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de Alarcón, Rubén, Javier de la Iglesia, Nerea Casado, and Angel Montejo. "Online Porn Addiction: What We Know and What We Don’t—A Systematic Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010091.
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In the last few years, there has been a wave of articles related to behavioral addictions; some of them have a focus on online pornography addiction. However, despite all efforts, we are still unable to profile when engaging in this behavior becomes pathological. Common problems include: sample bias, the search for diagnostic instrumentals, opposing approximations to the matter, and the fact that this entity may be encompassed inside a greater pathology (i.e., sex addiction) that may present itself with very diverse symptomatology. Behavioral addictions form a largely unexplored field of study, and usually exhibit a problematic consumption model: loss of control, impairment, and risky use. Hypersexual disorder fits this model and may be composed of several sexual behaviors, like problematic use of online pornography (POPU). Online pornography use is on the rise, with a potential for addiction considering the “triple A” influence (accessibility, affordability, anonymity). This problematic use might have adverse effects in sexual development and sexual functioning, especially among the young population. We aim to gather existing knowledge on problematic online pornography use as a pathological entity. Here we try to summarize what we know about this entity and outline some areas worthy of further research.
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Anderson, Murray. "Book Review of “Addiction Counseling Today: Substance and Addictive Behaviors”." Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy 55, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47634/cjcp.v55i1.70863.
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The issue of addictions and treatment has been increasingly prioritized by policy-makers in recent years, yet the meaning of the concept remains ambiguous. Throughout the 22 chapters of his book Addiction Counseling Today, Kevin G. Alderson weaves together the most salient theories, research, and therapies from the field of addiction and from contemporary developments in policy and practice. The book examines what the tenets of recovery and treatment mean in terms of not only the professional involved in providing treatment but also what recovery looks like for each client. Chapters cover the influence of ethics in treatment, theories of addiction, the neurosciences, and the recognition of behavioural addictions, including the controversies attached to the use of particular labels. A notable strength involves the author’s inclusion of the lived experiences of those who have dealt with various addictions. This book will be essential reading for practitioners, researchers, policy-makers, and students in the fields of addiction, social care, psychology, and criminal justice.
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Ferrer-Pérez, Carmen, Sandra Montagud-Romero, and María Carmen Blanco-Gandía. "Neurobiological Theories of Addiction: A Comprehensive Review." Psychoactives 3, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives3010003.
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It is essential to develop theories and models that enable us to understand addiction’s genesis and maintenance, providing a theoretical and empirical framework for designing more effective interventions. Numerous clinical and preclinical research studies have investigated the various brain and physiological mechanisms involved in addictive behavior. Some researchers have gone a step further, developing what we may refer to as “neurobiological theories of addiction”, which are scientific models that can explain and predict different addiction phenomena. Many of these neurobiological theories are not mutually exclusive but rather extensions and refinements of earlier theories. They all share a similar definition of addiction as a chronic disease characterized by a loss of control over substance consumption, with the brain being identified as the principal organ involved. Most propose a multifactorial causation in which both biological and environmental factors interact, accentuating or causing neurobiological dysfunction in structures and brain circuits involved in behavior and motivation. This review delves into primary neurobiological theories of addiction, commencing with the opponent-process theory—one of the earliest comprehensive explanations of the addictive process. Subsequently, we explore more contemporary formulations connecting behavioral alterations in the addictive process to changes and disruptions in various brain systems.
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Dumitrescu, Marius, Nicoleta Dumitrescu, and Serban Turliuc. "The Social Media Addiction: What Have We Learned So Far? – A Review." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 14, no. 1 (March 9, 2023): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/14.1/410.
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In the last 20 years, computer technology has developed rapidly, and internet-based social networks (e.g. Facebook, Instagram, WeChat, or Twitter) have proliferated even faster, becoming a very important part of people's lives. But in recent years, a dependence to these sites has emerged, called by many authors social media addiction. In the present study, we aim to analyze if there really is an addiction to social media networks, what are its demographic aspects, which are the health problems that occur in these addicted people, and how to intervene therapeutically in these cases. Currently, social media addiction is not recognized as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but is considered more of a behavioral addiction or a subtype of Internet addiction. If we look at this matter from an anthropological and philosophical point of view, such type of addiction can originate in what is related to the specificity of man in the contemporary world. Symptoms of excessive use of SM networks may include decreased ability to concentrate and decreased academic performance, insomnia, altered self-perception, decreased self-esteem, anxiety, depressed mood, and psycho-emotional lability. SM addiction prevention strategies should be implemented based on behavioral risk factors and demographic characteristics. The goal of treatment for this type of addiction, unlike other addictions, is not total abstinence, but rather controlled use of social networks, and relapse prevention should use strategies based on cognitive-behavioral therapies.
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Beresford, Thomas P. "What is addiction, what is alcoholism?" Liver Transplantation 13, S2 (2007): S55—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.21335.
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Fatseas, M. "ADHD and addictive disorders: What links?" European Psychiatry 30, S2 (November 2015): S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.085.
