Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wheat-water requirements

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wheat-water requirements'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Wheat-water requirements"

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V.P. PRAMOD, B. BAPUJI RAO, S.S.V.S. RAMAKRISHNA, V.M. SANDEEP, N. R. PATEL, M.A. SARATH CHANDRAN, V.U.M. RAO, P. SANTHIBHUSHAN CHOWDARY, and P. VIJAYA KUMAR. "Trends in water requirements of wheat crop under projected climates in India." Journal of Agrometeorology 20, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v20i2.520.

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Various global circulation models predict a change in net irrigation requirements worldwide due to the impacts of climate change and in India, depending upon the region, irrigation requirements are likely to change by different magnitudes. The spatial distribution of trend in crop and irrigation water requirements of wheat projected for two climatic periods (2021-50 and 2051-80) across major wheatgrowing districts of the country were analyzed, making use of climate change projection data from NorESM1-M model of the CMIP5 in combination with RCP 4.5. Decreasing trends in water requirements were projected over 90 per cent of wheat growing districts in 2021-50, whereas increasing trends in crop and irrigation water requirement are expected over 95.4 per cent and 62.4 per cent areas, respectively in 2051-80 climatic periods. Results showed that decreasing/increasing trends projected in water requirements of wheat crop is due to change in crop growing period, which is projected to decrease across entire wheat growing area in 2021-50, whereas it is likely to increase over 78.2 per cent in 2051-80 climatic periods.
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Jia, Kun, Wei Zhang, Bingyan Xie, Xitong Xue, Feng Zhang, and Dongrui Han. "Does Climate Change Increase Crop Water Requirements of Winter Wheat and Summer Maize in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River Basin?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 16640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416640.

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With increasing water resources stress under climate change, it is of great importance to deeply understand the spatio-temporal variation of crop water requirements and their response to climate change for achieving better water resources management and grain production. However, the quantitative evaluation of climate change impacts on crop water requirements and the identification of determining factors should be further explored to reveal the influencing mechanism and actual effects thoroughly. In this study, the water requirements of winter wheat and summer maize from 1981 to 2019 in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin were estimated based on the Penman–Monteith model and crop coefficient method using daily meteorological data. Combined with trends test, sensitivity and contribution analysis, the impacts of different meteorological factors on crop water requirement variation were explored, and the dominant factors were then identified. The results indicated that the temperature increased significantly (a significance level of 0.05 was considered), whereas the sunshine duration, relative humidity and wind speed decreased significantly from 1981 to 2019 in the study area. The total water requirements of winter wheat and summer maize presented a significant decreasing trend (−1.36 mm/a) from 1981 to 2019 with a multi-year average value of 936.7 mm. The crop water requirements of winter wheat was higher than that of summer maize, with multi-year average values of 546.6 mm and 390.1 mm, respectively. In terms of spatial distribution patterns, the crop water requirement in the north was generally higher than that in the south. The water requirements of winter wheat and summer maize were most sensitive to wind speed, and were less sensitive to the minimum temperature and relative humidity. Wind speed was the leading factor of crop water requirement variation with the highest contribution rate of 116.26% among the considered meteorological factors. The results of this study will provide important support for strengthening the capacity to cope with climate change and realizing sustainable utilization of agricultural water resources in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin.
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MEHRAJ U DIN DAR, RAJAN AGGARWAL, and SAMANPREET KAUR. "Effect of climate change scenarios on yield and water balance components in ricewheat cropping system in Central Punjab, India." Journal of Agrometeorology 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v19i3.631.

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The study focuses on simulating the effect of climate change under RCP4.5 scenario on irrigation requirements,crop yield, crop duration, and water -use efficiency of rice–wheat cropping system with DSSAT v 4.6.1 model at Ludhiana. Model simulations predict reduction in irrigation requirements for rice crop and increase in irrigation requirements for wheat crop under RCP 4.5 scenarios. Also reductions in crop yields in future associated with shortening of growth period due to increased temperature were predicted by the model. Increased rainfall in future would decrease irrigation water requirement of crops but would not offset the adverse effect of increased temperature. Although evapotranspiration would decrease towards end of the century, yet relatively more decrease in yield would lower water use efficiency.
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Sheet, Eman H., and Entesar M. Ghazal. "Effect of Ground Water Table on Irrigation Scheduling Model." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 3 (August 31, 2005): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.12.3.08.

