Journal articles on the topic 'Wheat grain'
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Brdar, Milka, Borislav Kobiljski, and Marija Balalic-Kraljevic. "Grain filling parameters and yield components in wheat." Genetika 38, no. 3 (2006): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0603175b.
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Grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is influenced by number of grains per unit area and grain weight, which is result of grain filling duration and rate. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between grain filling parameters in 4 wheat genotypes of different earliness and yield components. Nonlinear regression estimated and observed parameters were analyzed. Rang of estimated parameters corresponds to rang of observed parameters. Stepwise MANOVA indicated that the final grain dry weight, rate and duration of grain filling were important parameters in differentiating among cultivars grain filling curves. The yield was positively correlated with number of grains/m2, grain weight and grain filling rate, and negatively correlated with grain filling duration. Correlation between grain weight and rate of grain filling was positive. Grain filling duration was negatively correlated with grain filling rate and number of grains/m2. The highest yield on three year average had medium late Mironovska 808, by the highest grain weight and grain filling rate and optimal number of grains/2 and grain filling duration.
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Ni, J., B. Feng, Z. Xu, and T. Wang. "Dynamic changes of wheat quality during grain filling in waxy wheat WX12." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S182—S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3277-cjgpb.
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Changes of quality traits such as grain sugar, starch, and protein content in full waxy and normal wheat in field grown samples was studied during grain filling. Compared to the normal line, the soluble sugar, sucrose and pentosan contents were higher in the waxy isoline. The highest pentosan content in waxy wheat was 22–27 days after flowering (DAF), while the highest fructan content was 7–12 DAF. In addition, the quality dynamic changes of two wheat lines were similar except for starch content during grain filling, the V<sub>max</sub> of starch synthesis were highest at 17–22 DAF in the waxy line, while this was at 22–27 DAF in the normal line. The results indicated that according to the different dynamic changes between waxy and common wheat, the quality of waxy wheat may be improved by optimum cultivation measures.
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Suchowilska, Elżbieta, Marian Wiwart, Rudolf Krska, and Wolfgang Kandler. "Do Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum spelta L. Hybrids Constitute a Promising Source Material for Quality Breeding ofNew Wheat Varieties?" Agronomy 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010043.
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The aim of this two-year study was to determine whether the contents of macronutrients and macro and microelements in wheat grain can be increased by crossbreeding Triticum aestivum and T. spelta. The experimental material comprised the grains of F6 and F7 hybrids and their parental forms. The element content of grain was determined by ICP-SFMS. Hybrid grains had significantly higher ash contents than bread wheat grain (1.90% and 1.93% versus 1.62%). Crude protein content was lowest in bread wheat grain (11.75%) and highest in spelt grain (14.67%). Hybrid grains had significantly higher protein contents (12.97% and13.19%) than bread wheat grain. In both years of the study, the concentrations of P, S, Mg and Ca were highest in spelt grain, whereas their content in hybrids was lower than in spelt grain, but higher than in bread wheat grain. The concentrations of desirable microelements were highest in spelt grain, and the micronutrient profile of hybrid grains was more similar to bread wheat than spelt. Therefore, the hybrids can constitute promising source material for quality breeding in wheat.
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Kubík, Ľubomír, Monika Božiková, and Viera Kažimírová. "Mechanical Properties of Wheat Grains at Compression." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2021-0033.
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Abstract Hook’s law for evaluation of the modulus of elasticity of wheat grains and its general behaviour under compressive loads were studied. Whole specimens were subjected to compressive loading between metal parallel plates. The mechanical properties of grains were determined in terms of average failure strengths of grain bran and whole grain; deformation; and modulus of elasticity. The mechanical properties of very dry grains of the winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. with the moisture content of 10.3% were studied. The failure strength of grain bran was 4.43 MPa at the deformation of 10.7%, and the failure strength of whole grains was 4.88 MPa at the deformation of 13.5%. The modulus of elasticity of grains was 43.67 MPa. The apparent energy density at bran failure strength was 0.261 MJ·m−3, and 0.470 MJ·m−3 on the level of grain failure strength of the whole grain. The bran border structure of central inner part of grains was studied using microscope digital sections of longitudinal cuts of the grains using the image computer processing method. The area proportion of starch and pericarp of the border parts of grains was studied to describe the border texture of central sections of grains.
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Mirosavljević, Milan, Sanja Mikić, Ankica Kondić Špika, Vesna Župunski, Rong Zhou, Lamis Abdelhakim, and Carl-Otto Ottosen. "The effect of heat stress on some main spike traits in 12 wheat cultivars at anthesis and mid-grain filling stage." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 2 (February 5, 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/457/2020-pse.
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High temperature decreases winter wheat grain yield by reducing the grain number and grain weight. The effect of heat stress on spike grain distribution and weight of individual grains within spike and spikelets was less studied. Our aim is to identify influence of high temperatures during different phenological stages on spike grain distribution and weight and to explore genotypic variation of the studied wheat cultivars. Within this study, a controlled experiment was conducted with 12 different winter wheat cultivars under heat stress at anthesis and mid-grain filling stage. The results showed that spike grain weight, thousand-grain weight and grain number per spike decreased moderately in treatments with individual heat stress at anthesis and mid-grain filling period, respectively, which decreased severely in the multiple heat stressed plants at both stages compared with the control treatment. Heat stress decreased number of spikelets with grains. Grain weight at the G1, G2 and G3 positions had a positive relationship with spike grain weight. Among the studied Serbian wheat cultivars Subotičanka and Renesansa were identified as the most heat tolerant and sensitive, respectively. Heat tolerance of the studied cultivars should be based on the cultivar capacity to retain higher grain weight, and to maintain production of distal spikelet grains.
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Stankevych, G., and A. Borta. "RESEARCH OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLUTEN OF WHEAT GRAINS DAMAGED BY THE WHEAT BUG." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i3.1506.
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Favorable weather and climate conditions for growing grain are also favorable for the livelihoods and reproduction of pests of grain stocks, and especially for wheat bug (Eurygaster integriceps Put.). Grain damaged by this pest loses its genetically incorporated properties, negative changes occur in the quantity and quality of gluten. Due to the ingestion of bug’s saliva with its special enzymes into the grain, the baking properties of the flour from such grain deteriorate – the dough becomes liquid, sticky, it loses elasticity. Thus, the issue of further effective use of grain damaged by the shield bugis very urgent. This requires information on the dependence of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of gluten on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The aim of the study was to establish patterns of change in the quantity and quality of gluten depending on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug, which will increase the efficiency of the formation of batches for further use in the food industry. To achieve this goal, a number of tasks were solved: during the grain harvesting periods of 2015–2018, at the enterprises of the industry, wheat samples were taken with the content damaged by the wheat bug in the range of 0.5...5.0 %, the quantity and quality were determined in them gluten, trends in the quantity and quality of gluten have been established depending on the content of damaged grains and their comparison with published data. The object of the study was the gluten complex of wheat, with various contents of grains damaged by the wheat bug. The subject of research was the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of soft wheat of grades 2–3 of the 2015– 2018 crop samples with various grains damaged by a wheat bug selected at enterprises in the Odessa region. Based on the results of determining the quantity and quality of gluten in samples of the 2015–2018 crop and the available literature data on the quantity and quality of gluten in grain 2005– 2007, a crop with the content of grain damaged by the wheat bug was shown to be 5.0 %, that between the amount of gluten and the content in the grain mass of the grains damaged by the wheat bug, there are no regularities.Existing fluctuations in the amount of gluten are reliably associated with different origins of grain samples grown under different agrotechnological conditions, different protein contents, varietal characteristics of grain and other factors. The regularities of changes in the quality of gluten depending on the content of grain damaged by a wheat bug have been established – with an increase in the content of damaged grains, according to a linear law, the gluten quality index determined on the VDK device also increases. It was also established that the intensity of changes in the quality of gluten significantly depends on the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug; there was a slight increase in the quality index of gluten with the content of damaged grains up to 2.0 %, and its rapid growth with the content of damaged grains from 2.0 % to 5,0 % It is shown that in the studied wheat samples with the content of grains damaged by the wheat bug up to 2.5...2.7 %, the VDK indicator belongs to the 2nd group of gluten quality – satisfactory weak and wheat belongs to 1–3 grades in this indicator. With a further increase in the content of grains damaged the wheat bug, the index of VDK increases and gluten passes to the 3rd group – unsatisfactory weak, and the batch of wheat belongs to the 4th class.