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The links between ADHD and addictive disorders have been the subject of a large number of studies showing a high prevalence rate of ADHD in substance abusing populations as well as an increased risk of substance use disorder (SUD) in ADHD patients that may be independent of other psychiatric conditions. High prevalence of ADHD has also been highlighted among individuals suffering from other addictive disorders such as pathological gambling. Adequate diagnosis of ADHD in SUD patients is challenged by phenomenological aspects of addiction and by frequently associated other psychiatric disorders that overlap with key symptoms of ADHD. A detailed comprehensive search for child and adult symptoms including the temporal relationship of ADHD, substance use and other psychiatric disorders should maximize the validity and the reliability of adult ADHD diagnosis in this population. Further, a follow-up evaluation of ADHD symptoms during treatment of SUD may reduce the likelihood of misdiagnosis. Finally, it should be noticed that when SUD occurs with ADHD, it is associated with a greater severity of SUD compared to other SUD patients. This has been shown with an earlier age at onset, antisocial behavior, risk for depression, chronicity of substance use, need for hospitalization and likelihood of a complicated course. Recent data suggest that the effects of ADHD on SUD outcomes are independent of other psychiatric comorbidities. This highlights the need of an earlier implementation of preventive interventions for substance use or behavioral addiction in children/adolescents with ADHD and the necessity to consider this disorder in the treatment of addictive disorders. Benefices and risk of MPH in adult patients with addiction and ADHD are discussed.
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Wiederhold, Brenda K. "What Predicts Facebook Addiction?" Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 20, no. 5 (May 2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.29073.bkw.
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Levine, Stephen B. "What is Sexual Addiction?" Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 36, no. 3 (April 30, 2010): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00926231003719681.
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Kalant, Harold. "Neurobiological research on addiction: What value has it added to the concept?" International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.196.
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Kalant, H. (2015). Neurobiological research on addiction: What value has it added to the concept?. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 53-59. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.196The initial goal of neurobiological research on addiction was to identify the neural mechanisms involved in the mediation and expression of addictive behavior. More recently, however, it has attributed causal roles to these mechanisms, as illustrated by the definition of addiction as a brain disease caused by chronic exposure to a drug. This concept carries a number of implications that can be assessed experimentally and clinically. None of these implications is borne out by the currently available evidence. The interactions of neuronal systems involved in addiction are also involved in adaptation to experience and environmental change. Much of the neurobiological research to date has not differentiated between causes of addiction, neuronal mechanisms that are activated by them, and risk factors that contribute to individual vulnerability. It has largely ignored the important experiential and environmental influences known to affect the prevalence of addiction in different populations or different times, and it has so far directed much less attention to other forms of addiction-like behavior that do not involve drugs. These failures are not inherent in neurobiological research but require reorientation of objectives, including more emphasis on the study of mechanisms by which environment and experience, including drug experience, can determine whether genetic risk factors are expressed or remain dormant and can direct neuroadaptive mechanisms toward alternative outcomes.
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Morton, W. Alexander. "Chemical Dependence: A Look at What Does and Doesn't Work." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 9, no. 2 (April 1996): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009600900212.
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Pharmacists are often unprepared to become actively clinically involved with patients in chemical dependence treatment programs. This article discusses problems frequently encountered with these patients and provides potential solutions to detriments in addressing their needs. A practitioner needs to develop credibility with patients, understand the neurochemistry of addictions, and understand the main concepts that maintain addictive disorders. Non-drug alternatives need to be understood and offered to recovering patients instead of immediately relying on pharmacological treatments. Issues regarding dual diagnoses, pain management, nicotine cessation, and concurrent medical problems are discussed. Essential treatment concerns, such as a practitioner's "philosophy of treat ment," concept of 12-step groups, the natural course of addiction, and recognizing impaired health professionals are addressed. The author offers suggestions for becoming successfully involved in a chemical dependency treatment program. Copyright © 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company
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Cybulska, A. M., K. Rachubińska, D. Schneider-Matyka, S. Grochans, and E. Grochans. "The relationship between women’s personality traits and addiction to social networking sites on the example of Facebook." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.349.
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IntroductionSocial network addicts may differ significantly from non-addicts in terms of personality traits, such as agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. Addicts may be prone to negative emotions and unpleasant experiences, which may be associated with a higher level of neuroticism. Addicts often fail to cope in the real world, often experience negative emotions, quickly give up their goals, see themselves and others in a negative light, and escape into virtual reality. The virtual world is devoid of the anxiety that an individual faces in real life interactions, hence the tendency for addiction among people with higher levels of neuroticism. The primary cause of Internet Addiction may be innate temperamental traits (i.e., impulsiveness of behavior and impulsiveness of decisions) that influence the susceptibility to functional and chemical addictions. According to the concept of addictive personality, people who have this problem are prone to addiction as such, regardless of what they are addicted to.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to generally assess the degree of women’s dependence on social networking sites on the example of Facebook, taking into account personality traits according to the five-factor model of personality, the so-called Big Five by Costa and McCraeMethodsThe study included 556 women. This survey-based study was carried out using the questionnaire technique. The following research tools were used to analyze behavioral addictions in adult women: the Bergen Face- book Addiction Scale (BFAS), the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO FFI) and the author’s questionnaire.ResultsAmong the surveyed women, 69.6% were average Facebook users, of whom 16.4% had scores indicating possible Facebook addiction, and 14.0% had scores indicating addiction. The higher the neuroticism, the more serious the Facebook addiction (r = 0.26; p < 0.001; R2 = 6.7%). A weak negative correlation was obtained for the agreeableness subscale e (r = -0.08; p < 0.05; R2 = 7.2%). A weak negative correlation was also obtained for the subscale of conscientiousness (r = -0.16; p < 0.001; R2 = 2.6%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the log10 score obtained on the BFAS and the score on the NEO-FFI subscales of extraversion (r = 0.04; p = 0.40) and openness to experience (r = 0.04; p = 0.30).ConclusionsThe personality types of the studied women indicated relationships in terms of behavioral addictions. Women characterized by neuroticism showed stronger addiction to Facebook. Women characterized by high conscientiousness were at lower risk of behavioral addictions, while agreeableness as a personality trait significantly protected the surveyed women against Facebook addiction.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Miller, Norman S., and Mark S. Gold. "The Disease and Adaptive Models of Addiction: A Re-Evaluation." Journal of Drug Issues 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269002000102.
