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1
Norrish, Shane A., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Soil and water interactions controlling wheat crop response to phosphorus fertiliser in north-western New South Wales." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Norrish_S.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/613.
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This thesis examines the response to P fertiliser by wheat crops growing in the vertosol soils of the low rainfall areas of the northern grain zone of eastern Australia. Farmers in this region depend on water accumulated from rainfall over a fallow period and stored in the subsoil to increase wheat grain yield beyond that normally achievable from in-crop rainfall and to decrease the production risks due to rainfall variability. The large variability in stored water, seasonal rainfall and subsoil properties result in extremely varied yield and yield responses to P fertiliser between seasons and between sites. Finally, as a practical guide to predicting wheat response to P fertilizer: 1/. current sampling strategies of determining P only in the surface 10 cm appear to be adequate for soils with bicarbonate P concentrations greater than 15 mg/kg. 2/. For soils with lower concentrations in the surface, sampling of 80 cm is recommended. Crops with a mean concentration of bicarbonate P greater than 7 mg/kg between 10 - 80 cm are unlikely to respond to P fertiliser. 3/. No increase in profitable grain yield response was found for fertiliser applications greater than 10 kg P/ha.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Feland, Calli. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Types and Application Timing on Hard Red Spring Wheat Productivity and Grain Protein." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29209.
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The balance of improving hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell) yield while maintaining grain protein concentration continues to be a challenge in agriculture. The objective of the field research was to evaluate N fertilizer types, additives, rates, and application timing to find N management strategies that improved the efficiency of the applied N with regards to both grain protein and yield. Another aspect of this study was to determine if ground-based active sensor data can predict grain yield and/or protein content. Fertilizer treatments consisted of 2 application timings, 3 sources of N, 3 rates of N, and 2 additive types. Spring applications improved grain protein and yield compared to fall applications. Polymer coated urea shows promise in improving grain protein over urea alone. However, profitability is dependent on environmental factors that may influence N availability, as well as prices at the time that the grain is marketed.Minnesota Wheat and Promotion Council
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Richardson, Paul. "Intercellular distribution of nitrate in wheat leaves." Thesis, Bangor University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357712.
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Adogla-Bessa, Tsatsu. "Enzyme treatment of whole-crop wheat silage." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278039.
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Migner, Pierre. "The effect of seeding density and nitrogen fertility on the yield and quality of a hard red spring wheat in Quebec /." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56675.
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An experiment was conducted for two years to determine the effect of seeding rate, and nitrogen fertility on the yield and quality of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Quebec. The experiment was conducted on a Ste-Rosalie series soil (humic gleysol), in the St-Hyacinthe region, 50 km east of Montreal. The design of the experiment was a split-plot design. The treatments in the main plots were the plant densities while the nitrogen treatments (rate of nitrogen, number and timing of the applications and formulation of fertilizer nitrogen) were applied to the sub-plots. Nitrogen had a significant effect on yields in 1987, but not in 1986. Maximum yield was 6838 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ in 1986 and 3807 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ in 1987. Protein concentration was increased by higher nitrogen rates in both years. The yield and protein concentration were affected by low precipitation in 1987. Applying the nitrogen later in the season increased the protein concentration in both seasons. It also decreased yield in 1987, but this was caused by lack of water in late June and July 1987. Formulation of nitrogen fertilizer did not have an effect on yield and protein content of the crop.
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Ayoub, Micheline. "Nitrogen management for bread wheat production in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69574.
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The effect of level and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on grain yield (YLD), grain protein (GPC), and breadmaking ability of four hard red spring wheat cultivars and on soil residual nitrate was investigated. Nitrogen fertility caused an increase in YLD, lodging, several yield components, GPC, and breadmaking quality and caused a reduction in N harvest index and grain ash, and N use efficiency (NUE) resulting in an increase in soil residual NO$ sb3$-N. Split N application reduced lodging, tillers and spikes m$ sp{-2}$ and caused an increase in grain weight, GPC, loaf volume and NUE. Grain yield increases were largely due to increases in the grain spike$ sp{-1}$ and tillers n$ sp{-2}$. Absolute protein content was found to be critical in determining GPC. Cultivars showed plastic responses to N. Despite its high YLD and flour yield, Hege 155-85 may be risky to produce because of its high dependence on N. Mineralization of N occurred during winter. Marked differences existed between the sites.
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Yu, Shaobing. "Winter wheat nitrogen management in south coastal British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29888.
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Nitrogen is essential to obtain high yields of winter wheat in south coastal British Columbia, which includes Vancouver Island and the lower Fraser Valley. An accurate recommendation for N application is required to keep input costs down for most economical returns and to limit environmental problems related to leaching of excess N. The questions are how much, when and which form of N should be applied to winter wheat. The general objective of this study is to improve our understanding of winter wheat growth and N uptake. This study monitors the soil N supply and characterizes the plant development, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake of winter wheat in South Coastal B.C.. Also, it compares the effectiveness of conventional and intensive crop N management and urea and ammonium nitrate sources of fertilizer N under intensive crop management.
A series of field experiments was conducted in 1986-87 and 1987-88 with winter wheat to evaluate conventional and intensive N management in the area. Additionally, a N source
study was carried out in the latter year to compare ammonium nitrate and urea.
Soil N supply for winter wheat ranged from 52 to 151 kg N/ha through the two years of field experiments at five sites. Available N in the 0-50 cm soil depth varied from 10 to 100 kg N/ha through the growing season in the different treatments. An accurate estimate of N behavior involves N accumulation in the crop. During the early spring until harvest, the crop dry matter yield and N uptake patterns were plotted. The grain yields ranged from 4 to 9 t/ha for the conventional management (75 kg N/ha), and from 4 to 11 t/ha for the intensive crop management (I.CM. 225 kg N/ha) system. Between the conventional and I.CM., there was no significant difference in grain yield but there was in quality, specifically grain protein. Grain protein ranged from 8.2 to 9.7% for the conventional and from 10 to 13.7% for the I.CM. treatment. Also, there was no difference in grain yield or quality between ammonium nitrate and urea fertilized plots at final harvest. However, in the early stage at GS31, crop took up more N from ammonium nitrate (97 kg N/ha) than from urea (75 kg N/ha) and soil mineral N levels with urea were higher than with ammonium nitrate.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Miransari, Mahabadi Mohammad Reza. "Development of a nitrogen soil test for fertilizer requirements for corn and wheat production in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23415.
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One must consider the effects of both soil N and fertilizer N, if rates of N-fertilizer application are to be optimized and NO$ sb3 sp-$ leaching into groundwater be controlled. Objectives were (1) to determine soil $ rm NO sb3 sp-$-N and NH$ sb4 sp+$-N, soil total N, and N fertilizer levels and corn and wheat yields; and, (2) to determine soil sampling times and depths for N analyses that correlated with yields and fertilizer N response. Soil samples taken at seeding and postseeding were analyzed for NH$ sb4 sp+$-N and NO$ sb3 sp-$-N, and for total N in 29 wheat sites and 44 corn sites fertilized with four rates of N. N-Trak (quick test) and laboratory methods were employed to measure soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. A significant correlation was found between N-Trak and laboratory methods (R$ sp2$ = 0.61$ sp{**}$ for corn and 0.89$ sp{**}$ for wheat). Compared to the laboratory method, N-Trak overestimated soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. Soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels increased upon drying. In some cases soils showed an increase in soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N from seeding to postseeding. Wheat yields and wheat grain N uptake were better correlated with soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N at seeding than at postseeding. For corn, yields and grain uptake showed a higher correlation with soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N at postseeding. Corn regression models predicted 180 to 240 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ of N fertilizer to obtain optimum economic yields and 0 to 40 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ N for wheat. Soil total N was not correlated with corn yields as highly as soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. Soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N can be used as an indicator of fertilizer N requirements for corn and wheat in Quebec.
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Norrish, Shane. "Soil and water interactions controlling wheat crop response to phosphorus fertiliser in north-western New South Wales." View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20051013.115006/index.html.