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An irrigation scheduling model was developed based on daily soil water balance which takes into account the effect of water table on irrigation water requirement for wheat crop at Mosul area for eleven years. Capillary rise of water table was estimated with Darcy’s equation .Crop evapotranspiration was estimated by pan evaporation method. The model inputs are daily climatological data for eleven years at Mosul Station, soil data (total available water, field capacity, permanent wilting point, allowable percent depletion, saturated hydraulic conductivity),and crop data(root depth for wheat crop, crop coefficient).The model estimates daily and seasonal actual evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, irrigation requirement and upward capillary rise from water table. Using the model for wheat, the seasonal irrigation requirements were reduced by 40% for silt loam soil and 90% for loam soil ,avoiding crop water stress or excessive irrigation.
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Zhang, Peng, Wandi Ma, Lei Hou, Fusheng Liu, and Qian Zhang. "Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Irrigation Water Requirements for Major Crops in Shandong Province." Water 14, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14071051.

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Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of irrigation water requirements is significant to realize the rational allocation of water resources and also serves as the basis for analyzing agricultural water-saving potential. This study refers to the standard irrigation regions in southwestern, northern, central, southern, and eastern Shandong province. The irrigation water requirements at 20 weather stations in Shandong Province from 1968 to 2016 were calculated, and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics were analyzed. The results indicated the following: (a) The trend of the annual irrigation water requirements for summer maize and winter wheat showed an insignificant increase in the eastern Shandong irrigation region, a significant decline in northern and southwestern Shandong irrigation regions, and an insignificant decrease in the other irrigation regions. (b) The multi-year average irrigation water requirement for summer maize generally presents a spatial distribution characteristic which is less in the southwest, more in the northeast, less in the south, and more in the north, while the spatial distribution characteristic for winter wheat is less in the southeast, more in the northwest, less in the south, and more in the north. (c) The main meteorological factors affecting the irrigation water requirements for summer maize are precipitation and sunshine duration, while relative humidity is the main factor affecting winter wheat in Shandong Province.
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Sheet, Eman H., and Entesar M. Ghazal. "EFFECT OF GROUND WATERTABLE ONIRRIGATION SCHEDULING MODEL." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2005): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.12.1.03.

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An irrigation scheduling model was developed based on daily soil water balance which takes into account the effect of water table on irrigation water requirement for wheat crop at Mosul area for eleven years. Capillary rise of water table was estimated with Darcy's equation .Crop evapotranspiration was estimated by pan evaporation method. The model inputs are daily climatological data for eleven years at Mosul Station, soil data (total available water, field capacity, permanent wilting point, allowable percent depletion, saturated hydraulic conductivity),and crop data(root depth for wheat crop, crop coefficient).The model estimates daily and seasonal actual evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, irrigation requirement and upward capillary rise from water table. Using the model for wheat, the seasonal irrigation requirements were reduced by 40% for silt loam soil and 90% for loam soil ,avoiding crop water stress or excessive irrigation.
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Wang, Xin Hua, Mei Hua Guo, and Hui Mei Liu. "Research Dry Crop and Irrigation Water Requirement in Environment Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.961.

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According to Kunming 1980-2010 monthly weather data and CROPWAT software and the corresponding crop data, crop water requirements and irrigation water use are calculated. By frequency analysis, irrigation water requirement was get for different guaranteed rate. The results show that: corn, potatoes, tobacco, and soybeans average crop water requirements were 390.7mm, 447.9mm, 361.8mm and 328.4mm, crop water dispersion coefficient is small, period effective rainfall during crop growth in most of the year can meet the crop water requirements, so irrigation water demand is small. While the multi-year average crop water requirements were 400.8mm, 353.5mm, 394.3mm for small spring crops of wheat, beans, rape. Because the effective rainfall for these crops during growth period is relative less, crop irrigation water requirements for small spring crop is much. Vegetables and flowers are plant around the year, so the crop water and irrigation water requirements are the largest.
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Najm, Abu Baker A., Isam M. Abdulhameed, and Sadeq O. Sulaiman. "Water Requirements of Crops under Various Kc Coefficient Approaches by Using Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP)." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 15, no. 5 (November 10, 2020): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.150516.

