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Journal articles on the topic 'Wheat Genetics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Tyryshkin, L. G., and N. A. Tyryshkina-Shishelova. "Genetics of wheat somaclones resistance to Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (January 1, 2002): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10352-pps.

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Genetics of resistance to common root rot and dark brown leaf spot blotch (both caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem.)<br />was studied in wheat somaclonal lines, obtained in calluses culture of samples 181-5 and Vera. Four different approaches<br />were used: linear analysis of resistance in generations of segregating somaclonal lines, hybridological analysis, study<br />of resistance components, study of possible durability of resistance. Results showed, that resistance to both diseases is<br />likely controlled by polygenic systems with additive actions of minor genes. Different lines possess non-identical genetic<br />systems for resistance. Several lines kept their initial level of resistance to spot blotch after 5 cycles of the pathogen<br />artificial population reproduction.

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2

Wingen, Luzie U., Claire West, Michelle Leverington-Waite, Sarah Collier, Simon Orford, Richard Goram, Cai-Yun Yang, et al. "Wheat Landrace Genome Diversity." Genetics 205, no. 4 (February 17, 2017): 1657–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.194688.

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3

Feldman, Moshe, Bao Liu, Gregorio Segal, Shahal Abbo, Avraham A. Levy, and Juan M. Vega. "Rapid Elimination of Low-Copy DNA Sequences in Polyploid Wheat: A Possible Mechanism for Differentiation of Homoeologous Chromosomes." Genetics 147, no. 3 (November 1, 1997): 1381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.3.1381.

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To study genome evolution in allopolyploid plants, we analyzed polyploid wheats and their diploid progenitors for the occurrence of 16 low-copy chromosome- or genome-specific sequences isolated from hexaploid wheat. Based on their occurrence in the diploid species, we classified the sequences into two groups: group I, found in only one of the three diploid progenitors of hexaploid wheat, and group II, found in all three diploid progenitors. The absence of group II sequences from one genome of tetraploid wheat and from two genomes of hexaploid wheat indicates their specific elimination from these genomes at the polyploid level. Analysis of a newly synthesized amphiploid, having a genomic constitution analogous to that of hexaploid wheat, revealed a pattern of sequence elimination similar to the one found in hexaploid wheat. Apparently, speciation through allopolyploidy is accompanied by a rapid, nonrandom elimination of specific, lowcopy, probably noncoding DNA sequences at the early stages of allopolyploidization, resulting in further divergence of homoeologous chromosomes (partially homologous chromosomes of different genomes carrying the same order of gene loci). We suggest that such genomic changes may provide the physical basis for the diploid-like meiotic behavior of polyploid wheat.

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4

Stehno, Z., J. Bradová, L. Dotlačil, and P. Konvalina. "Landraces and obsolete cultivars of minor wheat species in the czech collection of wheat genetic resources." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, Special Issue (March 31, 2010): S100—S105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2664-cjgpb.

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The proportions of landraces in the Czech collection of wheat genetic resources significantly differentiates among wheat species, 4.2% in bread, 77.6% in emmer, and 80.0% in the einkorn wheat collections. A set of 10 selected emmer wheat landraces has been characterized by high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs). They were evaluated for 3 years in field trials, and described by grain quality parameters. Emmer wheat accessions differ considerably in the polymorphisms of HMW-GSs. Out of the total of 10 studied emmer wheat landraces, 5 accessions appeared to be homogeneous in the electrophoretic patterns of HMW-GSs; they were formed by a single glutenin line. Much higher crude protein content was detected in all of the emmer wheat accessions, in comparison with the control bread wheat cultivar. The proportion of this important component varied between 15.5% and 22.2%. On the other hand, SDS sedimentation, an important parameter of bread making quality, was very low (1.2–4.4 ml); and a similar situation has been recorded in the gluten index. Based on such results, the emmer wheat landraces can be considered potentially more suitable for other purposes than for the preparation of bread (<I>e.g. </I>for different grain mixtures, purée, etc.).

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5

Röder, Marion S., Victor Korzun, Katja Wendehake, Jens Plaschke, Marie-Hélène Tixier, Philippe Leroy, and Martin W. Ganal. "A Microsatellite Map of Wheat." Genetics 149, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 2007–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.4.2007.

