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Journal articles on the topic 'Wheat sprouting'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

DePauw, R. M., R. S. Sadasivaiah, J. M. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, R. E. Knox, T. N. McCaig, and J. G. McLeod. "AC2000 hard white spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-108.

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AC2000 is a hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with resistance to preharvest sprouting and prevalent races of common bunt [Tilletia laevis Kuhn in Rabenh. and T. caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.]. It is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (White) wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, white wheat, bunt resistance, preharvest sprouting resistance, noodle color

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2

PATERSON, A. H., M. E. SORRELLS, and R. L. OBENDORF. "METHODS OF EVALUATION FOR PREHARVEST SPROUTING RESISTANCE IN WHEAT BREEDING PROGRAMS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-084.

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Mature wheat (Triticum spp.) kernels subjected to high moisture often incur preharvest sprouting damage. The experiments described here sought to evaluate two methods of measuring preharvest sprouting susceptibility, and to determine the environmental sensitivity of the methods, for use in selection and testing of sprouting-resistant wheat genotypes. Preharvest sprouting of eight hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) lines was measured by artificial wetting of intact spikes, and by germination tests on threshed seed from each of four location near Ithaca, N. Y., in 3 consecutive years. The relative size of genotypic and nongenetic effects varied over the course of the experiments. At optimal measurement times, genotype accounted for over 40% of phenotypic variation, with another 20% attributed to environment and interactions. Effects of nongenetic factors were minimal when phenotypes were based on germination percent at day 4 or spike sprouting score at day 6. A storage technique previously reported to preserve dormancy was found effective for up to 3 mo, increasing the number of treatments that can be tested at comparable levels of dormancy. These data will be useful in planning basic investigations of preharvest sprouting resistance, and incorporating sprouting resistance testing procedures into wheat breeding programs.Key words: Wheat, preharvest sprouting, resistance, germination, dormancy, white kernel color

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3

Bassoi, Manoel Carlos, John Flintham, and Carlos Roberto Riede. "Analysis of preharvest sprouting in three Brazilian wheat populations." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 41, no. 4 (April 2006): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2006000400006.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the possibility of obtaining recombinant inbred wheat lines more resistant to preharvest sprouting, independently of colour genes, in three red-grained Brazilian wheat populations. The results showed statistical significance among lines within all populations, which presented a normal distribution and transgressive segregation for preharvest sprouting. The normal distribution of the lines from all red-grained populations suggests that sprouting, excluding the genes expressing seed coat pigmentation, is, probably, controlled by many genes. These findings also indicate that it may be possible to improve resistance to preharvest sprouting, independently of the colour genes.

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4

Richter, K., K. Christiansen, and G. Guo. "Wheat Sprouting Enhances Bread Baking Performance." Cereal Foods World 59, no. 5 (September 2014): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cfw-59-5-0231.

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5

Gavazza, Melícia Ingredi Araújo, Manoel Carlos Bassoi, Tereza Cristina de Carvalho, João Carlos Bespalhok Filho, and Maristela Panobianco. "Methods for assessment of pre-harvest sprouting in wheat cultivars." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 47, no. 7 (July 2012): 928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2012000700008.

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The objective of this work was to test methods for pre-harvest sprouting assessment in wheat cultivars. Fourteen wheat cultivars were grown in Londrina and Ponta Grossa municipalities, Paraná state, Brazil. They were sampled at 10 and 17 days after physiological maturity and evaluated using the methods of germination by rainfall simulation (in a greenhouse), in-ear grain sprouting, and grains removed from the ears. The in-ear grain sprouting method allowed the differentiation of cultivars, but showed different resistance levels from the available description of cultivars. The sprouting of grain removed from the ears did not allow a reliable distinction of data on germination in any harvest date or location. The method of rainfall simulation is the most suitable for the assessment of cultivars as to pre-harvest sprouting, regardless of the sampling date and evaluated location.

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6

Bassoi, Manoel Carlos, and John Flintham. "Relationship between grain colour and preharvest sprouting-resistance in wheat." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 40, no. 10 (October 2005): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2005001000006.

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Since red alleles (R) of the genes that control grain colour are important for the improvement of preharvest sprouting resistance in wheat and there are three independently inherited loci, on chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D of hexaploid wheat, it is possible to vary the dosage of dominant alleles in a breeding program. The objective of this work was to evaluate the dosage effect of R genes on preharvest sprouting, in a single seed descent population, named TRL, derived from the cross between Timgalen, white-grained wheat, and RL 4137, red-grained wheat. The study was carried out using sprouting data in ripe ears obtained under artificial conditions in a rainfall simulator over three years. According to the results there is a significant effect on preharvest sprouting provided by colour and a weaker effect of increasing R dosage. However, the significant residual genotypic variation between red lines and all lines (reds and whites) at 0.1% level showed that preharvest sprouting was also controlled by other genes. There are no significant correlations between sprouting and date of ripeness or between ripeness, R dosage and colour intensity.

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7

Hucl, Pierre, and Maria Matus-Cádiz. "W98616, a white-seeded spring wheat with increased preharvest sprouting." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-041.