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The search for underlying causes of alcoholism and drug addiction has delayed the growth of their diagnoses and treatment. Often the emphasis and the debate are directed toward the etiology before the criteria for the addictions are established; the question asked is “why?” and then, “what?” rather than “what is it?” and, “why?”. In reality, the reasons are not only unavailable at this time, but are relatively unimportant for the proper diagnosis and treatment of addiction. The disease concept is an advancement toward a framework that can be used to define alcohol and drug addiction and enable scientific research hypotheses to be formed. The adaptive model is a recalcitrant retreat to explanations that have been inadequate for progress for a long time.
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Gearhardt, Ashley, Michael Roberts, and Marice Ashe. "If Sugar is Addictive… What Does it Mean for the Law?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, S1 (2013): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12038.
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Sugar consumption has long been linked with a host of chronic health problems, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. To reduce Americans’ intake, many have called for taxing sugary products or limiting access in certain environments like schools and workplaces. These sometimes controversial calls for new public policy to curb consumption may soon be eclipsed by newly emerging links between sugar and addiction.Attaching the label “addictive” to a substance like sugar, which is necessary for human life, challenges widely held beliefs about addiction. But the extraordinary increase in sugar consumption during the past century, with related tripling of chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes, means our common understandings may be outdated.Part I of this paper will define “addiction” — especially as it relates to what was once a naturally occurring food nutrient and now is a highly concentrated food additive — and present evidence of the addictive potential of sugar.
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Blomqvist, Jan. "What is the Worst Thing you could get Hooked on?: Popular Images of Addiction Problems in Contemporary Sweden." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 26, no. 4 (August 2009): 373–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250902600404.
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Aims To investigate potentially crucial aspects of Swedes' perceptions of nine different addictions. Data and Methods Population survey, sent out to 2,000 adult Swedes (18–74 years), focusing on the perceived severity of, responsibility for, options to recover from, and character of addiction to cigarettes, snuff, alcohol, cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, medical drugs, and gambling. Results There are large differences in the ways in which various addiction problems are perceived. Whereas tobacco use, and to some extent gambling, are seen as relatively harmless “habits”, not particularly easy to get hooked on but easy to quit, the use of drugs such as heroin, amphetamine, and cocaine is seen as a major societal problem, and users are seen both as “sinners” who need to mend their ways and as powerless “victims”. In between comes the use and misuse of alcohol, cannabis and medical drugs, about which perceptions are more divided. Conclusions Respondents tend to downplay the risks and dangers with addictive habits that are common and familiar in mainstream culture, and to dramatise the risks and dangers with such habits that are uncommon or “strange”. This may have unfortunate consequences for addicts' options to find a path out of their predicaments.
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Williamson, Jenny L., Helen T. Buckland, and Susanna L. Cunningham. "What Is an “Addiction Memory”?" American Biology Teacher 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2013.75.1.13.
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Choate, Peter W. "Adolescent addiction: What parents need?" Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 30 (2011): 1359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.263.
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Luty, Jason. "What works in drug addiction?" Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9, no. 4 (July 2003): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.4.280.
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Treatment of illicit drug dependence typically involves a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions. Efficacy research supports methadone maintenance in opiate dependence. There is less evidence to support buprenorphine (an opiate receptor partial agonist), lofexidine (an α2-adrenoreceptor agonist) and naltrexone (an opiate receptor antagonist). Evidence for the effectiveness of detoxification, which one of the most widely used treatments, is poor. Of the psychosocial interventions, reasonable evidence exists for the effectiveness of motivational interviewing. Other psychosocial treatments have rarely been compared with no or minimal contact conditions in randomised trials, and their reported effectiveness is often weak. Residential treatments are not demonstrably more effective than community programmes.
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Summers, Jesse S. "What is Wrong with Addiction." Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 22, no. 1 (2015): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2015.0011.
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Niedermoser, Daryl Wayne, Andreas Hadjar, Vivien Ankli, Nina Schweinfurth, Claudia Zueger, Renanto Poespodihardjo, Sylvie Petitjean, Gerhard Wiesbeck, and Marc Walter. "A Typical Case Report: Internet Gaming Disorder Psychotherapy Treatment in Private Practice." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 21, 2021): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042083.
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Background: Online or internet gaming disorder (IGD) is currently not recognized as a mental disorder in the actual Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), although it is an emerging disease. Non-substance-related addictions often have similarities with substance addictions. It is therefore important to have a good understanding of the client but also to have a good endurance. Due to the rise of e-sports, there is an anticipated and therefore possible trend to have many more patients with a non-substance addiction. There are many parallels, for instance tolerance, withdrawal and social problems, resulting from an increasing investment of time spent on the internet. Case presentation: To reduce possible inhibition in treating a patient with IGD, we present a case of a 19-year-old adolescent man who exhibited IGD and showed social problems associated with his addiction. Conclusions: This paper shows the importance and the effects of treating a non-substance addiction with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). After having successfully coped with an addiction, several shifts in addiction were often reported. In this case, no shifts were reported. The absence of such shifts makes our case a distinct and unique case. This is not a multimorbidity case, and that is the reason why we think this is an excellent example to show what we achieved, how we achieved it, and what we could establish. Of course, additional research and manuals are urgently needed.