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Farhan, Ammar B., and Sinan A. Abas. "Response of Several Varieties of Spraying Wheat to Kinetin." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.3.nq22283.
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A field experiment was carried out during winter season of 2020-2021 at one of the fields of Al-Hamdhiya research station - College of Agriculture - Anbar University - Ramadi district in order to know the response of some growth traits, grain yield and its quality of several varieties of spring wheat to spraying of kinetin. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to split plots arrangement at three replications was used. The main plots were occupied by four concentrations of kinetin (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1), whereas the sub-plots were occupied by three varieties of spraying wheat (Sham-6, Iba-99 and Bora). The results showed that the spraying of kinetin at a 100 mg L- 1was significantly superior inthe plant height (101.78 cm), flag leaf area (48.32 cm2), number of grains (57.58 grain spike-1), grain yield (6.542 ton ha-1) and dry gluten percentage (8.91%) compared with other concentrations. Also, Iba-99 variety was significant superior inthe flag leaf area (48.67 cm2), number of grains (62.71 grain spike-1), grain yield (7.185ton ha-1) and wet gluten percentage (28.50%) compared with other varieties.We conclude the possibility of using kinetin to improve the performance of bread wheat crop, as well as the possibility of using the Iba-99 variety on a large scale for agriculture in Iraq.
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Ducsay, L., O. Ložek, M. Marček, M. Varényiová, P. Hozlár, and T. Lošák. "Possibility of selenium biofortification of winter wheat grain." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 8 (August 12, 2016): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/324/2016-pse.
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The effect of foliar application of selenium (Se) fertilizers (sodium selenite and selenate) in two different Se doses (10 and 20 g/ha) on grain yield, Se content and mechanical and technological parameters of winter wheat grain was investigated in the field fertilization experiment. Foliar spray application of Se was applied at the growth stage of the 2<sup>nd</sup> node on the main stem (32 BBCH). Selenate foliar applications in dose 10 g Se per ha showed a significant increase of grain yield in comparison to control treatment without Se application. The mechanical and technological parameters of wheat grain were not significantly affected by both selenite and selenate foliar application. The average Se concentration was significantly lower in 2007/2008 (grain yield 8.72 t/ha) than 2006/2007 (yield 6.35 t/ha) growing season (0.133 versus 0.189 mg Se/kg dry matter). The grain Se absorption efficiency at foliar application of 10 and 20 g Se/ha of selenite and selenate were 1.35–1.45% and 13.24–15.14%, respectively.
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Faměra, O., M. Hrušková, and D. Novotná. "Evaluation of methods for wheat grain hardness determination." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 11 (December 10, 2011): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4063-pse.
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Grain hardness of winter wheat cultivars was evaluated during 1997–2001 using several methods: wheat hardness index WHI (DO-Corder Brabender), 0.140 mmsieve threw ratio PPS (DO-Corder Brabender), grain hardness by NIR (Inframatic 8611 Perten), particle size index PSI (LM 3303 Perten). All tested methods showed varietal (genetic) origin of grain hardness trait and it is possible to use these methods for grain hardness determination. NIR method have had the lowest coefficient of variation (12.6%), WHI and PSI coefficient of variation was 32.8 and 30.6%, respectively. A significant influence of year-class was found only for PPS method. A high value of correlation coefficient was found between methods: WHI × NIR (r = 0.84), WHI × PPS (r = –0.79), and NIR × PPS (r = 0.74). During 2000–2001 was correlation coefficient r = –0.93 for PSI × NIR. The coefficient of variation for PSI method was 28.5%.
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SUPRONIENE, S., A. MANKEVICIENE, and G. KADZIENE. "The effect of different tillage-fertilization practices on the mycoflora of wheat grains." Agricultural and Food Science 20, no. 4 (January 4, 2011): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6028.
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A two-factor field experiment was carried out at the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture during the period 2005-2008. The influence of different tillage and fertilization practices on wheat grain fungal contamination was evaluated. Grain surface contamination and internal grain infection with fungi were quantified using agar tests. Purified colonies were identified using different manuals. A total of 16 fungal genera were identified in spring and winter wheat grains. Alternaria infected 46.3% - 99.9%, Cladosporium 26.9% - 77.8%, Fusarium 0.9% - 37.1%, Penicillium 1.3% - 2.5% of grains tested. Winter wheat grain surface contamination by fungi ranged from 7.2 × 103 to 24.8 × 103 of colony forming units per g of grain (cfu g-1), spring wheat from 14.8 × 103 to 80.3 × 103 cfu g-1. No-tillage increased winter wheat grain infection by Alternaria, Aspergillus and Cladosporium species and total count of cfu g-1 on spring wheat grain surface. High fertilizer rates resulted in an increase in spring wheat grain infection by Fusarium and Penicillium species and total count of cfu g-1 on both spring and winter wheat grain surface.;
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Gorjanovic, Biljana, and Marija Kraljevic-Balalic. "Correlations among yield components in durum wheat." Genetika 38, no. 2 (2006): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0602115g.
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The main reason that makes breeding for the main yield components difficult is that they are in negative correlation with each other. Numerous researchers have studied relations between yield and different yield components in order to find dependable selection criteria. The goal of this paper is to estimate the variability and correlations between yield components. The experiment was conducted on twelve durum wheat genotypes. Plant height was in both years positively correlated with number of spikelets per spike and negatively correlated with spike length. grain weight per spike. number of grains per spike and harvest index. Spike length was positively correlated with grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike. in both years and with harvest index only in the first year. while it was negatively correlated with number of spikelets per spike in the first year. Number of spikelets was in negative correlations with grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike in the first year and with harvest index in both years of investigations. Grain weight per spike was positively correlated with number of grain per spike and harvest index in both years. Number of grains per spike was in positive correlation with harvest index in both years of investigations.
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Širlová, L., J. Vacke, and M. Chaloupková. "Reaction of selected winter wheat varieties to autumnal infection with Wheat dwarf virus." Plant Protection Science 41, No. 1 (February 8, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2732-pps.
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The response of 25 registered winter wheat varieties to autumnal infection with Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) was studied in small plot trials in two years. The materials were infected by vectors, leafhopper Psammotettix alienus Dahlbom, 1851 from three-leaf stage to tillering. The symptoms expression was monitored in spring and plant height, weight of above ground biomass and grain yield were observed in summer. All tested varieties were evaluated as susceptible and divided into three groups: varieties Banquet and Svitava with 87.3–93.1% grain yield reduction as moderately susceptible, varieties Clever, Drifter, Niagara and Rialto with 95.6–97.68% grain yield reduction as susceptible and varieties Apache, Batis, Bill, Complet, Contra, Corsaire, Ludwig, Mladka, Nela, Record, Rheia, Semper, Sepstra, Solara, Sulamit, Tower, Trend, Vlasta and Winsdor with 99.7–100% grain yield reduction as very susceptible. Statistically significant differences were observed between moderately susceptible and susceptible varieties as well as very susceptible ones in absorbency values by means of DAS-ELISA.
