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Journal articles on the topic "Wheat genotypes"
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Razavifar, Zeynab, Hassan Karimmojeni, and Fatemeh Ghorbani Sini. "Effects of wheat-canola intercropping on Phelipanche aegyptiaca parasitism." Journal of Plant Protection Research 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2017-0038.
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AbstractParasitic weeds especiallyPhelipanche aegyptiacadecrease severely the production of canola. This study evaluated the effect of intercropping different wheat genotypes with canola onPhelipanche aegyptiacagrowth. Ten wild wheat genotypes with different ploidy levels including TRI11712, TRI19322, TRI18664, TRI19652, TRI565, TRI15593, TRI12911, TRI11554, TRI17606, TRI7259P and seven cultivated bread wheats, namely: Falat, Chamran, Alamut, Baiat, Kavir, Sepahan, Alvand in addition to a canola cultivar called Zarfam were studied. The results revealed that intercropping of canola with wheat could significantly reduce broomrape growth depending on the type of wheat genotype. A significant genetic variation of allelopathic activity in wheat was observed, indicating the contribution of multiple genes conferring the allelopathic trait. TRI565 and TRI12911, TRI15593, TRI18664, TRI19652, TRI17606, TRI19322, and TRI7259 genotypes showed strong inhibitory effects and can be considered as potential allelopathic genotypes to suppress broomrape. The inhibitory potential of wild wheat genotypes was stronger than cultivated wheat genotypes. Alamut, Baiat, Alvand, Sepahan, and TRI11712 possessed strong stimulatory effects on broomrape germination. Such genotypes may be valuable as trap crops for depleting the Egyptian broomrape seed bank.
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Stenglein, Sebastian A., María I. Dinolfo, Germán Barros, Fabricio Bongiorno, Sofía N. Chulze, and María V. Moreno. "Fusarium poae Pathogenicity and Mycotoxin Accumulation on Selected Wheat and Barley Genotypes at a Single Location in Argentina." Plant Disease 98, no. 12 (December 2014): 1733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0182-re.
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Fusarium poae is a relatively weak pathogen with increasing importance in cereal grains, principally due to its capacity to produce several mycotoxins. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity and toxin accumulation of individual F. poae isolates on wheat and barley under natural conditions for 3 years. Analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences for year–genotype, year–isolate, genotype–isolate, and year–genotype–isolate interactions for both incidence and disease severity. Based on contrast analysis, ‘Apogee’ was more susceptible than the other wheat genotypes, wheat genotypes were more susceptible than barley genotypes, durum wheat genotypes were more susceptible than bread wheat genotypes, and barley genotype ‘Scarlett’ had greater symptom development per spike than the other barley genotypes. Neither HT-2 nor T-2 toxins were detected in the grain samples. However, high levels of nivalenol were found in both wheat and barley samples. The increased reported isolation of F. poae from wheat and barley and the high capacity of this fungus to produce nivalenol underlie the need for more studies on F. poae–host interactions, especially for barley.
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T, Bayisa. "Stability Analysis of Bread Wheat Genotypes Using the AMMI Stability Model at Southeast Oromia." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000277.
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Ethiopia is the largest wheat producer in Sub- Saharan Africa. The productivity of wheat has increased in the last few years in the country, but low as compared to other countries. This low productivity is attributed to a number of factors including biotic, abiotic, shortage of high yielding and stable varieties. The objective of the present study is to identify high yielding and stable genotype. A total of twenty genotypes including Dambal (st. check) and Mada walabu (Local check) were evaluated for two cropping season 2017 and 2018 at four locations: Sinana, Agarfa, Goba and Gololcha. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. The result of combined analysis of variance showed high significant differences for genotypes, environment and GE interaction. The result of AMMI analysis indicated that 36.3 %, of the total variability was justified by environment, 28.6% by genotypes and 34.9% by GE interaction whereas IPCA 1 and IPCA 2 explained 74.2% from the total GE. Based on GSI a single criteria for stability and high grain yield, genotypes G9, G1, G14,G10, G15 and G12 have the smallest genotype stability index which means they were stable and high yielding genotype. The best genotype with respect to environment Gololcha 2017 and Gololcha 2018 was genotype G10. Genotypes G3 and G17 were better adapted to environments Agarfa 2017. G12 is high yielder stable across tested locations. Therefore this genotype was identified as candidate genotypes to be verified for possible release.
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Islam, M. S., T. Halder, J. Hossain, F. Mahmud, and J. Rahman. "GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) OF BANGLADESH." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 28, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v28i2.29957.
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A field study was conducted to select suitable genotype(s) for varying planting dates and to compare the average performance of the genotypes in different environments. The experiment was conducted at the farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh with ten (nine Triticum aestivum and one Triticum turgidum) wheat genotypes. The genotypes were planted at three different dates during November 2012 to March 2013. Analysis of variance for the genotypes showed significant variation which revealed the presence of considerable amount of genetic variability among different genotypes. Significant genotype x environment interaction was obtained for all studied characters and those were tested against pooled error. Environment + (genotype ^ environment) component and genotype ^ environment (linear) component also showed significant variation and the genotypes performed differently in different environments. Except pooled deviation of linear components of genotype-environment interaction were significant for all the characters. So the differences in stability for different characters were due to the linear response and not for non-linear function. Considering all the characters, genotypes G4, G6, G9 performed better in overall environments. The genotype G10 performed better in poor condition whereas G7 performed better in favorable environment. Among three different sowing dates, optimum sowing (sowing at 20 November, 2012) performed better for most of the genotypes and gradually decreased with late sowing.
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Mohabbati, F. "Effects of salinity on syntethic wheat genotypes." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (July 31, 2012): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6189-cjgpb.
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Al-Maaroof, Emad Mahmood Al-Maaroof, and Asoda Mohammed Nori Nori. "Yellow rust development on different wheat genotypes." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 2ndInt.Conf.AGR, Special Issue (February 6, 2018): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10664.
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Lukács, A., G. Pártay, T. Németh, S. Csorba, and C. Farkas. "Drought stress tolerance of two wheat genotypes." Soil and Water Research 3, Special Issue No. 1 (June 30, 2008): S95—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2008-swr.
