme in wheelchair basketball athletes results in significant improvements in sprint and agility performance.

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Higgs, Colin, Pamela Babstock, Joan Buck, and Christine Parsons. "Wheelchair Classification for Track and Field Events: A Performance Approach." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 7, no. 1 (January 1990): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.7.1.22.

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A total of 4,698 performances by 904 athletes from 46 countries were analyzed to answer the following questions: (a) Were there significant differences in performance between athletes in each of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (ISMGF) medical classifications? (b) To what extent did the classification system yield consistent results across events? (c) To what extent did performance discriminate between athletes in the various classes? (d) What classification systems would the performance data support? The analysis indicated that not all classes differed significantly from all other classes in performance and that there were different patterns of interclass performance between the track events and the throws. Individual athletic performance was shown not to be a good discriminator of medical classification, particularly for paraplegics. The data supported a reduction in the number of classifications from 7 to 3 in track and from 8 to 4 classes in the throws.

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Flueck, Joelle Leonie, Samuel Mettler, and Claudio Perret. "Influence of Caffeine and Sodium Citrate Ingestion on 1,500-m Exercise Performance in Elite Wheelchair Athletes: A Pilot Study." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0127.

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether caffeine and/or sodium citrate have an ergogenic effect on the 1,500-m exercise performance in elite wheelchair athletes. A placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over and double-blind study design was conducted with the four treatments placebo, caffeine, sodium citrate and the combination of caffeine and sodium citrate. Nine healthy, elite wheelchair-racing athletes (median: [min; max] age: 28 y [23; 54]; height: 173 cm [165; 188]; weight: 62.9 kg [48.9; 68.4], category T53/54) completed the study. All athletes were national team members, including several Paralympic Games, World and European Championship medalists. The athletes performed a 1,500-m time trial four times on a wheelchair training roller. Time to complete 1,500-m, pH, bicarbonate and sodium concentration as well as lactate concentration were measured. The time to complete 1,500-m was not significantly different between the four treatments (placebo: 170.6 s [141.7; 232.0]; caffeine: 179.5 s [134.8; 239.6]; sodium citrate: 178.3 s [136.4; 247.1]; combination: 177.6 s [136.1; 256.2]). However, pH and bicarbonate concentrations were significantly increased with sodium citrate ingestion compared with placebo. Moreover, maximal lactate concentrations were significantly higher in the caffeine and the combination treatment compared with placebo. The supplementation with sodium citrate and/or caffeine did not provide an ergogenic effect on the 1,500-m exercise performance in wheelchair elite athletes.

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Hardin, Marie. "“I Consider Myself an Empowered Woman”: The Interaction of Sport, Gender and Disability in the Lives of Wheelchair Basketball Players." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 16, no. 1 (April 2007): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.16.1.39.

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This research, involving interviews with elite female wheelchair basketball players, explores how gender and disability intersect in the lives of these athletes. Interviews revealed the integral role athletic identity plays to offset the stigma of disability in their self-identities and in the complex relationships each has with social norms in regard to gender, disability, sport and the body. However, social institutions, including that of adapted sport, reinforce an ableist, sexist ideology that persistently marginalizes these athletes.

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Hardin, Brent, and Marie Hardin. "Conformity and Conflict: Wheelchair Athletes Discuss Sport Media." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 20, no. 3 (July 2003): 246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.20.3.246.

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This study explores the media-related attitudes and values of 10 male wheelchair athletes by soliciting their opinions and suggestions concerning disability sport print media. Using the “auto drive” technique for qualitative data collection, the analysis reveals four themes: (a) athletes are avid consumers of mainstream sport media; b) they use both mainstream and niche publications; (c) they do not want “courtesy coverage,” but instead, coverage focusing on elite elements of their sports; (d) they are unsure of media obligation in the coverage of sports involving athletes with disabilities. While the scope of this investigation is limited to male wheelchair athletes, the themes can provide a basis for further analysis and study in the emerging area of sport media research as it relates to disability.

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Morriën, Floor, Matthew J. D. Taylor, and Florentina J. Hettinga. "Biomechanics in Paralympics: Implications for Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, no. 5 (May 2017): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0199.