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Abstract Hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) is one of the world's most important crop plants and displays a very low level of intraspecific polymorphism. We report the development of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers using procedures optimized for the large wheat genome. The isolation of microsatellite-containing clones from hypomethylated regions of the wheat genome increased the proportion of useful markers almost twofold. The majority (80%) of primer sets developed are genome-specific and detect only a single locus in one of the three genomes of bread wheat (A, B, or D). Only 20% of the markers detect more than one locus. A total of 279 loci amplified by 230 primer sets were placed onto a genetic framework map composed of RFLPs previously mapped in the reference population of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) Opata 85 × W7984. Sixty-five microsatellites were mapped at a LOD >2.5, and 214 microsatellites were assigned to the most likely intervals. Ninety-three loci were mapped to the A genome, 115 to the B genome, and 71 to the D genome. The markers are randomly distributed along the linkage map, with clustering in several centromeric regions.

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6

Flavell, Richard B., and John W. Snape. "Michael Denis Gale. 25 August 1943—18 July 2009." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 69 (August 26, 2020): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2020.0011.

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Michael (Mike) Gale was an internationally well-known crop geneticist with a career devoted mostly to wheat genetics. However, he also studied rice, maize, pearl millet and fox millet for the benefit of agriculture in developing countries. He brought new knowledge and techniques into plant breeding that made a difference to crop improvement worldwide. Noteworthy is his team's leadership in (i) defining the genetic basis of dwarfism in wheat, the major genetic innovation underlying the previously achieved ‘green revolution’ in wheat production; (ii) expanding knowledge of ‘pre-harvest sprouting’, which occurs in many wheat varieties growing in temperate climates, which reduces their flour quality and value; (iii) developing the first comprehensive genetic maps of wheat based on isozymic and DNA-based molecular markers; and (iv) developing the comparative genetics of grasses based on the conserved order of genes on chromosome segments, consistent with the evolution of the species from a common ancestor. These discoveries had a major impact in plant genetics. His team also provided the worldwide cereal geneticists and breeding communities with technologies and genetic markers that accelerated the development of cereal genetics and facilitated more efficient plant breeding. He made major and influential contributions to international agricultural research, particularly targeted at developing countries, through his participation on international and national committees, including those of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research. His contribution helped to drive the international research agenda for crop genetics, plant breeding and plant science generally.

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7

Ondrejčák, F., and D. Muchová. "Winter Wheat Markola." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, No. 1 (November 21, 2011): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6053-cjgpb.

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8

Rückschloss, L., A. Hanková, and K. Mazúchová. "Winter Wheat Veldava." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, No. 1 (November 21, 2011): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6055-cjgpb.

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9

Bobková, L. "Spring wheat Granny." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 40, No. 3 (November 23, 2011): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6092-cjgpb.

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10

Laml, P. "Winter Wheat Banquet." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 3-4 (August 1, 2012): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6251-cjgpb.

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11

Laml, P., and J. Pánek. "Winter wheat Bakfis." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 44, No. 4 (January 22, 2009): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/75/2008-cjgpb.

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12

Horčička, P., A. Hanišová, O. Veškrna, and A. Hanzalová. "Spring wheat Septima." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 45, No. 4 (December 27, 2009): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/86/2009-cjgpb.

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13

Goncharov, N. P. "Comparative-genetic analysis – a base for wheat taxonomy revision." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, Special Issue (July 31, 2012): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6132-cjgpb.

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14

Gill, Bikram S., Rudi Appels, Anna-Maria Botha-Oberholster, C. Robin Buell, Jeffrey L. Bennetzen, Boulos Chalhoub, Forrest Chumley, et al. "A Workshop Report on Wheat Genome Sequencing." Genetics 168, no. 2 (October 2004): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.034769.

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15

Roberts, Michael A., Steve M. Reader, Caroline Dalgliesh, Terry E. Miller, Tracie N. Foote, Lesley J. Fish, John W. Snape, and Graham Moore. "Induction and Characterization of Ph1 Wheat Mutants." Genetics 153, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 1909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.4.1909.

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Abstract The cloning of genes for complex traits in polyploid plants that possess large genomes, such as hexaploid wheat, requires an efficient strategy. We present here one such strategy focusing on the homeologous pairing suppressor (Ph1) locus of wheat. This locus has been shown to affect both premeiotic and meiotic processes, possibly suggesting a complex control. The strategy combined the identification of lines carrying specific deletions using multiplex PCR screening of fast-neutron irradiated wheat populations with the approach of physically mapping the region in the rice genome equivalent to the deletion to reveal its gene content. As a result, we have located the Ph1 factor controlling the euploid-like level of homologous chromosome pairing to the region between two loci (Xrgc846 and Xpsr150A). These loci are located within 400 kb of each other in the rice genome. By sequencing this region of the rice genome, it should now be possible to define the nature of this factor.