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Biotic and abiotic stress effects can limit the productivity of plants to great extent. In Hungary, drought is one of the most important constrains of biomass production, even at the present climatic conditions. The climate change scenarios, developed for the Carpathian basin for the nearest future predict further decrease in surface water resources. Consequently, it is essential to develop drought stress tolerant wheat genotypes to ensure sustainable and productive wheat production under changed climate conditions. The aim of the present study was to compare the stress tolerance of two winter wheat genotypes at two different scales. Soil water regime and development of plants, grown in a pot experiment and in large undisturbed soil columns were evaluated. The pot experiments were carried out in a climatic room in three replicates. GK Élet wheat genotype was planted in six, and Mv Emese in other six pots. Two pots were left without plant for evaporation studies. Based on the mass of the soil columns without plant the evaporation from the bare soil surface was calculated in order to distinguish the evaporation and the transpiration with appropriate precision. A complex stress diagnosis system was developed to monitor the water balance elements. ECH<sub>2</sub>O type capacitive soil moisture probes were installed in each of the pots to perform soil water content measurements four times a day. The irrigation demand was determined according to the hydrolimits, derived from soil hydrophysical properties. In case of both genotypes three plants were provided with the optimum water supply, while the other three ones were drought-stressed. In the undisturbed soil columns, the same wheat genotypes were sawn in one replicate. Similar watering strategy was applied. TDR soil moisture probes were installed in the soil at various depths to monitor changes in soil water content. In order to study the drought stress reaction of the wheat plants, microsensors of 1.6 mm diameter were implanted into the stems and connected to a quadrupole mass spectrometer for gas analysis. The stress status was indicated in the plants grown on partly non-irrigated soil columns by the lower CO<sub>2</sub> level at both genotypes. It was concluded that the developed stress diagnosis system could be used for soil water balance elements calculations. This enables more precise estimation of plant water consumption in order to evaluate the drought sensitivity of different wheat genotypes.
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De Almeida, J. L., and G. Dos Santos Portes Silva. "Predicting cookie wheat germplasm performance." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S178—S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3276-cjgpb.
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Compared to the large effort spent developing Brazilian bread wheat cultivars, relatively few soft wheat cultivars for cookie flour were released in this country in the recent years. The objective of this study is to propose a model to predict wheat cultivars with improved manufacturing quality for the cookie industry while maintaining production for the growers. A database was compiled originally with 1674 entries with field, milling and flour quality parameters from the year 2000 to 2008 crop seasons. The critical specifications of 14 commercial cookie flours were compared and it was determined that the variables farinograph water absorption appeared in 14 out of 41 specifications (34.1%), alveograph strength appeared in 13 out of 41 specifications (31.7%), wet gluten appeared in 11 out of 41 specifications (26.8%), alveograph tenacity appeared in two out of 41 specifications (4.9%), and alveograph dough extensibility appeared in one out of 41 specifications (2.5%). Using frequency percentages as model coefficients a Brazilian Cookie Wheat Score Model was proposed:<br />BCWS =ABS × 0.341 + W × 0.317 + WG × 0.268 + P × 0.049 + L × 0.025. The ideal score for a wheat genotype to be classified as cookie wheat for the Brazilian market is within the optimum interval from 56.1 to 81.2. To validate this model and its proposed interval, 277 wheat entries from the 2008 crop year were tested under the following conditions: first, wheat genotypes that yielded less than the average of bread wheat genotypes were discharged; second, wheat genotypes without the full set of values for the model variables were discharged. Twenty wheat genotypes, out of 277, were within the optimum interval and were proposed as wheat genotypes to produce cookie flour. The validation results indicated that, using the BCWS Model, along with the established conditions, a wheat breeder will have 75% chance of finding a potential cultivar with acceptable cookie functionality from a set of experimental lines.
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G, Alemu. "Genotype X Environment Interaction for Quality Traits in Advanced Bread Wheat Genotype in Ethiopia." Food Science & Nutrition Technology 4, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/fsnt-16000176.
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The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of GEI and its magnitude on the grain quality of bread wheat genotypes in Ethiopia. 15 bread wheat genotypes were evaluated using RCBD with four replications at six different locations in Ethiopia during 2017/18 cropping season. Combine Analysis of variance showed highly significant (P<0.001) differences among genotype, environment and GEI for investigated quality traits except GEI shows non-significant difference in dry gluten and gluten index. The environment contributed more than 50% only in PC (83.6%) and HLW (56.1%). The three components, G, E and GxE made almost similar contribution to most of the quality traits (WG, DG and GI), although the contribution of the environment was a little higher. Hardness index was determined mainly by the genotype (69.3%). The contribution of GxE was higher than that of genotype in all quality traits except in HDI and GI, again indicating the important role of GxE in the determination of wheat quality traits. Genotype ETBW9045 and ETBW8065 gave the best value of protein in the favorable means (15.05% and 14.75%) respectively. The Hidase had the highest value of wet gluten (58.2%) and dry gluten (24.38%) in average for all investigated locations (58.2%). GGE biplot declared ETBW9045 (#10) and ETBW8065 (#6) genotypes as stable in all quality. These two genotypes ETBW9045 (#10) and ETBW8065 (#6) are recommended for wide adaptation and for crossing. This study demonstrates success in wheat breeding for improved quality in bread wheat. The study also provides information on the combined stability of improved quality of the nationally important bread wheat genotypes. Therefore, the results of this study could be valuable for national bread wheat breeding programs to develop new varieties with high stable grain quality.
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SIAL, N. Y., M. FAHEEM, M. A. SIAL, A. R. ROONJHO, F. MUHAMMAD, A. A. KEERIO, M. ADEEL, S. ULLAH, Q. HABIB, and M. AFZAL. "EXOTIC WHEAT GENOTYPES RESPONSE TO WATER-STRESS CONDITIONS." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.2.7.
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Drought is the most devastating abiotic stress which has significantly threatened global wheat production. The recent study was designed to evaluate the performance of eight exotic wheat lines through the Drought Spring Bread Wheat Yield Trial (DSBWYT), along with a local drought-tolerant check cultivar, Khirman, under water-stressed conditions based on agronomic and yield-related traits. The experiment was conducted during cropping season 2019–2020 in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tando Jam, Pakistan. The analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among the genotypes for all studied traits. The genotype DSBWYT-8 possessed better agronomic traits and growth features like early growth vigor and early ground cover. On the other hand, the genotype DSBWYT-4 performed better in yield and yield-related traits like main spike yield, grains per spike, and 1000-grains weight. Both genotype revealed excellent plot grain yield and harvest index and were not significantly different from each other. The cluster analysis grouped all the genotypes into three clades. The drought-tolerant local check cultivar Khirman clustered with genotypes DSBWYT-2, DSBWYT-4, and DSBWYT-8 thus, this clade can be regarded as drought tolerant. The second cluster comprised of two genotypes, i.e., DSBWYT-1 and DSBWYT-5, which performed relatively low as compared to genotypes present in the drought-tolerant cluster, whereas the genotypes DSBWYT-3, DSBWYT-6, and DSBWYT-7 clustered together to represent low yielding genotypes under drought condition as compared with the check cultivar Khirman. Based on these results, the genotypes DSBWYT-2, DSBWYT-4, and DSBWYT-8 can be recommended as the drought-tolerant genotypes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wheat genotypes"
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Hendawy, Salah El-Sayed el. "Salinity tolerance in Egyptian spring wheat genotypes." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972317627.
