Academic literature on the topic 'Wheat Spacing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wheat Spacing"
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Xie, H. S., D. R. S. Rourke, and A. P. Hargrave. "Effect of row spacing and seed/fertilizer placement on agronomic performance of wheat and canola in zero tillage systems." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 3 (July 1, 1998): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-063.
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Field experiments were carried out in Manitoba to investigate the agronomic response of zero till-grown spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) to different row spacing and seed/fertilizer placement treatments. Wheat yield was very poor at 51-cm row spacing in comparison with those at 25- and 38-cm row spacings. Wheat performance between the row spacings of 25- and 38-cm was generally similar, especially coupled with paired-row seed/fertilizer placement; and canola performance tended to be better at 38-cm row spacing relative to 25-cm row spacing. Among three types of seed/fertilizer placement examined, paired-row placement resulted in the best performance in both wheat and canola, whereas crop response to narrow-row and wide-row seed/fertilizer placement varied with year. Therefore, with intensive crop management in zero tillage (ZT) system under the Manitoba conditions, the best crop performance in wheat and canola could be achieved with paired-row seed/fertilizer placement coupled with 25- to 38-cm row spacings. Key words: Yield, yield component, row spacing, seed/fertilizer placement, zero tillage
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Zhou, X. B., Y. H. Chen, and Z. Ouyang. "Spacing between rows: effects on water-use efficiency of double-cropped wheat and soybean." Journal of Agricultural Science 153, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000890.
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SUMMARYProductivity and water resource usage efficiency are crucial issues in sustainable agriculture. The aims of the present research were to compare and evaluate the soil moisture content (SMC), evapotranspiration (ETa), yield, water-use efficiency (WUE), and net return of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under different plant population distribution patterns and to identify the possible ways to improve water utilization. Using the same plant population for a given crop, the experiments consisted of four spacings between rows (row spacings) for winter wheat (cvar Shannong 919) under both rainfed and irrigated conditions and five row spacings for summer soybean (cvar Ludou 4) under rainfed conditions. For winter wheat, the stem number with row spacing of 49 cm was the lowest in all treatments. The SMC was enhanced by irrigation, particularly at the 10–40 cm depth. The yield and WUE were negatively correlated with row spacing and were greater with narrower row spacing than with wider rows. For soybean, SMC in uniform distribution (spacing between plants) treatments was greater at lower depths than at shallower depths for each row spacing treatment. A high yield, WUE and net return of winter wheat and soybean can be achieved with narrower row spacing. Combining winter wheat row spacing of 14 cm with soybean row spacing of 18 cm and soybean row spacing of 27 cm is a highly suitable planting system for the plains of Northern China.
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Koscelny, Jeffrey A., Thomas F. Peeper, John B. Solie, and Stanley G. Solomon. "Seeding Date, Seeding Rate, and Row Spacing Affect Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Cheat (Bromus secalinus)." Weed Technology 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003373x.
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Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to determine the effects of winter wheat seeding date and cheat infestation level on cultural cheat control obtained by increasing winter wheat seeding rates and decreasing row spacing. Seeding rate and row spacing interactions influenced cheat density, biomass, or seed in harvested wheat (dockage) at two of three locations. Suppressive effects on cheat of increasing wheat seeding rates and reduced row spacings were greater in wheat seeded in September than later. At two other locations, increasing seeding rate from 67 to 101 kg ha–1or reducing row spacings from 22.5 to 15 cm increased winter wheat yield over a range of cheat infestation levels.
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Amjad, M., and W. K. Anderson. "Managing yield reductions from wide row spacing in wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04182.
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Experiments were conducted to investigate row spacing effects on wheat yield and grain quality and the interactions between row spacing and cultivars, plant population density, nitrogen application rate, time of sowing, fertiliser placement and row spread from 2000 to 2002 in the south coast region of Western Australia. In the experiments that were conducted following pasture or lupins, wider row spacings of 240 and 360 mm consistently reduced wheat yield and increased grain protein and small grain screenings compared with a narrow row spacing of 180 mm. Average plant numbers were reduced in the wider rows in all experiments. This result, possibly related to increased competition for water as the seeds were placed closer together in the wide rows, may also have been related to reductions in wheat grain yield. The yield decline in wider rows was lowest for the long season cultivar Camm with a May sowing in 1 experiment and at the higher N rate in another experiment. The response of Camm at wider row spacings can be partially explained by its higher dry matter production as measured in 2000 and may also help to explain the observed advantage of Camm in suppressing weed growth at all row spacings. In 2002, the row spread (seed width within the row) was varied from normal 25 mm widths to 50 and 75 mm widths. Yield was increased at the widest row spacing (360 mm) by using the wider row spreads of 50 or 75 mm. Fertiliser placement methods significantly affected plant establishment but not grain yield. Grain quality (protein percentage, small grain screenings and hectolitre weight) was reduced in wider rows in some cases or unaffected in others. This research has demonstrated that yield reductions due to wide row spacing can be minimised by using a long season cultivar when sown in May, by using adequate N fertiliser and by increasing the spread of seed across the row.
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Sandler, Leah, Kelly A. Nelson, and Christopher Dudenhoeffer. "Winter Wheat Row Spacing and Alternative Crop Effects on Relay-Intercrop, Double-Crop, and Wheat Yields." International Journal of Agronomy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/369243.