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White-seeded spring wheat germplasm line W98616 was selected for improved levels of preharvest sprouting resistance. W98616 has levels of seed dormancy comparable to Columbus, a red-seeded sprouting-resistant cultivar. W98616 has similar test weight, kernel weight, maturity, plant height, grain protein, and kernel hardness, but is lower yielding and 2 d later heading relative to BW264, a hard white wheat cultivar. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., germplasm, white spring wheat, preharvest sprouting resistance

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8

Fox, S. L., M. R. Fernandez, and R. M. DePauw. "Red smudge infection modifies sprouting response in four wheat lines." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-158.

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Infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. (Ptr) causes kernel discolouration, reducing the commercial value of the grain. Preharvest sprouting in wheat causes loss of grain yield, grain functionality and value as seed. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of Ptr infection on the expression of preharvest sprouting response. Four genotypes representing a range of preharvest sprouting response were studied: RL4137 has very good sprouting resistance; SC8021V2, good; AC Karma, fair; and Genesis, poor. These genotypes were grown in a growth cabinet and their spikes were artificially inoculated with a conidial suspension of Ptr or water. Spikes were collected at physiologic maturity, threshed by hand and germinated on wetted filter paper at 10 or 20°C to obtain a percentage germination and a mean germination time. Healthy seeds were also germinated in a solution containing a crude extract of the fungus. At 20°C, sprouting-resistant genotypes showed a significant delay in germination compared to susceptible genotypes; however, differences were not significant at the lower temperature. Genesis germinated quickly at both temperatures. All genotypes except Genesis had reductions in sprouting resistance when infected by Ptr, but these effects were significant only at 20°C. When inoculated with Ptr and germinated at 20°C, AC Karma germinated as quickly as the water controls and gave a preharvest sprouting response similar to Genesis. However, SC8021V2 and RL4137 inoculated with Ptr retained 40 and 78%, respectively, of their mean germination time compared to the water controls. Germination of healthy seeds in a solution containing a crude extract of Ptr increased the percentage germination and shortened the mean germination time of all genotypes, but did not result in significant changes for any individual line. Key words: Triticum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, preharvest sprouting, smudge

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9

DePauw, R. M., T. N. McCaig, R. E. Knox, J. M.Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, and J. G. McLeod. "AC Vista hard white spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-150.

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AC Vista is a hard white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with resistance to preharvest sprouting. It combines high grain yield and resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust, stem rust, common bunt, and loose smut except race T9 in a semidwarf photoperiod insensitive background. AC Vista has harder kernels and stronger gluten than AC Karma. It is eligible for grades of the Canada Prairie Spring (White) wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, white spring wheat, preharvest sprouting resistance, common bunt resistance, high grain yield

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10

Liatukas, Žilvinas, and Vytautas Ruzgas. "Tolerance to Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Lithuanian Winter Wheat Advanced Lines." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 63, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2009): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-009-0015-8.

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Tolerance to Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Lithuanian Winter Wheat Advanced Lines Tolerance to pre-harvest sprouting of winter wheat advanced breeding lines was evaluated at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in 2005 and 2006. The tests were conducted with intact ears germinated in plastic boxes on wet filter paper in a plant growth chamber. A total of 131 breeding lines were tested during the experimental period. The experiment revealed that sprouting cumulative index (SCI) characterises resistance of lines to pre-harvest sprouting more precisely than sprouting final score (SFS). The SFS ranged from 4.3 to 9.0 in 2005 and from 5.4 to 9.0 in 2006. The SCI value was 0.14-1.0 in both years. Lines in 2005 were more susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting than those in 2006. The most resistant were found to be the lines Flair/Asketis, Torfrida/Beaver//Tarso, Širvinta1/LIA3480, while the most susceptible ones were Elena/Flair, Mermaid/Alidos, Flair/Lut.96-3 in 2005. In 2006, the most resistant lines were Pegassos/Dream, Belisar/Briz, Lars/Lut.96-3 and the most susceptible were Rostovchanka/Lut.96-3, Rector/Briz, Rostovchanka/Flair. The SFS of resistant lines was up to score 6 and the SCI value reached 0.3 in both years. The SFS of susceptible lines was 9.0 and the SCI value more than 0.9 in both years.

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11

Pagliosa, Eduardo Stefani, Valeria Carpentieri-Pipolo, Deoclécio Domingos Garbuglio, Thiago Henrique Oro, Karla Bianca de Almeida Lopes, and Claudemir Zucareli. "Repeatability of Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Wheat." American Journal of Plant Sciences 05, no. 11 (2014): 1607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.511174.

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12

Zhang, Huilan, Caiguo Tang, Xian Shu, Hao Hu, Minghui Cao, Yuhan Ma, Weiwei Zhao, et al. "Controlling Preharvest Sprouting of Wheat through Nanonetworks." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 8 (July 12, 2018): 11050–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02528.

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13

Townley-Smith, T. F., and E. M. Czarnecki. "AC Domain hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07004.

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AC Domain hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exhibited high levels of pre-harvest sprouting tolerance and is adapted to the Canadian prairies. In Manitoba, the grain yield of AC Domain was 3.4 to 7.4% higher than the check cultivars, while in Saskatchewan it was 3.3 to 8% lower. AC Domain had shorter, stronger straw than the check cultivars. AC Domain is eligible for all grades of the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, grain yield and protein, resistance to pre-harvest sprouting, leaf and stem rust

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14

Lawson, W. R., I. D. Godwin, M. Cooper, and P. S. Brennan. "Genetic analysis of preharvest sprouting tolerance in three wheat crosses." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 2 (1997): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96071.