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16

Dvorak, J., K. R. Deal, and M. C. Luo. "Discovery and Mapping of Wheat Ph1 Suppressors." Genetics 174, no. 1 (May 15, 2006): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.106.058115.

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17

Feldman, Moshe, and Avraham A. Levy. "Genome Evolution Due to Allopolyploidization in Wheat." Genetics 192, no. 3 (November 2012): 763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.146316.

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18

Ni, J., B. Feng, Z. Xu, and T. Wang. "Dynamic changes of wheat quality during grain filling in waxy wheat WX12." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S182—S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3277-cjgpb.

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Changes of quality traits such as grain sugar, starch, and protein content in full waxy and normal wheat in field grown samples was studied during grain filling. Compared to the normal line, the soluble sugar, sucrose and pentosan contents were higher in the waxy isoline. The highest pentosan content in waxy wheat was 22–27 days after flowering (DAF), while the highest fructan content was 7–12 DAF. In addition, the quality dynamic changes of two wheat lines were similar except for starch content during grain filling, the V<sub>max</sub> of starch synthesis were highest at 17–22 DAF in the waxy line, while this was at 22–27 DAF in the normal line. The results indicated that according to the different dynamic changes between waxy and common wheat, the quality of waxy wheat may be improved by optimum cultivation measures.

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19

McDonald, B. A., R. E. Pettway, R. S. Chen, J. M. Boeger, and J. P. Martinez. "The population genetics of Septoria tritici (teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola)." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-259.

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The DNA-based markers of molecular genetics were combined with the analytical tools of population genetics to learn about the population biology of the wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. DNA-based genetic markers, including restriction fragment length polymorphisms in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, DNA fingerprints, and electrophoretic karyotypes were used in combination to show that the amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among field populations of M. graminicola is similar around the world. Measures of gametic disequilibrium suggested that the sexual stage of reproduction has a more significant impact on the genetic structure of M. graminicola populations than asexual reproduction. A field experiment conducted over a 3-year period showed that populations had a high degree of genetic stability over time. The potential effects of selection were quantified in a cultivar mixture experiment with four wheat cultivars that varied in resistance to M. graminicola. In combination, these experiments demonstrated the utility of selectively neutral genetic markers to elucidate the population genetics of fungi. Key words: genetic diversity, wheat, gene flow, RFLPs, DNA fingerprinting.

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20

Cruz, P. J., J. A. G. Silva, F. I. F. Carvalho, A. C. Oliveira, G. Benin, E. A. Vieira, D. A. M. Schmidt, T. Finatto, G. Ribeiro, and D. A. R. Fonseca. "Genetics of lodging-resistance in wheat." Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2005): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/1984-7033.v05n01a15.

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21

Langridge, P., E. S. Lagudah, T. A. Holton, R. Appels, P. J. Sharp, and K. J. Chalmers. "Trends in genetic and genome analyses in wheat: a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 12 (2001): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01082.

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The size and structure of the wheat genome makes it one of the most complex crop species for genetic analysis. The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis, in particular the use of molecular markers to monitor DNA sequence variation between varieties, landraces, and wild relatives of wheat and related grass species, has led to a dramatic expansion in our understanding of wheat genetics and the structure and behaviour of the wheat genome. This review provides an overview of these developments, examines some of the special issues that have arisen in applying molecular techniques to genetic studies in wheat, and looks at the applications of these technologies to wheat breeding and to improving our understanding of the genetic basis of traits such as disease resistance and processing quality. The review also attempts to foreshadow some of the key molecular issues and developments that may occur in wheat genetics and breeding over the next few years.

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22

Ren, Xiaopeng, Chuyuan Wang, Zhuang Ren, Jing Wang, Peipei Zhang, Shuqing Zhao, Mengyu Li, et al. "Genetics of Resistance to Leaf Rust in Wheat: An Overview in a Genome-Wide Level." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 3247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043247.