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In Missouri as well as much of the Midwest, the most popular double-cropping system was winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) followed by soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr). These two crops can also be used in an intercrop system, but optimal row spacing was important to increase crop productivity. Research was conducted to evaluate (1) winter wheat inter- and double-crop production systems, using a variety of alternative crops, and (2) the impact of different wheat row spacings on intercrop establishment and yields within the various cropping systems. Field research was conducted during droughts in 2012 and 2013. Spacing of wheat rows impacted wheat yields by 150 kg ha−1, as well as yields of the alternative crops. Narrower row spacings (150 kg ha−1) and the double-crop system (575 kg ha−1) increased yield due to the lack of interference for resources with wheat in 2013. Land equivalent ratio (LER) values determining productivity of intercrop systems of 19 and 38 cm row showed an advantage for alternative crops in 2013, but not 2012. This signified that farmers in Northeast Missouri could potentially boost yield potential for a given field and produce additional forage or green manure yields in a year with less severe drought.
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Lafond, G. P., G. W. Clayton, A. M. Johnston, W. E. May, D. A. Derksen, and F. C Stevenson. "Nitrogen management systems to optimize spring wheat under no-till: Effects on plant development." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 2 (May 5, 2006): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-062.
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Surface residues and standing stubble protect soil against erosion and mitigate against crop water deficits by conserving additional moisture. However, residues and stubble can also present a dilemma for producers practising no-till in terms of nitrogen (N) fertilizer management and row spacing. The objective of this research was to determine how row spacing, N management using urea and two rates of post-emergent herbicide (66 and 100% of recommended) affect spring wheat establishment and plant development. The study was conducted using a no-till system and a canola-springwheat cropping system at three locations over a 3-yr period. The N management and row spacing treatments were (1) 23-cm row spacing with fall banded N on 30 cm; (2) 23-cm row spacing with spring banded N on 30 cm; (3) 30-cm row spacing with the N side-banded; (4) 23-cm row spacing with the N side-banded; and (5) sweep on 23-cm spacing with seed and fertilizer scattered over a 20-cm width. Herbicide rates did not affect wheat development. Planting depth was greater for the sweep treatment, but only by 6 mm. Plant densities were at the low end of the optimal range of 200–250 plants m-2 for all treatments and were least for the 30 cm row spacing. Average frequencies for tillers T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 20, 81 61 and 10%, respectively. Fall and spring band treatments resulted in lower tiller frequencies than the sweep treatment, with intermediate levels for the side-band treatments. Tiller frequencies were identical between the 23-cm and 30-cm row spacings with N side-banded. Greater tiller frequencies for the sweep treatment likely resulted from the greater spread of seed, reducing inter-plant competition and closer proximity of the seed to fertilizer N. Spike density was not affected by N management. Expected spike density, calculated from tiller frequency and plant density data, was within 1% of the actual spikes recorded, when averaged over treatments. This means that tiller frequencies at the 5 to 5.5 leaf stage are a good predictor of expected spike density. Wider row spacings did not affect plant and tiller development but applying N fertilizer at time of seeding provided better spring wheat tiller development. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., nitrogen management, tiller development
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Lafond, G. P. "Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and nitrogen on yield of barley and wheat under zero-till management." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-127.
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Adopting water-conserving tillage practices on the Canadian prairies will protect the soil against erosion while conserving soil water. The use of tall-standing stubble to conserve water creates a dilemma for producers because maximum yields can only be obtained with narrow rows, and tall stubble may limit the use of narrow row spacings. A 4-yr study on a thin Black clay soil investigated the effects of three row spacings (10, 20 and 30 cm), six seeding rates (34, 67, 100, 134, 168 and 202 kg ha−1 for wheat and 27, 54, 81, 108, 134 and 161 kg ha−1 for barley) and two rates of N (low and high) in hard red wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum (Triticum durum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using a continuous cropping, zero-till production system. The yields of cereals were maintained with 30-cm row spacing over a wide range of growing conditions under zero-till management. Durum had a 5.8% yield advantage and barley a 2.4% advantage for the 30-cm row spacing over the 10-cm row spacing. The number of plants established and the number of spikes produced decreased as row spacing increased for all crops. But wider row spacing resulted in more kernels produced per spike, which, in the case of barley and durum, more than compensated for the lower number of spikes. Increasing seeding rates significantly improved grain yield in all crops and years because more spikes were produced. Grain yield was related to the reciprocal of seeding rate. The few row spacing × seeding rate interactions observed in 2 of 12 cases suggest that seeding rates need not be adjusted for changes in row spacing. The results obtained have important implications for equipment design and the ability to more easily handle high-crop-residue situations. Key words: Yield components, seeding rate, row spacing, yield compensation
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Yunusa, IAM, RK Belford, D. Tennant, and RH Sedgley. "Row spacing fails to modify soil evaporation and grain yield in spring wheat in a dry Mediterranean environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 4 (1993): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930661.
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The loss of moisture by evaporation from soil under crop canopies (Esc) has been recognized as a major cause of poor water use efficiency (WUE), and hence poor grain yield, in crops grown in environments with limited rainfall. Agronomic approaches to restrain Esc aim to reduce the transmission of solar radiation to the soil beneath the crop by improving ground cover by the crop canopy. However, the sparse canopies produced in these environments have a limited effect on evaporation during the energy dependent first stage (Es1); much of the evaporation is independent of energy at the soilsurface (Es2), and therefore less sensitive to the influence of the crop canopy. Manipulating plant arrangement, primarily by changing row spacing, may provide a simple approach for improving ground cover and restraining E,, without changing GAI, and thus improving WUE and grain yield. To explore the potential benefit of variable row spacing on Esc and grain yield in the dry (300 mm) Mediterranean environment of the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia, spring wheat was grown in 0.09, 0.18, 0.27 and 0.36 m row spacings on coarse textured and fine textured soil types at Merredin in 1989. Esc was determined with an empirical model and measured with microlysimeters. Row spacing had no significant effect on the development of green area index (GAI), dry matter (DM) accumulation and evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the season. However, in mid-season, the proportion of ground covered by the canopy was higher and transmission of solar radiation was reduced in the 0.09 m row spacing compared with the 0.36 m row spacing. These effects did not restrain E,,, which was similar in all treatments. Esc was not restrained even when the plant density was doubled in the 0.09 m row spacing treatment. Esc during the season averaged 88 mm across all row spacings on both soils; this accounted for 56% and 48% of the mean seasonal ET on the coarse textured and fine textured soils respectively. Consequently, neither water use efficiency nor grain yield were affected by variation in row spacing; water use efficiency averaged 25 kg DM ha-1 mm-1 on both soil types. For dry Mediterranean environments of Western Australia, it was concluded on the basis of these results, and yield data from other row spacing trials in the same districts, that there are no significant yield benefits to be obtained by reducing the row spacing from the current spacing of 0.18 m.