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Ylikoski, Petri, and Samuli Pöyhönen. "Addiction-as-a-kind hypothesis." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.189.
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Ylikoski, P., & Pöyhönen, S. (2015). Addiction-as-a-kind hypothesis. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 21-25. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.189The psychiatric category of addiction has recently been broadened to include new behaviors. This has prompted critical discussion about the value of a concept that covers so many different substances and activities. Many of the debates surrounding the notion of addiction stem from different views concerning what kind of a thing addiction fundamentally is. In this essay, we put forward an account that conceptualizes different addictions as sharing a cluster of relevant properties (the syndrome) that is supported by a matrix of causal mechanisms. According to this "addiction-as-a-kind" hypothesis, several different kinds of substance and behavioral addictions can be thought of as instantiations of the same thing—addiction. We show how a clearly articulated account of addiction can facilitate empirical research and the theoretical integration of different perspectives on addiction. The causal matrix approach provides a promising alternative to existing accounts of the nature of psychiatric disorders, the traditional disease model, and its competitors. It is a positive addition to discussions about diagnostic criteria, and sheds light on how psychiatric classification may be integrated with research done in other scientific fields. We argue that it also provides a plausible approach to understanding comorbidity.
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Krzysztofiak, Maria, and Justyna Kusztal. "Combined methods in addiction psychotherapy. Systematic review of the Addiction journal ." Man Disability Society 58, no. 4 (January 1, 2023): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.4185.
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The article is a review and presents the results of research conducted in 2022 using the method of systematic review of scientific articles published in the English-language Addiction journal, i.e. the oldest journal on addiction which has a long history of publishing (since 1884) by the Society for the Study of Addiction. The review question was the following: What treatment methods currently used in the psychotherapy of addictions in adults can be combined to optimize the recovery process of patients with disorders associated with the use of psychoactive substances, in light of the systematic review of the Addiction journal from 19932022? The results of research conducted in accordance with the assumptions of the PRISMA standard indicate the most frequently combined methods, referring to the cognitive-behavioural approach with pharmacotherapy, elements of motivational dialogue and motivation training. The results of the study canbe used to distinguish research variables for broader meta-analytical studies or to conduct further field research in addiction treatment.
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Peele, Stanton. "What treatment for addiction can do and what it can't; what treatment for addiction should do and what it shouldn't." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2, no. 4 (1985): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(85)90005-4.
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Zahran, Samah Khaled. "Social Media Addiction Among Adolescents: A Brief Overview About Recent Findings." Journal of Research in Social Science and Humanities 2, no. 8 (August 2023): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/jrssh.2023.08.03.
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This is a brief overview article about social media addiction; what is it? What is the difference between its addiction and common addiction ones? What is the difference between internet sites and social media ones, the reasons and symptoms of addiction, then final conclusion for teenagers?
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Skelly, Julia. "Skin and Scars." Body & Society 24, no. 1-2 (April 13, 2018): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x18767098.
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What does considering skin carefully and specifically illuminate about addiction, addiction discourse and/or the visual culture of addiction, that more general considerations of the body do not? What light is shed when we talk about skin and addiction? I want to propose in this brief article that in looking at addiction and addiction discourse through the lens of skin studies, we see with even more clarity the thinness of the argument that addiction is legible from corporeal evidence. I conclude that while we may want skin to tell us things about others, it nevertheless behooves us to be wary of what we think skin tells us about addiction.
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Barada, S. "How to overcome sugar addiction?" Journal of AMD 23, no. 3 (November 2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.36171/jamd20.23.3.10.
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Sugar consumption activates the mesocorticolimbic system in a very similar way to substance abuse. But if all addictions initially start with a feeling of pleasure, as in the case of highly palatable foods and sugar rich diets, then why should I abandon something that makes me feel good? And then why does one continue to abuse food despite the negative consequences. There are various ways to deal with the different addictions. However, the problem with sugar addiction, or even more generally with food addiction, is that there is no awareness that the relationship with food can represent an addiction in some cases, and the tools are lacking to identify the most suitable professional figures to help manage the situation when needed. Therefore, the approach to the problem must be multidisciplinary. A methodology based on three fundamental elements is proposed: 1. Training the patient with regard to her/his addiction, providing objective and scientific information, 2. Providing the patient with the right tools, i.e. ‘know-how’, 3. Preventing relapses. Our patients’ stories report how they have learned to manage their emotional needs without escaping, to observe their thoughts by recognising their distortions, to identify what triggers their spasmodic desire for food and understand their behaviour in depth, and to connect better with themselves and others, also sharing the painful emotions along the way! KEY WORDS sugar addiction; food addiction; awareness; addiction treatment; multidisciplinary team.
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Egunjobi, Joyzy Pius. "Prayer Addiction and William Glasser’s Positive Addiction." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, no. V (2023): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70532.