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Due to the global warming and dynamic changes in pathogenic virulence, leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina has greatly expanded its epidermic region and become a severe threat to global wheat production. Genetic bases of wheat resistance to leaf rust mainly rely on the leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene or quantitative trait locus (QLr). Although these genetic loci have been insensitively studied during the last two decades, an updated overview of Lr/QLr in a genome-wide level is urgently needed. This review summarized recent progresses of genetic studies of wheat resistance to leaf rust. Wheat germplasms with great potentials for genetic improvement in resistance to leaf rust were highlighted. Key information about the genetic loci carrying Lr/QLr was summarized. A genome-wide chromosome distribution map for all of the Lr/QLr was generated based on the released wheat reference genome. In conclusion, this review has provided valuable sources for both wheat breeders and researchers to understand the genetics of resistance to leaf rust in wheat.

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23

Luo, Ming-Cheng, Jorge Dubcovsky, and Jan Dvořák. "Recognition of Homeology by the Wheat Ph1 Locus." Genetics 144, no. 3 (November 1, 1996): 1195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.3.1195.

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Abstract Chromosome 1Am of Triticum monococcum is closely homeologous to T. aestivum chromosome 1A but recombines with it little in the presence of the wheat suppressor of homeologous chromosome pairing, Ph1. In the absence of Ph1, the two chromosomes recombine as if they were completely homologous. Chromosomes having either terminal or interstitial segments of chromosome 1Am in 1A were constructed and their recombination with 1A was investigated in the presence of Ph1. No recombination was detected in the homeologous (1Am/1A) segments, irrespective of whether terminally or interstitially positioned in a chromosome, whereas the levels of recombination in the juxtaposed homologous (1A/1A) segments was normal or close to normal relative to completely homologous 1A chromosomes. These observations show that Ph1 does not regulate chromosome pairing by premeiotic chromosome alignment and a mitotic spindle-centromere interaction, as has been suggested, but processes homology along the entire length of chromosomes.

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24

Golenberg, Edward M. "LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS IN WILD EMMER WHEAT, TRITICUM DICOCCOIDES." Genetics 114, no. 3 (November 1, 1986): 1023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.3.1023.

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ABSTRACT The linkage relationships in wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, between nine enzymatic loci (Mdh-1, Ipo, β-Glu, Pept-1, Pept-3, Est-5, Est-1, 6Pgdh-2 and Hk) and a coleoptile pigment locus (Rc) were investigated. Chromosome locations of genes were inferred from analysis of ditelocentric lines of Triticum aestivum, cultivar Chinese Spring. The loci Mdh-B1 and Hk are linked (lambda = 0.1869) and are most likely located on the chromosome 1B. The loci Pept-B1 and Rc are linked (lambda = 0.2758) and are located on the 6Bq chromosomal arm. Rc also has significant interactions with the loci Pept-3 and Ipo, although there is no significant linkage detectable. The interactions may be a result of epigenetic interactions. Est-1 has only one active product in T. dicoccoides and is most likely located on the 3Ap chromosome arm. No significant interactions were found for the remaining loci.

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25

Hanzalová, A., V. Dumalasová, T. Sumí kova, and P. Bartoš. "Rust resistance of the French wheat cultivar Renan." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 2 (January 7, 2008): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1912-cjgpb.

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Our field experiments confirmed the leaf rust resistance of cv. Renan in the Czech Republic. Whereas the leaf rust resistance gene <i>Lr37</i> possessed by Renan is generally effective as late as at the adult plant stage, we found one leaf rust isolate that caused resistant to moderately resistant reactions on NIL <i>Lr37</i> as well as on the cv. Renan already at the seedling stage. This isolate was used in the study of genetics of the leaf rust resistance of cv. Renan in greenhouse experiments. The presence of translocation from <i>Aegilops ventricosa</i> carrying the cluster of rust resistance genes <i>Lr37</i>, <i>Sr38</i> and <i>Yr17</i> was also determined by a PCR molecular marker. All experiments confirmed the presence of <i>Lr37</i> gene in cv. Renan. The presence of <i>Lr14a</i>, postulated earlier, could not be verified. The resistance of cv. Renan in the field was slightly higher than that of the line Tc/8//VPM1 possessing <i>Lr37</i>, which may indicate a more complex genetic base of leaf rust resistance in the cv. Renan. In the progeny of the cross Boka/Renan leaf rust resistance gene <i>Lr37</i> behaved as a recessive or partially dominant gene, stem rust resistance gene <i>Sr38</i> as a dominant gene.

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26

Simons, Kristin J., John P. Fellers, Harold N. Trick, Zengcui Zhang, Yin-Shan Tai, Bikram S. Gill, and Justin D. Faris. "Molecular Characterization of the Major Wheat Domestication Gene Q." Genetics 172, no. 1 (September 19, 2005): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.044727.