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Eliášová, Marie, Zora Kotíková, Jaromír Lachman, Matyáš Orsák, and Petr Martinek. "Influence of baking on anthocyanin content in coloured-grain wheat bread." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 8 (August 31, 2020): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/210/2020-pse.
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Composition and degradation of anthocyanins in blue and purple grain wheat during bread production were investigated using the HPLC-MS/MS method. The most abundant anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-rutinoside (blue grain wheat), cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside (purple grain wheat). Peonidin-3-glucoside was also the most stable during grain treatment while delphinidin-3-glucoside had the greatest loss. Both blue and purple grain anthocyanins decreased significantly during bread production to 41.81% and 70.10% after baking, respectively, and to 24.21% and 60.00% after short-term storage, respectively. The blue grain wheat anthocyanins were lost mostly during baking, but in the purple grain wheat, the greatest decrease occurred during dough production. Despite the higher degradation, the blue grain wheat still showed higher anthocyanins content.
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Freiberg, Joice Aline, Marcos Paulo Ludwig, and Eduardo Girotto. "Does seed treatment affect wheat yield components?" Caderno de Ciências Agrárias 13 (April 30, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2447-6218.2021.29642.
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A variety of products have been used on seeds to maintain or increase their grain yield potential. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different seed treatment products, such as micronutrients, polymer, fungicide, and insecticide on the yield components and grain yield of wheat. Wheat seeds of the cultivar “Tec Vigore” were subjected to 12 treatments, in different combinations, using the following protective seed products: micronutrient 1 (1% Mn, 0.1% Mo, 10% Zn), micronutrient 2 (0.3% B, 0.3% Co, 3% Zn), polymer (ColorSeed HE®), fungicide (Vitavax®-Thiram 200 SC), and insecticide (Cruiser® 350 FS). At the point of physiological maturity, we proceeded with the following evaluations of the wheat crop: the number of tillers per plant, the number of fertile tillers per plant, grains per ear, the mass of grains per ear, and grain yield. Seed treatment did not affect the number of grains per ear or the mass of grains per ear. The number of tillers per plant and the number of fertile tillers per plant were higher in seeds treated with fungicide + insecticide; however, seed treatment did not significantly affect wheat grain yield.
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Katrii, V. B., K. V. Lystvan, B. V. Morgun, N. V. Sandetska, and L. H. Velykozhon. "Changes of antioxidant activity during storage of wheat grains with different colours." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 18, no. 1-2 (January 29, 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.18.1-2.1352.
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Aim. Evaluate the change in antioxidant activity (AOA) during one-month storage period of flour and grist obtained by grinding wheat grains with different colours: white, red and purple. Wheat grain contains components with antioxidant activity. Over time AOA may be changed that is why it is important to investigate the dynamics of AOA changes in wheat samples with different grind flour and whole grain grist. Methods. The level of antioxidant activity of wheat flour spirituous extract and grist was determined based on their capacity to neutralize stable free radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results. Changes in level of antioxidant activity of cultivar «Bilyava» – white grain, «Kuyalnik» – red and «Chernozerna» – purple grain were investigated. Conclusions. Asymmetric distribution of components with antioxidant properties in wheat grains was observed. The purple grain cultivar demonstrated highest antioxidant activity the while white grain cultivar showed lowest antioxidant activity.Keywords: colored grain, antioxidant activity, flour, grist.
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Chatterjee, Kaushik, C. S. Singh, A. K. Singh, Ashok Kr Singh, and S. K. Singh. "Performance of wheat cultivars at varying fertility levels under system of wheat intensification and conventional method of wheat production system." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 1427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.977.
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A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 at Ranchi, Jharkhand to evaluate the performance of wheat cultivars at varying fertility levels under system of wheat intensification and conventional method of cultivation. The morpho-physiological analysis of growth and yield in wheat revealed that system of wheatintensification manifested higher total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike and 1000-grain weight resulting in higher grain and straw yield over conventional method of cultivation. The net return and benefit: cost ratio as well as the nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash was also recorded significantly higher under system of wheat intensification. Higher fertility level of 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 also significantly improved the plant height, total tillers m-2, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, number of spikes m-2, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. Among the wheat cultivars, K 9107 manifested significant improvement in growth attributes at all the growth stages resulting in significantly higher yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield, net return, benefit: cost ratio and nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash than Birsa Gehu 3, HUW 468 and K 0307. Thus it can be concluded that the wheat variety K 9107 fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1, 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 40 kg K2O ha-1 under System of Wheat Intensification may able to boost up the wheat productivity under irrigated ecosystem of Chhotanagpur plateau region, India.
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Horrobin, Daniel J., Kerry A. Landman, and Lyndon Ryder. "Understanding Wheat Grain Steaming." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, no. 17 (August 2003): 4109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0208725.
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Rosenkrands, Ida, Jørn Hejgaard, Søren K. Rasmussen, and Søren E. Bjørn. "Serpins from wheat grain." FEBS Letters 343, no. 1 (April 18, 1994): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(94)80610-1.
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Skylas, D. J., D. Van Dyk, and C. W. Wrigley. "Proteomics of wheat grain." Journal of Cereal Science 41, no. 2 (March 2005): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2004.08.010.
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Xiong, Biao, Bo Wang, Shengwu Xiong, Chengde Lin, and Xiaohui Yuan. "3D Morphological Processing for Wheat Spike Phenotypes Using Computed Tomography Images." Remote Sensing 11, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11091110.
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Wheat is the main food crop today world-wide. In order to improve its yields, researchers are committed to understand the relationships between wheat genotypes and phenotypes. Compared to progressive technology of wheat gene section identification, wheat trait measurement is mostly done manually in a destructive, labor-intensive and time-consuming way. Therefore, this study will be greatly accelerated and promoted if we can automatically discover wheat phenotype in a nondestructive and fast manner. In this paper, we propose a novel pipeline based on 3D morphological processing to detect wheat spike grains and stem nodes from 3D X-ray micro computed tomography (CT) images. We also introduce a set of newly defined 3D phenotypes, including grain aspect ratio, porosity, Grain-to-Grain distance, and grain angle, which are very difficult to be manually measured. The analysis of the associations among these traits would be very helpful for wheat breeding. Experimental results show that our method is able to count grains more accurately than normal human performance. By analyzing the relationships between traits and environment conditions, we find that the Grain-to-Grain distance, aspect ratio and porosity are more likely affected by the genome than environment (only tested temperature and water conditions). We also find that close grains will inhibit grain volume growth and that the aspect ratio 3.5 may be the best for higher yield in wheat breeding.
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Thorne, G. N., R. J. Darby, W. Day, P. W. Lane, P. J. Welbank, and F. V. Widdowson. "Variation between years in growth and nutrient uptake after anthesis of winter wheat on Broadbalk field at Rothamsted, 1969–84." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 3 (June 1988): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600082125.