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William Glasser is credited with the idea of positive addictions which are any activities in which a person feels a need or urge to participate and are considered positive even though they may possibly become a form of addiction. Can addiction be positive? This is what this study investigated using prayer addiction. The study adopted a survey design to collect data from 203 adult Christians, aged 20 and above, who participated through voluntary sampling. The research instrument, Prayer Attitude and Addiction Test (PAAT) was used to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in words, percentages, tables, and figures. The findings revealed that almost all Christians (94%) pray on daily basis with more than half praying in a structured and regular manner. About 13.4% of Christians fit the criteria for prayer addiction. The criteria for prayer addiction includes negative consequences due to praying such as having guilt feelings or bad conscience because one has not prayed (70.9%), having physically/Emotionally/Spiritually hurt or neglected the self or others because of praying (20.1%), and having their prayer habit or praying affecting someone or some other important activities (33.2%). The frequency, and manner of praying in terms of structure and regularity weakly and negatively correlated with prayer addiction but significantly (r (173) = -.216, p = .004.; r (173) = -.179, p = .016 respectively). The study concluded that prayer addiction having negative consequences cannot be positive. Hence, a behavior can be a good, healthy, or positive habit, but not positive addiction.
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LePine, S. Elisha, Elias M. Klemperer, Julia C. West, Catherine Peasley-Miklus, Caitlin McCluskey, Amanda Jones, Maria Roemhildt, Megan Trutor, Rhonda Williams, and Andrea Villanti. "Exploring Definitions of “Addiction” in Adolescents and Young Adults and Correlation with Substance Use Behaviors." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 8075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138075.
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(1) Background: Young people engage in addictive behaviors, but little is known about how they understand addiction. The present study examined how young people describe addiction in their own words and correlations between their definitions and substance use behaviors. (2) Methods: Young adults (n = 1146) in the PACE Vermont Study responded to an open-ended item “what does “addiction” mean?” in 2019. Responses were coded using three inductive categories and fifteen subcategories. Quantitative analyses examined correlations between addiction theme definitions, demographics, and substance use behaviors. (3) Participants frequently defined addiction by physiological (68%) and psychological changes (65%) and less by behavioral changes (6%), or all three (3%); young adults had higher odds of defining addiction as physiological or behavioral changes than adolescents. Participants who described addiction as “psychological changes” had lower odds of ever electronic vapor product use (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57–1.00) than those using another definition, controlling for age and sex. (4) Perceptions of addiction in our sample aligned with existing validated measures of addiction. Findings discriminated between familiar features of addiction and features that may be overlooked by young adults. Substance users may employ definitions that exclude the symptoms they are most likely to experience.
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Katambwe, Jo M. "Is dialogue addictive?" Dialogue and Ways of Relating 10, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.00059.kat.
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Abstract In this study, we shed some light on the thinking behind Facebook addiction. Since social network system are dialogical communication tools, we carve out a space for a theoretical and methodological alternative to the research on social media addiction, as it relates specifically to Facebook addiction. Based on several meta-evaluations and synthesis of extant empirical research, we uncover the two most prominent functionalist approaches sustaining these empirical researches. Upon pointing to their epistemological, theoretical and methodological limitations, we delve into dialogic approach and theory with a view to isolate how and what it is in a dialogic communication that makes it addictive. Finally, we offer some theoretical and methodological alternatives from a dialogical perspective on how to study Facebook addiction.
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George, Manju, Shreemit Maheshwari, Suhas Chandran, and T. S. Sathyanarayana Rao. "Psychosocial Aspects of Pornography." Journal of Psychosexual Health 1, no. 1 (January 2019): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631831818821535.
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Introduction: Pornography is the term given for non-relational sex without any requirements for relational intimacy. It has appeared in all cultures and civilizations over centuries. Research into the area of addictive sexual behaviors on the Internet incorporates the various constructs surrounding compulsive sexual behavior. Pornography and society: Excess viewing of pornography has been said to be associated with psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and depression, and even sexual dysfunction. Individuals with pornography addiction have lower degrees of social integration, increase in conduct problems, higher levels of delinquent behavior, higher incidence of depressive symptoms, and decreased emotional bonding with caregivers. Pornography is an expression of fantasies and is said to have the potential to rewire pleasure centers of the brain and alter structures and function. Conclusion: Pornography can bring about significant changes in the brain similar to what can be seen in drug addictions. Owing to the boom of technology and easy access to such material, it is imperative to provide specifically designed pornography addiction education programs to educate students about the adverse effects of pornography.
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Hesse, Morten. "What does addiction mean to me." Mens Sana Monographs 4, no. 1 (2006): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1229.27609.
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Blundell, J., S. Coe, and B. Hooper. "Food addiction - What is the evidence?" Nutrition Bulletin 39, no. 2 (May 19, 2014): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12092.
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LONDON, ROBERT T. "What We Can Learn About Addiction." Clinical Psychiatry News 33, no. 5 (May 2005): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0270-6644(05)70374-x.
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Burrows, T., and A. Meule. "‘Food addiction’. What happens in childhood?" Appetite 89 (June 2015): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.209.
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Robinson, Terry E., and Kent C. Berridge. "The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1507 (July 18, 2008): 3137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0093.
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We present a brief overview of the incentive sensitization theory of addiction. This posits that addiction is caused primarily by drug-induced sensitization in the brain mesocorticolimbic systems that attribute incentive salience to reward-associated stimuli. If rendered hypersensitive, these systems cause pathological incentive motivation (‘wanting’) for drugs. We address some current questions including: what is the role of learning in incentive sensitization and addiction? Does incentive sensitization occur in human addicts? Is the development of addiction-like behaviour in animals associated with sensitization? What is the best way to model addiction symptoms using animal models? And, finally, what are the roles of affective pleasure or withdrawal in addiction?
