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1
Barlow, Jay, Megan C. Ferguson, William F. Perrin, Lisa Ballance, Tim Gerrodette, Gerald Joyce, Colin D. MacLeod, Keith Mullin, Debra L. Palka, and Gordon Waring. "Abundance and densities of beaked and bottlenose whales (family Ziphiidae)." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 7, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v7i3.736.
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Estimating the abundance and density of beaked whales is more difficult than for most other cetacean species. Consequently few estimates appear in the published literature. Field identification is problematic, especially for the smaller species, and visual detection rates decrease dramatically with Beaufort sea state; prior experience is very important to an observer’s ability to detect beaked whales. Passive acoustics may hold future promise for detecting beaked whales from their vocalisations, especially for the larger species. Most published estimates of abundance or density are based on visual line-transect studies that found narrower effective strip widths and lower trackline detection probabilities for beaked whales than for most other cetaceans. Published density estimates range from 0.4-44 whales per 1,000km2 for small beaked whales and up to 68 whales per 1,000km2 for large beaked whales. Mark-recapture methods based on photo-identification have been used to estimate abundance in a few cases in limited geographical areas. Focused research is needed to improve beaked whale abundance and density estimates worldwide.
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Burchfield, Amy. "The Legal Cetacean: A Select Bibliography on Whales and International Whaling." International Journal of Legal Information 36, no. 3 (2008): 490–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500003267.
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Whales have captivated the human imagination for millennia. Indeed, evidence of the first whale hunting dates back to at least 6,000 B.C. These incredible cetaceans have been a source of human food, fuel and tools, and have inspired art, myth and literature around the globe. Legal issues affecting whales are varied and far reaching. Only since the mid 20th century, with the establishment of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) under the terms of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) have whales benefited from any type of conservation effort.
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Da Silva Martins, Marisa. "Sail away, save a whale: ocean awareness in children’s books and picture books." Child Studies, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/childstudies.5239.
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This article discusses two children's books, The Whale Watchers (2022), written by Dougie Poynter and illustrated by Amberin Huq, and Calling the Whales (2023), written by Jasbinder Bilan and illustrated by Skylar White, as well as one picture book, The Tale of the Whale (2022), written by Karen Swann and illustrated by Padmacandra. Highlighting the relationship between children and whales, the article draws upon ecocriticism and ecology in the context of children’s literature. Arguing that these narratives present both species as climate activists, the article also explores the significance of the text, not only for the purpose of exposing environmental issues, but by also contributing to environmental literacy and pedagogy. This article aims to conclude that whales’ representation throughout the narratives bestows ocean awareness, leading the children to experience and engage with the sea.
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Mishin, T. V. "Bycatch of marine mammals in the Northwest Atlantic during commercial fishery (based on literature materials and observations by the Polar branch of VNIRO in 2013-2020)." Vestnik MGTU 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2022-25-2-110-119.
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This paper describes one of the most acute problem for both environmental companies and fisheries - bycatch of marine mammals caused by bioresource exploitation in the Northwest Atlantic (NWA). There is no doubt that fishing has some impact on marine mammals, but information on bycatch of marine mammals is needed to understand the extent of the impact of different fishing gears. The paper is based on data from reports of observers of the Polar branch of VNIRO from fishing vessels in the 3LMNO NAFO zone (Newfoundland Island), as well as literary materials. As a result of the analysis, it has been found that small species of marine mammals, such as gray, common, harp seals from the Phocidae family, common dolphin, short-finned pilot whale (Delphinidae family) as well as harbour porpoise from the Phocoenidae family are most often injured by various fishing gears. Toothed whales (sperm whale, bottlenose whale) are the least susceptible to bycatch. Among the baleen whales, humpback whale, northern right whale and minke whale are often the victims of fishing. Gillnets, trawl fishing, and longlines are the greatest threats to small marine mammal species, while baleen whales are most vulnerable to traps, usually to catch ten-legged crustaceans Decapoda. Analysis of the literature has shown that, in general, the stocks of most marine mammal species in the NWA, excluding the northern right whale, are in a stable condition. The manuscript considers measures aimed at reducing bycatch of marine mammals.
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Seco Pon, Juan Pablo, and Marco Favero. "South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) attending chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) commercial trawl fisheries over the Patagonian Shelf: a first report." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 10, no. 1 (August 24, 2015): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5597/lajam00193.
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Killer whale-seal interactions have been reported for almost all pinniped species globally. However the literature on offshore interactions between killer whales and sea lions is rare for the South Atlantic, particularly in Argentine waters. Here we report for the first time the harassment of a South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) by killer whales (Ornicus orca) while attending commercial fishing vessels in offshore national waters and describe a novel sea lion antipredator behaviour. These observations were made during an ongoing survey to assess seabird-fisheries interactions in the commercial trawl fishery off Argentina.
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Hairr, John. "Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Off the North Carolina Coast 1709–2011." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 128, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-128.2.39.