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27

Dilbirligi, Muharrem, Mustafa Erayman, Devinder Sandhu, Deepak Sidhu, and Kulvinder S. Gill. "Identification of Wheat Chromosomal Regions Containing Expressed Resistance Genes." Genetics 166, no. 1 (January 2004): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.166.1.461.

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28

Kalavacharla, Venu, Khwaja Hossain, Yong Gu, Oscar Riera-Lizarazu, M. Isabel Vales, Suresh Bhamidimarri, Jose L. Gonzalez-Hernandez, Shivcharan S. Maan, and Shahryar F. Kianian. "High-Resolution Radiation Hybrid Map of Wheat Chromosome 1D." Genetics 173, no. 2 (April 19, 2006): 1089–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.106.056481.

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29

Khasdan, Vadim, Beery Yaakov, Zina Kraitshtein, and Khalil Kashkush. "Developmental Timing of DNA Elimination Following Allopolyploidization in Wheat." Genetics 185, no. 1 (March 9, 2010): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.110.116178.

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30

Megyeri, M., M. Molnár-Láng, and I. Molnár. "Cytomolecular Identification of Individual Wheat-Wheat Chromosome Arm Associations in Wheat-Rye Hybrids." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 139, no. 2 (2013): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000346047.

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31

Wan, Hongshen, Fan Yang, Jun Li, Qin Wang, Zehou Liu, Yonglu Tang, and Wuyun Yang. "Genetic Improvement and Application Practices of Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat." Genes 14, no. 2 (January 21, 2023): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14020283.

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Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) is a useful genetic resource that can be used to improve the performance of common wheat by transferring favorable genes from a wide range of tetraploid or diploid donors. From the perspectives of physiology, cultivation, and molecular genetics, the use of SHW has the potential to increase wheat yield. Moreover, genomic variation and recombination were enhanced in newly formed SHW, which could generate more genovariation or new gene combinations compared to ancestral genomes. Accordingly, we presented a breeding strategy for the application of SHW—the ‘large population with limited backcrossing method’—and we pyramided stripe rust resistance and big-spike-related QTLs/genes from SHW into new high-yield cultivars, which represents an important genetic basis of big-spike wheat in southwestern China. For further breeding applications of SHW-derived cultivars, we used the ‘recombinant inbred line-based breeding method’ that combines both phenotypic and genotypic evaluations to pyramid multi-spike and pre-harvest sprouting resistance QTLs/genes from other germplasms to SHW-derived cultivars; consequently, we created record-breaking high-yield wheat in southwestern China. To meet upcoming environmental challenges and continuous global demand for wheat production, SHW with broad genetic resources from wild donor species will play a major role in wheat breeding.

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32

Devos, K. M., S. Chao, Q. Y. Li, M. C. Simonetti, and M. D. Gale. "Relationship between chromosome 9 of maize and wheat homeologous group 7 chromosomes." Genetics 138, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 1287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.4.1287.

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Abstract Comparison of the genetic map of maize chromosome 9 with maps of wheat chromosomes has revealed a high degree of colinearity between maize chromosome 9 and the group 4 and 7 chromosomes of wheat. The order of DNA markers on the short arm and a proximal region of the long arm of the genetic map of maize chromosome 9 is highly conserved with the marker order on the short arm and proximal region of the long arm of the genetic map of the wheat homeologous group 7 chromosomes. A major part of the long arm of the genetic map of maize chromosome 9 is homeologous with a short segment in the proximal region of the long arm of the genetic map of the wheat group 4 chromosomes. Evidence is also presented that maize chromosome 9 has diverged from the wheat group 7 chromosomes by both a pericentric and a paracentric inversion. The paracentric inversion is probably unique to maize among the major cereal genomes.