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In this study, the Dual-Kc approach within FAO-56 paper was applied by water evaluation and planning (WEAP) to get the Kc parameters (Kcb and Ke) and to calculate the water requirement for various soil textures. The results compared with the outputs of Single-Kc approach for summer and winter crops in addition to trees. The results showed when applying Dual-Kc approach, the water requirements was more compared with the Single-Kc approach, except the tomato, eggplant, and Broad bean crop, which decreased by 5%, 4%, and 17% respectively. Also, there was a different in values of coefficient when compare two approaches, it was increased in Dual-Kc approach for wheat by 62% with 20% during initial and end-stage while ranged between 26-58% for trees during all season with more different for other winter and summer crops. The water requirement of crops was different according to soil texture. The net water requirement of wheat was 429 mm and 433 mm for sandy loam and clay loam respectively, with different in irrigation intervals 11 and 12 respectively, while the silt loam was recording water requirement 417 mm with 8 irrigation intervals.
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Wheeler, R. M., C. L. Mackowiak, W. L. Berry, G. W. Stutte, and J. C. Sager. "242 WATER, NUTRIENT, AND ACID REQUIREMENTS FOR CROPS GROWN HYDROPONICALLY IN A CELSS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 464c—464. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.464c.

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Requirements for water, nutrient replenishment and acid (for pH control) were monitored for stands of wheat, soybean, potato, and lettuce grown in a recirculating hydroponic culture using a modified 1/2 Hoagland solution with NO3-N. Water use at full canopy cover for all crops ranged from 4 to 5 L m-2 day-1. When averaged over the entire crop cycle, nutrient stock solution (∼0.9 S m-1) use varied from 0.2 L m-2 day-1 (lettuce: to 0.75 L m-2 day-1 (wheat), while acid use varied from 6 mmol m-2 day-1 (lettuce and soybeans) to over 40 mmol m-2 day-1 (wheat). Water-per unit biomass was highest for soybean and lettuce (0.3 to 0.4 L g DW), and least for wheat and potato (0.15 L g DW). Nutrient replenishment per unit biomass was highest for lettuce, 34 mL g-1 DW, with other crops ranging from 21-26 mL g-1 DW. Acid requirements were highest for wheat, 1.2 mmol g-1 DW, and lowest for potato, 0.7 mmol g-1 DW. On a PAR basis, acid needs were highest for wheat, 0.6 mmol mol-1 photons, with all other crops near 0.4 mmol mol-1. Acid data suggest that wheat nutrient uptake favors anions more strongly than the other species, or that more nitrate loss (e.g., denitrification) may occur during wheat growth.
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A. S. RAO and SURENDRA POONIA. "Climate change impact on crop water requirements in arid Rajasthan." Journal of Agrometeorology 13, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v13i1.1328.

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The impact of projected climate change by 21st century on water requirements of rainfed monsoon and irrigated winter crops of arid Rajasthan has been studied. Crop water requirements were estimated from daily potential evapotranspiration at ambient and projected air temperature by 2020, 2050, 2080 and 2100 using modified Penman-Monteith equation and then by multiplying with crop coefficients. Crop water requirements in the region varied from 308 to 411 mm for pearl millet, 244 to 332 mm for clusterbean, 217 to 296 mm for green gram, 189 to 260 mm for moth bean, 173 to 288 mm for wheat and 209 to 343 mm for mustard. Further, due to global warming, if the projected temperatures rises by 40C, by the end of 21st century, water requirement in arid Rajasthan increases from the current level, by 12.9% for pearl millet and clusterbean, 12.8% for green gram, 13.2% for moth bean, 17.1% for wheat and 19.9% for mustard. The increased crop water requirements in the region, resulted in reduction in crop growing period by 5 days for long duration crops, but the crop acreage where rainfall satisfies crop water requirements, reduced by 23.3% in pearl millet, 15.2% in clusterbean, 6.7% in green gram, 13% in moth bean. The study reveals that the impact will be more severe on rabi crops than kharif crops, the rabi crops being dependent on depleting ground water resources in the region.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wheat-water requirements"

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Uddin, Md Nizam. "Effects of genetic variation in glaucousness, number of tillers and plant height on response to water stress in wheat." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1986. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28704.