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Chassin, Laurie, Clark C. Presson, Jennifer Rose, and Steven J. Sherman. "What is addiction? Age-related differences in the meaning of addiction." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 87, no. 1 (February 2007): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.006.
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McLean, Samuel, and Nikolas Rose. "Crisis, what crisis? Addiction neuroscience and the challenges of translation." Wellcome Open Research 5 (September 14, 2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16265.1.
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In this article we interrogate the claim that there is an opioid crisis: a dramatic rise in drug overdose fatalities in the United States over the past two decades that is also spreading to other countries. The usual argument is that this crisis is largely explained by errant prescription practices leading to an oversupply of opioids, leading to addiction, premature mortality and drug overdose deaths, both among those prescribed opioids for pain relief, and those obtaining them on the illegal market. We argue, that this view is highly problematic and that it is likely to entrench deeper problems with how substance addiction has been perceived and known. In this article, we develop an alternative picture of the addiction crisis based on four years of research and collaboration with addiction neuroscientists. Drug overdose deaths, we claim, are symptoms of what we term the ‘structural distribution of social despair.’ We argue that this is compounded by a translation crisis at the heart of addiction neuroscience. For all its dominance, the ‘dopamine hypothesis’ of addiction that shaped understandings for some three decades, has still not produced a single effective treatment. However, this translation crisis also represents an opportunity for ‘the memory turn’ in addiction neuroscience as it seeks to translate its emerging conception of addiction as a problem of memory into effective forms of treatment. We conclude by arguing that, for the ‘memory turn’ to underpin effective interventions into ‘the opioid crisis’, a new relation between neuroscientists and social scientists of addiction is needed, one that proceeds from the lived experience of human beings.
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Griffiths, Mark. "Psychology of Computer Use: XLIII. Some Comments on ‘Addictive Use of the Internet’ by Young." Psychological Reports 80, no. 1 (February 1997): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.1.81.
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This paper adds further comments to a case description by Young on addictive use of the Internet. Brief comments relating to the Internet as a behaviourial addiction and the problem of to what users are actually addicted, are discussed.
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Goldberg, Anna E. "The (in)Significance of the Addiction Debate." Neuroethics 13, no. 3 (December 12, 2019): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12152-019-09424-5.
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AbstractSubstance addiction affects millions of individuals worldwide and yet there is no consensus regarding its conceptualisation. Recent neuroscientific developments fuel the view that addiction can be classified as a brain disease, whereas a different body of scholars disagrees by claiming that addictive behaviour is a choice. These two models, the Brain Disease Model and the Choice Model, seem to oppose each other directly. This article contends the belief that the two models in the addiction debate are polar opposites. It shows that it is not the large amount of addiction research in itself what sets the models apart, but rather their extrapolated conclusions. Moreover, some of the most fiercely debated aspects - for instance, whether or not addiction should be classified as a disease or disorder - are irrelevant for the conceptualisation of addiction. Instead, the real disagreement is shown to revolve around capacities. Discussing addiction-related capacities, especially regarding impaired control, rather than the assumed juxtaposition of the two models can be considered the true addiction debate. More insight into the extent to which the capacities of the addicted individual were affected would be highly useful in various other areas, especially legal responsibility.
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Holroyd, Joanna, and Maria Luca. "Psychotherapy with clients with addiction(s): a grounded theory study of effective therapeutic approaches." Journal of Psychological Therapies 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/jpt.v4n2.2019.131.
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Background: addiction is a multifaceted topic with social, cultural, and political undertones and influences. It can be considered challenging to work with psychotherapeutically. Aim: to counter this pejorative conjecture, this study aimed to explore the approaches experienced therapists use in their clinical work. Methodology: to investigate what has proved important and therapeutically helpful empirically, ten qualitative semi-structured interviews were carried out with experienced clinicians of varying modalities working with addiction. Transcripts were analysed using constructivist grounded theory. Findings: one core category emerged from the data: what was revealed to be effective in working with addictions is a unique, contextualised, collaborative and creative therapeutic approach. Five sub-categories transpired: 1) contextual factors; 2) therapist factors; 3) client factors; 4) conceptualisations; 5) therapeutic work. The findings indicate that through engagement with unique psychosocial understandings of clients, therapists enhance their own understandings of the phenomenon of addiction, which then informs their therapeutic approach. It is argued that an individualised and creative approach, anchored in the particular needs, personal preferences or beliefs of the client, is given preference over rigid adherence to any particular therapeutic model.
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Briken, Peer, and Daniel Turner. "What does “Sexual” mean in compulsive sexual behavior disorder? •." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 11, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00026.
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Abstract This paper comments three recent publications in the Journal of Behavioral Addictions (Brand et al., 2022; Gola et al., 2022; Sassover & Weinstein, 2022). It shortly discusses (1) the role of researcher biases and the significance of the naming of a disorder (here “sexual addiction” and “pornography use disorder”) for stigma and treatment, (2) the development and course of CSBD and its significance for research results, (3) the role of “Sexual” in CSBD. The paper concludes that the guidelines for CSBD give a precise description and the authors plea for an exchange between disciplines and a sex positive treatment approach.