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Kgope, Barney Stephen. "Effects of sustained elevated CO2 concentration and Nitrogen nutrition on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Gamtoos)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003774.
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There is consensus that high CO2 results in enhanced growth and yield for most crop plants. However, most of these studies were carried out in the presence of adequate nutrients, which is also the case in agricultural systems (managed ecosystems). About 20% of the earth’s land mass have sufficiently low levels of nutrients to cause some kind of stress to plants. On the other hand, elevated [CO2] decreases foliar nutrient elements in plants and as a result partitioning of certain nutrient elements in plants is altered. Little data is available on the partitioning of most nutrient elements in plants, and this will definitely impact on growth and yield. To investigate this, wheat (Triticum aestivum L. c.v. Gamtoos) was grown in controlled environment cabinets at 360 and 700 µmol mol -1 CO2. The full Long-Ashton nutrient solution comprising of three-nitrogen concentrations ([N]) viz. (4,6 and 12 mM) was used to water plants everyday. The measurement of net assimilation rate (NAR), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), foliar [N], nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and growth parameters (total plant biomass (TPB), total plant height (TPH), leaf area (LA), shoot and root dry weight) were made 7 days after germination (7 DAG) till the onset of flowering. The increase in nitrogen supply in the order of 4, 6 and 12mM resulted in an increase in NAR, g_s_ , WUE and a decline in E under elevated [CO2]. Under elevated [CO2] NAR was observed to increase during the first two weeks reaching its maximum at 14 DAG, thereafter followed by a decline reaching its maximum at 28 DAG. This was later followed by an increase at 35 DAG onwards. Under elevated [CO2], NAR was increased significantly between the nitrogen regimes during the first (7-14 DAG) and the last two (35-42 DAG) weeks. The response of assimilation as a function of internal [CO2] (Ci), showed a decrease with age at ages 14, 28 and 35 DAG. This negatively affected the initial slope and the CO2 saturated photosynthetic rates under all treatments. This suggest that acclimation may have been as a result of both stomatal and biochemical limitations. All the photosynthetic pigment levels (chl_a_, chl_b_, chl_(a+b)_, and C_(x+c)_ ) increased with an increase in nitrogen supply from 4 to 6mM [N]. A 12mM [N] resulted in a significant decline in the photosynthetic pigment levels compared to a 6mM [N]. Chla remained higher than chlb under all treatments. Also, NAR was seen to increase and decrease concomitantly with the photosynthetic pigment levels. Foliar [N] was seen to decrease with an increase in nitrogen supply from 4 to 6 mM [N] under elevated [CO2] and the effects were adverse under the 4mM [N]. Under the 6mM N regime foliar [N] was positively correlated to NAR for elevated [CO2] grown plants. Similarly, E was positively correlated to foliar [N] under the same conditions. Elevated CO2 and increase in nitrogen supply had a pronounced effect on total plant height (TPH), total plant biomass (TPB), leaf area (LA), shoot and root dry weight and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The effects were more pronounced under a 6mM [N] as a result of high NUE. However, under 12mM [N] growth was not as expected as a result of lower NUE. Under all treatments shoot dry weight (SDW) was positively correlated to NUE. Anatomical studies revealed that total leaf and midrib thickness was significantly increased with an increase in nitrogen supply under elevated CO2 to support the larger leaf areas. There were no significant changes in the chloroplast ultrastructure as a result of the increase in nitrogen supply and CO2 enrichment. Starch grain surface area was seen to decline with an increase in nitrogen under both ambient and elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 and increase in nitrogen supply significantly increased total grain dry weight per plant by 47 and 46% respectively under 6 and 12mM [N]. In contrast, the increase was by about 21, 61 and 67% respectively under 4, 6 and 12mM [N] between the CO2 regimes.
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Metcalfe, Richard James. "Selection for resistance to demethylation inhibitor fungicides in Mycosphaerella graminicola on wheat." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287645.
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Hickman, Dominic Richard. "Biochemical studies of the high molecular weight glutenin subunits of bread wheat." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319101.
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Mercer, Lee Jonathan. "Radio-caesium uptake and flux in wheat as influenced by external potassium concentration." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369102.
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Friedli, Georges-Louis. "Interaction of deamidated soluble wheat protein (SWP) With other food proteins and metals." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2204/.
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Preston, Carolyn Margaret. "Effect of processing and feed enzyme inclusion in wheat-based diets for broilers." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361229.
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Nicholsby, J. A. "The fate of fertiliser nitrogen when applied to winter wheat under field conditions." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356236.
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Wood, Craig Christopher. "Ammonia fluxes across biological membranes : towards an azospirillum-wheat symbiosis." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1999. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27747.
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Wheat is a major food crop requiring large inputs of industrially produced nitrogenous fertiliser. There are significant economic and environmental advantages in replacing these additions of synthetic-N with those generated by biological N2 fixation (BNF). One approach to this problem would be to develop a diazotroph: cereal symbiosis. Azospirillum brasilense is capable of colonising and fixing N2 on wheat roots in the field and in the laboratory. However, there is no evidence of direct or substantial transfer of newly—fixed N to the wheat plants. In this thesis, A. brasilense and wheat
were used as model organisms to study the fluxes of ammonia across biological membranes. This thesis studies the biophysical and biochemical principles governing the flux of ammonia across membranes and into metabolism.
18
Baethgen, Walter E. "Optimizing soil and fertilizer nitrogen use by intensively managed soft red winter wheat." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74745.
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Field experiments were conducted in the Coastal Plain and Ridge and Valley regions of Virginia during the 1981-82 through 1985-86 winter wheat growing seasons. The treatments in all experiments consisted of varying amounts of N fertilizer rates applied at Zadoks' growth stages 25 (GS 25) and 30 (GS 30). The research was divided into three studies. The first study was conducted to assess the effect of N fertilizer rates and climatic conditions on the amounts and patterns of the crop N uptake. Dry matter production and total N concentration were measured in total above ground plant material at different growth stages, as well as in leaves, stems, and spikes. Plant N uptake was affected by the climatic conditions in the different growing seasons. Temperature and precipitation variations in early spring determined the differences in amounts and patterns of the N uptake by whole plants and by the various plant portions. Maximum N uptake daily rates were obtained in the period immediately after GS 30 suggesting that this is the wheat growth stage in which the highest efficiency of N fertilizer use could be expected. Crop N uptake at GS 30 also appeared to be a potentially good indicator of the plant N requirements.
The second study was designed to develop models for determining critical N levels and optimum N fertilizer rates for winter wheat. Two nonlinear models were successfully developed to determine critical N levels at GS 30 utilizing plant N concentration at GS 30 (N%30) and crop N uptake at GS 30 (NUP30). The R² values for the models utilizing N%30 and NUP30 as independent variables were 0.87, and 0.82, respectively. Simple regression models were successfully developed to predict N rates required at GS 30 to obtain either maximum or economically optimum grain yields. The models utilized NUP30 as the independent variable and had high correlation coefficients and good predicting ability.
The objective of the third study was to determine the recommended amount of N fertilizer to be applied at GS 25 that would optimize the use of the simple linear regression models developed in the second study. Quadratic programming models were developed with the objective of maximizing marginal profit with N fertilizer application. The models were then solved to determine the amounts of N at GS 25 and at GS 30 that would produce the maximum attainable profit. Four recommended nitrogen fertilizer rates at GS 25 (N25) were evaluated: 0, 30, 60, and 100 kg N ha⁻¹. The difference (D) between the yields with maximum attainable profit (Y) and the yields when N25 was forced to be 0, 30, 60, and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ (ΥR) was then calculated (D = Y - YR). The best N25 recommendation was the one that minimized the mean value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation of D. This methodology was used for 3 nitrogen fertilizer : wheat price ratios (2.0, 4.0, and 8.0). The results indicated that the best recommendations for N25 were 50 - 60 kg N ha⁻¹ for N fertilizer : wheat price ratios of 2.0 - 4.0, and 40 - 50 kg N haha⁻¹ for a price ratio of 8.0. Sensitivity analysis was then performed to study the effect of variations in the N fertilizer : wheat price ratio on the recommended N rates. The results indicated that the recommended N rates were essentially insensitive to the variations in the price ratio of N fertilizer : wheatPh. D.