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Three recombinant inbred populations were assessed for tolerance to preharvest sprouting (PHS). Genetic analysis of the PHS scores, as assessed under artificial rain treatment, indicated that for 2 of the populations, tolerance to sprouting was simply inherited and was controlled by 2 independent genes, both of which are necessary for full tolerance. The data presented here show that in these 2 populations the trait is highly heritable under controlled environment situations. It was also demonstrated that the red seed colour gene, derived from Aus1490 and traditionally associated with tolerance, is not necessary for full tolerance to sprouting, although indirect selection for preharvest sprouting tolerance can be performed very effectively by selecting for red grain. The presence of white-seeded lines, recovered from this cross with a red-seeded donor of PHS tolerance, that are at least as tolerant as the most tolerant red-seeded individuals demonstrates that red-seeded donors of PHS tolerance should not be discarded for improvement of this trait.

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15

Santos, Lilian Tais dos, Ronald José Barth Pinto, Francisco de Assis Franco, and Ivan Schuster. "Inheritance and potential use of grain color in the identification of genotypes resistant to pre-harvest sprouting in wheat." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (September 2010): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332010000300006.

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The inheritance of grain color and pre-harvest sprouting in wheat was studied to identify genotypes with high resistance to pre-harvest sprouting and evaluate the possible use of grain color in indirect selection of resistant lines. The genotypes of most lines were characterized with regard to the loci that control grain color. No significant correlations between grain color and pre-harvest sprouting resistance were observed, but correlations were useful when the frequency of segregating genotypes with white grain was relatively high. Of the eight F2:3 populations evaluated, only two differed significantly in grain sprouting between the white and red classes. Three genes for pre-harvest sprouting resistance seem to be present in the genotypes Frontana and Onix. Grain color should not be used as the only criterion for selecting wheat genotypes resistant to pre-harvest sprouting.

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16

Graf, R. J., D. A. Potts, and K. M. Hanson. "Journey hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 807–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-167.

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Journey hard red spring wheat is adapted to the wheat-growing regions of the Canadian prairies. Evaluation occurred in Central Bread Wheat Cooperative registration tests in 1997, 1999 and 2000 relative to Neepawa, Roblin, AC Majestic, McKenzie and AC Barrie. Journey displayed high grain yield, mid- to late - season maturity, reduced height, very strong straw, high test weight, high protein content and improved pre-harvest sprouting resistance. It exhibited resistance to the prevalent races of stem rust, leaf rust and common bunt, and intermediate resistance to loose smut and Fusarium head blight. Journey is eligible for all grades of Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, red spring wheat, strong straw, grain protein, test weight, preharvest sprouting resistance, disease resistance

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17

Nörnberg, Rafael, José Antonio Gonzalez da Silva, Henrique de Souza Luche, Elisane Weber Tessmann, Sydney Antonio Frehner Kavalco, Cristiano Mathias Zimmer, Diego Baretta, Luciano Carlos da Maia, and Antonio Costa de Oliveira. "Tolerance to preharvest sprouting and yield of wheat genotypes from different breeding programs." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 50, no. 8 (August 2015): 698–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2015000800008.

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Abstract:The objective of this work was to characterize the performance of elite wheat genotypes from different Brazilian breeding programs for traits associated with grain yield and preharvest sprouting. The study was conducted in 2010 and 2011 in the municipality of Capão do Leão, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Thirty-three wheat genotypes were evaluated for traits related to preharvest sprouting and grain yield. The estimate of genetic distance was used to predict potential combinations for selection of plants with high grain yield and tolerance to preharvest sprouting. The combined analysis of sprouted grains and falling number shows that the TBIO Alvorada, TBIO Mestre, Frontana, Fundacep Raízes, Fundacep Cristalino, and BRS Guamirim genotypes are tolerant to preharvest sprouting. Combinations of TBIO Alvorada and TBIO Mestre with Fundacep Cristalino show high potential for recovering superior genotypes for high grain yield and tolerance to preharvest sprouting.

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18

Fox, S. L., D. G. Humphreys, P. D. Brown, T. F. Townley-Smith, B. D. McCallum, T. G. Fetch, D. A. Gaudet, J. G. Menzies, J. A. Gilbert, and J. S. Noll. "KANE hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps06043.

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KANE is a hard red spring wheat that meets the end-use quality and kernel visual distinguishability specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring market class. KANE was found to be adapted to the wheat-growing regions of Manitoba and eastern Saskatchewan from the data provided by the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative registration test in 2003–2005. In comparison with the check cultivars Katepwa, McKenzie, CDC Teal, AC Barrie, and Superb, the overall grain yield of KANE was similar to the high yield checks McKenzie and Superb. Compared with the highest yielding check McKenzie, KANE was 1.7 d later maturing, was 6 cm shorter, had stronger straw, and was significantly higher (1.1 kg hL-1) in test weight. KANE is resistant to the prevalent races of leaf rust and stem rust. Resistance to common bunt and loose smut was intermediate, being similar to CDC Teal and McKenzie, respectively. Resistance to fusarium head blight was similar to AC Barrie. KANE has good preharvest sprouting resistance with similar or lower sprouting scores compared to the best check in 4 out of 5 yr of testing. End-use quality tests showed that KANE had a 0.7% higher flour extraction rate than the best checks and was within the range of the checks for the other quality traits. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, red spring wheat, test weight, preharvest sprouting, leaf rust

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19

Rigatti, Alexsander, Daniela Meira, Tiago Olivoto, Carine Meier, Maicon Nardino, Andrei Lunkes, Luís A. Klein, et al. "Grain Yield and Its Associations With Pre-harvest Sprouting in Wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p142.