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Abstract Killer whales, Orcinus orca, were first reported off North Carolina by naturalist John Lawson in 1709, and during the 20th century were documented from North Carolina eight times in the scientific and popular literature. The most recent confirmed sighting of killer whales off North Carolina was in the spring of 2011. There have been no reports of killer whale deaths from North Carolina. There has been only one killer whale stranded along the North Carolina coast, with the animal being alive when it was returned to the sea. All sightings have been in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, none on the west side of the Outer Banks in the waters of Pamlico or Currituck sounds. Only three confirmed reports are from nearshore waters, while the rest were spotted more than 20 km offshore. Orcas are most frequently reported from the waters off the Outer Banks from Cape Lookout north to the Virginia border. A 200 yr gap exists in the historical record of killer whales from North Carolina.
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Reeves, Randall R., Jalaludin A. Khan, Randi R. Olsen, Steven L. Swartz, and Tim D. Smith. "History of whaling in Trinidad and Tobago." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 3, no. 1 (May 25, 2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v3i1.899.
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Shore whaling for humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Trinidad represents a largely overlooked aspect of North Atlantic whaling history. Literature and archival sources were searched for information on the chronology, nature and extent of this whaling. The first shore station began operations in about 1826 on one of the islands in the Dragon’s Mouth, the strait connecting the southern Caribbean Sea with the Gulf of Paria. At least four stations were active in this area at one time or another and the maximum documented one-year catch was about 35 humpbacks. Whaling effort had begun to decline by the 1850s and was largely ended by the 1880s. Oil for domestic consumption as well as export was the main product. Removals by the shore whalers were in addition to those by American pelagic whalers who occasionally called at Port-of-Spain and whaled in the vicinity of Trinidad and along the Spanish Main. No evidence was found of organised shore whaling in Tobago.
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Aniceto, A. S., L. Tassara, A. Rikardsen, and P. Blévin. "Mass strandings of seven toothed and baleen whale species in Northern Norway in March 2020 call for further investigation." Polar Biology 44, no. 7 (May 6, 2021): 1457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02869-6.
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AbstractMonitoring whale strandings are a key aspect of ecosystem management as stranded animals can provide indications on ecosystem health, pollution and adverse effects due to anthropogenic activities. Most mass mortality events are reported for toothed whales and rarely involve baleen whales. In the course of one month in spring 2020, 17 whales belonging to seven different species, stranded on the shores of Northern Norway, above the Arctic circle. This multi-species event included humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), that were accompanied by northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus), a white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), a long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) and a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). We discuss some potential causes of death based on the previous literature and available information for the area, highlighting the need for further investigation on cetacean strandings at high latitudes. Ultimately, the reasons for the stranding could only be identified by a thorough examination of all the animals, which was unfortunately not conducted. As the threats to polar ecosystems and access to local shores are likely to increase, reports of cetacean mortality are also expected to surge, particularly in high latitude regions where climate variations and anthropogenic activities are increasing. This study makes recommendations for future steps and considerations for monitoring networks and standardized sampling methods for future marine mammal stranding events. Finally, we suggest that national and international efforts based on the collaborative relationships are implemented, considering the multiple facets of animal ecology and health as an achievable step in the near future.
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Gavrishev, A. A. "ON THE EVALUATION OF THE CREST FACTOR OF BIONIC SIGNALS USED IN HYDROACOUSTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS." NAUCHNOE PRIBOROSTROENIE 31, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18358/np-31-3-i3745.
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In this article, the authors evaluated the crest factor of bionic signals used in hydroacoustic communication systems, using the example of the study of signals based on the use of recordings of sounds of various whale species. The calculations and literature analysis show that the sound recordings of the following whale species have an acceptable crest factor value (p ≤ 4): Blue whale, Alaska humpback whale, Atlantic blue whale and Northeast Pacific blue whale. Recordings of the sounds of these types of whales should be used in the appropriate hydroacoustic communication systems. In contrast, recordings of the sounds of such whale species as Atlantic fin whale, Atlantic minke whale, South Pacific blue whale, and Western Pacific blue whale have an increased crest factor value (p > 4) and without adaptation, it is impractical to use them in appropriate hydroacousticcommunication systems. It is established that bionic signals used in hydroacoustic communication systems, based on the example of the study of signals based on the use of recordings of sounds of various species of whales, can have both an acceptable value of the crest factor or an increased one. It is advisable to pay attention of the de-velopers and manufacturers of the corresponding hydroacoustic communication systems to this conclusion during designing, testing and implementation of such systems.
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Strand, Mark. "Shooting Whales." Antioch Review 50, no. 1/2 (1992): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4612518.
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Solberg, Sara. "Plaster Whales." Minnesota Review 2023, no. 100 (May 1, 2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00265667-10320842.
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Vieira, Nina, Cristina Brito, Ana Catarina Garcia, Hilarino da Luz, Hermano Noronha, and Dúnia Pereira. "The Whale in the Cape Verde Islands: Seascapes as a Cultural Construction from the Viewpoint of History, Literature, Local Art and Heritage." Humanities 9, no. 3 (August 24, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9030090.