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Khan, Javed Ahmad. "Salinity effects on 4D recombinant tetraploid wheat genotypes." Thesis, Bangor University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321525.
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Rashid, Kazi Nayla. "The response of wheat genotypes to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12898.
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It is well documented in many studies that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are capable of increasing plant growth and productivity in a range of agricultural crops, reducing dependence on chemical amendments and maintaining a safe environment. Over the last two decades PGPR inoculants have been increasingly used in agriculture to improve crop productivity and farming system sustainability. Such eco-friendly technologies are needed to address sustainable food security and to avoid global dependence on hazardous agricultural chemicals which ultimately destabilize agro-ecosystems. The nitrogen fixing bacteria, Azospirillum brasilense, has been an important PGPB (plant growth promoting bacteria) used to enhance the growth and yield of many crops globally. This is attributed mainly to its ability to produce phytohormones. While much is known about A. brasilense, the promising effect of PGPBs in general in the field is limited by factors that influence their survival and activity in the rhizosphere. The attachment of bacteria to roots is an essential and necessary condition for the establishment of an effective association. This association is dependent upon the population density of active PGPB cells in the rhizosphere which are able to compete with indigenous bacteria. However, how survival and persistence of inoculant bacteria in the rhizosphere, the effect of inoculum on the rhizosphere community, in particular the nitrogen fixing community, and the effect of plant genotype contributes to plant growth promotion by Azospirillum in the field have not been widely studied. Better understanding of the plant x inoculum interaction requires determining if there is an effect of plant genotype and monitoring and estimation of the persistence of PGPB in the rhizosphere. The overall aim of this project was to examine the effect of the wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotype x Azospirillum interaction on colonization of roots and plant growth promotion. These effects were studied under both controlled hydroponic conditions in the laboratory and in the field. Plant growth parameters and bacterial colonization of the rhizosphere were determined in both conditions. Differences in root characteristics of twenty three diverse wheat genotypes were observed after growth in the hydroponic system; however responses to inoculation with A. brasilense Sp7 and Sp7-S were variable. In some cases growth parameters were increased and in others they were decreased. There was an apparent increase in responsiveness to inoculation with azospirilla by synthetically derived genotypes observed in root length measurements but otherwise there was no trend according to the genetic source of wheat. Microscopic observations confirmed the different root colonisation patterns by Sp7 and Sp7-S. However, colonisation pattern was not influenced by plant genotype. Relationships between shoot dry weight and root growth parameters were positive as expected but were strengthened with inoculation.
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Mallah, Abdul Nabi. "Effects of water stress and salinity on contrasting wheat genotypes." Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/effects-of-water-stress-and-salinity-on-contrasting-wheat-genotypes(d16c3b0e-d0a0-44e3-ada1-79fce0bd31ce).html.
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A series of experiments was carried out in the Department of Agriculture, University College of North Wales, Bangor, during October 1987 to September 1989. The purpose of these was to study the effects of water stress and salinity stress at different stages on long (Norman), medium (Fenman) and short duration (Wembley) wheat varieties in different environments. Effects of water stress were tested in large pots in different types of soil. Effects of salinity were tested by growing plants in solution culture. In both experiments water stress and salinity stress were imposed at three major stages, tillering to stem extension (TL-SE), stem extension to booting (SE-BG) and booting to maturity (BG-MT). These were tested in each variety in comparison with a control of each variety. Growth measurements, leaf number and area, stem area, shoot number, plant height, nitrogen %, nitrogen uptake, dry weight per plant were determined at the end of each stage. Soluble carbohydrates were determined at anthesis. This was done to find out how much these growth measurements were decreased during each stress period. Yield and yield components were determined at harvest. In these experiments the long duration variety took a long time in growth during TL-SE, in comparison to mid winter and spring wheat varieties. The long duration variety gave a higher plant, more straw dry weight production and more leaf number than the short duration variety. The long duration variety also gave a higher yield than the medium and short duration varieties, due to larger ears, more spikelets vi per ear, more grain number per ear and more grain number per spikelet. All varieties experienced higher temperatures and longer days during SE-BG and BG-MT in both experiments. The lengths of these stages therefore showed smaller variation between varieties. In water stress experiments the mixed peat-soil used in Experiment 2 dried out quicker than the normal field soil used in Experiment 1. The upper portion of the soil was dried before the lower portion of the soil during the stress period. With water stress at SE-BG and BG-MT the soil dried out quicker in both years. Gypsum blocks were used to give readings of water stress. with water stress at BG-MT the soil was completely dried out after the third week, in all varieties, due to higher plant height, higher temperature and more evaporation. Because of this water stress at BG-MT resulted in a short duration for ripening. In both water stress Experiments 1 and 2, in all varieties all water stress treatments decreased the growth measurements, decreased yield and yield components. In Norman water stress at TL-SE had a long stress period due to slow growth processes during cold winter. However, this stage had a similar effect on yield in Norman, Fenman and Wembley. In both water stress experiments in all varieties, water stress at SE-BG caused the largest reductions in growth measurements, because at this stage the plant had the greatest leaf area and temperature was higher, although the period of stress was only a few weeks. However, water stress at BG-MT caused the greatest decreases in yield. This stage showed the greatest vii decreases in yield and yield components, due to small grain size, fewer fertile spikelets, small size of ear, earlier leaf senescence, short duration for ripening, higher temperature, lack of soluble carbohydrate for grain f~lling from stem and pollination problems at anthesis time. In both salinity Experiments 1 and 2, all varieties had a larger green leaf area, more tillers and all varieties were much stronger after stem extension than in the water stress experiments due to the solution culture teChnique. Norman was more strong than the other varieties because of its long period grown in solution culture. Salinity at TL-SE was more damaging than other stages in all varieties. Salinity at TL-SE decreased the growth measurements, such as leaf area, stem area, plant height, dry weight per plant. Because of the growth measurement reduction, grain weight per plant, grain number per plant, grain number per ear, grain number per fertile spikelet and fertile spikelet per ear were decreased by salinity at this stage. Salinity at SE-BG and BG-MT also decreased growth measurements, decreased grain yield and yield components. Salinity at BG-MT decreased grain yield and yield components more than salinity at SE-BG. In Experiment 2 in all varieties with salinity at BG-MT plants were harvested a few days before other stages and the control. Norman was more sensitive with salinity at TL-SE than the other varieties because of its long period grown under salt stress. Norman was much stronger with salinity at SE-BG. Norman gave lower yield, yield components at BG-MT than other varieties at this stage.