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This study aimed to evaluate direct and indirect effects of agronomic traits importance on grain yield with focus in pre-harvest sprouting. Experiment was conducted in 2017 crop season, and conducted in a randomized block design, with three replications, with eight wheat cultivars (BRS Sábia, CD 105, CD 1104, CD 1440, Frontana, Jadeíte 11, Mirante and ORS Vintecinco). Grain yield and its components were evaluated, as well as other important traits such as pre-harvest sprouting. Data were submitted to variance analysis; and phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations were estimated to understand grain yield expression, direct and indirect effects of its components were evaluated through path analysis. Cultivar BRS Sabiá showed shorter cycle, cultivar CD 1104 was highlighted in number of spikes per area, hectoliter weight and grain yield. And cultivars Frontana, CD 1440 and ORS Vintecinco presented the best tolerances pre-harvest sprouting. Grain yield showed high and positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations with number of ears per square meter. Furthermore, high positive direct effect of pre-harvest sprouting on grain yield, revels lower tolerance for cultivars with high grain yield. Number of spikes per square meter showed intermediate and positive direct effect and pre-harvest sprouting had the greatest direct effect on grain yield.

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20

Hucl, Pierre, and Maria Matus-Cádiz. "Line 211 spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-069.

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Red-seeded spring wheat germplasm line 211 has high levels of seed dormancy. Its agronomic performance is comparable to that of the cultivars Katepwa and AC Domain. Line 211 has a heavier kernel with soft endosperm texture. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., germplasm, seed dormancy, pre-harvest sprouting resistance

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21

Kato, Keita, Wakako Maruyama-Funatsuki, Mikiko Yanaka, Yusuke Ban, and Kanenori Takata. "Improving preharvest sprouting resistance in durum wheat with bread wheat genes." Breeding Science 67, no. 5 (2017): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.17042.

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22

Ourbantchik, E. M., L. I. Sapunova, M. M. Galdova, A. I. Malashenko, I. A. Tamkovich, I. V. Maroz, and A. M. Pauliuk. "Intensification of grain sprouting process using complex enzyme preparations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 64, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2019-64-1-82-91.

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The regimes were grounded for enzymatic treatment of food wheat and peas grain to intensify seedling production. Optimization of grain germination process envisages application at the steeping stage of cellulolytic enzyme preparations (cellulase, xylanase, β-glucanase) and amylolytic enzymes in 0.005 % concentrations during 3 h. The highest efficiency among tested biopreparations for wheat sprouting was shown by Viscoferm (Novozymes, Denmark) and Compliferm (Institute of Microbiology, NAS Belarus), whereas Viscoferm proved the most active in terms of peas germination. Enzymatic treatment results in reduced duration of wheat grain sprouting by 2–4 h, pea seed sprouting by 4–5 h on the average, and increased seedlings yield, raising thereby profitability of the process.

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23

Fox, S. L., T. F. Townley-Smith, J. B. Thomas, D. G. Humphreys, P. D. Brown, B. D. McCallum, T. G. Fetch, et al. "Harvest hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09114.

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Harvest is a hard red spring wheat that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat class. Harvest is adapted to the wheat growing regions of the Canadian prairies based on data from the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Registration Test conducted in 1998, 1999 and 2000 and grown in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The overall grain yield of Harvest was significantly higher compared with the check cultivars Neepawa, Roblin, AC Majestic and AC Barrie, but yielded significantly less than the check cultivar McKenzie. Harvest matured similar to McKenzie and Neepawa, 1 d later than Roblin, 1 d earlier than AC Barrie and significantly earlier than AC Majestic. Harvest was significantly shorter than the check cultivars and had the lowest lodging scores. The test weight of Harvest was similar to McKenzie and AC Barrie and significantly higher than Neepawa, Roblin and AC Majestic. Harvest demonstrated moderate resistance to leaf rust and loose smut and very good resistance to stem rust. Resistance to common bunt was fair, similar to Neepawa and AC Barrie. Resistance to Fusarium head blight was similar to the susceptible check Roblin and poorer than the other checks. Harvest had very good preharvest sprouting resistance with lower sprouting scores than the best check in 2 of 3 years of testing, and it maintained its falling numbers after natural or artificial weathering of spikes. End-use quality tests indicated that Harvest was within the range of the checks for most end-use quality traits. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, red spring wheat, sprouting resistance

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24

Ogbonnaya, Francis C., Muhammad Imtiaz, and Ron M. DePauw. "Haplotype diversity of preharvest sprouting QTLs in wheat." Genome 50, no. 2 (February 2007): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-142.