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Sprigg, Hayden, Robert Belford, Steve Milroy, Sarita Jane Bennett, and David Bowran. "Adaptations for growing wheat in the drying climate of Western Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 7 (2014): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13352.
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This study investigated the effects of predicted changes in rainfall distribution in marginal (≤325 mm annual rainfall) parts of the south-west Australian wheatbelt and options for management and adaptation of the wheat crop. Field experiments with rain-out shelters and irrigation were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to investigate the interactions of rainfall distribution, row spacing, genotype and timing of nitrogen application on growth, water use and grain yield of spring wheat. Water storage before seeding showed potential to maintain or increase yields despite lower in-season rainfall. Widening row spacing reduced biomass and slowed water use but did not increase grain yield, because of increased soil evaporation and water left in the soil at crop maturity. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) wheat model was used to investigate the effects of recent and projected climate change on yield in relation to row spacing, phenology and nitrogen. Two climate-change scenarios were applied to historical climatic data to create two plausible future climates (‘optimistic’ and ‘pessimistic’) for the year 2030. None of the strategies tested increased wheat yield under the predicted climate scenarios. Simulated yields at wider row spacings were consistently lower due to insufficient biomass, increased soil evaporation and the inability of the crop to use all of the available water before maturity. Simulated yields of short-season genotypes were always greater than yields of longer season genotypes. Nitrogen regimes had little effect in this study. This study points to several genotypic traits that could improve the performance of wheat grown at wider row spacings. These include early vigour to reduce soil evaporation and increase competition with weeds, greater tillering/biomass to reduce limitation by sink size, and a vigorous root system with appropriate lateral spread and growth to depth to access available soil water.
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Satyawali, Kavita, Sumit Chaturvedi, Neema Bisht, and V. C. Dhyani. "Impact of planting density on wheat crop grown under different tree species in tarai agroforestry system of central himalaya, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1573.
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A field trial based Agroforestry system was established at Pantnagar during Rabi season 2012-13 for predicting the effect of spacing on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melia azedarach. The experiment was carried out in split-plot design consisting of two tree species in main plot, viz, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melia azedarch and four spacing treatments in sub-plot viz, 3.0m×1.0m, 3.0m×1.5m, 3.0m×2.0m and 3.0m×2.5m with three replications. The wheat crop variety“UP-2338” was sown on December 06, 2012 and harvested on April 27, 2013. Among the tree species, the maximum (15.1 q /ha) and significantly higher grain yield with 21.8% increment was recorded under Melia as compare to Eucalyptus. Whereas, among the different spacings, the wheat growth in terms of dry biomass at 120 DAS (495.4/m2 ), yield attributes and yield in terms of grain (16.0 q/ha), straw (29.4 q/ha) and biological yield (45.4 q/ha) under Melia was significantly higher at 3 × 2.5 m spacing as compared to other planting density. The correlation coefficient (r) studies exhibited that wheat growth and yield attributing characteristics shows significantly (p<0.05) high degree (r=0.75 to 1) positive correlation with each other. The investigation was done to find out the proper planting density for intercropping of wheat with tree species without comprising the wheat growth and enhancing its sustainability.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wheat Spacing"
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Ottman, M. J., M. D. Sheedy, and R. T. Ramage. "Row Spacing Effects on Small Grain Varieties at Maricopa." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201377.
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A 12-inch row spacing is commonly used to evaluate small grain varieties at the Maricopa Agricultural Center and other experiment stations. The objective of this study was to document the interactions of varieties and row spacings. Sir barley, durum, and wheat varieties were planted in the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons at the Maricopa Agricultural Center at four planting dates (November, December, January, February) and 6 and 12-inch row spacings. At the December planting date, which is near optimum, WestBred 881 and Topaz performed best at a 6-inch row spacing while Gustoe, Aldura, Klasic, and WestBred 911 performed best at a 12-inch row spacing. Caution must be exercised when interpreting variety trials planted in 12-inch rows anti, in addition, conducted under growing conditions different from commercial practice.
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Gaongalelwe, Motlhasedi Olebile. "Effect of delayed sowing and increased crop density on weed emergence and competition with wheat." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AFM/09afmg2118.pdf.
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Ottman, Mike, Arden Day, and John Harper. "Seeding Rate and Row Spacing for Westbred 881 and Aldura Durum Wheat at Maricopa, 1987." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203761.