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SummaryDry weight, nutrient content and other properties of winter wheat were measured from anthesis to maturity between 1969 and 1984. From 1969 to 1978 the cultivar Capelle- Desprez was grown either as a first wheat, in the rotation potatoes, beans, wheat, or as a second wheat, in the rotation fallow, wheat, wheat. From 1979 to 1984 the cv. Flanders was grown in the rotation fallow, potatoes, wheat and in this period the wheat was given fungicide sprays. Grain yield of Cappelle-Desprez grown as a first wheat was greater with 96 than with 144 kg N/ha in spring. First wheats yielded much more than second wheats with 96, but not with 144 kg N/ha. Second wheats had more eyespot and take-all, but less mildew, than first wheats. Mildew was more severe with the larger amount of N. Grain yield of Flanders as a first wheat was greater than that of Cappelle-Desprez. Yield of Flanders was greater with 144 than with 96 kg N/ha and it was greater still on plots given 96 kg Nha plus 35 t/ha farmyard manure. Other properties in addition to grain yield were changed by cultivar, rotation and manuring.Examination of the variation between years showed relationships among properties and between some of them and grain yield. Many of the relationships were independent of cultivar or husbandry. Relationships between weather factors and some properties, but not grain yield, were detected. Grain yield of first wheats was closely related to number of grains/m2, but the relative importance of number of ears/m2 and number of grains per ear varied from year to year. Yield was positively related to dry weight per grain in Flanders, but negatively in Cappelle-Desprez. The weight of straw was usually less than that of the total above-ground crop at anthesis, but varied between years in a similar manner. The amount of N in grain plus straw was generally well related to the amount of N in the wheat at anthesis, although the changes in N content after anthesis ranged from a loss of 9 kg/ha to a gain of 51 kg/ha. The uptake of N, P and K was more closely related to dry weight than to nutrient concentration.Variation between years in the proportion in the ear of 14C supplied to the flag leaf was similar to that of 14C supplied to the next lower leaf, but was different for 14C supplied before and after anthesis, and did not relate to other properties.Date of anthesis ranged from 7 June to 5 July. A model incorporating responses to photoperiod, vernalization and temperature accounted for 78% of the variance in date of anthesis. The duration of the period from anthesis to leaf senescence ranged from 33 to 60 days and was linearly related to mean temperature above a base of 7·5 °C. Dry weight per grain was negatively correlated with mean temperature between anthesis and leaf senescence; a relationship including an adjustment for number of grains/m2 fitted both cultivars.The amount of N in grain plus straw and percentage of N in grain dry matter were decreased by increased rainfall during the 3-week period following the application of N fertilizer in spring. An additional 10 mm of rain decreased N uptake by 2–8 kg/ha and N percentage by 0·055. N uptake in grain plus straw decreased with progressively later sowing. Grain N% was positively correlated with temperature and with radiation during parts of the period of grain growth, but only 10% of the variance was accounted for by the combined effects.
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Cadle-Davidson, L., G. C. Bergstrom, and T. S. Cox. "Susceptibility of Perennial Small Grains to Soilborne wheat mosaic virus and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus." Plant Health Progress 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2005-1130-01-br.
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Perennial small grains offer the potential for sustainable production of forage and grain on marginal and erodable lands. The authors' results suggest that perennial small grains are at risk for infection by Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) and that resistant cultivars may be needed for management of these diseases. Ideally, breeders should screen perennial small grain lines for resistance to soilborne viruses in the early stages of selection. Accepted for publication 27 October 2005. Published 30 November 2005.
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Waines, J. G., and B. Ehdaie. "Breeding for root characters and grain yield in wheat." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (July 31, 2012): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6212-cjgpb.
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Akcura, M., Y. Kaya, S. Taner, and R. Ayranci. "Parametric stability analyses for grain yield of durum wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 6 (November 17, 2011): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3438-pse.
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Grain yield of 15 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes consisting of 13 cultivars and 2 advanced lines, tested in a randomized complete block design with four replications across 8 environments of Central Anatolian Region of Turkey was analyzed using nine parametric stability measures. The objectives were to assess genotype-environment interactions (GEI), determine stable genotypes, and compare mean grain yield with the parametric stability parameters. To quantify yield stability, nine stability statistics were calculated (b<sub>i</sub>, S<sup>2</sup><sub>di</sub>, R<sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>, W <sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>, σ<sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>, S<sup>2</sup><sub>i</sub>, α<sub>i</sub> and λ<sub>i</sub>). Yilmaz-98, Cakmak-79, Kiziltan-91, Selcuklu-97 and C-1252 were more stable cultivars, which had 9, 8, 6, 6, 6 out of all 9 stability statistics used, respectively. Especially, among these cultivars, Yilmaz-98 and Cakmak-79 were the most stable cultivars. Furthermore, three-dimensional plots of mean response versus each stability statistic were shown to visually evaluate the yield potential and stability estimates of the genotypes. Genotype mean yield (–x) was significantly positively correlated to the regression coefficient (b<sub>i</sub>), environmental variance and genotype to the environmental effects (α<sub>i</sub>), indicating that high grain yielding genotypes had larger values b<sub>i</sub>, S<sup>2</sup><sub>i</sub>, and α<sub>i</sub>, S<sup>2</sup><sub>i</sub>, W <sub>i</sub><sup>2</sup>, CV<sub>i</sub>, α<sub>i</sub> and b<sub>i</sub>, were significantly correlated, indicating that they measured similar aspects of stability
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Brdar, Milka, Marija Kraljevic-Balalic, and Borislav Kobiljski. "Grain filling parameters in high-yielding ns wheat cultivars." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 114 (2008): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0814053b.
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Grain yield of wheat is dependent on grain weight, which is the result of grain filling duration and rate. The study was undertaken to examine the relation between grain weight and rate and duration of grain filling in five high-yielding NS wheat cultivars. Stepwise multivariate analysis of nonlinear regression estimated grain filling parameters was used to examine cultivar differences in grain filling. On the basis of three-year average, the highest grain dry weight had cultivar Renesansa, and the lightest grains were measured for cultivar Evropa 90. Stepwise multivariate analysis indicated that all three nonlinear regression estimated parameters (grain weight, rate and duration of grain filling) were equally important in characterizing the grain filling curves of the cultivars studied, although sequence of their significance varied in different years, which is probably caused by different environmental conditions in three years of experiment.
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Zhang, X., and P. M. Evans. "Grain yield production in relation to plant growth of wheat and canola following clover pastures in southern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 10 (2004): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03064.
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The plant growth and grain yield of crops following a pasture phase in 1:1 pasture–crop rotations were studied in southern Victoria in 2001 (wheat and canola at Hamilton, and wheat at Streatham and Gnarwarre). Both the wheat and canola crops produced high grain yields with no application of nitrogen fertiliser. In experiment 1 (at Hamilton) where the crops were dependent on nitrogen input from subterranean clover pasture, canola produced 4.1 t/ha of grain and wheat averaged 6.0 t/ha. The 3 canola cultivars (Charlton, Mystic and Surpass 400) had similar grain yields. However, for wheat, the late-maturing spring wheat cv. Kellalac and the early-maturing spring wheat cv. Silverstar produced significantly higher grain yields (6.6 and 6.3 t/ha, respectively) than the late-maturing winter cv. Brennan (5.0 t/ha). The 3 cultivars of each crop differed markedly in their major yield components. The most striking differences were those shown by Silverstar, which had the highest yield, together with Kellalac, but had lower biomass and lower leaf area index than the 2 late-maturing wheats. Silverstar compensated by having 50% more grains per head than the late-maturing Brennan. While Silverstar flowered on average 34 days earlier than the 2 other wheats, it took some 3 weeks longer to mature after anthesis. In experiment 2, the wheat crop (cv. Silverstar) produced grain yields of 5.4 t/ha over 6 different treatments, with higher grain yields at Streatham (6.1 t/ha) than at Gnarwarre (4.7 t/ha). Across the 2 sites, the grain yields following clovers reached over 5.7 t/ha, in contrast with low grain yields from the continuous crop (3.7 t/ha) and fallow/crop treatments (3.7 t/ha). Grain yields were closely related to the herbage dry matter production of previous pasture legumes, indicating a positive crop response. This may, in turn, reflect the nutrient status of the treatments, particularly the nitrogen status.