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Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is one of the most important factors affecting wheat production worldwide in environments characterized by rainfall and high humidity at harvest. In such environments, the incorporation of seed dormancy of a limited duration is required to minimize losses associated with PHS. A global collection of 28 PHS-resistant and -susceptible wheat germplasm was characterized with microsatellite markers flanking the genomic regions associated with PHS-resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs), particularly on chromosomes 3D and 4A. The genetic diversity analysis revealed 380 alleles at 54 microsatellite loci, with an average of 7.0 alleles per locus, among the 28 wheat genotypes. Gower’s genetic similarity values among all possible pairs of genotypes varied from 0.44 to 0.97, indicating that there is considerable diversity in the PHS germplasm evaluated. Cluster and principal coordinates analysis of genetic similarity estimates differentiated the genotypes into groups, according to their source of PHS resistance. Three major SSR haplotypes were observed on chromosome 4AL, designated RL4137-type allele, Aus1408-type allele, and synthetic-hexaploid-type allele. The RL4137-type allele was prevalent in Canadian cultivars, mostly in cluster 6, followed by the Aus1408-type and its derivatives in clusters 4 and 5. The Syn36 and Syn37 alleles on chromosome 4AL were rare. On chromosome 3DL, the SSRs haplotypes derived from Syn36 and Syn37 were also rare, and proved unique to the Aegilops tauschii - derived synthetic hexaploids. They are therefore likely carrying resistance genes different from those previously reported. Based on genetic relationships, PHS resistance might be improved by selecting parental genotypes from different clusters.

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25

Noda, Kazuhiko, Yoichi Amano, and Takako Suzuki. "Pre-Harvest sprouting in wheat and wheather condition." Breeding Research 1, no. 1 (1999): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbr.1.15.

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26

Clarke, John M., Ronald M. DePauw, J. Grant McLeod, and Thomas N. McCraig. "Variation for Preharvest Sprouting Resistance in Durum Wheat." Crop Science 34, no. 6 (November 1994): 1632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400060038x.

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27

Hucl, P. "Divergent selection for sprouting resistance in spring wheat." Plant Breeding 114, no. 3 (June 1995): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1995.tb00793.x.

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28

Modi, A. T., and A. L. P. Cairns. "Can molybdenum reduce pre-harvest sprouting in wheat?" South African Journal of Plant and Soil 12, no. 3 (January 1995): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02571862.1995.10634347.

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29

HARMON, STANLEY M., DONALD A. KAUTTER, and HAIM M. SOLOMON. "Bacillus cereus Contamination of Seeds and Vegetable Sprouts Grown in a Home Sprouting Kit." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.1.62.

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Sprouting seeds (alfalfa, mung bean and wheat) were purchased at local health food stores and examined for Bacillus cereus by the official AOAC method. Of 98 units collected, 56 (57%) were positive for B. cereus at levels ranging from 3 to >500 per g. Population levels of B. cereus on sprouts grown from naturally contaminated seeds in a home sprouting kit ranged from a mean of log10 3.72 for alfalfa to 5.39 for wheat; the log10 mean for mung bean sprouts was 4.52. Washing contaminated sprouts for 10 min with warm tap water as recommended by the manufacturer of the sprouting kits reduced the B. cereus count for mung bean sprouts by approximately one log unit but was less effective for wheat sprouts. B. cereus populations large enough to cause food poisoning (>105/g) frequently remained on wheat sprouts even after three wash cycles, and significant numbers of viable B. cereus remained on wheat sprouts even after cooking for 20 min.

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Fox, S. L., J. B. Thomas, I. L. Wise, M. AH Smith, D. G. Humphreys, P. D. Brown, T. F. Townley-Smith, et al. "Waskada hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 929–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08222.

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Waskada is a hard red spring wheat that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat class. Waskada was found to be adapted to the wheat growing regions of the Canadian prairies based on data from the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Registration Test in 2004, 2005 and 2006. In comparison with the check cultivars (Katepwa, McKenzie, CDC Teal, AC Barrie, and Superb), the grain yield of Waskada was similar to that of the best check in Manitoba and in Saskatchewan. Waskada matures 1 d later than AC Barrie and 1 d earlier than Superb. Waskada had similar height and lodging characteristics as Katepwa and McKenzie. The test weight of Waskada was 1.3 kg hL-1 higher than McKenzie, the best check. Waskada demonstrated moderate resistance to leaf rust but very good resistance to stem rust. Resistance to common bunt and loose smut was good, being similar to the more resistant checks Superb and Katepwa, respectively. Resistance to Fusarium head blight was better than the best check in four determinations made over the 3 yr of registration testing. Waskada appears to deter egg laying by the orange blossom wheat midge. Waskada has good preharvest sprouting resistance with similar or lower sprouting scores than the best check in 4 yr of testing, and it also maintained its falling numbers after natural or artificial weathering of spikes. End-use quality tests identified that Waskada had significantly higher amylograph viscosity than all checks except Superb. Waskada had a significantly lower loaf volume than CDC Teal and AC Barrie and was within the range of the checks for other quality traits. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, red spring wheat, test weight, preharvest sprouting, Fusarium head blight, wheat midge oviposition deterrence

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Trethowan, RM, WH Pfeiffer, RJ Pena, and OS Abdalla. "Preharvest sprouting tolerance in three triticale biotypes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 8 (1993): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931789.