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Ehtaiwesh, Amal Faraj Ahmed. "Effects of salinity and high temperature stress on winter wheat genotypes." Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34545.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Agronomy
P. V. Vara Prasad
Increased ambient temperature and soil salinity seriously affect the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which is an important cereal second to rice as the main human food crop. However, wheat plant is most susceptible to high temperatures and salinity at booting and flowering stages. Several studies have documented the effects of individual stress like salinity and high temperature stress on wheat, nonetheless little is known about effects of combined salinity and high temperature at critical growth stages. Therefore, the objectives of this research were (i) to screen winter wheat germplasm for salinity tolerance at the germination stages and to determine seedling growth traits associated with salinity tolerance, (ii) to evaluate the independent and combined effects of high temperature and salinity on winter wheat genotypes at the booting stages through growth, physiological, biochemical, and yield traits, and (iii) to evaluate the independent and combined effects of high temperature and salinity on winter wheat genotypes at the flowering stages through growth, physiological, biochemical, and yield traits. In the first experiment, 292 winter wheat genotypes (winter wheat germplasm) was screened for salinity stress at germination stage under controlled environments. The seeds were subjected to three levels of salinity, 0, 60, and 120 mM NaCl to quantify the effects of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth. In the second experiment, controlled environment study was conducted to quantity the independent and combined high temperature and salinity stress effects on growth, physiological, biochemical, and yield traits of twelve winter wheat genotypes during booting stage. Plants were grown at 20/15 °C (daytime maximum/nighttime minimum) temperature with 16 h photoperiod. At booting stages, the plants were exposed to optimum (20/15 °C) or high temperature (35/20 °C) and without (0 mM NaCl) and with (60, and 120 mM) NaCl. In the third experiment, plants were exposed to optimum or high temperature and with and without NaCl levels at flowering stages. The temperature regime and salinity levels were same as experiment II. The duration of stress was 10 d and after the stress period the plants were brought to optimum temperature and irrigated with normal water (0 mM NaCl). The results indicated that, at 120 mM NaCl, the final germination percentage was decreased and the mean daily germination was delayed. Irrespective of the genotype, salinity stress significantly decreased the shoot and root length; seedling dry matter production, and seedling vigor. Based on the seedling vigor index, the genotype GAGE, OK04507, MTS0531, TASCOSA, ENDURANCE and GUYMON, were found to be most tolerant and CO04W320, 2174-05, CARSON, OK1070275, TX02A0252 and TX04M410211 were the most susceptible to salinity at germination stage. Combined stresses of high temperature and salinity decreased photosynthetic rate and grain yields. Based on grain yield, the genotype TASCOSA was found to be most tolerant (64 % decrease) to combined stresses, and AVALANCHE was the most susceptible to combined stresses (75 % decrease) at booting stages. Similarly, at flowering stage, TX04M410211 had greater tolerance to combined stresses (65 % decline) as compared to GAGE (83 % decline). In both experiments, tolerance was associated with higher spikelet number and seed set. In conclusion, there is genetic variability among winter wheat genotypes that can be used in breeding programs to improve winter wheat yield under combined high temperature and salinity stress conditions.
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Ali, A. "The effects of environmental stresses on performance of spring wheat genotypes." Thesis, Bangor University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382246.
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Honing, Jennifer. "Evaluation and implementation of DNA-based diagnostic methodology to distinguish wheat genotypes." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/638.
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Sarvestani, Zeinolabedin Tahmasebi. "Water stress and remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen in wheat and barley genotypes /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs251.pdf.
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Deng, Lingzhu. "Whole-Wheat Flour Milling and the Effect of Durum Genotypes and Traits on Whole-Wheat Pasta Quality." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26737.
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An ultra-centrifugal mill was evaluated by determining the effect of mill configuration and seed conditioning on particle size distribution and quality of whole-wheat (WW) flour. Ultra-centrifugal mill configured with rotor speed of 12,000 rpm, screen aperture of 250 ?m, and seed conditioning moisture of 9% resulted in a fine WW flour where 82% of particles were <150 ?m, starch damage was 5.9%, and flour temperature was below 35?C. The single-pass and multi-pass milling systems were evaluated by comparing the quality of WW flour and the subsequent WW spaghetti they produced. Two single-pass mill configurations for an ultra-centrifugal mill were used (fine grind: 15,000 rpm with 250 ?m mill screen aperture and coarse grind: 12,000 rpm with 1,000 ?m mill screen aperture) to direct grind durum grain or to regrind millstreams from roller milling to make WW flour and WW spaghetti. Particle size, starch damage, and pasting properties were similar for direct fine grind WW flour and multi-pass reconstituted flour:fine bran blend and for direct coarse grind WW flour and multi-pass reconstituted semolina:coarse bran blend. Semolna:fine bran or semolina:coarse bran blends made spaghetti with high cooked firmness, while spaghetti made from direct coarse grind or from semolina:fine bran or coarse bran blends had low cooking loss. Nineteen durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars and 17 breeding lines grown at 19 environments in North Dakota were evaluated for physical and cooking qualities of WW and traditional spaghetti. Of the 36 genotypes evaluated, 21 and 3 genotypes produced good and poor qualities of WW and traditional spaghettis, respectively, while other 12 genotypes produced good traditional spaghetti but produced poor quality WW spaghetti. These data indicate the need to select genotypes specifically for their WW pasta quality. Raw material traits (grain, semolina and WW flour characteristics) were evaluated to identify raw material traits capable of predicting WW spaghetti quality. Grain protein content had significant positive correlation with cooking quality of WW spaghetti. Stepwise multiple regressions showed grain protein content and mixogram break-time and wet gluten were the predominant characteristics in predicting cooking quality of WW spaghetti.