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Pirgozliev, Vassil R. "The effect of wheat cultivars on the growth performance and energy retention of broiler chickens." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58074/.
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The nutritive values of twelve samples of different UK wheat cultivars from two different growing years were assessed. A series of chicken feeding experiments were conducted to examine the relationships between chemical composition, grain quality and energy content of the wheat samples and the growth performance of broiler chickens when fed these wheat samples as part of nutritionally complete diets. The efficiency of utilization of apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) of wheat samples as a source of net energy (NE) was studied. Step-wisc multiple regression analysis indicated that the content of total starch in the wheat samples and the arnylosea: mylopectin ratio in the starch were the main predictors of growth, feed intake and FCR of the broilers. Increasing starch and arnylose content in the wheat cultivar samples gave increasing weight and feed intakes. The Hagberg falling number was also significantly (P < 0.05) positively related to broiler chicken growth and food intakes. Two further experiments indicated that there was a growth response to increasing the amylose: amylopectin ratio, but that the response was specific only to the variations in amylose: amylopectin ratio by using an extracted starch from a high amylose maize cultivar. Variation of the amylose: amylopectin ratio by using different rice cultivars gave no (p > 0.05) differences in broiler growth performance. The influence of different amylose: amylopectin ratios on the physical nature of the starch granule may therefore be more important than their effects in changing the total dietary supply of those starch components. Although the net energy concentration of a wheat sample was related (p < 0.05, r2=0.42) to its determined AME, there was still unexplained variation (about 60%) in the cilicicncy of utilization of AME as a source of NE. A proportion of this variation was, however, explained (p < 0.05, r2=0.40) by differences in the water-extract viscosity of the wheat samples. Different ileal viscosities, due to feeding different wheat cultivars, may result in variation in the amount of intestinal fermentation of nutrients and so altcr the NENE ratio of whcat-based diets.
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Dupuis, Eartha M. "Poultry manure and inorganic fertiliser effects on soil fertility and microbial communities in wheat and corn agroecosystems." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97946.
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Many producers in North America are finding it profitable to make the transition from conventional farming to organic agriculture. Organic fertilisers may affect crop production and soil quality differently than inorganic fertilisers. The objectives of this study conducted in Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue. Quebec were to examine crop yield, grain quality, soil fertility and microbial community parameters in wheat and corn agroecosystems receiving poultry manure or inorganic fertiliser. Wheat grain yield declined and corn grain yield did not increase with higher N rates, suggesting that increased N supply did not encourage grain production. Soil analyses demonstrated high inherent soil fertility at the study site, and fertilisation led to an environmentally undesirable increase in residual soil NO3 concentrations. Microbial biomass and respiration in corn agroecosystems were greater with poultry manure amendments than inorganic fertiliser, but not in wheat agroecosystems due to significant variation among field replicates. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis revealed significant differences between wheat and corn soil microbial community composition, but differences due to fertilisation were less evident. Further work is needed to uncover the relationships among N fertilisation, crop nutrition and soil microbiology in organic agroecosystems.
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Scharf, Peter C. "Nitrogen loss inhibitors in intensively managed winter wheat." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52072.
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Several potential pathways exist for significant nitrogen loss from nitrogen fertilizer applied to winter wheat in Virginia. A number of materials have been previously identified which inhibit steps in one or more of these loss pathways. Ammonium polyphosphate, ammonium thiosulfate, dicyandiamide, potassium chloride, and monoammonium phosphate were chosen for use in the present study. They were mixed, singly and in combinations, with UAN solution or urea solution and spring top-dressed on soft red winter wheat. Experiments were conducted over two growing seasons at two locations each season. Nitrogen uptake was measured in mid-season and yield measured at harvest. In the second season, field measurement of ammonia volatilization was performed in the experiment utilizing urea solution. Addition of monoammonium phosphate significantly reduced volatilization from urea solution applied to winter wheat at both locations; however, weather conditions were such that total volatilization was low in this season, and the reduced losses were not reflected in increased nitrogen uptake or yield. None of the treatments significantly increased yield in any experiment, nor consistently increased mid-season nitrogen uptake.Master of Science
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Garand, Marie-Josée. "Management of nitrogen from underseeded clover and manures in spring wheat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ50167.pdf.
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Berns, Adelina Cecilia de Andrade. "Características agronômicas de cultivares de trigo em resposta à época da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2005. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1230.
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The wheat cultivars differed substantially in terms of tiller emission, plant architecture and growing cycle duration. Such differences may interfere in the ideal period to side-dress N to optimize the crop agronomic performance. This experiment was carried out aiming to identify the effects of timing of N side-dress on the main stem and tiller dry mass accumulation, grain yield and yield components, and plant nitrogen accumulation and kernel protein content of three wheat cultivars. A field trial was conducted during the 2003 growing season, in the city of Lages, SC. Nitrogen was applied at four different times: 3,5, 5,5, 7,5 growth stages of the Haun s Scale and at booting. Three cultivars were evaluated: BRS 179, Fundacep and Rubi. The total nitrogen rate was 70 kg ha-1 with 20 kg ha-1 being applied at sowing and 50 kg side-dressed according to the treatment time. Six plant samples were taken to evaluate treatments effects on plant dry mass and tiller production. At each sampling, plants were collected in an area of 0.5 m per plot. The main stem and tillers were separated to determine total dry mass on each structure. Grain yield was determined in an area of 3,2m2. The treatment effects on yield components were assessed harvesting 0.5m of three rows inside each plot. Plants were collected using 0.5m per plot to determine shoot nitrogen uptake (main stem and tillers). A sample of 100g was used to determine kernel nitrogen content when grains were at the harvesting time. The treatment effects on plant and grain N accumulation were assessed harvesting 0.5m of three rows inside each plot. The data were assessed through a Variance Analysis. Means were compared by the Duncan s test at the 0.05 error probability level. The three evaluated cultivars presented different responses in relation to N conversion to dry mass accumulation in the main stem and tillers. Early N application (3,5 Haun s stage) promoted higher tiller production whereas N side-dressing at 5,5 Haun s stage enhanced main stem dry mass accumulation. Late applications performed at 7,5 Haun s stage reduced wheat dry mass partition to tillers. N application at 5,5 promoted the highest values of grain yield. The cultivar Fundacep 36 had the highest production of grains per area and the largest grain yield. Data reported herein indicate that, regardless of cultivar, it is important to side-dress early in the wheat growing cycle because this enhances tiller emission and survival, favoring even growth rates of tillers and the main stem. There was no significant effect of cultivar and time of N fertilization on nitrogen accumulation in the main stem. A negative correlation between kernel protein content and grain yield was detected. In conclusion, tillers were able to accumulate N differently, according to the time of nitrogen side-dress. Nonetheless, such differences were not transported to kernel protein content at harvesting