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Scholtz, V., B. Šerá, J. Khun, M. Šerý, and J. Julák. "Effects of Nonthermal Plasma on Wheat Grains and Products." Journal of Food Quality 2019 (June 12, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7917825.
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This paper presents the review of effects of nonthermal plasma (NTP) treatment on both the wheat grains and flour with potential to be applied in practice. The NTP can be used in wheat grain surface disinfection, grain germination and vitality improving, and wheat flour modification and disinfection. NTP causes effective decontamination from bacteria and fungi together with insect pests and causes minimal damage to wheat grains; it inactivates enzymes and enhances the grain shelf life; it enhances the germination and initial state of growth resulting in the increase of final yield. Moreover, the production of qualitatively better dough is also mentioned.
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Shevchuk, O., T. Kyslykh, L. Holosna, and O. Afanasieva. "Tilletia species on winter wheat grain." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 10-12 (December 14, 2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.10-12.3-7.
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Goal. To determine the species composition of the complex of pathogens of bunt diseases of the genus Tilletia on winter wheat grain.
Methods. The research was conducted during 2017—2020. 315 samples of winter wheat grain from different soil and climatic zones were analyzed. Seed contamination was determined by washing the grains and centrifuging the spore suspension, followed by counting their number in the Goryaev chamber. Identification of the pathogen was performed in the laboratory by microscopic examination, taking into account the morphological features of teliospores.
Results. In 2017 and 2018, the presence of spores of fungi of the genus Tilletia was detected in 23.5 and 28.6% of the analyzed wheat grain samples, respectively. The number of spores per grain varied between 11—388.9 and 2.8—214.8 and averaged 72.5 and 33.7 correspondingly. The largest number of infected samples was observed in 2019 — 47.4%. In the same period, the highest level of seed contamination was observed — up to 1089 spores per grain, in average — 124.6 spores per grain. The lowest level of grain contamination was detected in 2020 — 6.3% of samples with an average of 3.7 spores per grain. Mostly spores of bunt pathogens were found in grain samples from Ternopil, Kyiv, Chernihiv, Lviv, Vinnytsia regions. The following species have been identified: Tilletia caries, T. controversa, T. laevis. Pathogen T. caries was detected annually. It dominated in 2020 and ranked second in detection rate in 2017—2019. T. controversa was found on grain in 2017—2019 and prevailed among other species. Its part in the complex of pathogens varied from 77.1 to 87.5%. In 2018, T. laevis was also detected.
Conclusions. In most samples, spores of fungi of the genus Tilletia were not detected. On average, according to the years of research, grain contamination by bunt fungi were detected in 6.3—47.4% of samples with an average spore load of 3.7—124.6 of grain. The highest number of infected samples and the level of contamination were observed in 2019, the lowest — in 2020. The complex of pathogens is represented by three species: T. caries, T. laevis, T. controversa. T. controversa dominated in 2017—2019 and T. caries — in 2020. T. laevis occurred sporadically.
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Mikulíková, D. "The effect of friabilin on wheat grain hardness: a review." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 2 (January 7, 2008): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1911-cjgpb.
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A wheat marketing system established the primary classification of hexaploid wheat based on the endosperm texture, i.e. hardness or softness of the grain. Hardness affects a range of characters including the milling (tempering, milling yield, flour particle size, shape and density of flour particles), baking and end-use properties. Wheat grain hardness is largely controlled by genetic factors but it can also be affected by the environmental and other factors. The endosperm texture is primarily associated with the <i>Hardness</i> (<i>Ha</i>) locus on the short arm of chromosome 5D. It is regulated by friabilin. This 15 kDa starch surface protein complex is present in larger amounts in soft wheats compared to hard ones and consists of three major polypeptides: puroindoline a (<i>Pina</i>), puroindoline b (<i>Pinb</i>) and grain softness protein 1 (<i>Gsp-1</i>). The soft grain texture in wheat is a result of both puroindoline genes being in the wild type active form and bound to starch. When one of the puroindolines is either absent or altered by mutation, then the result is a hard texture. Gene sequence variation and mutation of both puroindoline genes account for the majority of variation in the wheat grain texture. The latter may serve as the potential for improvement of milling and baking wheat quality. However, many wheat varieties have the intermediately (mixed) hard endosperm and there is a wide variation between soft and hard grain texture. Grain hardness is affected by a number of factors beyond genetics including N management, tillage system, pest infestations, environment (location of growth, temperature and rainfall during the growing season) and their interactions, and factors such as moisture, gliadin composition, and content of lipids, starch and pentosans.
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YAN, S., W. LI, Y. YIN, and Z. WANG. "Sink strength in relation to growth of superior and inferior grains within a wheat spike." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 5 (July 1, 2010): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000407.
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SUMMARYStarch is a major component of wheat grain and, to a great extent, determines the grain weight. Starch accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is closely associated with sink strength. Four winter wheat cultivars, Lumai 21 and Jimai 20 (compact-spike cultivars) and Shannong 1391 and Shannong 12 (loose-spike cultivars) were grown to evaluate the amylose and amylopectin accumulation in both superior and inferior grains (higher and lower individual grain weight, respectively) and the relationship between starch accumulation and sink strength. In general, superior grains showed a higher starch accumulation rate, endosperm cell number and activity of enzymes including sucrose synthase (SS), uridine diphosphorate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPP), adenosine diphosphorate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPP), soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), and subsequently produced higher starch accumulation and grain weight than inferior grains. Greater differences in starch accumulation and grain weight were found between the two classes of grains for compact-spike cultivars than between those for loose-spike cultivars. These results suggest that the grain sink strength, determined by endosperm cell number and the activity of synthesis-related enzymes, is closely associated with starch accumulation in superior and inferior grains on a wheat spike.
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Kochiieru, Yuliia, Audronė Mankevičienė, Jurgita Cesevičienė, Roma Semaškienė, Jūratė Ramanauskienė, Andrii Gorash, Sigita Janavičienė, and Eimantas Venslovas. "The Impact of Harvesting Time on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Spring Wheat Grain and Their Interaction with Grain Quality." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040642.
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In this work, we studied the impact of harvesting time on Fusarium mycotoxin occurrence in spring wheat and the effect of mycotoxin contamination on the quality of these grains. The spring wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) were collected in 2016–2018 when the crop had reached full maturity, 10 ± 2 days and 17 ± 3 days after full maturity. The grain samples were analyzed for Fusarium infection and co-contamination with mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and T-2 toxin (T-2), as well as the quality of the wheat grains (mass per hectolitre, contents of protein, starch, ash and fat, particle size index (PSI), falling number, sedimentation, wet gluten content, and gluten index). The occurrence of Fusarium spp. fungi and the mycotoxins produced by them in the grains was mostly influenced by the harvesting time and meteorological conditions. The correlations between Fusarium species and the mycotoxins produced by them in the grains of spring wheat showed F. graminearum to be a dominant species, and as a result, higher concentrations of DON and ZEA were determined. The co-occurrence of all the three mycotoxins analyzed (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin) was identified in wheat. In rainy years, a delay in harvesting resulted in diminished grain quality of spring wheat, as indicated by grain mass per hectolitre and falling number. Negative correlations were found in highly contaminated grains between mycotoxins (DON, ZEA, and T-2) and falling number and grain mass per hectolitre values.