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Preharvest sprouting is a major constraint to the utilization of triticale for human consumption in regions where moist, humid conditions prevail during harvest. To examine variation for different components of preharvest sprouting tolerance (PST), trials were conducted over six environments in Mexico. Seed dormancy, bract related chemical and mechanical inhibitory effects and falling number (FN) were measured in primary and secondary triticales and their wheat and rye progenitors. Seed dormancy contributed 78% to PST with significant variation among and within triticale biotypes and progenitor species for bract water soluble inhibitors, bract mechanical barriers and FN. Bract chemical inhibition was higher when soil moisture was non-limiting in moisture-stress/non-stress experiments, suggesting the presence of inhibitors other than abscisic acid. In combination, tolerance components enhanced PST. Substituted triticales [2D(2R)] showed higher seed dormancy and bract related tolerances compared with other triticale biotypes and displayed PST equivalent to wheat. The higher PST in wheat could be attributed to higher FN levels. Components of PST evident in the wheat and rye progenitors were suppressed by wheat/rye genomic interactions in primary triticales. The selection of triticales with high stable FN will be an important first step in the development of PST cultivars, by providing the building block upon which seed dormancy and other related factors can be introduced.

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Trethowan, RM, S. Rajaram, and FW Ellison. "Pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wheat in the field and under rain simulation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 5 (1996): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960705.

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Segregating and fixed lines, selected under controlled conditions in the rain simulator at the Plant Breeding Institute (PBI), were evaluated and selected further in the field at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre's (CIMMYT) Toluca field station, Mexico. The field evaluation was conducted under natural rainfall to confirm the effectiveness of the selected tolerance. Plots at Toluca were sampled at 10 and 21 days post physiological maturity. Percent visible sprouting was determined and a sprouting index calculated. After the final sampling date, plots were harvested and falling number was measured. Standard partial regression coefficients indicated that plant maturity was the major influence on visible germination (r = 0.80***) among families, whilst fluctuations in minimum temperature in the 10 days immediately following physiological maturity had the greatest effect on sprouting tolerance both within families (r = -0.78***) and across all data points ( r = -0.52***). The influence of temperature, rainfall, and plant maturity on falling number measurements was less well defined, with fluctuations in minimum temperature prior to ( r = -0.22***), and maximum temperature following (r = 0.27***), physiological maturity the only major influences. Preharvest sprouting tolerance determined by rain simulation at PBI in 1993 correlated significantly with field estimates of tolerance at Toluca in 1994 (r = 0.76***).

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Fox, S. L., R. I. H. McKenzie, R. J. Lamb, I. L. Wise, M. A. H. Smith, D. G. Humphreys, P. D. Brown, et al. "Unity hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09024.

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Unity is a hard red spring wheat that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Red Spring class. Unity is the first spring wheat cultivar registered in Canada that contains the antibiosis resistance gene Sm1, which produces a product that reduces the palatability of developing seeds to wheat midge larvae (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). Unity is a partial backcross derivative of McKenzie, using Clark as the donor of the Sm1 gene for midge resistance. Unity was found to be adapted to the eastern wheat growing regions of the Canadian prairies as represented in the Central Bread Wheat Cooperative Registration Test in 2004, 2005 and 2006. For registration testing, the performance of Unity was estimated using the varietal blend Unity VB, which consisted of 90% Unity and 10% Waskada. In comparison to the check cultivars (Katepwa, McKenzie, CDC Teal, AC Barrie, and Superb), Unity was the highest yielding cultivar overall; although not significant, Unity was 5% higher yielding than McKenzie. Unity matured significantly later than Katepwa and significantly earlier than Superb. Unity had significantly shorter plant stature than Katepwa and significantly taller stature than Superb. Unity had significantly greater lodging scores than AC Barrie and Superb. The test weight of Unity was significantly higher than the best check: 0.9 kg hL-1 higher than McKenzie. Unity expressed resistance to leaf rust, stem rust and common bunt, intermediate resistance to loose smut, and susceptibility to fusarium head blight. Unity had preharvest sprouting resistance with an overall sprouting score similar to the best checks McKenzie and Superb. Unity also maintained its falling numbers following natural or artificial weathering of spikes. The end-use suitability attributes of Unity were similar to the recurrent parent McKenzie for all traits except amylograph viscosity which was significantly higher than all checks except Superb. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, red spring wheat, test weight, preharvest sprouting, wheat midge antibiosis

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34

TEICH, A. H. "HARUS SOFT WHITE WINTER WHEAT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-020.

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Harus is a high-yielding, short-strawed, lodging-resistant, early-maturing soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with resistance to wheat spindle streak mosaic. It has yielded well in southwestern Ontario where corn heat units exceed 2700. Intermediate in quality between Fredrick and Yorkstar, it is fairly resistant to sprouting and the accumulation of α amylase.Key words: Cultivar description, spindle streak mosaic, wheat (winter)

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35

Townley-Smith, T. F., E. M. Czarnecki, A. B. Campbell, P. L. Dyck, and D. J. Samborski. "Pasqua hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 1095–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-146.

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Pasqua hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) combines excellent resistance to leaf rust and stem rust with increased sprouting resistance relative to Neepawa or Katepwa. Registered on 6 April 1990, Pasqua is adapted to the entire wheat-growing area of the Canadian prairies. Breeder seed of Pasqua will be maintained by the Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Indian Head, SK. Key words: Cultivar description, spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L.