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Zhang, Yujuan. "Wheat grain Avenin-like protein dynamics in relation to genotypes and environments." Thesis, Zhang, Yujuan (2018) Wheat grain Avenin-like protein dynamics in relation to genotypes and environments. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/43015/.
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The recently discovered non-gluten prolamins, avenin-like proteins (ALPs) in wheat can improve flour baking qualities. In our study, 15 TaALP genes were identified and mapped to chromosomes 7A, 4A and 7D. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TaALP genes formed three major clades, types a, b, and c. The allelic variation of ALP genes in a wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) populations from Israel were investigated to study the evolution of TdALP genes under different micro environments. In total, 49 alleles were identified at 4 TdALP loci. Correlations between the sites in which wild emmer wheat accessions were collected in Israel and the diversity of their ALP allelles suggested that at least some alleles were selected for by environmental factors.
In this project, we found that TaALP genes are pathogen-inducible. Bioinformatics predicted the presence of pathogenesis-related nucleotide motifs in the promoter regions of TaALP genes. Expression levels of TaALP genes and some PR genes were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR in developing caryopses at 7, 13 and 42 days after pollination. Differential expression patterns of TaALP genes were identified in plants infected by Fusarium graminearum. Recombinant TaALP-encoded proteins significantly inhibited the fungal growth in vitro. mRNA in situ hybridization confirmed that TaALP transcripts were upregulated in aleurone, sub-aleurone, and embryos after infection. Genome-wide Fusarium head blight (FHB) index association analysis indicated that certain TaALP alleles were significantly correlated with FHB resistance. The ALPs may act as pathogen resistance proteins mediated by systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Our research indicated that TaALP genes, characterized by typical gliadin domains, are broad-spectrum, partial-resistance genes that contribute to sustainable control of wheat pathogen disease and possibly other fungus-induced disease in wheat. This exciting finding will be applicable for breeding broad range of disease-tolerant and high-quality wheat varieties for sustainable wheat production.
Books on the topic "Wheat genotypes"
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., ed. Genotype x environment interactions: Challenges and opportunities for plant breeding and cultivar recommendations. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2002.
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Subedi, K. D. Effect of low temperature, genotype and planting date on the time of anthesis and sterility in wheat in the hills of Nepal. Pokhara: Lumle Regional Agricultural Research Centre, 1997.
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Andersen, Timothy Mark. Interaction of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes and Azospirillum brasilense. 1985.
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Disease and insect pest resistant genotypes of wheat and triticale. Karnal, Haryana: Directorate of Wheat Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2002.
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Briceno-Felix, Guillermo Ariel. Inheritance of resistance to Septoria leaf blotch in selected spring bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.). 1992.
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Mendoza, Maria Graciela. Production of haploid plants in selected winter wheat genotypes through anther culture and intergeneric crosses with maize. 1998.
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T. Zuber and M. Rodehutscord. Variability in amino acid digestibility of wheat grains from diverse genotypes examined in caecectomised laying hens. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1399/eps.2016.156.
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Bassett, Lynn Maria. Environment by genotype interactions and their effect on soft white wheat quality. 1987.
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Larson, Mark J. Genotype-environment interaction and phenotypic stability of selected winter wheats (Triticum aestivium L. em Thell). 1997.
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Larson, Mark J. Genotype-environment interaction and phenotypic stability of selected winter wheats (Triticum aestivium L. em Thell). 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Wheat genotypes"
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Honsdorf, Nora, Jelle Van Loon, Bram Govaerts, and Nele Verhulst. "Crop Management for Breeding Trials." In Wheat Improvement, 257–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_15.
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AbstractAppropriate agronomic management of breeding trials plays an important role in creating selection conditions that lead to clear expression of trait differences between genotypes. Good trial management reduces experimental error to a minimum and in this way facilitates the detection of the best genotypes. The field site should be representative for the target environment of the breeding program, including soil and climatic conditions, photoperiod, and pest and disease prevalence. Uniformity of a field site is important to provide similar growing conditions to all plants. Field variability is affected by natural and management factors and leads to variability in crop performance. Additionally, pest and disease incidence tend to concentrate in patches, introducing variability not necessarily related to the susceptibility of affected genotypes. Precise agronomic management of breeding trials can reduce natural field variability and can contribute to reduce variability of crop performance. Through specialized agronomic management, contrasting selection conditions can be created in the same experimental station. The use of adequate machinery like plot seeders and harvesters contributes to precise trial management and facilitates operation. Machine seeding assures even seeding depth and density. Plot combines can be equipped with grain cleaners, on-board weighing systems and sensors to measure grain humidity and weight, which can greatly facilitate data collection.
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Sukumaran, Sivakumar, Greg Rebetzke, Ian Mackay, Alison R. Bentley, and Matthew P. Reynolds. "Pre-breeding Strategies." In Wheat Improvement, 451–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_25.
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AbstractIn general terms, pre-breeding links needed traits to new varieties and encompasses activities from discovery research, exploration of gene banks, phenomics, genomics and breeding. How does pre-breeding given its importance differ from varietal-based breeding? Why is pre-breeding important? Pre-breeding identifies trait or trait combinations to help boost yield, protect it from biotic or abiotic stress, and enhance nutritional or quality characteristics of grain. Sources of new traits/alleles are typically found in germplasm banks, and include the following categories of ‘exotic’ material: obsolete varieties, landraces, products of interspecific hybridization within the Triticeae such as chromosome translocation lines, primary synthetic genotypes and their derivatives, and related species mainly from the primary or secondary gene pools (Genus: Triticum and Aegilops). Genetic and/or phenotyping tools are used to incorporate novel alleles/traits into elite varieties. While pre-breeding is mainly associated with use of exotics, unconventional crosses or selection methodologies aimed to accumulate novel combinations of alleles or traits into good genetic backgrounds may also be considered pre-breeding. In the current chapter, we focus on pre-breeding involving research-based screening of genetic resources, strategic crossing to combine complementary traits/alleles and progeny selection using phenomic and genomic selection, aiming to bring new functional diversity into use for development of elite cultivars.
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Manske, Günther, Nigatu Tadesse, Maarten van Ginkel, Mathew Reynolds, and Paul L. G. Vlek. "Root Morphology of Wheat Genotypes Grown in Residual Moisture." In Sustainable Land Use in Deserts, 400–404. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59560-8_42.
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Liu, X., J. Jin, Q. Zhang, S. Yang, and G. Wang. "Physiological aspects of wheat genotypes differing in protein content." In Plant Nutrition, 344–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_166.