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Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of glaucousness, number of tillers and plant height on response to water stress using near-isogenic wheat lines under two water regimes. The effect of glaucousness and number of tillers was studied under both field and glasshouse conditions while that of plant height was studied only under field conditions. In addition 28 wheat cultivars were evaluated for epicuticular wax content and its relationship with spectral reflectance. Highly significant differences (1.51 to 2.8 mg/dm2) were found in the amount of epicuticular wax (Ew) among the cultivars. Water stress conditions promoted the development of Ew content significantly. Ew content under control conditions and that under stress conditions were positively correlated (r = 0.85, p <0.01) suggesting that selection for this trait could be practised in either of the environments. Surface reflectance was reduced when the waxy layer from the leaf was removed with chloroform. The reduction for the abaxial surface was twice that for the adaxial surface indicating that the abaxial surface was more waxy than the adaxial one. The mean reduction (both surfaces) termed '5' was positively correlated with the amount of Ew (r = 0.59, p <0.01). The effect of glaucousness was studied using six pairs of nearisogenic lines (four pairs in case of glasshouse experiment). The lines differed significantly in all the characters studied except one. However, significant difference between the mean of glaucous and that of non—glaucous lines was found only for epicuticular wax content and water consumption per g of grain. 0n the average, glaucous lines consumed 4.8% less water per g of grain under well-watered conditions and 17.8% less under stress conditions than the non-glaucous lines.
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Clark, Lee J., E. Niel Biggs, and Laura Rose. "Wheat Water Requirements and Typical Irrigation Efficiences in the Safford Area." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200511.

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Norrish, Shane A., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Soil and water interactions controlling wheat crop response to phosphorus fertiliser in north-western New South Wales." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Norrish_S.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/613.

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This thesis examines the response to P fertiliser by wheat crops growing in the vertosol soils of the low rainfall areas of the northern grain zone of eastern Australia. Farmers in this region depend on water accumulated from rainfall over a fallow period and stored in the subsoil to increase wheat grain yield beyond that normally achievable from in-crop rainfall and to decrease the production risks due to rainfall variability. The large variability in stored water, seasonal rainfall and subsoil properties result in extremely varied yield and yield responses to P fertiliser between seasons and between sites. Finally, as a practical guide to predicting wheat response to P fertilizer: 1/. current sampling strategies of determining P only in the surface 10 cm appear to be adequate for soils with bicarbonate P concentrations greater than 15 mg/kg. 2/. For soils with lower concentrations in the surface, sampling of 80 cm is recommended. Crops with a mean concentration of bicarbonate P greater than 7 mg/kg between 10 - 80 cm are unlikely to respond to P fertiliser. 3/. No increase in profitable grain yield response was found for fertiliser applications greater than 10 kg P/ha.
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Sarvestani, Zeinolabedin Tahmasebi. "Water stress and remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen in wheat and barley genotypes /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs251.pdf.

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French, Robert John. "Leaf senescence and water stress in wheat seedlings /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf875.pdf.

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Doerge, Thomas, Tim Knowles, Mike Ottman, and Lee Clark. "Predicting the Nitrogen Requirements of Irrigated Durum Wheat in Graham County Using Soil and Nitrate Analysis." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203767.

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The high yielding spring wheats grown in Arizona usually require applications of fertilizer nitrogen (N) to achieve optimum grain yields and acceptable quality. The University of Arizona's currently recommended procedure (preplant soil plus periodic stem tissue analysis for NO₃-N to predict the N needs of wheat) is not widely used by Graham County growers for various reasons. A nitrogen fertility trial was conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center during the 1986-87 crop year to: 1) examine the relationships between basal stem nitrate-N levels, grain yields of durum wheat, and N fertilizer rates; and 2) to test the accuracy of the recommended procedure for predicting the N needs of durum wheat. Five rates of N from O to 419 lbs N /acre were applied in three split applications. One additional N treatment was made as indicated by the current University of Arizona procedure. Maximum grain yields of 5500 to 6200 lbs /a and protein levels in excess of 14.5% were attained with the application of at least 186 lbs NIA. An untimely early season irrigation induced a temporary N deficiency condition for all plots, which may have kept grain yields below the maximum yield possibility for this site. In spite of this, the amount of N predicted by the University of Arizona procedure (197 lbsN/acre) did attain an adjusted economic return which was not significantly different from the maximum numerical yield that was achieved for any of the other N treatments.
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Ashley, Roger Orrin 1953. "The performance of selected small grain cultivars under an irrigation gradient." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277153.