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36

Park, Chul Soo, Jong-Nae Hyun, Sang-Hyun Shin, Jong-Chul Park, Chon-Sik Kang, and Kyeong-Hoon Kim. "Evaluation of Pre-harvest Sprouting in Korean Wheat Cultivar." Korean Journal of Breeding Science 44, no. 4 (December 30, 2012): 526–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.9787/kjbs.2012.44.4.526.

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37

Soper, J. F., R. G. Cantrell, and J. W. Dick. "Sprouting Damage and Kernel Color Relationships in Durum Wheat." Crop Science 29, no. 4 (July 1989): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1989.0011183x002900040010x.

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38

Wu, Qiong. "Recognition of wheat preharvest sprouting based on hyperspectral imaging." Optical Engineering 51, no. 11 (June 20, 2012): 111710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.51.11.111710.

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39

Mares, Daryl J., and Kolumbina Mrva. "Wheat grain preharvest sprouting and late maturity alpha-amylase." Planta 240, no. 6 (September 26, 2014): 1167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-014-2172-5.

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40

Mares, D. J., and K. Mrva. "Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with variation in grain dormancy in Australian wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 12 (2001): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01049.

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Preharvest sprouting is a problem in many regions of the world, resulting in downgrading of quality, substantial economic losses to wheat growers, and difficulties for grain handling and marketing agencies. Improvements in tolerance from the introduction of better grain dormancy at, or near, harvest-ripeness would be expected to have a significant impact on the incidence and severity of sprouting. Intermediate levels of dormancy in older Australian wheats, such as Halberd, and a small number of current cultivars could be used in the short term while more extreme dormancy is being introgressed into locally adapted germplasm. A doubled haploid population derived from Cranbrook (extremely non-dormant, very susceptible to sprouting) x Halberd (intermediate dormancy, moderately tolerant to preharvest sprouting) was grown in replicated experiments and ripe grain harvested for assessment of dormancy, measured as a germination index. Consistent differences were observed between the parents in both experiments. For the bulk of the progeny, the germination index fell within a range defined by Cranbrook at the upper and Halberd at the lower end. Significant quantitative trait loci, all contributed by the very susceptible parent, that explained 11%, 9%, and 9% of the phenotypic variation were identified on chromosome arms 2AL, 2DL, and 4AL, respectively. These QTLs offer the opportunity to develop molecular markers for grain dormancy and to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in this trait.

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41

Nishimura, Tsutomu, Masahiko Mori, Takahiro Kamada, Wakana Nakane, Ikkei Komine, Kazumitsu Onishi, Atsushi Torada, Hironobu Jinno, and Hideho Miura. "Detection of QTL for pre-harvest sprouting resistance and grain dormancy in highly sprouting-tolerant wheat." Breeding Research 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbr.19j05.

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42

Johnston, Rachel, John M. Martin, Justin M. Vetch, Carmen Byker‐Shanks, Sean Finnie, and Michael J. Giroux. "Controlled sprouting in wheat increases quality and consumer acceptability of whole‐wheat bread." Cereal Chemistry 96, no. 5 (July 15, 2019): 866–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cche.10187.

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43

Simlat, Magdalena, Michał Nowak, Kamil Brutkowski, Marcin Hydzik, Andrzej Zieliński, and Maria Moś. "Expression of the aldehyde oxidase 3, ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase, and VIVIPAROUS 1 genes in wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to pre-harvest sprouting." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): e0701. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017151-9264.

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The quality of wheat grains is often negatively affected by pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), a complex trait with a poorly understood genetic background. In this study two wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to PHS were used to investigate expression of three genes: AAO3, CPS3 and VP1. AAO3 is coding for aldehyde oxidase 3, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of abscisic acid. CPS3 codes for ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase which belongs to the pathway of gibberellic acid synthesis. The product of VP1 (VIVIPAROUS 1) is a transcription factor which controls expression of the former two genes. The study was carried out using both developing and sprouting-induced grains. In Piko, a wheat cultivar susceptible to PHS, accumulation of the AAO3 transcript was significantly decreased, during the last stages of grain development, in comparison to Sława, a cultivar tolerant to PHS. In case of the CPS3 and VP1 transcripts, the differences between cultivars were especially evident from 17th to 31st day after pollination. In turn, after induction of sprouting within spikes, accumulation of the AAO3 and VP1 mRNA in the Sława grains was lower in comparison to that observed in the Piko grains. Moreover, accumulation of the CPS3 transcript was significantly higher for Piko than for Sława, both in sprouting and non-sprouting grains. According to our knowledge this report provides the first description of the AAO3 and CPS3 expression in the context of PHS, and in the future it would be valuable to correlate this information with the data on the accumulation of ABA and GA3.

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44

Stahl, M., and A. M. Steiner. "Germination and vigour loss of non-sprouted and sprouted wheat seeds during storage – testing the viability constants." Seed Science Research 8, no. 2 (June 1998): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500004013.

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AbstractThe loss of percentage germination and vigour of non-sprouted and sprouted seeds of winter wheat was determined during storage for 80 days at 11 different combinations of moisture content and temperature. Before storage the initial percentage germination and vigour were reduced according to the level of sprouting. During storage the percentage germination and vigour decreased. The rate of germination loss increased with increasing seed moisture content and/or increasing temperature. The species-specific constants KE, CW, CH and CQ of the viability equation were not different for non-sprouted and sprouted seeds. Likewise, the relation between the percentage of normal and abnormal seedlings was independent of sprouting. The rate of vigour loss was also independent of the storage conditions and of sprouting.