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33

Vrána, Jan, Marie Kubaláková, Hana Simková, Jarmila Číhalíkovái, Martin A. Lysák, and Jaroslav Dolezel. "Flow Sorting of Mitotic Chromosomes in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Genetics 156, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 2033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.4.2033.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to develop an improved procedure for preparation of chromosome suspensions, and to evaluate the potential of flow cytometry for chromosome sorting in wheat. Suspensions of intact chromosomes were prepared by mechanical homogenization of synchronized root tips after mild fixation with formaldehyde. Histograms of relative fluorescence intensity (flow karyotypes) obtained after the analysis of DAPI-stained chromosomes were characterized and the chromosome content of all peaks on wheat flow karyotype was determined for the first time. Only chromosome 3B could be discriminated on flow karyotypes of wheat lines with standard karyotype. Remaining chromosomes formed three composite peaks and could be sorted only as groups. Chromosome 3B could be sorted at purity >95% as determined by microscopic evaluation of sorted fractions that were labeled using C-PRINS with primers for GAA microsatellites and for Afa repeats, respectively. Chromosome 5BL/7BL could be sorted in two wheat cultivars at similar purity, indicating a potential of various wheat stocks for sorting of other chromosome types. PCR with chromosome-specific primers confirmed the identity of sorted fractions and suitability of flow-sorted chromosomes for physical mapping and for construction of small-insert DNA libraries. Sorted chromosomes were also found suitable for the preparation of high-molecular-weight DNA. On the basis of these results, it seems realistic to propose construction of large-insert chromosome-specific DNA libraries in wheat. The availability of such libraries would greatly simplify the analysis of the complex wheat genome.

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34

Bellil, I., M. Chekara Bouziani, and D. Khelifi. "Genetic diversity of high and low molecular weight glutenin subunits in Saharan bread and durum wheats from Algerian oases." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 48, No. 1 (March 15, 2012): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/105/2011-cjgpb.

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Saharan wheats have been studied particularly from a botanical viewpoint. Genotypic identification, classification and genetic diversity studies to date were essentially based on the morphology of the spike and grain. For this, the allelic variation at the glutenin loci was studied in a set of Saharan bread and durum wheats from Algerian oases where this crop has been traditionally cultivated. The high molecular weight and low molecular weight glutenin subunit composition of 40 Saharan bread and 30 durum wheats was determined by SDS-PAGE. In Saharan bread wheats 32 alleles at the six glutenin loci were detected, which in combination resulted in 36 different patterns including 17 for HMW and 23 for LMW glutenin subunits. For the Saharan durum wheats, 29 different alleles were identified for the five glutenin loci studied. Altogether, 29 glutenin patterns were detected, including 13 for HMW-GS and 20 for LMW-GS. Three new alleles were found in Saharan wheats, two in durum wheat at the Glu-B1 and Glu-B3 loci, and one in bread wheat at the Glu-B1 locus. The mean indices of genetic variation at the six loci in bread wheat and at the five loci in durum wheat were 0.59 and 0.63, respectively, showing that Saharan wheats were more diverse. This information could be useful to select Saharan varieties with improved quality and also as a source of genes to develop new lines when breeding for quality.

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35

Lytvynenko, M. A., Ye A. Holub, and Ya S. Fanin. "Influence of wheat-rye translocations on yield and productivity elements of soft winter wheat in southern Ukraine." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 6, no. 1 (August 15, 2022): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0205.

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Topicality. The level of genetic yield potential and adaptive properties of modern bread winter wheat varieties at this stage of breeding development is at a fairly high level. So breeding, improve-ment of bread winter wheat is becoming increasingly difficult. For this purpose, the creation and identification of new genetic sources of valuable traits and creation of genetic diversity, evaluation and selection of desired genotypes is extremely relevant. Issues. Introduction of alien translocations into the gene pool of bread winter wheat can serve as one of such sources of new original genetic material. However, the effects of these translocations are manifested to varying degrees depending on the genetic environment of hybrids and agroclimatic conditions of genotype selection. Aim. To compare the changes in the yield of recombinant lines and plant productivity elements based on their drought and heat tolerance depending on their genetic effects of wheat-rye translocations (WRT) 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS. To determine the use effectiveness of each WRT in order to create more perfect varieties of bread winter wheat under the conditions of soil-air drought in the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Materials and Methods. In 2010-2020, field trials were carried out on the Institute’s fields on the by black fallow as the annual predecessor with the optimal agricultural background for breeding work. During the analysis of experimental data, all changes in meteorological conditions over the years of research were taken into account. In general, weather conditions were arid, which is typical for the Steppe zone. The studies of 112 lines (9.2 %) were carried out in the Department of Genetic Basis of Breeding of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar In-vestigation led by A. I. Rybalka, the rest 1093 lines (90.8 %) were studied in the Institute of Plant Pro-tection NAAS led by N. A. Kozub and I. O. Sozinov. The material of competitive variety trials was tested on the presence of translocations and their state by DNA markers in the Department of General and Molecular Genetics of the the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar Investigation led by V. I. Fait. Mathematical processing and analysis of the study results were performed using the methods of B. A. Dospekhov and P. F. Rokitskyi, and with Microsoft Excel 2007. Results. It was established that genetic effects of the most widespread in the world breeding practice wheat-rye translocations 1АL.1RS and 1ВL.1RS are considerably modified by features of their interaction in genetic environment and depending on agroclimatic conditions of growing introgressive genotypes. The positive effect of 1AL.1RS on the yield, total and productive tillering, and head productivity elements was significantly revealed due to simultaneous positive effect of translocation on drought and heat tolerance of plants. As a result of complete breeding cycle, a series of bread winter wheat varieties was developed on the material of 1AL.1RS, such as Zhytnytsia Odeska, Oktava Odeska, Liha Odeska, Duma Odeska, Versiia Odeska, which provided 10–15 % increase in yield to standards according to the station and state variety testing. These varieties are listed in the State Register of Ukraine and Moldova. Conclusions. The use of WRT 1AL.1RS is perspective for further bread winter wheat breeding, and in the the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute at the National Center of Seeds and Cultivar Inves-tigation as one of the next stages of improvement of bread winter wheat varieties for arid conditions of the South of Ukraine. The use of 1ВL.1RS in wheat breeding in the region is less promising method, but does not exclude the possibility of obtaining a positive result in a favorable combination with highly adapted local varieties. Keywords: bread winter wheat, recombinant lines, yield, wheat-rye translocations 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS.