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Differential adaptations of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum spp.) genotypes suggest that they be evaluated under multi-environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine if small grain genotypes, bred for various moisture conditions, respond differently in terms of yield, water use, and rooting pattern to contrasting moisture conditions. Eight small grain genotypes were compared under a gradient of water from 89 to 404 mm (plus 254 mm of stored water) in a field study at Marana, AZ. A barley bred for low input conditions had greater root density in the subsoil and used moisture earlier in the season when compared to a high input barley (WestBred Gustoe). The cultivars bred for high input conditions required more water for optimum yield compared to those bred for low input conditions.
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Yagi, Kazuhiko 1957. "Near real-time irrigation scheduling using the Bowen ratio technique." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277106.

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The actual evapotranspiration rate for wheat at the Campus Agriculture Center (CAC) and alfalfa at the Maricopa Agricultural Center (MAC) were measured using the Bowen ratio technique for near real-time irrigation scheduling. The Bowen ratio method underestimated evapotranspiration when compared with AZMET and Penman data. There were problems with the hygrometer and the net radiometer which might have caused this underestimation. The height-fetch ratio requirement was not met, and this may have affected the data. Irrigation scheduling programs and the technique to schedule irrigation in a near real-time were developed. Irrigation programs were not field tested because of the problem with field data. Simulated data was successfully used to demonstrate its application. It was found that irrigation could be scheduled in a near real-time with the programs provided reliable data and proper data acquisition systems are used.
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Doerge, T. A., T. C. Knowles, L. Clark, and E. Carpenter. "Effects of Early Season Nitrogen Rates on Stem Nitrate Levels and Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirements During Grain Filling for Irrigated Durum Wheat." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201074.

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A field experiment was conducted on a Pima clay loam at the Safford Agricultural Center to: 1) determine the optimum rates of late season N needed to achieve optimum yield and quality of irrigated durum wheat in conjunction with varying rates of early season N; and 2) evaluate the usefulness of stern NO₃-N analysis in predicting the late season N rates which optimize grain production but minimize the potential for nitrate pollution of groundwater. The application of 75, 175 and 350 lbs. N/a during vegetative growth resulted in wheat with deficient, sufficient and excessive N status at the boot stage, as indicated by stem NO₃-N analysis. The application of 60 lbs. N/a at heading to N- deficient wheat and 15-20 lbs. N/a to N-sufficient wheat resulted in grain protein levels above 14 %, but the applications had little effecton grain yield. Applications of N at heading to wheat which had previously received excessive N did not affect grain yield or quality. The use of stein NO₃-N analysis appears to be a useful tool in predicting the minimum N rate to be applied during the early reproductive period to insure acceptable levels of grain protein at harvest.
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Chen, Chengci. "Comparisons of changes in the osmotic potential and apoplast water volume caused by water stress in four cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35133.

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Books on the topic "Wheat-water requirements"

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Irrigated Wheat: Managing Your Crop. Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FA, 2000.

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Ali, Safdar. Growth, yield and water use of rainfed wheat and maize influenced by tillage and fertilizer in Pothwar, Pakistan. 1993.

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Schillinger, William Fred. Fallow water retention and wheat growth as affected by tillage method and surface soil compaction. 1992.

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Chen, Chengci. Comparisons of changes in the osmotic potential and apoplast water volume caused by water stress in four cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wheat-water requirements"

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Meselaw, Tewodrose D., Fasikaw A. Zimale, Seifu A. Tilahun, and Petra Schmitter. "Application of in Situ Thermal Imaging to Estimate Crop Water Stress and Crop Water Requirements for Wheat in Koga Irrigation Scheme, Ethiopia." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 144–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93712-6_10.

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Ganguly, Kavery, and Ashok Gulati. "Pulses Value Chain- Pigeon Pea and Gram." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 253–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_8.