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Kristensen, Dorthe Brogård, and Katrine Schepelern Johansen. "Self, substance, and society." Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund 15, no. 28 (August 16, 2018): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/tfss.v15i28.107260.
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The article explores the role of addictive substances, and how they constitute the experience of pleasure and categories of addictions (Garriott & Raikhel 2015). In two separate studies, one of the users in heroin-assisted treatment of addiction in Denmark and the other of consumers’ food perceptions, we became interested in the roles played by the addictive substance and the concept of addiction – as a cultural category with social, moral, and political significance (Keane 2002) – among our informants. More specifically, we focused on how pleasure is constrained, made, or enacted in societal responses and treatment practices by comparing the case of heroin and sugar. The juxtaposition of the two types of addiction serves to illustrate the relationship between a specific substance, cultural categories, and responses.Analysis focuses on the interplay between the addict, the substance, social networks, and institutions. We argue that both the addict as a subject and the effect of the addictive substance are produced by a network of actors, experiences, moral values, societal institutions, and public discourses. The two cases show the importance of attending to substance effect in this context, and to variations in a single cultural setting – ultimately demonstrating that substance use and the experience of pleasure are not simply matters of choice but rather results of embodied conditioning, whereby social forces constrain the experience of pleasure. In both cases, recovery becomes a means of finding what is perceived to be one’s inner core in a society marked by industrial interference and artificiality, manifested in – among many other objects – certain chemical substances. In some situations, however, by regaining some degree of autonomy and by getting in touch with one’s “inner core” the substance becomes a possible actant for the enjoyment of pleasure
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Breen, Benjamin. "“That Vast Quantity of Laudanum I Have Been Known to Take”." English Language Notes 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-9560232.
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Abstract An impostor who claimed to be a refugee from Formosa (present-day Taiwan) named George Psalmanazar (1679?–1763) embodied two key aspects of addiction in eighteenth-century Europe: its connections to globalization and imperialism, and the complex interplay between the concept of “positive” addictions (such as addiction to study, devotion, or duty) and the growing attention paid to “negative” ones (addiction to superstition, sexuality, or intoxicating substances). Constantly changing his identity in response to his audience’s expectations, Psalmanazar lived a life of continual performance—performance that hinged on trading one set of addictions for another. As he abandoned his falsified persona as an opiate-addicted, sexually licentious Taiwanese aristocrat, Psalmanazar embraced a postimposture persona as a pious scholar of religion who, like the holy men he studied, was “addicted to the reading . . . [of] sacred writings.” Strikingly, however, this second life as a humble scholar was sustained by regular opiate use. What had changed was how Psalmanazar thought about his use of the drug: no longer in the service of “vanity” or “extravagance” but instead in the service of God. With their blend of introspection and self-deception, Psalmanazar’s Memoirs (1764) index the changing social and cultural roles of opiates and the concept of addiction in eighteenth-century Europe and beyond.
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Turner, Luke, Bridgette M. Bewick, Sarah Kent, Azaria Khyabani, Louise Bryant, and Barbara Summers. "When Does a Lot Become Too Much? A Q Methodological Investigation of UK Student Perceptions of Digital Addiction." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 23, 2021): 11149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111149.
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Despite the benefits of the internet and other digital technology, the online world has been associated with a negative impact on university student wellbeing. Many university students report symptoms of pathological internet use. Internationally, further research is needed to understand what student users of technology perceive to be problematic internet and/or digital use. The current study explores the range of perceptions that university students hold about ‘digital addiction’. We recruited 33 participants from a UK university into a Q-methodology study. Participants sorted, ranked, and commented on fifty-two statements representing the concourse of ‘things written or said about digital addiction’. The statements were identified from a comprehensive search of a wide variety of sources (e.g., newspapers, academic articles, blogs, and YouTube). Principal Component Analysis was used to identify four distinct viewpoints of ‘digital addiction’: (I) digital addiction is differentiated by the negative consequences experienced by addicted individuals; (II) digital addiction comes from our fascination with the online world; (III) digital addiction is an attempt to escape real world problems and impacts on mental health and relationships; (IV) digital addiction is defined by the amount of time we spend online. All four viewpoints share the perception that people do not realize they are digitally addicted because using and having digital devices on you at all times has become the social norm. There was also overall agreement that that those with ‘addictive personalities’ were more likely to be ‘digitally addicted’. Despite these similarities, complexity and contradictions within the viewpoints surrounding what digital addiction is and how it might be defined are apparent. The information found in this study provides important suggestions of how we might frame prevention and early intervention messages to engage students and ensure they develop the skills necessary to successfully manage their digital lives.
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Guedes, Eduardo, Federica Sancassiani, Mauro Giovani Carta, Carlos Campos, Sergio Machado, Anna Lucia Spear King, and Antonio Egidio Nardi. "Internet Addiction and Excessive Social Networks Use: What About Facebook?" Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 12, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010043.
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Facebook is notably the most widely known and used social network worldwide. It has been described as a valuable tool for leisure and communication between people all over the world. However, healthy and conscience Facebook use is contrasted by excessive use and lack of control, creating an addiction with severely impacts the everyday life of many users, mainly youths. If Facebook use seems to be related to the need to belong, affiliate with others and for self-presentation, the beginning of excessive Facebook use and addiction could be associated to reward and gratification mechanisms as well as some personality traits. Studies from several countries indicate different Facebook addiction prevalence rates, mainly due to the use of a wide-range of evaluation instruments and to the lack of a clear and valid definition of this construct. Further investigations are needed to establish if excessive Facebook use can be considered as a specific online addiction disorder or an Internet addiction subtype.