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Westbred 881 durum wheat commands a premium price due to its superior quality, but produces a lower yield than other commonly grown commercial cultivars. This study was initiated to improve our understanding of how best to manage Westbred 881. Two durum wheat cultivars (Westbred 881 and Aldura) were planted at 5 seeding rates (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs. seed/A), 5 row spacings (3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 inches), and two planting dates (Dec. 1 and Jan. 16) at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Both cultivars produced optimum yields at seeding rates of 120 to 180 lbs/A for the Dec. 1 planting date. At the Jan. 16 planting date, however, yields of Westbred 881 increased linearly with seeding rate up to 240 lbs/A, while Aldura produced optimum yields between 120 and 180 lbs. seed/A. At the Dec. 1 planting date, Aldura produced similar yields at row spacings from 3 to 12 inches, while the yield of Westbred 881 decreased linearly with an increase in row spacing. The highest yield achieved in this study was with Westbred 881 at the 3 -inch row spacing. Row spacings of 6 to 12 inches were optimum for both Westbred 881 and Aldura at the Jan. 16 planting date. The seeding rate and row spacing responses attained with Westbred 881 may be related to its tittering characteristics.
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Ottman, M. J., and A. D. Day. "Seeding Rate and Row Spacing for WestBred 881 and Aldura Durum at Marana, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200837.
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WestBred 881 durum commands a premium price due to its superior quality, but it produces a lower yield than other commonly grown cultivars. This study was initiated to improve our understanding of how to grow WestBred 881. Two dumm cultivars (WestBred 881 and Aldura) were planted at five seeding rates (30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 lbs seed /A) and five row spacings (3, 6, 12, 18 an 24 inches) at the Marana Agricultural Center. The optimum seeding rate was 180 lbs /A for WestBred 881 and 120 lb /A for Aldura. An increase in seeding rate resulted in decreased kernel weight and number and increased head number. At row spacings of 3, 6 and 12 inches, grain yield of WestBred 881 was 6120, 6300, and 6060 lbs /A and grain yield of Aldura was 6350, 6770, and 7190 lb /A, respectively. WestBred 881 has larger kernels than Aldura but fewer kernels per head and heads per unit area. The yield advantage of WestBred 881 relative to Aldura at higher seeding rates was due to in kernels per head. At the closer row spacings, the advantage was due to kernel weight, kernels per head and heads per unit area.
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Ottman, M. J. "Row Spacing and Direction Effects on Yield, Water Use, Tillering and Light Interception of One-Irrigation Barley." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208254.
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The one-irrigation barley variety Solum is adapted to wide row spacing, and sometimes yields higher in wide compared to narrow spacing. This study was initiated to determine the effect of row spacing and direction on Solum water use and yield components. Solum barley was planted at the Marana Agricultural Center at 6, 12, 18, and 24 inch row spacings in north-south and east -west rows in late November and late -February or early March over 2 growing seasons. Row spacing and direction had little effect on yield and yield components, water use, tillering, and light interception. Nevertheless, in some instances narrow row spacing resulted in more heads that were smaller and had lighter kernels than wide row spacing. We measured greater soil water depletion for the narrow row spacings at the late planting date one year due to greater stem density. The narrow rows intercepted more light than wide rows and the wide rows intercepted more light at solar noon in east-west compared to north -south rows. We were not able to confirm the theory that soil water is conserved in wide rows for use at more critical stages later in the season.
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Ottman, Michael. "Planting Methods for Small Grains in Arizona." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147017.
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Ren, Tusheng. "Soil water and temperature regimes in winter wheat as affected by crop rotation, tillage and row spacing." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21624.pdf.
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Wang, Shi Ping 1956. "Influence of planting density on spike size and grain yield in five winter wheat cultivars." Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37720.
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Wilhelm, Roy D. "Plant growth regulator and row spacing x seeding rate investigations for winter wheat production." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/16259140.html.
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Freeman, Kyle Wayne. "Influence of beds and row spacing in winter wheat, and by-plant prediction of corn forage yield." 2005. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-1641.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Wheat Spacing"
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Wang, Shi Ping. Influence of planting density on spike size and grain yield in five winter wheat cultivars. 1990.
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Applied crop physiology: understanding the fundamentals of grain crop management. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245950.0000.
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Abstract This book contains 5 chapters that presents a simple, straightforward discussion of the principles and processes involved in the production of grain yield by agronomic crops, and how these processes underlie and influence management decisions. The focus is on grain crops, principally maize and soybean, although the general principles apply equally well to cereals, grain legumes and oil crops. Management decisions define all cropping systems - what (crop species, variety), where (climate), when (planting date), and how (row spacing and population density) are the fundamental choices. Knowledge of the fundamental processes responsible for plant growth and the accumulation of yield simplifies the decision-making process and leads to improved management decisions, higher grain yields, and cropping systems that are efficient, resilient and sustainable. The contents include basic plant growth processes (e.g. photosynthesis, respiration, evapotranspiration); growth and production of yield; crop management (seed quality, variety selection, planting date, row spacing); and crop production in the future (climate change, GMOs, precision agriculture and new crops). This books is intended for researchers in crop science, agronomy and plant science, and crop production practitioners. This book will enable readers to make better, more informed management decisions; decisions that will help maintain a well-fed world in the future.
Book chapters on the topic "Wheat Spacing"
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Cook, R. James. "CHAPTER 13: Fertilizer, Fertilizer Placement, and Row Spacing." In Untold Stories: Forty Years of Field Research on Root Diseases of Wheat, 271–95. The American Phytopathological Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/9780890545843.013.
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Dobocha, Dereje, and Debela Bekele. "Faba Bean Agronomic and Crop Physiology Research in Ethiopia." In Legumes [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101542.