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Yan, J., W. T. Xue, R. Z. Yang, H. B. Qin, G. Zhao, F. Tzion, and J. P. Cheng. "Quantitative trait loci conferring grain selenium nutrient in durum wheat × wild emmer wheat RIL population." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 54, No. 2 (May 28, 2018): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/112/2016-cjgpb.
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The genetic and phenotypic basis of grain selenium concentration (GSeC) and yield per plant (GSeY) was studied in a tetraploid wheat population consisting of 152 F<sub>6</sub> recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Triticum dicoccoides (accession G18-16) and durum wheat cultivar Langdon (LDN) grown under three different environments over 2 years. Wide genetic variation was found among RILs for GSeC and GSeY. A total of 15 QTL effects on 9 chromosomes associated with GSeC and GSeY were detected, with a logarithm od the odds (LOD) score ranging from ca. 3.2 to 11.7, explaining 1.4% to 18.6% of the phenotypic variation. Higher GSeC and GSeY were conferred by the G18-16 allele at 10 loci and by the LDN allele at 5 loci. Seven QTLs showed interactions with environmental conditions. Five genomic regions harbouring QTLs for grain Se concentrations and yields were selected for further marker-assisted selection programs, facilitating the use of wild alleles for improvement of elite wheat cultivars.
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Savin, R., and G. A. Slafer. "Shading effects on the yield of an Argentinian wheat cultivar." Journal of Agricultural Science 116, no. 1 (February 1991): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076085.
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SUMMARYShading treatments of 50% of the incident radiation were applied to the semidwarf wheat cultivar Leones INTA before and after anthesis in two field experiments in Argentina in 1987 and 1988. The treatments reduced biological (above-ground dry matter) yield, grain yield and number of grains/m2. Number of grains/m2 was closely and linearly correlated with ear dry weight at anthesis and with the photothermal quotient, calculated from 20 days before to 10 days after anthesis. Grain yield was sink limited, and the shading treatments reduced sink strength. The contribution of preanthesis assimilates to grain yield was smaller in the shaded crops than in the unshaded controls; in unshaded crops, almost 40% of grain yield was contributed by preanthesis assimilates whilst in preanthesis shaded crops this contribution was negligible. The proportion of preanthesis assimilates contributed to the grain was closely related to the decrease in stem dry weight during grain filling. The effects of shading on main stems and tillers were the same.
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Singh, A. K., J. M. Clarke, R. M. DePauw, R. E. Knox, F. R. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, and T. N. McCaig. "Enterprise durum wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09147.
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Enterprise durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is adapted to the durum production area of the Canadian prairies. It combines high grain yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, yellow grain pigment, and low grain cadmium concentration. Enterprise has slightly weaker straw strength, similar days to maturity, and improved fusarium head blight resistance compared with strongfield. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn., durum wheat, cultivar description, grain yield, yellow pigment, cadmium
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Kučerová, J. "The effect of sites and years on the technological quality of winter wheat grain." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 3 (November 19, 2011): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3562-pse.
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The results of three-year trials (1999 to 2001) conducted with six winter wheat varieties in which was investigated the effect of sites, years and varieties on the final grain yield and technological quality showed statistically significant differences (LSD, 95%) among sites in grain yield and these parameters of quality: test volume mass, wet gluten content, sedimentation test, protein content, falling number and flour water absorption capacity. As to the quality, the Žatec site showed itself as generally most suitable, and the Jaroměřice site as the least suitable one. Climate conditions showed a statistically significant effect (LSD, 95%) on grain yield and all quality parameters, beside the percentage of complete grains and swelling capacity of gluten and falling number, which were insignificant. The most favourable weather conditions, a lot of precipitation and high temperature in the course of ripening from three years were proved in the year 2000. Among the varieties were statistically significant differences (LSD, 95%) in grain yield and these parameters of quality: test volume mass, thousand grain weight, ash content, percentage of complete grains, sedimentation test, protein content, reologic properties of dough and baking tests. From the six varieties the best profits were shown from variety Sulamit (loaf volume 595 ml/100 g of flour), the worst was Semper (loaf volume 543 ml/100 g of flour) and Vlasta (loaf volume 532 ml/100 g of flour). The best grain yield was in 2001 (average of sites 8.84 t/ha) and the variety Semper had the highest grain yield of 9.17 t/ha, that is higher at 13.41% compared with Sulamit (7.94 t/ha).
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Zvonar, A. M. "Influence of weather conditions of the year and variety features on nitrogen consumption and formation of winter wheat grain quality." UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGION AGRARIAN SCIENCE 107, no. 3 (2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/2313-092x/2020-3(107)-11.
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Influence of weather conditions of the year and variety features on nitrogen consumption and formation of winter wheat grain quality The article discusses the influence of two factors on the quality of winter wheat grain – the characteristics of the variety and weather conditions of the year. Varietal differences in the nitrogen supply to winter wheat grains were studied. A greater influence of the genetic characteristics of winter wheat varieties than weather conditions on the accumulation of nitrogen in wheat grain was revealed. The dependence of high quality wheat grain on arid weather conditions were confirmed. Varieties such as Arctis and Panonicus have shown more stable indicators of nitrogen content, so the grain of these varieties is the most conditioned. Keywords: nitrogen content, winter wheat, varietal features, protein content, weather conditions.
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Wicks, Gail A., Garold W. Mahnken, and Gordon E. Hanson. "Influence of Small Grain Crops on Weeds and Ecofallow Corn (Zea mays)." Weed Science 43, no. 1 (March 1995): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500080930.
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Spring small grains were not as competitive with barnyardgrass and witchgrass as winter wheat. Winter wheat grain yields were greater than spring barley or spring wheat in 1986, 1987, and 1988 and oat in 1986 and 1988. Barnyardgrass, stinkgrass, and witchgrass control with glyphosate plus 2,4-D plus atrazine at 0.6 plus 0.8 plus 1.7 kg ha−1was usually less when the herbicides were applied to stubble of spring small grain versus winter wheat due to the advanced weed growth at treatment Barnyardgrass and witchgrass were more difficult to control than stinkgrass, redroot pigweed, tumble pigweed, kochia, and tumble thistle. No-till corn planted into winter wheat stubble had fewer barnyardgrass and witchgrass than corn planted into spring wheat stubble. The addition of metolachlor plus atrazine at 1.7 plus 0.6 kg ha−1eliminated differences among small grain cultivars in weed control in corn. Corn grain yields from winter wheat plots were greater than other small grains in 1989 because of better weed control and more crop residue.
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Ivković, Mirko, Saša Krstović, Miroslava Polovinski-Horvatović, Dejan Beuković, Ivan Pihler, and Dragan Glamočić. "Effect of Partial Substitution of Corn with Whole-Grain Wheat in Fattening Lamb Diets on their Growth Performance." Contemporary Agriculture 70, no. 3-4 (November 20, 2021): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2021-0019.
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Summary Wheat grain is commonly used for animal feeding in some regions while it is rarely used in others. Its nutrient composition is quite similar to more commonly used corn grain, but there are some concerns regarding its effect on animal performance and health. However, it appears that usage of wheat grain in animal feeding is dominantly affected by economic rather than nutritional reasons. When used with caution, wheat can be a good alternative to corn. In order to test this, 20 Wurttemberg lambs, three months old, were randomly separated in two groups and fed diets containing 600 g of corn grain, or 300 g of corn grain and 300 g of wheat grain, for a period of one month. The used grains were whole, non processed grains. Two diets contained the same commercial protein supplement and alfalfa hay was offered ad libitum. Both groups accepted their experimental diet well and readily consumed the amounts offered. No health problems were observed. Growth rate was higher in male than in female lambs, but was not affected by wheat inclusion.