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Abdin, M. Z., P. A. Kumar, and Y. P. Abrol. "Does NADH Availability Limit Nitrate Reduction in Wheat Genotypes?" In Current Research in Photosynthesis, 2861–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0511-5_646.
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Akhtar, J., S. Nawaz, R. H. Qureshi, M. Aslam, and M. Saqib. "Development/selection of salinity and waterlogging tolerant wheat genotypes." In Tasks for vegetation science, 101–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0067-2_10.
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Aliyev, Jalal A. "Photosynthesis, Photorespiration and Productivity of Wheat Genotypes (Triticum L.)." In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China, 697–701. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32034-7_150.
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Elgharbawy, S. S., M. I. E. Abdelhamid, E. Mansour, and A. H. Salem. "Rapid Screening Wheat Genotypes for Tolerance to Heavy Metals." In Mitigating Environmental Stresses for Agricultural Sustainability in Egypt, 175–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64323-2_6.
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Awaad, Hassan Auda, and Doaa Ragheb El-Naggar. "Developing Rust Resistance of Wheat Genotypes Under Egyptian Conditions." In Mitigating Environmental Stresses for Agricultural Sustainability in Egypt, 311–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64323-2_12.
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Jankulovska, Mirjana, Sonja Ivanovska, Ljupcho Jankuloski, Mile Markoski, Biljana Kuzmanovska, and Dane Boshev. "Evaluation of advanced wheat mutant lines for food and feed quality." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 209–19. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0021.
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Abstract The main goals of this study were to evaluate the agronomic performance of wheat mutant lines; to detect the effect of genotype, location and different fertilizer levels on analysed traits; to assess seed and feed quality; and to select best performing mutant lines for dual-purpose growing. Ten wheat mutant lines were sown on two locations in Macedonia, for evaluation of their agronomic performance. At both locations, grain yield, straw mass, harvest index, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen and protein content in seed and straw, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in the straw were determined. In order to classify the genotypes based on all analysed traits, two-way cluster analysis was applied. According to their overall performance, at both locations and with the three different fertilization treatments, the mutant lines were classified in two main groups. The first cluster consisted of mutants 5/1-8, 2/2-21, 4/2-56 and 2/1-51, characterized by very high values for seed yield, straw yield and harvest index, and high to moderate values for all other traits. Only 4/2-56 had very low values for N and protein content in the seed. One mutant line, 6/2-2, did not belong to any of the groups and differed from all other genotypes based on its very low seed and straw yield and very high values for nitrogen and protein content in the straw and neutral detergent fibre. All other mutants belonged to the second group, with low to moderate yield and moderate to high values for the other traits. Mutant lines with the highest seed and straw yield, as well as the best quality of seed and straw under different management systems, were identified and after additional evaluation will be submitted for official variety registration.
Conference papers on the topic "Wheat genotypes"
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Lukovic, Kristina, Veselinka Zečevic, Vladimir Perišic, Milivoje Milovanovic, Kamenko Bratkovic, and Vera Rajicic. "STABILNOST PRINOSA ZRNA LINIJA PŠENICE CENTRA ZA STRNA ŽITA KRAGUJEVAC." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujeva, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.067l.
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In these investigations, the yield stability of 14 winter bread wheat genotypes were analyzed. The experimental part of the trial was performed at three locations (Kragujevac, Kruševac and Sombor) during 2013/2014. AMMI analysis of variance for grain yield showed that all sources of variation (genotype, environment, their interaction) had a significant effect on the expression of this complex trait. In the total variation of the experiment, the largest contribution had genotype/enviroment interaction, and genotype had the least. The most stable genotypes have been identified, which can be considered as a desirable genotypes, widely adapted to different agroecological conditions.
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Jelev, Natalia, Nina Zdioruk, Alexandru Dascaliuc, Iaroslav Parii, and Iulia Parii. "Epigenetic in heritance and selection of heat and frost resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.40.
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The primary resistance and plasticity of the response to shock with negative temperatures (SNT) or heat shock (HS) of different winter wheat genotypes grown in Ukraine and then reproduced in Moldo-va are determined. The values of the mentioned parameters specifically varied depended on the genotype specificity and conditions of seeds reproduction. Thus, data support the hypothesis about the specificity of trans-generational inheritance of wheat genotypes adaptations to extreme temperatures. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the resistance SNT value to HS and inversed value (HS/SNT) ratio may indicate the epigenetically inherited effects.
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Melian, Lolita, Liudmila Corlateanu, Victoria Mihailă, and Doina Cutitaru. "Evaluarea potenţialului de păstrare a seminţelor mostrelor din colecţia de Triticum durum L." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.17.
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The test of accelerated aging of seeds (AAS) was applied on 7 genotypes of durum wheat, and the morphophysiological parameters of seeds and seedlings, such as dynamics of seed germination, length of seedling roots, fresh and dry biomass of seedlings, were investigated. The genotypic features of collection samples of durum wheat were identified after exposure to stress factors (high temperature and humidity). Such a grouping of genotypes according to their potential ability to preserve the viability of seeds is an important complex characteristic of collection samples when they are placed for long-term storage in a plant gene bank.
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Galimova, A. A., E. A. Zaikina, and B. R. Kuluev. "SNP analysis of common wheat baking qualities." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.082.
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The allelic states of waxy genes in genomes A, B and D were studied by genome-specific primers in cultivars and lines of common wheat of the pre-Ural steppe. The studied cultivars and lines revealed differences in genotypes for genome A.
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Stupko, V. Yu, and A. V. Sidorov. "Grain yield stability of wheat varieties, developed by sell selection method." In All-Russian Scientific Conference "Russian Science, Innovation, Education - 2022". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/rosnio.2022.3.29-35.
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The agronomic stability of the variety, along with high yields, is an indispensable condition for its zoning in risky farming areas, which include also the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The technology of cell selection under inducted stress in vitro (salinity, low pH) may produce genetic diversity based on the somaclonal variations. A comparative assessment of the yield stability of the regenerate varieties obtained by this method and of their donor genotypes was carried out. Field experiments were carried out for three years differing by moisture at the experimental production farm “Minino” near Krasnoyarsk city. The linear regression coefficient (bi) and squared deviation (s2 d) had suggested by S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell were used for the evaluation of varieties. A significant difference in phenotypic stability was revealed between donor varieties and regenerate ones. The regenerate varieties appeared to be better adapted to low-yielding locations (bi<0,7). However, the presence of a number of regenerate varieties, demonstrating, in comparison with the donor genotype, greater yield stability (bi → 1; s2 d → 0) with an average yield close to the original genotype, is to be noted. This shows the potential of cell selection for the stability increase of high yield varieties. In general, high variability of regenerate varieties deviation from their donor
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STRAZDINA, Vija, Valentina FETERE, Liga FEODOROVA-FEDOTOVA, Janis JASKO, and Olga TREIKALE. "REACTION OF WINTER WHEAT GENOTYPES ON THE YELLOW (STRIPE) RUST PUCCINIA STRIIFORMIS, WES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.124.