As cultivares de trigo diferem substancialmente quanto a capacidade de emissão de afilhos, arquitetura de planta e duração do ciclo. Estas diferenças podem interferir na determinação da época ideal de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura para otimizar a performance agronômica da cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os efeitos de época de realização da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura sobre o acúmulo de massa seca no colmo principal e nos afilhos, o rendimento de grãos e componentes e o acúmulo de nitrogênio pelas plantas e o teor protéico dos grãos de três cultivares de trigo. O experimento foi conduzido a campo, durante o ano agrícola de 2003, no município de Lages, SC. Foram testadas quatro épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura: estádio 3,5 da escala Haun, estádio 5,5, estádio 7,5 e emborrachamento; e três cultivares de trigo, BRS 179, Fundacep 36 e Rubi. Utilizou-se 20kg.ha-1 de nitrogênio na semeadura e 50kg.ha-1 em cobertura, na forma de uréia. Para avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos sobre o acúmulo de massa seca e a capacidade de afilhamento das cultivares foram realizadas seis coletas de plantas. Em cada época coletou-se plantas numa área de 0,5m lineares de cada parcela. As plantas foram separadas em colmo principal (CP) e afilhos (AF) para obtenção da massa seca (MS) total. O rendimento de grãos foi determinado numa área útil de 3,2m2. Para a determinação dos efeitos dos tratamentos sobre os componentes do rendimento das cultivares, colheu-se 0,5 metro linear de três linhas de cada parcela. Neste material determinou-se a massa de mil grãos, o número de espigas/m2, número de grãos por espiga e o número de grãos/m2. Realizou-se uma coleta de plantas utilizando 0,5m lineares de cada parcela para determinação do nitrogênio total absorvido pela parte aérea (colmo principal e afilhos). Para determinação do conteúdo de nitrogênio nos grãos, utilizou-se uma amostra de 100g de grãos da área útil, quando se encontravam em fase de maturação de colheita. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância. As médias de época de aplicação de N em cobertura e das cultivares foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. As três cultivares estudadas responderam diferenciadamente quanto a conversão do nitrogênio em acúmulo de massa seca no CP e afilhos. A aplicação precoce de N (3,5 folhas) estimulou a maior produção de afilhos e a aplicação em 5,5 folhas estimulou mais o acúmulo de massa pelo CP. Aplicações tardias de nitrogênio, realizadas a partir do estádio 7,5, reduziram a alocação de massa seca nos afilhos da cultura do trigo. A aplicação de N em cobertura no estádio de 5,5 folhas propiciou o maior valor de rendimento de grãos. A cultivar Fundacep 36 foi a mais produtiva e também a que apresentou maior número de grãos por área. Independentemente do genótipo, a aplicação precoce (3,5 e 5,5) de nitrogênio foi importante para otimizar o rendimento de grãos da cultura do trigo, pois facilitou a emissão e sobrevivência dos afilhos, bem como promoveu uma taxa de crescimento deste similar a do colmo principal. O teor protéico dos grãos de trigo variou entre 15 e 23% e não foi afetado pela época de aplicação do N. Houve uma correlação negativa entre o teor de proteína nos grãos de trigo na colheita e o rendimento de grãos. Conclui-se, portanto, que há um efeito significativo da época de aplicação do adubo nitrogenado em cobertura sobre a emissão de afilhos e o acúmulo de N pela planta, o qual não se traduziu em diferenças no teor de proteína nos grãos
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Saeed, K. F. "Effect of sulphur and silicon fertilizers on disease control and yield and quality of wheat." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/69068/.
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Published research showed there was a link between the abundance of septoria diseases (Zymoseptoria tritici and Parastagonospora nodorum) and sulphurous acid in acid rain. Historical records showed that P. nodorum was at a peak in 1970s while Z. tritici became more abundant at 1980s. Another, small scale, study showed that both pathogens were affected by sulphur, but Z. tritici was reduced more by sulphur than P. nodorum. These studies suggested it could be useful to investigate the effect of sulphur fertilizer under larger scale, field, conditions. Thus, the aim of this project was to study if sulphur fertilizer affects the abundance of these pathogens, and to study if sulphur fertilization alters the yield and quality of wheat under disease pressure. A further question was whether silicon fertilizer affects both pathogens and the yield and quality of wheat. A final aspect of this thesis was to develop a way to quantify pathogens by using qPCR assay on large field samples. A glasshouse experiment showed that all wheat cultivars were susceptible to available pure isolates of both pathogens, but the proportion of leaves infected by these isolates varied between cultivars. Cv. Paragon showed a high proportion of infected leaves in comparison with Gallant and Maris Huntsman (M. Huntsman). Three successive field experiments were conducted. Z. tritici infected all plots, so it was not possible to estimate changes in competitive effects due to the fertiliser regimes. In the field experiments a variety of measurements were used at different growth stages to assess the diseases. The proportion of leaves infected with, and disease severity of, Z. tritici were not significantly affectedly by sulphur fertilization in 2013. In two further experiments, proportion of leaves infected with, and spore concentration of, Z. tritici were reduced by sulphur fertilization. In the 2014-2015 experiment disease severity of Z. tritici was significantly reduced by sulphur fertilization. Although autumn spray and seed inoculation with P. nodorum did not succeed, a spring spray inoculation was successful in the 2014-2015 experiment. In this experiment, proportion of leaves infected and disease severity of both fungi were reduced by sulphur fertilization. but Z. tritici was reduced more than P. nodorum. These results agree with the historical trends. Yield and quality measurements results showed that sulphur fertilization increased yield and the wheat quality was improved. This result was obtained when the sulphur fertilization was split and applied at multiple times throughout the growing season of wheat (Table 6).
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Morrison, L. Teri. "Dry matter estimation and potassium fertilization of intensively managed soft red winter wheat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43256.
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Dry matter production must be predicted to utilize nitrogen recommendation models for winter wheat at growth stage 30. Four methods of dry matter estimation were evaluated for their ability to predict dry matter production. The pasture probe, height, and rising plate methods did not have adequate prediction ability. The drop plate method predicted dry matter with an r² of prediction of 0.82 for all sites combined. The predictive ability for an individual site was lower. The combined model on an individual site caused a wide range of errors. Consequently, the four methods are not recommended for estimating dry matter. The changes in percent nitrogen and dry matter near growth stage 30 were measured. Dry matter increased significantly, but percent nitrogen did not vary significantly. The number of clipped samples necessary to estimate the dry matter for the five ha field studied was four samples. The number of samples needed for larger fields will depend on the variability of the dry matter in the field and on the variation inherent to the sampling technique.
Adequate potassium nutrition is required for high yields of winter wheat. Current soil test levels were evaluated and found to adequately describe the crop’s need for potassium. The influence of preplant and growth stage 25 applied potassium on yield and lodging was evaluated. On the medium to high potassium test soils used, the timing of the application did not affect yields or lodging. Ethephon reduced lodging better than potassium.Master of Science
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Scharf, Peter Clifton. "Development of field-specific spring N rate recommendations for winter wheat." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40078.
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Galehdar, Zahra. "Effects of different nitrogen-fertilizers on the rhizosphere biochemistry of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) var. Fredrick." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5699.
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Wheat growth appeared to be similar with the different N-fertilizers. However, a tendency for more growth was observed under nitrate and a mixed nutrition. The supply of ammonium, a mixture of ammonium and nitrate or urea resulted in an acidic pH in the rhizosphere. Nitrate uptake by plants resulted in a pH increase of the rhizosphere. The amounts and types of amino acids in the rhizosphere were significantly (P 0.05) different under the various N-fertilizers. In the wheat rhizosphere supplied with nitrate the total amino acids were less than those of plants supplied with the other N-fertilizers. The greatest total amount was observed under ammonium supply. In the case of nitrate-fed plants there were more basic amino acids in the rhizosphere whereas, plants supplied with other N-fertilizers exuded more acidic amino acids. The amount of amino acids decreased with time. The different forms of N-fertilizers also produced different effects on the amounts and types of both soluble and insoluble sugars in the rhizosphere. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Fauzi, Mohamad Taufik. "The effect of growth regulators and nitrogen on Fusarium head blight of wheat /." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69547.