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AbstractPulses form an important part of agriculture in India given that the country is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. Owing to their natural resilience to extreme weather conditions, low water requirements and being environmentally benign, pulses have been traditionally a smallholder’s crop. However, with poor price realization, farmers are switching towards other remunerative crops such as sugarcane, soybean, among others. Unlike rice and wheat, pulses are not covered by the regular public procurement system which makes marketing of pulses at fair and remunerative prices a challenge for the farmers. Pulses are no longer a poor man’s diet given the escalating consumer prices. Nonetheless, it is considered as an important source of protein (given the large vegetarian diet base in India), consumption of which is being promoted to address the observed protein gap in the diets. Over time, per capita availability of pulses has declined like other traditional cereals. With changing consumption patterns and emerging dietary deficiencies, there is scope for enhancing consumption of pulses through traditional and value-added products.
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Kazyoba Benedict, Michael, Frenk M. Reuben, Luseko Amos Chilagane, and George Muhamba Tryphone. "Traditional African Vegetables Agrobiodiversity: Livelihood Utilization and Conservation in Tanzania Rural Communities." In Tropical Forests - Ecology, Diversity and Conservation Status [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109070.

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The agricultural sector is challenged to fulfill the nutritional requirements of ever-increasing population. Rates of growth in crop productivity have declined, among many reasons is due to climate change and the decline of water and land resources. Dependence by 50% on few cereal crops like wheat, maize and rice for total food intake and calorie requirements has countersigned loss of biodiversity and decline in crop productivity. The genetic diversity of traditional crop varieties offers resilience to environmental risks, socioeconomic shocks, adaptation and mitigation to climate change which is crucial for crop production. Traditional African Vegetables (TAVs) are an integral constituent of the diets of many rural and urban communities. They are important sources of essential macro and micro-nutrients. In addition, they offer a source of livelihood when marketed, and also contribute to crop biodiversity. Tanzania needs to conserve the Traditional African vegetables and their genetic resources against stressful conditions and increased selection pressures which causes loss of genetic variation and a decrease in fitness by a process called genetic erosion. Conservation and use alleviate genetic drift and inbreeding depression, then, is critical to guarantee TAVs persistence in rural areas. This review explores agrobiodiversity of traditional African vegetables (TAV) from livelihood of Tanzanian rural communities’ perspectives and how the country has managed to conserve these species.
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Prasad Thakur, Mahesh, Harvinder K. Singh, and Chandra Shekhar Shukla. "Post-Harvest Processing, Value Addition and Marketing of Mushrooms." In Postharvest Technology - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101168.