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Zhang, Heping, Neil C. Turner, and Michael L. Poole. "Source - sink balance and manipulating sink - source relations of wheat indicate that the yield potential of wheat is sink-limited in high-rainfall zones." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 10 (2010): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10161.
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Grain yield depends on the number of grains per unit area (sink) and the availability of assimilates (source) to fill these grains. The aim of the current work was to determine whether wheat yield in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Australia is limited in current cultivars by the size of the sink or by the assimilates available for grain filling. Three wheat cultivars (Calingiri, Chara and Wyalkatchem) and two breeding lines (HRZ216 and HRZ203) were grown in four replicates in the field from 2005 to 2007. Dry matter and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) at anthesis and maturity were measured and used to determine the source and sink balance of the crop. In 2007, three further treatments were applied to manipulate the sink–source relationships: (i) spikelets were removed on main stems to increase the source : sink ratio; (ii) incoming solar radiation was reduced by 40% by shading after anthesis to reduce the availability of assimilates to grains; and (iii) supplemental irrigation was used to maintain the capacity for photosynthesis by an improved water supply during grain filling. The source–sink balance of the crops showed that the potential source was 25% greater than the actual grain yield in average and above-average seasons (2005 and 2007), suggesting that sink size, represented by the number of grain per unit area, was a limiting factor to yield potential. However, the source may have become a limiting factor in a drought season (2006). The grain yield increased with increased number of grains/m2 and kernel weight remained relatively stable even when grain number increased from 7000 to 16 000 per m2. The removal of half of the spikelets on the main stem did not increase kernel mass of the remaining grains and an additional 33 mm of irrigation water did not increase grain yield, but significantly (P < 0.05) increased WSC left in stems and leaf sheaths at maturity. Shading after anthesis did not significantly reduce grain yield of the current cultivars Calingiri and Wyalkatchem, but it reduced grain yield by 23–25% (P < 0.05) in Chara and HRZ203. The source–sink balance over three seasons and three independent experiments in 2007 suggested that the yield of the current wheat cultivars is more sink- than source-limited and that breeding wheat with a larger sink size than in the current cultivars may lift the yield potential of wheat in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Australia.
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Hrušková, M., and I. Švec. "Wheat hardness in relation to other quality factors." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, No. 4 (September 9, 2009): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/71/2009-cjfs.
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The analysis of the wheat hardness relation to other quality features was done with a set of 281 variety and commercial wheat samples, planted during the years of 2003–2006 in Central Bohemia and south Moravia areas. Technological quality was evaluated for grain, milling process, and flour analytics with the standard laboratory methods. The grain hardness was measured using NIR spectrophotometer Inframatic 8600. Tukey’s test (ANOVA) of the grain hardness was performed for comparison between the means of wheat variety, wheat origin, crop year, growing locality, and farming intensity. As expected, the grain hardness of wheat varieties belonging to different quality classes was independent of either their classification or winter/spring type. Between all four locality means, the grain hardness among 281 samples differed insignificantly, while in the crops of 2004 and 2006 a provable increase of the kernel compactness was observed. The correlation analysis confirmed a role of the grain hardness in the milling quality assessment because of the proved correlation with 11 grain and milling quality features from the 12 tested. The strongest relation was calculated with the grain ash content, semolina yield, and flour protein content (–0.55, 0.52, 0.42, respectively).
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Fouad Razzaq A., Al-Burki, Mohsin Haider Abdulhussein, and Sarheed Abdullah F. "Season Response of Bread Wheat Cultivars (Triticum Aestivum L.) to Different Planting Dates Under Samawa Desert Condition." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 923, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/923/1/012089.
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Abstract A field experiment was carried out in Samawa desert (70 km west of Samawa city, Al-Muthanna governorate), during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 agricultural seasons, to study the response of three Iraqi cultivars of wheat (Tamooz2, Ibaa99, Abu Ghraib3) to three planting dates (November 15, 1st December and December 15) under Samawa desert conditions. The results showed the superiority of Tamooz2 cultivar in all traits of the yield components, it gave the highest averages of grain yield, which amounted 5.75 and 5.89 tons/ha−1, weight of 1000 grains, which amounted 29.79 and 31.06 gm, and the number of grains per spike, which amounted 73.02 and 73.76 for the 2019 and 2019-2020 seasons, respectively. The date of December 15th also surpassed in the traits of grain yield, weight of 1000 grains, number of spike grains, and the highest grain yield reached 5.62 and 5.58 tons/ha−1 for the two seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020, respectively, and the combination (Tamooz 2 x December 15) gave superiority over the other combinations in terms of grain yield which amounted 6.05 tons ha−1 (2018-2019 season) and Ibaa99 × December 1 gave the highest grian yield about 6.10 tons ha-1 (2019-2020 season).
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Arenas-M, Anita, Francisca M. Castillo, Diego Godoy, Javier Canales, and Daniel F. Calderini. "Transcriptomic and Physiological Response of Durum Wheat Grain to Short-Term Heat Stress during Early Grain Filling." Plants 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010059.
Full textAbstract:
In a changing climate, extreme weather events such as heatwaves will be more frequent and could affect grain weight and the quality of crops such as wheat, one of the most significant crops in terms of global food security. In this work, we characterized the response of Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum wheat to short-term heat stress (HS) treatment at transcriptomic and physiological levels during early grain filling in glasshouse experiments. We found a significant reduction in grain weight (23.9%) and grain dimensions from HS treatment. Grain quality was also affected, showing a decrease in starch content (20.8%), in addition to increments in grain protein levels (14.6%), with respect to the control condition. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis of durum wheat grains allowed us to identify 1590 differentially expressed genes related to photosynthesis, response to heat, and carbohydrate metabolic process. A gene regulatory network analysis of HS-responsive genes uncovered novel transcription factors (TFs) controlling the expression of genes involved in abiotic stress response and grain quality, such as a member of the DOF family predicted to regulate glycogen and starch biosynthetic processes in response to HS in grains. In summary, our results provide new insights into the extensive transcriptome reprogramming that occurs during short-term HS in durum wheat grains.
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Ladislav, Holík, Hlisnikovský Lukáš, and Kunzová Eva. "The effect of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure on winter wheat grain yield and grain quality." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 10 (October 15, 2018): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/342/2018-pse.
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This study evaluated how organic manures and mineral fertilizers affect winter wheat grain and straw yields and grain quality properties. The analysed period of the long-term fertilizer experiment was established in Čáslav, Czech Republic, in 1955 and covers the seasons 2011–2014. The fertilizer treatments were: control; farmyard manure (FYM); FYM + P; FYM + K; FYM + PK; FYM + N<sub>1</sub>; FYM + N<sub>2</sub>; FYM + N<sub>1</sub>PK; FYM + N<sub>2</sub>PK and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK. The highest grain yields were recorded in the FYM + P and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatments (8.9 t/ha). The highest straw yields were recorded in the FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatment (6.52 t/ha). The lowest yields were provided in the unfertilized control and FYM treatments. Qualitative parameters were evaluated in the control, FYM and FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatments between the years 2011 and 2013. The best quality of wheat grain was provided by the FYM + N<sub>3</sub>PK treatment. Combination of the farmyard manure with NPK is the best way to achieve high grain yields with good quality and leads to sustainable food production.
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DAI, Z., Y. YIN, and Z. WANG. "Activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis in grains of wheat under different irrigation patterns." Journal of Agricultural Science 147, no. 4 (April 22, 2009): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609008612.