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Plant growth regulators and nitrogen fertilization have been associated with the increased incidence of fusarium head blight, a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In Canada, the major causal organism of this disease is Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, the conidial state of Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch. Most studies concerning the effect of plant growth regulators on fusarium head blight were conducted in fields with natural infection. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of growth regulators and nitrogen fertilizer on the incidence of fusarium head blight of wheat with artificial inoculations.A survey conducted in a field trial testing the effect of the plant growth regulator Cerone on the yield components of several cultivars of spring wheat showed that Cerone treatments increased Fusarium infection only in cultivar Columbus. Further research was conducted using cultivar Max, a cultivar susceptible to fusarium head blight, which is widely grown in Quebec. In controlled-condition greenhouse trials, the growth regulators Cycocel and Cerone, as well as nitrogen fertilization did not influence the disease progress. In the 1991 field experiment, the highest incidence of seed infection was observed in Cycocel treatments when the macroconidia of F. graminearum were directly applied to the heads, but not significantly different from the non-treated control. None of the nitrogen levels affect the incidence of seed infection. In the 1992 field trial, the plots were treated with macroconidia of F. graminearum applied to the heads or with Fusarium-colonized corn applied to the rows. Both Cycocel and Cerone significantly increased the incidence of spikelet only in the colonized corn treatments. Cycocel also increased the incidence of seed infection, but only in colonized corn treatments. Cycocel also increased the incidence of seed infection in the non-inoculated treatments. Growth regulators had no effect on the disease when heads were inoculated directly with macroconidia.
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Koenig, Karen. "The effect of nitrogen fertilization on protein content and bread baking properties of wheat flour." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53557.
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The effects of variation in nitrogen application during two growing seasons to Coker 916, a soft red winter wheat, on wheat grain and flour protein content and bread baking properties were examined. Nitrogen fertilization regimens tested included the single spring application of 168 kg/ha in growth stages 25 or 30, the split spring application of 224 kg/ha in growth stages 25 and 30, and no nitrogen application either in growth stages 25 and 30.
Variation in rate of nitrogen application had a more consistent effect on grain and flour protein than did variation in timing. Grain and flour protein content increased with increased nitrogen fertilization. The gliadin to glutenin protein ratio of the flour was reduced as the rate of grain nitrogen application increased. Significant differences were found in the flour gliadin percent protein with variation in spring nitrogen management. Fractionation and resolution of gliadin and glutenin components using SDS-PAGE revealed changes in the relative quantities present of two high molecular weight glutenin subunits (108,000 and 91,000 daltons), one low molecular weight glutenin subunit (40,500 daltons) and the ω-gliadin (44,000 daltons) fraction of experimental flours.
Differences in dough rheological properties and baking characteristics of the flour were associated with variation in nitrogen management. Increased nitrogen fertilization resulted in a stronger, more extensible dough with improved mixing tolerance and dough handling characteristics. Increased flour protein was associated with larger bread loaf volume and darker crust color. Sensory panelists found significant differences in the bread crust color, texture and taste, bread aroma, crumb texture and chewiness. This experiment demonstrated that a change in nitrogen management of Coker 916 wheat resulted in a distinct change in protein composition and bread baking properties of experimentally milled flour.Ph. D.
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Hastenpflug, Marcel. "Desempenho de cultivares de trigo duplo propósito sob doses de adubação nitrogenada e regimes de corte." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/245.
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A utilização de cereais de inverno com dupla aptidão é uma excelente alternativa para o sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, comumente utilizado nas pequenas propriedades do Sul do Brasil, pois possibilita a produção de forragem associada à produção de grãos. Atualmente, já existe cultivares comerciais de trigo com duplo
propósito desenvolvidos para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo necessário avalia-los mais apropriadamente para as condições edafoclimáticas do Estado do Paraná. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o rendimento de grãos e a qualidade dos
mesmos, bem como a produção de forragem e composição bromatológica, de cultivares de trigo duplo propósito sob diferentes doses de nitrogênio e submetidos a regimes de corte. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos, e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com semeaduras em faixas e três repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram: quatro cultivares de trigo duplo propósito
(BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu, BRS Tarumã e BRS Umbu); doses crescentes de nitrogênio (0, 45, 90, 135 e 180 kg ha-1) aplicadas nas parcelas; regimes de corte (sem corte, com um corte e com dois cortes) aplicados às subparcelas. As variáveis avaliadas foram: relação de folhas (RF) na forragem; produção de forragem (PF); proteína bruta (PB), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) da fitomassa seca; massa de espiga (ME); número de espiguetas por espiga (NE); número de grãos por espigueta (NG); produção de grãos e o peso do hectolitro (PH). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, através do teste F, a 5% de probabilidade de erro. As médias qualitativas
foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan e as variáveis quantitativas submetidas à análise de regressão. A produtividade média encontrada entre os cultivares e regimes foi de 1.202,23 kg ha-1, com peso do hectolitro médio de 74,3 kg hL-1, e as doses de adubação nitrogenada não influenciaram este rendimento. Os cultivares de ciclo semi-tardio, BRS Figueira e BRS Umbu, apresentaram maior produção de grãos (2.067,2 e 2.075,8 kg ha-1, respectivamente) que os demais, porém este rendimento decresceu severamente em função dos cortes. A adubação nitrogenada apresentou influência significativa apenas sobre a DF e PB, variáveis que demonstraram crescimento linear com as doses de N utilizadas neste estudo. Os cultivares de ciclo tardio-precoce, BRS Guatambu e BRS Tarumã, apresentaram menor PF total (1.230,6 e 714,0 kg ha-1, respectivamente) que os de ciclo semitardio (BRS Figueira com 1.661,5 e BRS Umbu com 1.686,7 kg ha-1), porém com
maior qualidade bromatológica medida pela PB e DIVMO. Estes resultados indicam que os cultivares de ciclo tardio-precoce são mais adaptados ao manejo de duplo propósito, pois apesar de apresentar menor PF total, esta tem maior qualidade e, além disso, mostraram maior capacidade de recuperação após os cortes com um decréscimo menor na produção de grãos.The use of coul season cereals with dual purpose is an excellent alternative for croplivestock integration system, usually used in small properties in South Brazil, as it enables the production of fodder plant associated with the production of grains. Although there are commercial wheat cultivars of dual purpose developed for Rio Grande do Sul State, it is necessary to evaluate them more appropriately considering the soil and climate conditions of Paraná State. The objective of this study was to evaluate the income of grains and their quality, as well as the forage production and chemical composition of dual purpose cultivars of wheat under different rates of nitrogen fertilization and management of system cuts. The experiment was carried out at the experimental area of the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Dois Vizinhos Campus, and the experimental design was a randomized blocks with sowings bands and three replicates. The studied factors were: four cultivars of dual purpose wheat (BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu, BRS Tarumã, and BRS Umbu); increased rates of nitrogen fertilization (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg ha-1) applied to the plots; management of cuts simulating grazing (without cut, with one cut, and two cuts) applied to sub-plots. The evaluated variables were: leaf blade proportion (LP) in the forage; forage production (FP); crude protein (CP), in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVDOM), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in the dry matter; spike weight (SW); number of spiklets per spike (NS); number of grains per spiklet (NG); grain yield and the hectoliter weight (HW). Data were submitted to analysis of variance, through F test, at a 5% probability error. The qualitative variables were compared by the Duncan test and the quantitative variables by regression analysis. The grain yield found for the cultivars and managements studies averaged 1.202,23 kg ha-1, with an average hectoliter weight of 74.3 kg hL-1. Rates of nitrogen fertilization did not influenced grain yield. The cultivars of half-delayed cycle (BRS Figueira and BRS Umbu) presented greater yield of grain (2.067,2 e 2.075,8 kg ha-1, respectively) than others; however, this income decreased severely as a function of the cuts. The nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced the FP and CP, which presented a linear growth as N fertilization rate increased. Cultivars of delayed-precocious cycle (BRS Guatambu and BRS Tarumã) presented lower total FP (1230,6 and 714 kg ha-1, respectively) than those of half-delayed cycle (BRS Figueira with 1.661,5 and BRS Umbu with 1.686,7 kg ha-1); however, they presented highest chemical quality, measured by CP and IVDOM. These results indicate that cultivars of delayedprecocious cycle are more adapted to the dual purpose management, because although they present lower total FP, their quality is higher. Moreover, they had shown a greater regrowth capacity after cuts, as they presented a lower decrease in grain yield.
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Rellaford, Matthew John. "Predicting and Enhancing Spring Wheat Grain Protein Content through Sensing and In-Season Nitrogen Fertilization." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28733.