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Faba bean is an important pulse crop in terms of protein source, area coverage, and volume of annual production in Ethiopia. The aim of this paper is to assess the agronomic and crop physiology investigations in the past two decades in Ethiopia. The production limiting factors of this crop are low input usage, natural disasters, depletion of macronutrients, and unavailability of essential nutrients. Phosphorus is among the main limiting nutrients in soil systems in Ethiopia. Seed yield and biomass yield of faba bean were increased from 1338 to 1974 kg/ha and from 3124 to 4446 kg/ha when phosphorous was changed from 0 to 52 kg/ha, respectively at Holeta whereas application of 40 kg P ha − 1 resulted in higher grain yield (6323 kg ha−1) and 3303 kg ha−1 at Lemu-Bilbilo and Bore highlands, respectively. The highest grain yield of 32 kg ha−1 was obtained from the application of 92 kg P2O5 ha−1 at Sekela district while application of 46 kg P2O5 ha−1 resulted in a substantial increase in seed yield over unfertilized plots on vertisols of Ambo. On the other hand, the results suggest that using starter nitrogen from 0 to 27 kg/ha has marginally increased faba bean yield but, a farther increase of nitrogen has indicated deteriorate of yield at Arsi zone. Proper plant populations play a crucial role in enhancing faba bean production. Planting faba bean at 30 cm × 15 cm spacing gave the highest grain yield in Duna district while it was 30 × 7.5 cm at vertisols of Ambo University research farm. Significantly higher seed yield (4222 kg/ha) was observed in the 40 cm inter-row spacing as compared to 50 cm inter-row spacing, which gave the lowest seed yield per hectare (3138 kg/ha) on fluvisols of Haramaya University. Intercropping and crop rotation are cropping systems that can increase soil fertility and crop yield. Intercropping of faba bean with barley at Debre Birhan increased land equivalent ratio than both crops when planted as sole. An additional income of 18.5% and 40% was gained than planting sole faba bean and wheat, respectively at Kulumsa. Faba bean can fix about 69 kg/ha nitrogen in Northern Ethiopia. Generally, the current review results showed that only limited studies in organic and bio fertilizer, plant density, and cropping systems were done on faba bean in Ethiopia. Hence, studies regarding soil acidity, organic fertilizer, and secondary plus micronutrient impacts on faba bean production and productivity along soil types and weather conditions need great attention in the future in Ethiopia.
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Goldgaber, Deborah. "Rewriting the Course in General Linguistics : From Sign to Spacing." In Speculative Grammatology, 94–134. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474438339.003.0005.
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In the fourth chapter, I track the generalisation of writing, from its narrow conception as graphic, phonetic writing to arche- writing in Derrida’s reading of Saussure in Of Grammatology (OG). My aim is to specify what form or schema general writing entails and why we should think that this sort of structure is absolutely general. In OG, Derrida describes the structure of the gramme in at least three ways: 1) as the object of a general science of writing; 2) as an essentially mnemonic or retentive form (‘arche- phenomenon of memory’); and 3) as ‘spacing’ (‘the becoming space of time and the becoming time of space’). Each of these descriptions is important for the generality claim, particularly spacing, since the latter decisively establishes the logical priority of the trace to the category of experience. However, we lack any account that can make sense of the connection between general writing, the trace structure and spacing. This chapter demonstrates that spacing allows Derrida to ‘deconstruct’ correlationism from within by specifying the ultra- transcendental status of the trace. ‘The space- time of the trace’ is no more ideal than real; it conditions phenomena on both sides and makes their entanglement thinkable.
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Morin, Marie-Eve. "Chapter 2 Nancy, Descartes, the Exposition of Bodies and the Extension of the Soul." In Merleau-Ponty and Nancy on Sense and Being, 50–69. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474492423.003.0003.
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This chapter turns to Nancy’s own reading of Descartes, which also focuses on the problematic relation between the union of the soul and the body on the one hand and the cogito on the other. Against Heidegger, who interprets the Cartesian cogito as the self-positing of the subject of thought and knowledge, Nancy focuses on the performative utterance of the cogito in order to show how this utterance consists in a double movement of withdrawal and exposition. Such movement is only possible because what utters or opens itself in the cogito is not a substance but a body. The reading of Descartes proposed here allows for a more careful interpretation of the notion of body in Nancy, one that does not merely focus on the spacing between bodies and their exposure to one another through the touch of the skin, but also emphasises the spacing or differance of the body to itself.
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Mitchell, David A., Laura Mitchell, and Lorna McCaul. "Orthodontics." In Oxford Handbook of Clinical Dentistry, 119–70. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199679850.003.0004.
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Contents. What is orthodontics?. Definitions. Orthodontic assessment. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Cephalometrics. More cephalometrics. Treatment planning. Management of the developing dentition. Extractions. Extraction of poor quality first permanent molars. Spacing. Distal movement of the upper buccal segments. Buccally displaced maxillary canines. Palatally displaced maxillary canines. Increased overjet. Increased overbite. Management of increased overbite. Anterior open bite (AOB). Reverse overjet. Crossbites. Anchorage. Temporary anchorage devices (TAD). Removable appliances. Fixed appliances. Functional appliances—rationale and mode of action. Types of functional appliance and practical tips. Orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. Cleft lip and palate.
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Davidson, Michael. "“Tongue-tied and / muscle / bound”." In Distressing Language, 98–116. NYU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479813827.003.0005.
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Extending remarks about misspeaking, chapter 4 turns to the work of the poet Larry Eigner, whose speech was distorted due to cerebral palsy. The chapter first studies the various meanings of “disability poetry,” whether it refers to a component of the poem itself or the physical or cognitive condition of the poet. What characterizes Eigner’s poetry is the phenomenological experience of watching, observing, and commenting on what he sees and hears from a restricted perspective. His radical innovations in spacing, condensation, and parataxis are often a function of physiological difficulties in typing and speaking. As a consequence, his work raises questions about temporality and the variable durations imposed by disability on the artistic process. He registers what Denise Riley calls “inner speech” or the voice and voices that continue to run in the mind unedited.