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Munkvold, Jesse D., Debbie Laudencia-Chingcuanco, and Mark E. Sorrells. "Systems Genetics of Environmental Response in the Mature Wheat Embryo." Genetics 194, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.113.150052.

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Patil, Laxmi C., R. R. Hanchinal, and I. K. Kalappanavar. "Genetics of Free Threshability in Tetraploid Wheat." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 03 (March 10, 2018): 2642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.305.

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Vaughan, Adam. "Optimising crop genetics could double wheat yields." New Scientist 255, no. 3395 (July 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(22)01252-0.

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Sinha, B., R. M. Singh, and U. P. Singh. "Genetics of leaf blight resistance in wheat." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 82, no. 4 (1991): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00588589.

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Peng, Junhua H., Dongfa Sun, and Eviatar Nevo. "Domestication evolution, genetics and genomics in wheat." Molecular Breeding 28, no. 3 (July 9, 2011): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9608-4.

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Kolmer, J. A. "GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO WHEAT LEAF RUST." Annual Review of Phytopathology 34, no. 1 (September 1996): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.435.

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42

Charmet, G., U. Masood-Quraishi, C. Ravel, I. Romeuf, F. Balfourier, M. R. Perretant, J. L. Joseph, et al. "Genetics of dietary fibre in bread wheat." Euphytica 170, no. 1-2 (September 25, 2009): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-0019-0.

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Singh, P. K., R. P. Singh, E. Duveiller, M. Mergoum, T. B. Adhikari, and E. M. Elias. "Genetics of wheat–Pyrenophora tritici-repentis interactions." Euphytica 171, no. 1 (November 17, 2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-009-0074-6.

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Faris, Justin D., Zhaohui Liu, and Steven S. Xu. "Genetics of tan spot resistance in wheat." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 126, no. 9 (July 25, 2013): 2197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-013-2157-y.

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Singh, R. P., and R. A. McIntosh. "Genetics and cytogenetics of resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici in three South African wheats." Genome 29, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-111.

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Resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici pathotype 34-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 in a South African wheat, W3757, was attributed to a dominant gene located in an alien (possibly Agropyron elongatum) chromosome that had substituted with wheat chromosome 6D. This gene, designated SrB, and present in two additional South African wheats, W3758 and W3759, conferred a high level of adult plant resistance to pathotypes used for field assessments. Because SrB is apparently different from other genes transferred from A. elongatum to wheat, its possible exploitation following translocation to a wheat chromosome seems warranted. Key words: Puccinia graminis tritici, Triticum aestivum, wheat cytogenetics, rust resistance, alien substitution line.

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Lukaszewski, Adam J. "The Development and Meiotic Behavior of Asymmetrical Isochromosomes in Wheat." Genetics 145, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.4.1155.