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Grain protein content is an essential component to producing a profitable Hard Red Spring Wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in the northern Great Plains. Growers can increase grain protein content through in-season N fertilization; however, the cost of these applications may outweigh the benefits. Predicting the grain protein content of early-season HRSW would give growers crucial information as they decide whether to apply in-season fertilizer to boost grain protein content. This research encompasses three studies; two of which aim to predict grain protein content with hand-held and aerial sensors respectively, and a third, which investigates the optimal rate, timing, and source of N fertilizer to boost grain protein content. Results of these experiments seemed to be greatly influenced by environmental factors. Findings of this research suggest that an in-season N application should be used for ameliorative purposes and not as a regular practice.Minnesota Research and Promotion Council
Minnesota Association of Wheat Growers
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Lotfollahi, Mohammad. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl882.pdf.
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Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: leaves 147-189. This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
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Duchsherer, Christopher Joseph. "On the Profitability of UAS-Based NDVI Imagery for Variable Rate Nitrogen Prescriptions in Corn and Wheat in North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28747.
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This study examines the grower’s decision to invest in precision agriculture technologies especially in-season variable rate nitrogen applications based on NDVI data collected from UAVs. NDVI, yield, soil, and other field data were collected from multiple corn and wheat fields located throughout North Dakota. Each field was divided into management zones to determine profitability of utilizing the technology based on in-season nitrogen applications for the grower’s field practice, high, low, and no applications. Results show that using the NDVI data collected from UAVs can be profitable when the grower decides to make the decision to apply nitrogen in a sidedress application.
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Rocha, Kassiano Felipe. "Rendimento e qualidade industrial de cultivares de trigo submetido à formas de parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/760.
Full textAbstract:
O trigo é um cereal de inverno importante nas propriedades agrícolas no esquema
de rotação de culturas e, principalmente para gerar renda. O nitrogênio é o nutriente
exigido em maior quantidade pela cultura e o é grande responsável pelo rendimento
de grãos e pela composição da qualidade industrial de panificação. O manejo desse
nutriente é de suma importância para que se forneça N em todos os estádios da
planta, sendo necessário aplicá-lo de forma parcelada. O objetivo do trabalho foi
avaliar a resposta do parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada sobre o rendimento de
grãos e a qualidade de panificação de dois cultivares de trigo. Conduziram-se
experimentos em Pato Branco e Curitibanos em delineamento experimental de
blocos ao acaso em esquema bifatorial com três repetições. Foram testados dois
cultivares de trigo e 11 formas de parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada +
testemunha sem N. Foram utilizados os cultivares BRS Gralha Azul e Quartzo. Com
exceção da testemunha, os tratamentos receberam 20 kg N ha-1 na semeadura,
parcelando-se 100 kg N ha-1 da seguinte forma: 100-00-00, 00-100-00, 00-60-40, 00-
70-30, 00-80-20, 60-00-40, 70-00-30, 80-00-20, 50-50-00, 70-30-00, 30-70-00, no
estádio de duplo anel, espigueta terminal e emborrachamento, respectivamente.
Foram avaliados os caracteres morfológicos, componentes de rendimento,
rendimento de grãos, índice de clorofila Falker, teor de nitrogênio no tecido vegetal e
qualidade industrial de panificação. Nos dois locais de avaliação ocorreu estresse
hídrico no desenvolvimento da cultura. O rendimento de grãos e a qualidade de
panificação são pouco influenciados pelo parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada,
especialmente em áreas que apresentam níveis elevados de matéria orgânica no
solo. O cultivar BRS Gralha Azul produziu farinha de alta qualidade de panificação. A
utilização de N na cultura do trigo aumenta o rendimento de grãos e a qualidade de
panificação, porém sem resposta suficiente para indicar a melhor forma de
parcelamento.Wheat is a winter cereal important for farm in the crop rotation scheme and, primarily to generate income. Nitrogen is the nutrient most required for the culture and is largely responsible for the yield and the composition of industrial breadmaking quality. The management of this nutrient is of paramount importance to provide N in all stages of the plant, being necessary to apply it in installments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of split nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and quality of two cultivars of bread wheat. Experiments were conducted in Pato Branco and Curitibanos in randomized block designer in a factorial scheme with three replications. Two bread wheat and 11 forms installment of nitrogen fertilization + control without N. Were used the cultivars BRS Gralha Azul and Quartzo. Was parceled 100 kg N ha-1 following: 100-00-00, 00-100-00, 00-60-40, 00-70-30, 00-80- 20, 60-00-40, 70-00-30, 80-00-20, 50-50-00, 70-30-00, 30-70-00, in double ring, terminal spyke and booting stages, respectively. Were evaluated the morphological characters, yield components, grain yield, Falker chlorophyll index, nitrogen content in plant tissue quality and industrial bakery. In both evaluation sites occurred drought stress on crop development. Grain yield and wheat baking quality were little influenced by split nitrogen fertilization, especially in lanes that showed high levels of organic matter in soil. The BRS Gralha Azul produced a high quality wheat bakery. The use of N in wheat baking quality and yield increases, but not enough to indicate the best way to answer parceling.
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Maali, Safiah Hasan. "Biomass production, yield and quality response of spring wheat to soil tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilisation in the Swartland wheat producing area of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/949.
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Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Agronomy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.108 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i-vi and numbered pages 1-1 to 1-5 to 9-1 to 9-3. Includes bibliography, list of abbreviations and 22 figures in color. Digitized at 300 dpi grayscale and 300 dpi 24-bit Color to pdf format (OCR), using an HP Scanjet 8250 Scanner.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A long term experiment was conducted at the Langgewens Experimental Farm, near Malmesbury in the Western Cape province of the Republic of South Africa. The effect of soil tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertiliser rates on mineral-N levels in the soil, nitrogen levels in plants, wheat growth and yield components, grain yield as well as quality parameters of spring wheat were determined. Although the tillage treatments tested were initiated in 1976, present crop rotations and nitrogen application rates were only applied since 1990. Most of the data that are discussed however was recorded during the 1997 to 2001 period. The trial was designed as a randomised complete block with a split-plot arrangement and four replicates. Main plots were tillage methods namely conventional tillage (CT), tine tillage (TT), minimum tillage (MT) and no tillage (NT). Crop rotations used were continuous wheat (WW) and wheatl lupin/wheat/canola (WLWC). Both soil and crop data were recorded. The results of this study showed the differences in total mineral-N content of the soil. N-contents of wheat, wheat growth and yield components as well as wheat quality parameters were found between tillage treatments, crop rotations used as well as N- fertiliser rates applied. Response however, varied largely between years due to annual variation in especially total precipitation and distribution of rainfall. The inclusion of a legume crop (lupin) and canola in the rotation with wheat was found to have only a small effect probably due to the fact that lupins were grown once in a four year cycle only. Application of different nitrogen rates did increase the mineral-N in the soil, but the effect did not last very long in most years due to either N-leaching or plant uptake. To ensure sufficient mineral-N levels, late application of N-fertiliser will therefore be needed. Minimum tillage or reduced tillage performs better than conventional tillage in low rainfall years. In general these tillage systems should be combined with crop rotation to ensure that yields are comparable to that obtained with conventional tillage.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling, graanopbrengs en bakkwaliteit van koring (Tritium aestivum L.) in reaksie teenoor gewasratasie, metode van grondbewerking en N-bemestingspeil is in 'n lang tennyn sllldie op Langgewens Proefplaas, naby Malmesbury in die Weskaap provinsie van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, bepaal. Hoewel die verskillende grand bewcrkingsmetodes sedert 1976, en gewasrotasies en slikstofpeile sedert 1990 toegepas is, is daar in hierdie studie gekonsentreer op data wal gcdurcnde die periode 1997-2001 ingesamel is. Die eksperiment is as 'n randomiseerde blok ontwerp met vier bewerkingsmetodes nl. konvcnsionele bewerking (CT), tand bewerking (TT). minimum bewerking (MT) en geen bewerking (NT), twee gewasratasies nl. monokuhuur koring (WW) en koring/lupienelkoringiCanola (WLWC) en drie N-peie (60 kg N ha- ', 100 kg N ha- 1 , 140 kg N ha- I uitgevoer. Aile stikstof is in die vorm van kalksteen-ammoniumnitraat toegedien. Die reaksie van beide grondfaktore soos die minerale N inhoud en gewaskomponente 5005 biomassa produksie, opbrengs en kwaliteit teenoor bogenoemde faktore het '0 goeie korrelasie getoon met die heersende klimaatstoestande. Lae reenval jare (gebiede) sal volgens hierdie stlldie die grootste voordeel verkry met minder intensiewe grand bewerkingstelsels. terwyl 'n frekwensie van meer as een peulgewas per siklus van 4 jaar nodig sal wees om grondvrllgbaarhcidsvlakke betekenisvol te verhoog. Stelsels van rninder intensiewe grondbewerking is ook tot 'n grater mate deur gewaswisseling bevoordeel as konvensionele melOdes van grondbewerking. Hocwel minerale-N vlakke in grond deur verskillende N-peile be'lnvloed is, was die efTektiwiteit van toedienings laag en het verdeelde tocdienings groat voordele ingehou.