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Doyle, Shane. "Sexuality, Mortality, Disease and Fertility in the 1970s." In Before HIV. British Academy, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0010.
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This chapter brings the various strands of this study together. Previous studies of the 1970s have tended to emphasize the grimmest aspects of life during this decade, but the evidence suggests that the immediate demographic impact of worsening poverty and instability was rather modest. Moreover, the changes in sexual culture and behaviour seen in the 1970s were to a large extent a continuation of long-established trends, ensuring that patterns which had been initially associated with urban contexts dispersed far into the regions' rural communities. What was new in the 1970s was as much the result of aspiration as desperation. Similarly the onset of fertility decline in central Buganda was driven by an attempt to maintain existing standards of living. Evidence that postponing and stopping as well as spacing behaviour contributed to fertility limitation indicates that this region once again does not fit with widely accepted theories about African demographic change.
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Soria Olmedo, Andres. "Habitar, bordar, coser. Citas del teatro de Federico García Lorca." In Biblioteca di Rassegna iberistica. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-278-9/007.
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When Bernarda Alba attributes “Needle and thread for women, whip and mule for the men”, she describes a spacial distinction, interior/exterior, and a distinction of gender that can be followed throughout Lorca’s plays. Quotes from Mariana Pineda, Blood Wedding, Yerma, Doña Rosita the Spinster, The House of Bernarda Alba, and The Public disclose the variations on the above rule in what refers to embroidering and sewing.
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Basu, Sarbani, and William J. Chaplin. "Interpreting Frequencies of Individual Modes: Other Diagnostics." In Asteroseismic Data Analysis. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691162928.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses some of the other ways mode frequencies can be used, and what additional information they can provide about a star. It first considers how specific combinations of mode frequencies can be used to determine stellar properties. In addition, the properties of a star, such as the acoustic depth of the convection-zone base, are determined by fitting models of the signatures left by acoustic glitches to the frequencies or the second differences. This chapter discusses how one can use signatures of acoustic glitches to infer properties of the star in question. Period spacings of red giants are also potentially very useful, and this chapter discusses how to make use of them.
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Rottenberg, Elizabeth. "Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience." In For the Love of Psychoanalysis, 9–23. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284115.003.0002.
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This chapter addresses the question of spacial unlocatability in trauma. To what extent, this chapter asks, does the drive to reconcile psychoanalysis with neuroscience risk participating in a movement of appropriation, an attempt to reduce the event of psychoanalysis? This chapter shows how the neuro-psychoanalytic attempt to locate a psychoanalytic understanding of the mind in the brain does not end up correlating psychoanalysis with neuroscience. Rather it points to another, less conciliatory model for their relationship. In psychoanalysis, neurology encounters a Fremdkörper (foreign body), something unassimilable to its inside, something forever inside-outside any neurological theory of trauma. This Fremdkörper prevents neurology from reducing neurological traumas to mere cerebral laws; it is what makes every neurological trauma traumatic in its own way.
Conference papers on the topic "Wheat Spacing"
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Feng, Huimin, Nana Gao, You Li, and Zhijun Meng. "<i>Effects of topdressing depth and row spacing on the SPAD and plant height of winter wheat</i>." In 2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201700924.
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Mate, C. Mathew, Robert N. Payne, Peter Baumgart, and Kathy Kuboi. "Meniscus Adhesion at Ultra-Low Flying Slider-Disk Interfaces." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63180.
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As head-disk spacings in disk drives approach a few nanometers, adhesive forces between the slider and disk can drastically alter the slider flying dynamics. At these small separations, it is still unclear, however, what type of adhesive force dominates. Most previous studies have concentrated on van der Waals and electrostatic attractive forces [1], which are readily incorporated into air bearing simulations. In this talk, we provide experimental evidence that the dominant adhesive force originates from menisci forming around the low flying portions of the slider air-bearing-surface as the spacing transitions from near-contact to contact.
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Wang, Bo, Banglin Liu, Yong-Yi Wang, Alex Wang, and Steve Rapp. "Burst Pressure Prediction of Pipes With SCC Colonies: Development of Intelligent Flaw Interaction Rules." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9693.
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Abstract Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) often occurs in clusters or colonies containing anywhere from a few cracks to hundreds of individual cracks. Multiple closely spaced cracks may interact, resulting in a burst pressure lower than what might be expected from a single crack. Most existing flaw interaction rules account for these interactions by using a single interacting crack to represent multiple cracks when the separations between them are less than a critical spacing. The length of this interacting crack is usually the sum of the individual crack length plus the spacing between them. Using this interacting length and the maximum depth in the colony could produce overly conservative burst pressure predictions which can lead to unnecessary hydrotests and/or other remediation actions. This two-paper series covers the PRCI-funded work aimed at the development of intelligent flaw interaction rules (termed PRCI-CRES SIA-1-5 rules) that can account more accurately the impact of multiple cracks without being overly conservative. This paper focuses on the development of the rules using numerical analyses. A companion paper covers the evaluation of the rules through full-scale burst tests. The PRCI-CRES SIA-1-5 rules use the principles of equivalent impact among multiple interacting cracks and represent the magnitude of the impact by a single virtual crack. The new rules do not rely on a critical spacing to determine whether there is an interaction. The magnitude of the interaction is a continuous function of the size of adjacent cracks and the spacing between them. A large number of finite element analyses (FEA) were conducted to examine the interaction among cracks for many crack configurations, including coplanar and noncoplanar cracks with different sizes and spacings. An analysis process was then developed to use the sizes and spacings of all cracks in an SCC colony to predict the equivalent virtual crack size and burst pressure.