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To determine which segments of a chromosome arm are responsible for the initiation of chiasmate pairing in meiosis, a series of novel isochromosomes was developed in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). These isochromosomes are deficient for different terminal segments in the two arms. It is proposed to call them “asymmetrical.” Meiotic metaphase I pairing of these asymmetrical isochromosomes was observed in plants with various doses of normal and deficient arms. The two arms of an asymmetrical isochromosome were bound by a chiasma in only two of the 1134 pollen mother cells analyzed. Pairing was between arms of identical length whenever such were available; otherwise, there was no pairing. However, two arms deficient for the same segment paired with a frequency similar to that of normal arms, indicating that the deficient arms retained normal capacity for pairing. Pairing of arms of different length was prevented not by the deficiency itself, but rather, by the heterozygosity for the deficiency. Whether two arms were connected via a centromere in an isochromosome or were present in two different chromosomes had no effect on pairing. This demonstrates that in the absence of homology in the distal regions of chromosome arms, even if relatively short, very long homologous segments may remain unrecognized in meiosis and will not be involved in chiasmate pairing.

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Dvorak, Jan, Zu-Li Yang, Frank M. You, and Ming-Cheng Luo. "Deletion Polymorphism in Wheat Chromosome Regions With Contrasting Recombination Rates." Genetics 168, no. 3 (November 2004): 1665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.103.024927.

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Santantonio, Nicholas, Jean-Luc Jannink, and Mark Sorrells. "Homeologous Epistasis in Wheat: The Search for an Immortal Hybrid." Genetics 211, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 1105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301851.

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Hybridization between related species results in the formation of an allopolyploid with multiple subgenomes. These subgenomes will each contain complete, yet evolutionarily divergent, sets of genes. Like a diploid hybrid, allopolyploids will have two versions, or homeoalleles, for every gene. Partial functional redundancy between homeologous genes should result in a deviation from additivity. These epistatic interactions between homeoalleles are analogous to dominance effects, but are fixed across subgenomes through self pollination. An allopolyploid can be viewed as an immortalized hybrid, with the opportunity to select and fix favorable homeoallelic interactions within inbred varieties. We present a subfunctionalization epistasis model to estimate the degree of functional redundancy between homeoallelic loci and a statistical framework to determine their importance within a population. We provide an example using the homeologous dwarfing genes of allohexaploid wheat, Rht-1, and search for genome-wide patterns indicative of homeoallelic subfunctionalization in a breeding population. Using the IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 sequence, 23,796 homeoallelic gene sets were identified and anchored to the nearest DNA marker to form 10,172 homeologous marker sets. Interaction predictors constructed from products of marker scores were used to fit the homeologous main and interaction effects, as well as estimate whole genome genetic values. Some traits displayed a pattern indicative of homeoallelic subfunctionalization, while other traits showed a less clear pattern or were not affected. Using genomic prediction accuracy to evaluate importance of marker interactions, we show that homeologous interactions explain a portion of the nonadditive genetic signal, but are less important than other epistatic interactions.

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Kenan-Eichler, Michal, Dena Leshkowitz, Lior Tal, Elad Noor, Cathy Melamed-Bessudo, Moshe Feldman, and Avraham A. Levy. "Wheat Hybridization and Polyploidization Results in Deregulation of Small RNAs." Genetics 188, no. 2 (April 5, 2011): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.111.128348.

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Ramakrishna, Wusirika, Jorge Dubcovsky, Yong-Jin Park, Carlos Busso, John Emberton, Phillip SanMiguel, and Jeffrey L. Bennetzen. "Different Types and Rates of Genome Evolution Detected by Comparative Sequence Analysis of Orthologous Segments From Four Cereal Genomes." Genetics 162, no. 3 (November 1, 2002): 1389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1389.

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Abstract Orthologous regions in barley, rice, sorghum, and wheat were studied by bacterial artificial chromosome sequence analysis. General microcolinearity was observed for the four shared genes in this region. However, three genic rearrangements were observed. First, the rice region contains a cluster of 48 predicted small nucleolar RNA genes, but the comparable region from sorghum contains no homologous loci. Second, gene 2 was inverted in the barley lineage by an apparent unequal recombination after the ancestors of barley and wheat diverged, 11-15 million years ago (mya). Third, gene 4 underwent direct tandem duplication in a common ancestor of barley and wheat 29-41 mya. All four of the shared genes show the same synonymous substitution rate, but nonsynonymous substitution rates show significant variations between genes 4a and 4b, suggesting that gene 4b was largely released from the strong purifying selection that acts on gene 4a in both barley and wheat. Intergenic retrotransposon blocks, many of them organized as nested insertions, mostly account for the lower gene density of the barley and wheat regions. All but two of the retrotransposons were found in the regions between genes, while all but 2 of the 51 inverted repeat transposable elements were found as insertions in genic regions and outside the retrotransposon blocks.

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