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Yellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Wes. is one of the most significant diseases constraint to winter wheat production in the world. Since 2011 in Europe have appeared distinct new races – Warrior, Kranich, Warrior (-) that have caused wide epidemics on different cultivars of wheat. Grain yield losses can be prevented by using a combination of varietal resistance and fungicides. Information on wheat variety susceptibility to local yellow (stripe) rust Puccinia striiformis Wes. races can help to reduce the risk of yield losses in high disease pressure situations. Field trials with eight most popular and perspective winter wheat varieties in Latvia were established in the North-Western part of Latvia (Stende Research Centre) in autumn of 2016. The trial was designed as two randomized complete blocks (treated and untreated) and data were statistically interpreted. Two applications of fungicides at BBCH 29-32 by T1 (prothioconazol 53 g L-1, spiroxamin 224 g L-1, tebucanazole 148 g L-1) and at BBCH 37-39 - T2 (bixafen 65 g L-1, prothioconazol 130 g L-1, fluopyram 65 g L-1- 1.5 L ha-1) were used to control the YR. Yield and 1000 kernel weight (TKW) were determined. Preliminary results indicated the difference between genotypes resistance/susceptibility to YR. The severity of infection level was 1- 80% depending on genotype resistance. Application of fungicides increased grain yield by 2.9 % to 33.0% and TKW by 3.4% - 33.2 % depending on variety. Observations showed the difference in the occurrence of symptoms on YR in different varieties of winter wheat under conditions of 2017 in Stende.
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Jelev, Natalia, Nina Zdioruk, Tudor Ralea, and Alexandru Dascaliuc. "Epigenetic inheritance and selection of heat and frost resistant wheat genotypes." In XIth International Congress of Geneticists and Breeders from the Republic of Moldova. Scientific Association of Geneticists and Breeders of the Republic of Moldova, Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Moldova State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/cga11.2021.010.
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Faizieva, S. A., U. K. Aliev, F. B. Hujamerova, and K. A. Aliev. "MAKING MORPHOGENIC CALLI OF DIFFERENT WHEAT GENOTYPES TO IN VITRO CULTURE." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-1403-1406.
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Pais, Isabel Pereira, Rita Moreira, José Nobre Semedo, Fernando Henrique Reboredo, Fernando Cebola Lidon, Benvindo Maçãs, and Paula Scotti-Campos. "Effects of Waterlogging on Growth and Development of Bread Wheat Genotypes." In IECPS 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-11989.
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Ylli (Kraja), Ariana, Ilirjana Stamo, and Fatbardha Babani. "Biophysical and biochemical parameters of Italian wheat genotypes tested in Albanian condition." In SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE BALKAN PHYSICAL UNION. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2733571.
Full textReports on the topic "Wheat genotypes"
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Breiman, Adina, Jan Dvorak, Abraham Korol, and Eduard Akhunov. Population Genomics and Association Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes in Israeli Populations of Wild Relatives of Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides and Aegilops speltoides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697121.bard.
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Wheat is the most widely grown crop on earth, together with rice it is second to maize in total global tonnage. One of the emerging threats to wheat is stripe (yellow) rust, especially in North Africa, West and Central Asia and North America. The most efficient way to control plant diseases is to introduce disease resistant genes. However, the pathogens can overcome rapidly the effectiveness of these genes when they are wildly used. Therefore, there is a constant need to find new resistance genes to replace the non-effective genes. The resistance gene pool in the cultivated wheat is depleted and there is a need to find new genes in the wild relative of wheat. Wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) the progenitor of the cultivated wheat can serve as valuable gene pool for breeding for disease resistance. Transferring of novel genes into elite cultivars is highly facilitated by the availability of information of their chromosomal location. Therefore, our goals in this study was to find stripe rust resistant and susceptible genotypes in Israeli T. dicoccoides population, genotype them using state of the art genotyping methods and to find association between genetic markers and stripe rust resistance. We have screened 129 accessions from our collection of wild emmer wheat for resistance to three isolates of stripe rust. About 30% of the accessions were resistant to one or more isolates, 50% susceptible, and the rest displayed intermediate response. The accessions were genotyped with Illumina'sInfinium assay which consists of 9K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. About 13% (1179) of the SNPs were polymorphic in the wild emmer population. Cluster analysis based on SNP diversity has shown that there are two main groups in the wild population. A big cluster probably belongs to the Horanum ssp. and a small cluster of the Judaicum ssp. In order to avoid population structure bias, the Judaicum spp. was removed from the association analysis. In the remaining group of genotypes, linkage disequilibrium (LD) measured along the chromosomes decayed rapidly within one centimorgan. This is the first time when such analysis is conducted on a genome wide level in wild emmer. Such a rapid decay in LD level, quite unexpected for a selfer, was not observed in cultivated wheat collection. It indicates that wild emmer populations are highly suitable for association studies yielding a better resolution than association studies in cultivated wheat or genetic mapping in bi-parental populations. Significant association was found between an SNP marker located in the distal region of chromosome arm 1BL and resistance to one of the isolates. This region is not known in the literature to bear a stripe rust resistance gene. Therefore, there may be a new stripe rust resistance gene in this locus. With the current fast increase of wheat genome sequence data, genome wide association analysis becomes a feasible task and efficient strategy for searching novel genes in wild emmer wheat. In this study, we have shown that the wild emmer gene pool is a valuable source for new stripe rust resistance genes that can protect the cultivated wheat.
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Blum, Abraham, and Henry T. Nguyen. Molecular Tagging of Drought Resistance in Wheat: Osmotic Adjustment and Plant Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580672.bard.