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Baublys, Andrius. "Augalų lapų optinių savybių analizės jutiklių OptRx naudojimas tręšiant kviečius." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140616_132912-60477.
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Siekiant taupiai naudoti degalus, trąšas, sėklas, augalų apsaugos produktus, gerinti gaminamų produktų kokybę ir konkurencingumą Lietuvos ūkininkų ūkiuose pradedamos diegti tiksliojo ūkininkavimo (TŪ) priemonės. Tikslusis ūkininkavimas prasideda atskiro lauko derlingumo, maisto medžiagų ir dirvožemio tipo skirtumų nustatymu. Šių duomenų pagrindu galima tikslingai planuoti technologines operacijas ir analizuoti biomasės derliaus įvairovės priežastis. Šiame darbe pateikiami žieminių ir vasarinių kviečių tręšimo mineralinėmis trąšomis, panaudojant augalų optinės analizės jutiklius OptRx, tyrimai. Tirta tiksliojo tręšimo įtaka kviečių biometriniams rodikliams, grūdų kokybei ir užaugintos biomasės kiekiui. Tręšiant skystomis mineralinėmis trąšomis (karbamido tirpalu) ir trąšų normos parinkimui naudojant augalų optinės analizės jutiklius, vasarinių kviečių Tybalt grūdų kokybė buvo šiek tiek geresnė, negu tręšiant įprastai (vienoda trąšų norma). Įprastai tręštų vasarinių kviečių grūduose baltymų kiekis buvo 12,18 ± 0,12%, o tręštų naudojant augalų optinės analizės jutiklius OptRx – 12,79 ± 0,09%. Grūdų glitimas, atitinkamai, buvo: 31,08 ± 0,37% ir 31,9 ± 0,12%, grūdų kritimo skaičius – 338,33 ± 2,52 s ir 381 ± 3,61 s, o užaugintos biomasės (šiaudų) derlius – 7,07 ± 0,26 t/ha ir 7,46 ± 0,35 t/ha.In order to sustainably use fuel, fertilizers, seeds, and crop protection products and improve quality and competitiveness of Lithuanian products, Lithuanian farms are introducing precision farming tools. Precision farming starts from the identification of the productivity of an individual field, the differences in its nutrient materials and soil types. Such data can be used for purposeful planning of technological operations and the analysis of the reasons of differences in biomass yield. This paper represents the research of winter and spring wheat fertilization in mineral fertilizers using optical sensors OptRx of crop analysis. The research comprises the influence of precision fertilization on wheat biometric parameters, grain quality, and biomass yield. Fertilizing in liquid mineral fertilizers (urea solution) using optical sensors OptRx, the quality of spring wheat Tybalt grains was a little bit better than usually (the same rate of fertilizers in the entire field). Grain protein content of conventionally fertilized spring wheat was 12.18 ± 0.12%, the same measure in plants fertilized using optical sensors OptRx was 12.79 ± 0.09%. Grain gluten was 31.08 ± 0.37% and 31.9 ± 0.12%, the falling number of grain was 338.33 ± 2.52 and 381.00 ± 3.61 s, and biomass (straw) yield was 7.07 ± 0.26 t/ha and 7.46 ± 0.35 t/ha, respectively.
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Ottman, M. J., and S. H. Husman. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Movement in Wheat Production, Higley." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201420.
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Ottman, M. J., and S. H. Husman. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Movement in Wheat Production, Yuma." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201421.
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Ottman, M. J., and B. R. Tickes. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Movement in Wheat Production, Roll." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201429.
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Labeled nitrogen fertilizer (N-15) was applied to wheat to determine fertilizer nitrogen movement in the soil at harvest. Most of the labeled fertilizer recovered in the soil was found in the surface few feet. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer detected below S feet was minimal.
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Щерба, А. Ю. "Дослідження впливу мінерального живлення на продуктивність та якість пшениці озимої." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/25097.
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Щерба, А. Ю. Дослідження впливу мінерального живлення на продуктивність та якість пшениці озимої : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 201 "Агрономія" / А. Ю. Щерба ; керівник роботи К. М. Кудряшова ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2021. – 55 с.У дипломній роботі описується мінеральне живлення озимої пшениці та шляхи підвищення врожайності та якості культури. Досліджені ґрунтово- кліматичні умови регіону. Запропоновані додаткові методи підвищення врожаю та якості озимої пшениці за рахунок внесення хелатних мікродобрив: Авангард P Зернові, Мультикомплекс Зерновий, Оракул Мультикомплекс. Під час проведення досліджень вивчено вплив мікродобрив на вміст білка, сирої клейковини, кількості колосків у колосі, кількості зерен у колосі, приріст врожаю. Результати досліду показали, що позакореневе підживлення хелатними мікродобривами вплинуло на якісні показники та врожайність пшениці озимої.
The thesis describes the mineral nutrition of winter wheat and ways to increase yields and crop quality. Soil and climatic conditions of the region have been studied. Additional methods of increasing the yield and quality of winter wheat by applying chelated microfertilizers are proposed: Avangard P Cereals, Grain Multicomplex, Oracle Multicomplex. During the research the influence of microfertilizers on the content of protein, crude gluten, the number of spikelets in the ear, the number of grains in the ear, the increase in yield was studied. The results of the experiment showed that foliar fertilization with chelated microfertilizers affected the quality and yield of winter wheat.
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Stewart, Anna Elizabeth. "Full-Season and Double-Crop Soybean Response to Potassium Fertilizer." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56473.
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Demand for potassium (K) increases with increasing soybean yield. Little research has been conducted on soybean response to K on coastal plain and piedmont soils of Virginia, especially in double-crop systems. Nineteen full-season and 14 double-crop soybean experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in Virginia and northeastern North Carolina to determine full-season and double-crop soybean (with wheat straw remaining or removed) response to soil test K and K fertilizer application rates. Field moist, air dried, and oven dry soil test K extraction techniques were also compared to predict responsiveness of sites to K applications. Potassium fertilizer increased yield in five of 19 full-season experiments and one of 14 double-crop experiments. Full-season soybean yield plateaued at 88% relative yield and soil test K value of 38.8 mg K kg-1. Full-season plant K critical concentrations were 18.2 g K kg-1 for V5 and 24.6 g K kg-1 for R2. Although critical concentrations could not be determined for double-crop soybean, V5 and R2 concentrations ranged from 17.6 to 35.6 g K kg-1 or 13.2 to 28.1 K kg-1, respectively, most of which were within or above accepted sufficiency levels. Eight of 13 sites resulted in greater soil K concentrations when alternative soil drying methods were compared to air-dry methods. However, differences were not consistent and no single method was superior for these soils. More data is needed for double-crop soybean systems due to lack of response and lack of low soil test K sites in these experiments.Master of Science
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Ottman, Michael J. "Response of wheat and barley varieties to phosphorus fertilizer, 2009." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203770.