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Mushrooms are macrofungi having a higher content of water (80–90%) and multinutrients. The presence of various phytochemicals, enzymes, primary metabolites and secondary mycometabolites results in poor shelf-life, quick deterioration, and huge postharvest losses (30–35%). Fresh mushrooms are short lived (1–8 days). Value chain management is thus necessary from the production to its harvest to meet the food and nutritional requirements. Every effort was made to extend the shelf-life of mushrooms for either short period or long period of storage. Washing or pretreatment, packaging, transport and marketing were some of the important standardized techniques for short-term storage of mushroom. On the other hand, drying, pickling and steeping preservation methods were some other techniques to extend the shelf-life of mushroom for a longer period of time during storage. Value addition of mushroom enhanced the quality and addressed the demand for ready-made or ready-to-make food products. Fresh/dry oyster mushroom in various proportions (5–10%) was used to prepare mushroom paratha, mushroom suji, mushroom sandwich, mushroom chakli, mushroom seb, mushroom-based biofortified wheat flour, mushroom-based papad, nuggets, mushroom bijoura, biscuits, etc. Several mushroom-based, value-added products like Royal Oyster Capsules were prepared by Self Help Groups women at Kapadah (Kabirdham).
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"nose family of sugars [178]. Total free sugar content of rye from tubers and roots, particularly potato, sweet potato, and was reported as 3.2%, with sucrose (1.9%), raffinose tapioca (cassava). Isolated starch can be modified physical-(0.4%), fructose (0.1%), and glucose (0.08%) [120]. ly and/or chemically to alter its functional properties. Starches and modified starches have an enormous number Ill. STARCH of food uses, including adhesive, binding, clouding, dust-ing, film forming, and thickening applications [20]. Starch is found in a number of plant sources, and the plant relies on starch for its energy requirements for growth and reproduction. For humans, starch is extremely important as A. Starch Content of Cereals a macronutrient, because it is a complex carbohydrate and The most important sources of starch are cereal grains an important energy source in our diet. (40-90% of their dry weight), pulses (30-70%), and tubers The commercial and technological uses of starch are (65-85%). Of the common starches, regular corn, waxy numerous; this arises from its unique character, because it corn, and high-amylose corn are by far the most important can be used directly as intact granules, in the dispersed sources. The starch content of corn may vary from about form, as a film dried from a dispersion, as an extruded 54% in sweet corn to 64-78% in dent [194]. Corn is large-powder, or after conversion to a mixture of oligosaccha-ly used as stock feed but nevertheless supplies the bulk, by rides or via hydrolysis and isomerization. far, of the world's starch production. Corn starch is manu-When starch is heated in water, it absorbs water and factured by traditional wet-milling process. Only about 5% swells. This is the process of gelatinization, a process that of the annual world maize crop is used for the manufacture cause a tremendous change in rheological properties of the of maize starch. About 70% of the maize starch produced starch suspension. The crystalline structure is destroyed is converted into corn syrups, high-fructose corn syrup, during gelatinization. The ability of starch molecules to and dextrose. Corn starch has a wide variety of industrial crystallize after gelatinization is described by the term of applications, with uses ranging from thickening and retrogradation. Although some retrogradation of amylose gelling agents in puddings and fillings to molding for con-seems to be a prerequisite for the formation of a normal fections [72]. bread crumb, long-term retrogradation usually causes Potato starch is a variable commodity, sensitive to vari-gradual deterioration of bread quality during the products' ety, climate, and agricultural procedure. Potato starch, shelf life [55]. however, is presently second only to corn and comparable Starch occurs as discrete granules in higher plants. Two to wheat in terms of quantity produced and especially pop-major polymers, amylose and amylopectin, are contained in ular in Europe. About 3% of the world crop of potatoes is the granule. Cereal starch granules may also contain small used for the production of potato starch. Potato starch is amounts of proteins, lipids, and minerals [118]. Cereal used in food, paper, textile, and adhesive industries. starches are widely used in foods, where they are important The starch content of wheat has been reported to be in functionally and nutritionally. Commercial starches are ob-the range of 63-72% [147] (Table 2). Wheat starch, found tained from cereal grain seeds, particularly from corn, waxy in the endosperm of the wheat kernel, constitutes approxi-corn, high-amylose corn, wheat, and various rites, and mately 75-80% of the endosperm on a dry basis. The TABLE 2 Carbohydrate Composition of Some Cereal Grains' Sample Starch (%) Amylose (%) Pentosan (%) P-Glucan (%) Total dietary fiber Wheat 63-72 (147) 23.4-27.6 (133) 6.6 (81) 1.4 (151) 14.6 (32) Barley 57.6-59.5 (87) 22-26 (27) 5.9 (82) 3-7 (139) 19.3-22.6 (87) Brown rice 66.4 (104) 16-33 (124) 1.2 (81) 0.11 (102) 3.9 (32) Milled rice 77.6 (104) 7-33 (102) 0.5-1.4 (104) 0.11 (104) 2.4 (32) Sorghum 60-77 (194) 21-28 (127) 1.8-4.9 (127) 1.0 (151) 10.1 (160) Pearl Millet 63 (123) 17 (11) 2-3 (12) 8.5 (32) Corn 64-78 (194) 24 (132) 5.8-6.6 (194) 13.4 (32) Oats 43-61 (143) 16-27 (120) 7.7 (81) 3.9-6.8 (198) 9.6 (32) Rye 69 (168) 24-31 (168) 8.5 (81) 1.9-2.9 (151) 14.6 (32) Triticale 53 (22) 24-26 (40) 7.1 (81) 1.2 (151) 18.1 (32) aSources shown in parentheses." In Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology, Revised and Expanded, 403–4. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027228-40.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wheat-water requirements"

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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.

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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Reports on the topic "Wheat-water requirements"

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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.

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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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