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Drought stress is a major limitation to bread wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) productivity and its yield stability in arid and semi-arid regions of world including parts of Israel and the U.S. Currently, breeding for sustained yields under drought stress is totally dependent on the use of yield and several key physiological attributes as selection indices. The attempt to identify the optimal genotype by evaluating the phenotype is undermining progress in such breeding programs. Osmotic adjustment (OA) is an effective drought resistance mechanism in many crop plants. Evidence exists that there is a genetic variation for OA in wheat and that high OA capacity supports wheat yields under drought stress. The major objective of this research was to identify molecular markers (RFLPs, restriction fragment length polymorphisms; and AFLPs, amplified fragment length polymorph isms) linked to OA as a major attribute of drought resistance in wheat and thus to facilitate marker-assisted selection for drought resistance. We identified high and low OA lines of wheat and from their cross developed recombinant inbred lines (RILs) used in the molecular tagging of OA in relation to drought resistance in terms of plant production under stress. The significant positive co-segregation of OA, plant water status and yield under stress in this RIL population provided strong support for the important role of OA as a drought resistance mechanism sustaining wheat production under drought stress. This evidence was obtained in addition to the initial study of parental materials for constructing this RIL population, which also gave evidence for a strong correlation between OA and grain yield under stress. This research therefore provides conclusive evidence on the important role of OA in sustaining wheat yield under drought stress. The measurement of OA is difficult and the selection for drought resistance by the phenotypic expression of OA is practically impossible. This research provided information on the genetic basis of OA in wheat in relations to yield under stress. It provided the basic information to indicate that molecular marker assisted selection for OA in wheat is possible. The RIL population has been created by a cross between two agronomic spring wheat lines and the high OA recombinants in this population presented very high OA values, not commonly observed in wheat. These recombinants are therefore an immediate valuable genetic recourse for breeding well-adapted drought resistant wheat in Texas and Israel. We feel that this work taken as a whole eliminate the few previous speculated . doubts about the practical role of OA as an important mechanism of drought resistance in economic crop plants. As such it should open the way, in terms of both concept and the use of marker assisted selection, for improving drought resistance in wheat by deploying high osmotic adjustment.
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Feldman, Moshe, Eitan Millet, Calvin O. Qualset, and Patrick E. McGuire. Mapping and Tagging by DNA Markers of Wild Emmer Alleles that Improve Quantitative Traits in Common Wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573081.bard.
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The general goal was to identify, map, and tag, with DNA markers, segments of chromosomes of a wild species (wild emmer wheat, the progenitor of cultivated wheat) determining the number, chromosomal locations, interactions, and effects of genes that control quantitative traits when transferred to a cultivated plant (bread wheat). Slight modifications were introduced and not all objectives could be completed within the human and financial resources available, as noted with the specific objectives listed below: 1. To identify the genetic contribution of each of the available wild emmer chromosome-arm substitution lines (CASLs) in the bread wheat cultivar Bethlehem for quantitative traits, including grain yield and its components and grain protein concentration and yield, and the effect of major loci affecting the quality of end-use products. [The quality of end-use products was not analyzed.] 2. To determine the extent and nature of genetic interactions (epistatic effects) between and within homoeologous groups 1 and 7 for the chromosome arms carrying "wild" and "cultivated" alleles as expressed in grain and protein yields and other quantitative traits. [Two experiments were successful, grain protein concentration could not be measured; data are partially analyzed.] 3. To derive recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) for the chromosome arms of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 that were found previously to promote grain and protein yields of cultivated wheat. [The selection of groups 1 and 7 tons based on grain yield in pot experiments. After project began, it was decided also to derive RSLs for the available arms of homoeologous group 4 (4AS and 4BL), based on the apparent importance of chromosome group 4, based on early field trials of the CASLs.] 4. To characterize the RSLs for quantitative traits as in objective 1 and map and tag chromosome segments producing significant effects (quantitative trait loci, QTLs by RFLP markers. [Producing a large population of RSLs for each chromosome arm and mapping them proved more difficult than anticipated, low numbers of RSLs were obtained for two of the chromosome arms.] 5. To construct recombination genetic maps of chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 and to compare them to existing maps of wheat and other cereals [Genetic maps are not complete for homoeologous groups 4 and 7.] The rationale for this project is that wild species have characteristics that would be valuable if transferred to a crop plant. We demonstrated the sequence of chromosome manipulations and genetic tests needed to confirm this potential value and enhance transfer. This research has shown that a wild tetraploid species harbors genetic variability for quantitative traits that is interactive and not simply additive when introduced into a common genetic background. Chromosomal segments from several chromosome arms improve yield and protein in wheat but their effect is presumably enhanced when combination of genes from several segments are integrated into a single genotype in order to achieve the benefits of genes from the wild species. The interaction between these genes and those in the recipient species must be accounted for. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for some of the disappointing results that have historically obtained when using wild species as donors for crop improvement and provide a strategy for further successes.
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Semaan, Dima, and Linda Scobie. Feasibility study for in vitro analysis of infectious foodborne HEV. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wfa626.
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the Hepeviridae family capable of infecting humans producing a range of symptoms from mild disease to kidney failure. Epidemiological evidence suggests that hepatitis E genotype III and IV cases may be associated with the consumption of undercooked pork meat, offal and processed products such as sausages [1]. A study carried out by the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), found hepatitis E virus contamination in the UK pork production chain and that 10% of a small sample of retail pork sausages were contaminated with the virus [2]. Furthermore, studies have confirmed the presence of HEV in the food chain and the foodborne transmission of Hepatitis E virus to humans [reviewed in 5]. Likewise, Scottish shellfish at retail [6] have also been found positive for HEV viral nucleic acid and some preliminary studies indicate that the virus is also detectable in soft fruits (L Scobie; unpublished data). There are current misunderstandings in what this data represents, and these studies have raised further questions concerning the infectivity of the virus, the processing of these foods by industry and the cooking and/or preparation by caterers and consumers. There are significant gaps in the knowledge around viral infectivity, in particular the nature of the preparation of food matrices to isolate the virus, and also with respect to a consistent and suitable assay for confirming infectivity [1,3]. Currently, there is no suitable test for infectivity, and, in addition, we have no knowledge if specific food items would be detrimental to cells when assessing the presence of infectious virus in vitro. The FSA finalised a comprehensive critical review on the approaches to assess the infectivity of the HEV virus which is published [3] recommending that a cell culture based method should be developed for use with food. In order to proceed with the development of an infectivity culture method, there is a requirement to assess if food matrices are detrimental to cell culture cell survival. Other issues that may have affected the ability to develop a consistent method are the length of time the virally contaminated sample is exposed to the cells and the concentration of the virus present. In most cases, the sample is only exposed to the cells for around 1 hour and it has been shown that if the concentration is less that 1x103 copies then infection is not established [3,5,10,11].