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Phosphorus fertilizer represents a significant portion of the cost of producing small grains. Some evidence exists that there are differences in the ability of small grain varieties to take phosphorus up from the soil and utilize this nutrient in the grain. The objective of this study is to determine if barley and wheat varieties grown in Arizona differ in their response to phosphorus fertilizer. A study was initiated at the Maricopa Agricultural Center testing the response of 7 barley and 13 wheat (12 durum wheat and 1 bread wheat) varieties to 2 phosphorus rates (0 and 100 lbs P2O5/acre). The grain yield increase due to phosphorus application averaged across varieties was 474 lbs/acre for barley and 613 lbs/acre for wheat. The barley varieties differed in their grain yield increase due to phosphorus fertilizer and the greatest increase for the commercial varieties tested was 906 lbs and the smallest increase was 245 lbs. We have no statistical evidence that wheat varieties differed in their response to phosphorus fertilizer. The lack of response to phosphorus fertilizer for a particular variety may save production costs if the fertilizer is not applied, but a significant response to phosphorus fertilizer may pay for the fertilizer cost and increase profits. In this study, the higher yielding varieties tended to have a greater response to phosphorus fertilizer, particularly for the barley. This test will be repeated in 2010 to see if the results obtained this year can be duplicated.
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Ottman, M. J. "Response of Wheat and Barley Varieties to Phosphorus Fertilizer, 2011." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211138.
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Phosphorus fertilizer represents a significant portion of the cost of producing small grains. Some evidence exists that there are differences in the ability of small grain varieties to take phosphorus up from the soil and utilize this nutrient in the grain. The objective of this study is to determine if barley and wheat varieties grown in Arizona differ in their response to phosphorus fertilizer. A study was conducted for the third year at the Maricopa Agricultural Center testing the response of 7 barley and 14 wheat (12 durum wheat and 2 bread wheat) varieties to 2 phosphorus rates (0 and 100 lbs P₂O₅/acre). Averaged over varieties, the grain yield increase due to phosphorus application of 100 lbs P₂O₅/acre was 346 lbs/acre for barley and 516 lbs/acre for wheat, similar to previous years. Despite the wide range of apparent yield response (0 to over 1000 lbs/acre) of the varieties to P fertilizer, these differences were not statistically significant. Furthermore, there was no consistency in the yield response of the varieties between this year and last year. Some of the varieties that responded greatest to P fertilizer last year, responded least this year, and vice versa. Therefore, there appears to be no differences in the response of barley and wheat varieties typically grown in Arizona to phosphorus fertilizer.
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Knowles, T., T. Doerge, L. Clark, and E. Carpenter. "Effects of Residual and Fertilizer Phosphorus on Durum Wheat Production and Wheat Stem Phosphate Levels." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201072.
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Collecting additional data to calibrate and refine current guidelines for interpreting soil and plant test values is an ongoing need in Arizona. An experiment was conducted at the Safford Agricultural Center during the 1987 -89 crop years to evaluate the response of 'Aldura' durum wheat to a range of residual soil and fertilizer P levels. Maximum grain yields exceeding 5,500 lbs./A were obtained by banding 50 lbs. P₂O₅/A as triple superphosphate with the seed at planting in 1988. Residual P front phosphorus fertilizer applications up to 80 lbs. P₂O₅/A had no significant effect on grain yields of the succeeding wheat crop. Basal stem PO₄-P tissue analysis seemed reliable in monitoring P nutrition of durum wheat during the vegetative growth period. Observed critical levels of POD P in basal stem tissue for durum wheat at the 3-4 leaf, joint and boot growth stages were 2000, 1200 and 500 ppm, respectively.
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Wang, Guangyao (Sam), Michael Ottman, and Rufus L. Chaney. "Effects of Zn fertilizer on cadmium accumulation in durum wheat." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211139.
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Proposed reduction in maximum allowable cadmium (Cd) level in wheat grain from 0.2 to 0.15 ppm by European Union (EU) could affect Arizona wheat growers substantially. The possible breeding programs and management practices needs to be developed to keep the industry competitive for this major market. In this study, we used two durum wheat cultivars (Ocotillo representing higher Cd genotypes and Havasu representing lower Cd genotypes) to study the potential of Zn fertilizer (as ZnSO₄ and ground tire rubber) to reduce Cd uptake in durum wheat at Yuma Ag Center. While cadmium level in the two varieties were different significantly, applying ZnSO₄ or ground rubber did not affect grain cadmium level, grain yield, or protein content significantly.
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Ottman, M. J. "Response of Wheat and Barley Varieties to Phosphorus Fertilizer, 2010." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279396.
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Phosphorus fertilizer represents a significant portion of the cost of producing small grains. Some evidence exists that there are differences in the ability of small grain varieties to take phosphorus up from the soil and utilize this nutrient in the grain. The objective of this study is to determine if barley and wheat varieties grown in Arizona differ in their response to phosphorus fertilizer. A study was conducted for the second year at the Maricopa Agricultural Center testing the response of 7 barley and 14 wheat (12 durum wheat and 2 bread wheat) varieties to 2 phosphorus rates (0 and 100 lbs P₂O₅/acre). The grain yield increase due to phosphorus application averaged across varieties in 2010 was 170 lbs/acre for barley (not statistically significant) and 545 lbs/acre for wheat. The grain yield increase averaged across varieties and years was 331 lbs/acre for barley and 577 lbs/acre for wheat. The barley and wheat varieties did not differ in their grain yield increase due to phosphorus fertilizer in 2010. However, based on 2 years of results, we were able to detect differences among wheat but not barley varieties in their response to P fertilizer. The yield response to P fertilizer (100 lbs P₂O₅/acre) among durum wheat varieties varied from 331 lbs/acre for Alamo to 1063 lbs/acre for Orita. Yecora rojo, a bread wheat, did not respond to P fertilizer.
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Knowles, Tim C., Michael J. Ottman, and Rock Cramer. "Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer Applied at Flowering on Durum Wheat Grain Yield and Quality." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202440.
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Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in conjunction with the irrigation event occurring closest to the flowering stage is effective in reducing the incidence of yellowberry and boosting grain protein levels of durum wheat. However, N applications at this time normally do not increase grain yield, except perhaps on very sandy soils. A field experiment was conducted to determine the profitability of applying 35 pounds of N per acre at flowering to durum wheat to avoid dockage for poor grain quality. Two treatments consisted of a check plot with no N applied at flowering and UAN 32 water run at a rate of 35 lbs. N /acre to basin irrigated durum wheat grown on a loamy sand soil. Maximum durum wheat grain yield (6157 lbs. /acre), protein concentration (13.7 %), and corrected income per acre ($480.31) was obtained with the N fertilizer application. In fact, N fertilization at flowering on this sandy soil increased durum wheat grain yield by 255 lbs. /acre compared to the unfertilized plot.
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Ottman, M. J. "Solum Barley Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilizer Trial." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201446.
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Bhogal, Anne. "Effect of long-term nitrogen applications on nitrogen cycling under continuous wheat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294731.
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Christianson, Jessica Anne. "Screening Hard Red Spring Wheat Cultivars for Reduced Phosphorus Fertilizer Requirement." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28685.
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Phosphorus (P) is a common macronutrient required for hard red spring (HRS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and yield expression, and is a significant expense for farmers. The objective of this study was to screen 89 cultivars of historical, current, and pending HRS wheat genotypes for relative P requirement. The cultivars were grown in a greenhouse over two years, using four rates of sodium phosphate for a rate response to the fertilizer. The genotypes were assessed using the Klepper-Haun technique for Haun stage and tiller initiation, and the plant material was analyzed for total P. It was found that as P rate increased, so did dry matter production, Haun stage, tiller initiation, P concentration, and P uptake. Significant cultivar and P*cultivar interactions were observed and regression analysis indicated that rapidly developing cultivars tillered less and required more P fertilizer for initiation of T1 + T2 tillers than slowly developing cultivars.