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Ibrahim, Ahmed Farid. "What is the Acceptable Cluster Interference Degree in Multistage Hydraulically Fractured Wells?" In SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212689-ms.
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Abstract The cluster spacing was set up to 700 ft in diffrent shale formations including Bakken and Barnet shales. Howerver, tight cluster spacing was applied in apart in Eagle Ford and DJ Basin for cluster spacing up to 15 ft. The tight fracture spacing was applied to ais to increase the initial production rate. However, a higher initial production rate is at the expense of higher operation and completion costs in addition to operational complexity. This study presents an combined workflow to calculate the percent of interference and its effect on the well performance in addition estimate the acceptable interference degree that provides the highest well profitability. Analytical rate transient analysis (RTA) and reservoir numerical simulation were combined to estimate the ratio of the effective fracture surface area (ACe) for hydrocarbon production to the actual stimulated fracture area (ACa) from the numerical simulation. The degree of interference was calculated by (1- ACe/ACa). The economic study was added to the integrated workflow to estimate the degree of interference and the optimum spacing based on the profitability of the well. This study presents an integrated workflow to quantify the degree of cluster interference as a function of spacing. The workflow was integrated with an economic model to estimate the acceptable interference percent to have a higher NPV. The higher the stage number and tighter cluster spacing, the higher the cluster interference will be. The acceptable interference percent is a function of formation properties and economic parameters. The acceptable interference percent was found to be 16% in the case of 0.0001md, 2.5$/Mscf. Increasing the formation permeability increases the acceptable interference percent to accelerate production and increase the recovery. As the gas price increases, tighter spacing is recommended, where, at 8$/Mscf, the NPV was continuously increasing up to the lowest spacing in this study of 20 ft. This study provides an integrated workflow to quantify the interference percent and the acceptable percent as a function of cluster spacing, formation properties, and economic analysis in order of increasing the well profitability.
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Corbett, Thomas M., Karen A. Thole, and Sudhakar Bollapragada. "Impacts of Pin Fin Shape and Spacing on Heat Transfer and Pressure Losses." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82673.
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Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) provides designers with the freedom to implement many designs that previously would have been costly or difficult to traditionally manufacture. This experimental study leverages this freedom and evaluates several different pin shapes integrated into pin fin arrays of a variety of spacings. Test coupons were manufactured out of Hastelloy-X using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) and manufacturer recommended process parameters. After manufacturing, internal surface roughness and as-built accuracy were quantified using Computed Tomography (CT) scans. Results indicated that pin fins were all moderately undersized, and that there was significant surface roughness on all interior surfaces. Experimental data indicated that diamond shaped pins were found to have the highest heat transfer of the tested shapes, but triangle shaped pins pointed into the flow incurred the smallest pressure drop. Modifications to the streamwise spacing of the pins had little impact on the friction factor, but did increase heat transfer with increasing pin density. Prior Nusselt number correlations found in literature underestimated heat transfer and pressure loss relative to what was measured resulting from the AM roughness. A new correlation was developed accounting for AM roughness on pin fin arrays.
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Kao, Yi-Huan, Michael Denton, Xionghui Wang, San-Mou Jeng, and Ming-Chia Lai. "Experimental Spray Structure and Combustion of a Linearly-Arranged 5-Swirler Array." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42509.
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The presented work focuses on the experimental spray structure and the combustion of a linearly-arranged 5-swirler array. The aerodynamics and spray characteristics of a non-reacting single swirler are reported first as a baseline, followed by those of a 5-swirler array to investigate the effect of swirling flow interactions on aerodynamics and combustion. For the baseline single swirler, the smaller droplets follow the air flow more closely and further dispersed away at the exit of swirler. Thus, the mean diameter of droplet increases with the flow developing further downstream. However, in the central portion of a 5-swirler array, the droplet size remains similar. It is attributed to that swirling flow interactions might provide better air/fuel mixing and the additional shear stress to break up droplet continuously and is evident by the higher turbulent intensity in the aerodynamic measurement. Due to the influence of gas phase, the distribution of liquid phase in center toroidal recirculation zone (CTRZ) is non-uniform in a 5-swirler array. The center swirler of a 5-swirler array features a larger CTRZ which is accompanied by two smaller CTRZs from its neighbors. The flame anchored by the center swirler of a 5-swirler array is richer than the other two neighboring flames when the inter-swirler spacing is 2D, where D is the diameter of swirler exit diameter. However, when the inter-swirler spacing is increased to 2.5D, all swirlers feature a similar flame, which is different from what is expected from non-reacting flow studies reported previously. The unexpected result should be attributed to the difference in swirling strength between non-reacting and reacting flows. Moreover, the high speed imaging is employed to investigate the flame spreading during ignition process for a 5-swirler array. The high-speed movies show that the directional mechanism of flame spreading along lateral direction remains basically the same and is independent of the investigated test parameters including: two inter-swirler spacings, five fuel flow rates, five air pressure drops across swirlers, and five upstream air temperatures. An empirical correlation incorporating normalized inter-swirler spacing, air/fuel ratio, Reynolds number, and normalized air temperature is proposed and validated through a normalization procedure within around ± 10% error. The increase of Reynolds number and normalized air temperature has favorable impact on the flame spreading, which is stated by the empirical correlation.