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Purpose:To provide an overview of biomechanical studies in Paralympic research and their relevance for performance in Paralympic sports.Methods:The search terms paralympic biomechanics, paralympic sport performance, paralympic athlete performance, and paralympic athlete were entered into the electronic database PubMed.Results:Thirty-four studies were found. Biomechanical studies in Paralympics mainly contributed to performance enhancement by technical optimization (n = 32) and/or injury prevention (n = 6). In addition, biomechanics was found to be important in understanding activity limitation caused by various impairments, which is relevant for evidence-based classification in Paralympic sports (n = 6). Distinctions were made between biomechanical studies in sitting (41%), standing (38%), and swimming athletes (21%). In sitting athletes, mostly kinematics and kinetics in wheelchair propulsion were studied, mainly in athletes with spinal-cord injuries. In addition, kinetics and/or kinematics in wheelchair basketball, seated discus throwing, stationary shot-putting, hand-cycling, sit-skiing, and ice sledge hockey received attention. In standing sports, primarily kinematics of athletes with amputations performing jump sports and running and the optimization of prosthetic devices were investigated. No studies were reported on other standing sports. In swimming, mainly kick rate and resistance training were studied.Conclusions:Biomechanical research is important for performance by gaining insight into technical optimization, injury prevention, and evidence-based classification in Paralympic sports. In future studies it is advised to also include physiological and biomechanical measures, allowing the assessment of the capability of the human body, as well as the resulting movement.

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Peron, D., and V. R. Elsner. "The influence of sex on pre-competition anxiety in wheelchair athletes." Comparative Exercise Physiology 16, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190064.

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Recent scientific studies conducted with athletes of various sports modalities showed that pre-competition anxiety directly affects the performance and yield of athletes, damaging their results. However, studies with wheelchair fencing athletes, as well as the influence of sex on pre-competition anxiety, have not yet been conducted. To analyse the influence of sex on pre-competition anxiety in wheelchair fencing athletes. The sample consisted of eighteen (n=18) athletes, divided into men (n=10) and women (n=8). All were competitors of wheelchair fencing, participants of the two Brazilian cups, the national sports calendar, in the year 2018, linked to the Brazilian Paralympic Committee. For data collection, the athletes responded to a semi-structured questionnaire with twenty questions related to life habits and physical, technical, tactical and psychological training and to the anxiety inventory of the competitive state test (CSAI-2R). In the analysis of the CSAI-2R test data there was no statistically significant difference in the total score between men and women (P>0.05). However, when analysing each question separately, some differences were found in questions regarding the body tense, afraid of poor performance and feeling stiffness, the score was higher in women when compared to men. In questions regarding confidence in facing the challenge and be safe, since they imagined reaching the initial objective, the score was higher in men when compared to women (P<0.01; P<0.03, respectively). Pre-competition anxiety is not directly influenced by sex in wheelchair fencing athletes. However, it may be related to the way athletes see, feel and interpret situations that originate in the universe of competitions. Specifically, women have demonstrated greater body tension and are more concerned with their performance, while men have shown themselves to be more self-confident, which seems to be associated with the longest time of practice in the sport.

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Brasile, Frank M. "Wheelchair Basketball Skills Proficiencies versus Disability Classification." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 3, no. 1 (January 1986): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.3.1.6.

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An investigation was undertaken to assess the relationship between the disability classification levels of wheelchair basketball players, as used by the National Wheelchair Basketball Association (NWBA), and the skill proficiency levels of the athlete. The assessment tool consisted of seven components deemed necessary for proficiency in basketball; these items were the 20-m sprint, free-throw shooting, obstacle dribble, baskets per minute, rebounding, speed pass, and pass for accuracy. The data used for statistical analysis were based upon the results acquired from 91 subjects who were tested in 1983. These subjects represented 18 NWBA teams from 14 states and Canada. The results of the investigation indicate support for placing less of an emphasis on the disability levels of wheelchair basketball participants, and for the development of functional assessment tools to be used in judging performances of “handicapped” athletes.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wheelchair athletes'

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