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45

DePauw, R. M., R. E. Knox, J. M. Clarke, T. N. McCaig, F. R. Clarke, and M. R. Fernandez. "Lovitt hard red spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-181.

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Lovitt hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is adapted to the Canadian prairies. Lovitt is earlier maturing than AC Barrie with similar grain yield and smaller kernels. Lovitt has resistance to prevalent races of leaf and stem rust and loose smut. Lovitt has very good pre-harvest sprouting resistance similar to RL4137. Lovitt is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Red Spring wheat class. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cultivar description, resistance to leaf and stem rust, dormancy

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46

Xia, L. Q., Y. Yang, Y. Z. Ma, X. M. Chen, Z. H. He, M. S. Röder, H. D. Jones, and P. R. Shewry. "What can the Viviparous-1 gene tell us about wheat pre-harvest sprouting?" Euphytica 168, no. 3 (April 22, 2009): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-9928-1.

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47

Sadasivaiah, R. S., J. B. Thomas, and R. L. Conner. "AC Reed soft white spring wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-072.

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AC Reed has a higher yield potential than Fielder combined with early maturity, resistance to prevalent races of stripe rust, and moderate resistance to powdery mildew, common root rot, shattering and sprouting. It is equal to or better than the standard check, Fielder, in overall milling and cookie-baking qualities. AC Reed is adapted to the irrigated regions of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., AC Reed, cultivar description

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48

HOSHINO, Tsuguhiro, Norihiko TOMOOKA, Kimihira FUKUNAGA, and Hidefumi SEKO. "Testing method of pre-harvest sprouting and genealogical pedigree of pre-harvest sprouting resistant cultivars in wheat." Ikushugaku zasshi 39, no. 3 (1989): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs1951.39.365.

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49

Jribi, Sarra, Otilia Tamara Anta, Helga Molnàr, Nora Adànyi, Zoltan Fustos, Zoltan Naàr, Oussema Kheriji, Hajer Amara, and Hajer Debbabi. "Sprouting bioprocess as a sustainable tool for enhancing durum wheat (Triticum durum) nutrients and bioactive compounds." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 7 (April 22, 2020): 252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.7.252-259.

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Background: Consumers are more aware of the role of healthy diet in preventing food-related diseases (Cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc.). Consequently, they are looking for products with beneficial nutritional attributes that encourage the food industry to develop functional foods. Aims: In this study, we aimed at using a natural bioprocess to improve durum wheat “Triticum durum” nutritional properties for its further use as a functional ingredient. Materials and Methods: Six durum wheat cultivars were tested: four high yielding and two landrace ones. Seeds were germinated for 48 hours at 22°C. Nutritional properties were evaluated through proximate composition and bioactive compounds (carotenoids, total phenol, vitamin C and tocopherols) levels. Results: Biochemical characterization of sprouted seeds showed significant modifications with a decrease in ash, starch contents and an increase in reducing sugars, and in proteins. Improvements in bioactive compounds were also observed in sprouted seeds. Vitamin C, tocopherols, total phenols, carotenoid pigments as well as antioxidant activity significantly increased after sprouting. Interestingly, durum wheat landrace cultivars showed the best performances. Conclusions: Results provided by our study proved that sprouting is an interesting natural tool to use in the food industry for the development of cereal products with added nutritional value. Keywords: Durum wheat, bioactive compounds, nutritional properties, sprouting, vitamins.

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50

Martynov, Sergey, and Tatyana Dobrotvorskaya. "Genealogical Analysis of the North-American Spring Wheat Varieties with Different Resistance to Pre-harvest Sprouting." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 70, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2016-0057.

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AbstractA comparative analysis of genetic diversity of North American spring wheat varieties differing in resistance to pre-harvest sprouting was carried out. For identification of sources of resistance the genealogical profiles of 148 red-grained and 63 white-grained North-American spring wheat varieties with full pedigrees were calculated and estimates were made of pre-harvest sprouting. The cluster structure of the populations of red-grained and white-grained varieties was estimated. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the average contributions of landraces in the groups of resistant and susceptible varieties. Distribution of the putative sources of resistance in the clusters indicated that varieties having different genetic basis may have different sources of resistance. For red-grained varieties the genetic sources of resistance to pre-harvest sprouting are landraces Crimean, Hard Red Calcutta, and Iumillo, or Button, Kenya 9M-1A-3, and Kenya-U, or Red Egyptian and Kenya BF4-3B-10V1. Tracking of pedigrees showed these landraces contributed to the pedigrees, respectively, via Thatcher, Kenya-Farmer, and Kenya-58, which were likely donors of resistance for red-grained varieties. For white-grained varieties the sources of resistance were landraces Crimean, Hard Red Calcutta, Ostka Galicyjska, Iumillo, Akakomugi, Turco, Hybrid English, Rough Chaff White and Red King, and putative donors of resistance — Thatcher, RL2265, and Frontana. The genealogical profile of accession RL4137, the most important donor of resistance to pre-harvest sprouting in North American spring wheat breeding programmes, contains almost all identified sources of resistance.

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