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Wang, Meng, Mingguang Che, Yun Jiang, Chunming He, Dingwei Weng, and Guangyou Zhu. "What Have We Learn from the Most Prolific Pad of Shale Gas in the Sichuan Basin?" In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209703-ms.
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Abstract There are more than 1300 horizontal wells in the Sichuan Basin shale reservoirsthat produce more than 20 billion cubic meters of gas in 2021. A test production of best-performing shale gas pad,so far in China, consisting of 8 horizontal wells, is over 4.7 × 106 m³/d (167.7 MMcf/d). The average EUR per well is estimated to exceed 2.0 × 108 m³(7.0 bcf).The underlying geological controlling factors including TOC content, porosity, gas saturation and brittle mineral content for these prolific wells were analyzed. The length of the well laterals drilling into the sweetest pay zone was characterized by well logging. The strategies of optimizing drilling and completion strategies used in these wells are discussed. In addition, the solutions to deal with the frequent occurrence of casing deformation are also proposed and adopted. Rate transient analysis was performed on these wells to assess the stimulation efficiency, which was further compared with those wells treated by conventional stimulationstrategies. It was found that the thickness and length of the completion in the highest quality pay zone are the two main geological controlling factors for the prolific wells. Different from the conventional stimulation strategies, the eight wells in one pad were all treated using higher intensity stimulation strategies. The average spacing between treated stages ranges from 85 m to 91 m, with tighter cluster spacing. Fracturing was temporarily plugged to passively treat sever deformation in two laterals consisting of 29 stages (total length of 2068m). Compared with the neighboring offset wells, the average bulk linear flow parameter of these eight well is 72% higher. Integration of geological designs (like sweet spot optimization) and engineering designs (such as tighter cluster spacing within longer stages, temporarily plugging fracturingand using more proppants), created a high-productivity template for the next stage of efficient developments of shale gas. The findings obtained in this study are also beneficial to unlock unconventional resources including shale oil and tight gas in China.
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Zuza, Andrew V., Chad W. Carlson, and Drew A. Levy. "WHAT CAN STRIKE-SLIP FAULT SPACING TELL US ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF THE WALKER LANE AND WESTERN NORTH AMERICA?" In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-297377.
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Wu, Yidong, Li Shi, Xinxin Wu, Xiaoxin Wang, and Qiankun Xiao. "Flow-Induced Vibration of Two Square Cylinders With Rounded Corners in a Tandem Arrangement." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-90995.
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Abstract Based on the design of the heat transfer tube bundles with square cross section of the steam generators in high temperature reactor-pebble bed modules (HTR-PM), a free-vibration experiment is conducted to examine flow-induced vibration (FIV) characteristic of two identical rounded square cylinders with r/D = 0.12 in tandem arrangements at spacing ratio L/D = 1.5∼5.5. One of the cylinders is two-dimensional, spring mounted, and allowed to vibrate in the cross-flow direction while the other is held stationary. Considering two cases that elastic cylinder located upstream or downstream, two mass-damping ratios m*ζ are chosen to investigate the effect of spacing between two cylinder. The vibration responses and the flow structure around two cylinders are studied, using laser displacement sensor and Particle image velocimetry. It is observed that only vortex-induced vibration (VIV) occurs when the elastic cylinder is located downstream. When elastic cylinder is located upstream, the full interaction between VIV and galloping of cylinder with lower m*ζ is invariable no matter what the spacing is. The spacing has noticeable effects on the vibration behavior of cylinder with higher m*ζ and changes the interaction between VIV and galloping. The flow structure of two cylinders indicates that the upstream shear layer reattaches on the surface of the downstream cylinder as L/D < 3.5, where the St drops with increasing L/D. There is gap vortices between two cylinders at L/D > 3.5 where the St rises and is close to the value of single cylinder with a larger spacing.
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Attia, Ahmed, and Matthew Lawrence. "Evaluating Infill Well Performance and Fracture Driven Interactions Using Intervention Based Distributed Fiber Optics." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204184-ms.
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Abstract Distributed Fiber Optics (DFO) technology has been the new face for unconventional well diagnostics. This technology focuses on measuring Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and Distrusted Temperature Sensing (DTS) to give an in-depth understanding of well productivity pre and post stimulation. Many different completion design strategies, both on surface and downhole, are used to obtain the best fracture network outcome; however, with complex geological features, different fracture designs, and fracture driven interactions (FDIs) effecting nearby wells, it is difficult to grasp a full understanding on completion design performance for each well. Validating completion designs and improving on the learnings found in each data set should be the foundation in developing each field. Capturing a data set with strong evidence of what works and what doesn't, can help the operator make better engineering decisions to make more efficient wells as well as help gauge the spacing between each well. The focus of this paper will be on a few case studies in the Bakken which vividly show how infill wells greatly interfered with production output. A DFO deployed with a 0.6" OD, 23,000-foot-long carbon fiber rod to acquire DAS and DTS for post frac flow, completion, and interference evaluation. This paper will dive into the DFO measurements taken post frac to further explain what effects are seen on completion designs caused by interferences with infill wells; the learnings taken from the DFO post frac were applied to further escalate the understanding and awareness of how infill wells will preform on future pad sites. A showcase of three separate data sets from the Bakken will identify how effective DFO technology can be in evaluating and making informed decisions on future frac completions. In this paper we will also show and discuss how important well spacing can be to the production on each well.
Reports on the topic "Wheat Spacing"
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Koci, Petr, Tomas Hlavaty, Martin Isoz, Dhruba Deka, and William Partidge Jr. What is the best sampling rate for Fast-SpaciMS in catalytic monoliths? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1907546.
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Houston, J. R. X-Y spacial distribution experiments with Parmela or, what I did on my summer vacation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5149514.
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