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Liu, Muyang. "Analysis of Individual Attitudes Toward Addiction." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 25, no. 1 (November 28, 2023): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/25/20230793.
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Some researchers believe that addiction is a purposeful and expectant voluntary choice made by addicts after they are aware of the consequences of their behavior; on the other hand, some proponents believe that addiction is a compulsive mental illness and that addicts have almost no control over their behaviors, so people should change their attitudes towards addicts by understanding and reporting their behavior instead of demanding that they stop. In this study, two primary concerns will be addressed in order to assess the viability of this proposal: Is addiction indeed irresistible? What would happen if addiction was in fact viewed as a mental illness? After discussing various aspects of whether addiction is a compulsion or a choice, it was concluded that addicts can control their behavior even if the addictive substances are seductive and have an effect on the structure and function of the addicts brain. In addition, the negative consequences of treating addiction as a mental illness and minimizing its control, the harm to ones health, and the threat to the safety of those around one are also some reasons why this proposal is not justified.
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Singh Balhara, Yatan Pal, Rachna Bhargava, and Rakesh K. Chadda. "Service Development for Behavioural Addictions: AIIMS Experience." Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 53, no. 03 (July 2017): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712755.
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ABSTRACTThe concept of behavioural addiction is relatively new. The growing recognition of the behavioural addictions globally and increasing clinical queries catalysed the ongoing deliberations on setting up services for addressing behavioural addictions at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. This led to establishment of what is arguably the first Behavioural Addictions Clinic (BAC) in the country. The clinic is an initiative of the Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center (NDDTC), AIIMS, New Delhi. The current article offers an overview of the BAC, AIIMS, New Delhi.
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Levy, Neil. "Autonomy and Addiction." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 36, no. 3 (September 2006): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cjp.2006.0018.
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Whatever its implications for the other features of human agency at its best — for moral responsibility, reasons-responsiveness, self-realization, flourishing, and so on—addiction is universally recognized as impairing autonomy. But philosophers have frequently misunderstood the nature of addiction, and therefore have not adequately explained the manner in which it impairs autonomy. Once we recognize that addiction is not incompatible with choice or volition, it becomes clear that none of the Standard accounts of autonomy can satisfactorily explain the way in which it undermines fully autonomous agency. In order to understand to what extent and in what ways the addicted are autonomy-impaired, we need to understand autonomy as consisting, essentially, in the exercise of the capacity for extended agency. It is because addiction undermines extended agency, so that addicts are not able to integrate their lives and pursue a Single conception of the good, that it impairs autonomy.
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Knežević Tasić, J., R. Sapic, and M. Valkanou. "P01-118 – Where is “I” in addiction? (A link between personality disorders and drug addiction)." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71829-6.
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Is there something called „addictive“ personality, what is shared for most drug addicts and is there a space for individuality when addiction is in question? The main objective of this study was to discover the personality characteristic that are accountable for predicting addictive behaviour. The aim was to find a personality profile that is most vulnerable towards drug abuse. Additionally, factors such as emotional involvedness, attachment quality, parental style, education, professional ability, and more were examined. The sample of this research contained 103 participants, 55 addicts and 48 individuals in a control group. Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory III (MCMI III) and specially constructed data sheet were used. Canonical discriminant analysis presented the best model which generates distinct personality features that strongly predict drug abuse and to explore differences in the presence of psychopathological features between groups, whilst a Chi-squared analysis examined the additional factors. Significant differences were found between general population and substance abuse group in the presence of personality disorders and level of presented pathology. In conclusion individuals who developed Antisocial, Borderline, Depressive and Dependant personal style are most prone to use substances, whilst individuals who belong to Histrionic or Compulsive Personality style are most unlikely to develop addiction (p < .001). The addiction is firmly attached to the Depression major presence, PTSD and Dysthymia. Also, addiction group shows significantly higher level of pathology (p < .001).
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Hildebrandt, Tom, Rachel Yehuda, and Lauren Alfano. "What can allostasis tell us about anabolic–androgenic steroid addiction?" Development and Psychopathology 23, no. 3 (July 15, 2011): 907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579411000393.
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AbstractAnabolic–androgenic steroids (AASs) are synthetic hormones used by individuals who want to look better or perform better in athletics and at the gym. Their use raises an interesting paradox in which drug use is associated with a number of health benefits, but also the possibility of negative health consequences. Existing models of AAS addiction follow the traditional framework of drug abuse and dependence, which suggest that harmful use occurs as a result of the drug's ability to hijack the motivation–reward system. However, AASs, unlike typical drugs of abuse, are not used for acute intoxication effects or euphoria. Rather, AASs are used to affect the body through changes to the musculoskeletal system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis as opposed to stimulating the reward system. We offer an allostatic model of AAS addiction to resolve this inconsistency between traditional drug addiction and AAS addiction. This allostatic framework provides a way to (a) incorporate exercise into AAS misuse, (b) identify where AAS use transitions from recreational use into a drug problem, and (c) describe individual differences in vulnerability or resilience to AASs. Implications for this model of AAS addiction are discussed.
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Volkow, Nora D. "What Do We Know About Drug Addiction?" American Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 8 (August 2005): 1401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1401.
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