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SUMMARYIt is generally accepted that sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) play a key role in starch synthesis in wheat grains. Starch synthesis in wheat grains is influenced by genotype and environment. However, what is not known is the degree of variation in enzyme activities during starch accumulation of wheat cultivars field-grown in different water regimes. The present study was undertaken to determine whether irrigation patterns could cause differences in starch accumulation and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis. Starch accumulation and related enzyme activities were investigated in two winter wheat varieties, JM20 and BY535, differing in grain starch content, under two irrigation patterns. Results showed that soil water deficit led to an increase at early grain filling and decrease during late grain filling in starch accumulation rate (SAR) and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis, especially AGPase, SSS and SBE. Water deficit enhanced grain starch accumulation in two wheat cultivars, suggesting that rainfed treatments increase physiological activities during early grain filling and promote starch accumulation. Furthermore, the change of SAR is consistent with SuSy, AGPase, SSS and GBSS. The results suggest that these enzymes play a key role in starch synthesis, and the decrease of photosynthate produced in the source organ is not the factor inhibiting starch accumulation.
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Arshadullah, Muhammad, Syed Ishtiaq Hyder, and Arshad Ali. "Sulphur Supply Enhances Wheat Growth and Yield on Saline-Sodic Soil." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 54, no. 3 (December 26, 2011): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.54.3.2011.122.125.
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. The effect of different S levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg S/ha) on growth and ionic concentration of wheat variety Inqlab-91 directly sown on saline-sodic soil (ECe=5.65 dS/m, pH=8.57 and SAR=17.38) was evaluated in a field experiment. Treatments were arranged using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The crop was harvested at maturity, data on tillering, plant height, spike length, number of grains/spike, 1000- grain weight and yields (grain and straw) were recorded. Na, K, Ca and S concentrations in grain and straw were estimated using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Tillering, number of grains/spike, 1000- grain weight and grain yield significantly (p :: 0.05) increased by enhancing the S application. Maximum wheat yield (4.66 t/ha) was recorded when S was applied at 75 kg/ha, which was 43% more than the control treatment. Maximum number of tillers/plant (161) and number of grains/spike
(56) were recorded with sulphur applied at 75 kg/ha. Positive correlation (r = 0.85), (r = 0.88) between calcium, potassium and negative correlation (r = -0.84) between grain sodium content and wheat grain yield was recorded. It indicates that presence of significantly higher Ca and K contents of grain receiving S application might possibly help plants to attain more Ca and K and avoided sodium uptake to alleviate salinity/sodicity stress. Economical analysis showed that maximum value cost ratio (5.5:1) was achieved with the application of 25 kg S/ha.
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Godfrey, SI, JB Rowe, GR Thorniley, MD Boyce, and EJ Speijers. "Virginiamycin to protect sheep fed wheat, barley or oats from grain poisoning under simulated drought feeding conditions." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950393.
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Lactic acidosis can occur when large amounts of cereal grains are given to sheep without adequate adaptation. Virginiamycin has been shown to reduce lactic acid accumulation in vitro and in the rumen of sheep following ingestion of readily fermentable carbohydrates. The aim of this experiment was to determine if virginiamycin would prevent acidosis in hungry sheep given wheat, barley or oat grain without any adaptation. Merino wethers, penned individually and given wheat chaff 300 g/day for 9 days, were offered 2.1 kg of wheat, barley or oat grain, with or without virginiamycin. Rumen fluid was collected before and 6 and 24 h after grain feeding. Blood samples were obtained before and 24 and 48 h after grain feeding. 24 h after grain feeding, rumen pH was lower (P0.001) and rumen L-lactate higher (P0.05) in sheep given wheat without than with virginiamycin. D- and L-lactate were produced in equal proportions in sheep given grain plus virginiamycin, while sheep fed on grain without virginiamycin produced more of the L-lactate isomer 24 h after grain feeding. There was no effect of virginiamycin on grain intake, although intake of sheep given oat grain was lower (P0.01) than intake of sheep given wheat or barley. The number of sheep withdrawn from the experiment after grain feeding was lower (P0.05) when wheat was given to sheep with virginiamycin compared with untreated wheat grain. Feeding virginiamycin with grain did not reduce grain intake, but reduced the severity of acidosis in sheep given wheat grain.
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Madani, A., A. H. Makarem, F. Vazin, and M. Joudi. " The impact of post-anthesis nitrogen and water availability on yield formation of winter wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 1 (January 16, 2012): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/299/2011-pse.
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The effects of irrigation regimes (full irrigation and water-withholding at anthesis) and post-anthesis nitrogen supplies (LN: 0, MN: 20 and HN: 40 kg N/ha) on grain yield and its components in winter wheat were studied, with attention to biomass gain by assimilation and its loss by respiration. Fully-irrigated wheat responded to N fertilization with increased grain number (GN) and decreased grain weight (GW) and achieved similar grain yields (5.2 to 5.5 t/ha) at different N supplies. However, drought-stressed wheat responded to N with higher GN without significant changes in GW, and achieved higher grain yields (2.7 vs. 3.3 t/ha) with HN compared to LN. Net assimilation rates during grain filling (NARg) increased with increasing post-anthesis N fertilization for drought-stressed wheat (NARg: 3.8 and 4.5 g/m/day for LN and HN). Apparent whole-plant respiration (R<sub>A</sub>) was not influenced by increased post-anthesis N fertilizer. Thus, in drought-stressed wheat, the total biomass and straw yield at maturity were increased by increasing N supply. These results suggest that high N supply at anthesis satisfied the grains’ increased demand for N by increasing post-floral assimilation, and the surplus assimilates not only compensated for the low-N-induced biomass loss by respiration but may also have increased the
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Verspreet, Joran, Emmie Dornez, Jan A. Delcour, Scott J. Harrison, and Christophe M. Courtin. "Purification of wheat grain fructans from wheat bran." Journal of Cereal Science 65 (September 2015): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2015.06.013.
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Rodrigues, Osmar, Julio César Barreneche Lhamby, Agostinho Dirceu Didonet, and José Abramo Marchese. "Fifty years of wheat breeding in Southern Brazil: yield improvement and associated changes." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, no. 6 (June 2007): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007000600008.
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The objective of this study was to assess the impact of genetic breeding on grain yield, and to identify the physiological traits associated to the increment in yield and their related growth processes, for wheat cultivars grown in Southern Brazil, in the past five decades. Seven wheat cultivars released between 1940 and 1992, were compared for physiological aspects associated with grain yield. Grain yield, biological yield, biomass partitioning, harvest index and grain yield components were also determined. The number of grains per square meter was more affected by plant breeding and was better correlated with grain yield (r = 0.94, p<0.01) than with grain weight (r = -0.39ns). The higher number of grains per square meter was better correlated with the number of grains per spike in the modern cultivars than in the older ones. The genetic gain in grain yield was 44.9 kg ha-1 per year, reflecting important efforts of the breeding programs carried out in Southern Brazil. Grain yield changes, during the period of study, were better associated with biomass production (r = 0.78, p<0.01) than with harvest index (r = 0.65, p<0.01).
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Vitázek, I., and J. Havelka. "I-x-w diagram of wet air and wheat grain." Research in Agricultural Engineering 59, Special Issue (December 13, 2013): S49—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/53/2012-rae.
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The authors have been working for 50 years in the research and development of drying in agriculture. In the way of drying applied, warmed air is used as the drying medium. The thermodynamics of wet air is used for the analysis of these processes of drying in the calculations and in graphic demonstrations applying an i-x diagram of wet air. This diagram does not include any information about the state of the dried material. The authors therefore enlarged this i-x diagram with the equilibrium moisture contents of the dried material. In their work, the authors present a method using this enlarged diagram and, as an example, the i-x-w diagram of wet air and equilibrium moisture of wheat grain.