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Cultural constructions of landscapes, space and environments, and of people’s relationship with nature, have in the Cape Verde Islands a perspective of their own and might have been mediated by the whale. To address perceptions about these marine mammals, historical sources, literature, art, memory and heritage were considered. Whaling influenced history and diaspora and is reflected in literary productions. Remains of whales are found in museums and used as decorative pieces and local art. We found the Cape Verdean seascapes as being culturally and naturally constructed and the whale occupies a true ‘place’ of convergence.
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Mishin, T. V. "Cetaceans of the Barents Sea: Fauna and population status at the beginning of the XXI century." Marine Biological Journal 6, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2021.06.2.04.
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The Polar branch of Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO) carries out annually comprehensive surveys in the Barents Sea. This allows obtaining relevant data on distribution and occurrence of marine mammals, in particular cetaceans – the key link in the World Ocean ecosystem. In recent years, marine mammals monitoring has become increasingly important due to climate change and temperature rise in seas and oceans, that can result in habitat displacement and even possible extinction of certain species. This article summarizes the results of the vessel surveys of cetaceans carried out by the Polar branch of VNIRO in the Barents Sea in 2010–2019, as well as provides retrospective data on baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti). Based on vessel survey material and taking into account data from literature sources, the current composition of the Barents Sea cetacean fauna is presented; at the beginning of the XXI century, it may include up to 16 species of 7 families. The analysis of vessel survey data made it possible to determine the status of marine mammals of this water area and to identify the frequency of their occurrence. The article presents population abundance for most species of baleen and toothed whales and shows the most likely spots of cetacean occurrence. According to the data obtained, white-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris is the most abundant, frequently sighted, and a year-round species: it accounts for more than 80 % of the total number of surveyed animals and about 50 % of all sighted cetaceans. Beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas and harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena are also classified as permanent residents of the water area, and their localization is mainly confined to the Kola Peninsula coastal zone. May to October, the Barents Sea is regularly visited by species arriving from other Atlantic Ocean areas for feeding: minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata, fin whale Balaenoptera physalus, and humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae. Narwhal Monodon monoceros and northern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon ampullatus are rarely sighted in the Russian Arctic western area.
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Howerton, Alex. "Toward a Poetics of Allyship: Rajiv Mohabir’s Radical, Animal Coolitude." MELUS 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlaa063.
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Abstract I offer one alternative to media depictions of migrant bodies as animalistic threat by tracing animal movement in Rajiv Mohabir’s poetry. Mohabir is a queer Indo-Caribbean American poet whose poetry depicts animals’ fettered movement, often a consequence of heteropatriarchal and nationalist operations of power. Mohabir suggests that such artistic productions might align and thus ally themselves with disparate imperiled bodies due in part to the ethics of Coolitude, or, the state of having descended from Indo-Caribbean coolies. Mohabir has revitalized the term in a series of manifestos and craft essays published on Jacket2, where he claims Coolitude poetics as a corrective to the kind of nationalist mindset that would condemn imperiled migrants. Mohabir’s poetry prominently features two kinds of creatures: those who enjoy conditional movement, such as the whales that populate verse from across his career, which denotes a subject’s attempts to free themselves from the conscripts of heterosexual or imperial legacies; and those such as the taxidermied wren or coyotes that adorn his first published collection, The Taxidermist’s Cut (2016). These figures best describe political subjects who have internalized the resentment of their political environment and are consequently destroyed. Mohabir does, however, offer one other figure: the unfettered whale of “Why Whales are Back in New York City” (2017). The whales of this poem represent a subject that succeeds in defending itself from the oppression that distinguishes the rest of his poetry; the poem thus serves as a model of sanctuary.
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Burkhardt, Elke, Ilse Van Opzeeland, Boris Cisewski, Ramona Mattmüller, Marlene Meister, Elena Schall, Stefanie Spiesecke, Karolin Thomisch, Sarah Zwicker, and Olaf Boebel. "Seasonal and diel cycles of fin whale acoustic occurrence near Elephant Island, Antarctica." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 5 (May 2021): 201142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201142.
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This study investigates the relevance of the Elephant Island (EI) region for Southern Hemisphere fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ) in their annual life cycle. We collected 3 years of passive acoustic recordings (January 2013 to February 2016) northwest of EI to calculate time series of fin whale acoustic indices, daily acoustic occurrence, spectrograms, as well as the abundance of their 20 Hz pulses. Acoustic backscatter strength, sea ice concentration and chlorophyll-a composites provided concurrent environmental information for graphic comparisons. Acoustic interannual, seasonal and diel patterns together with visual information and literature resources were used to define the period of occupancy and to infer potential drivers for their behaviour. Spectral results suggest that these fin whales migrate annually to and from offshore central Chile. Acoustic data and visual information reveal their arrival at EI in December to feed without producing their typical 20 Hz pulse. For all 3 years, acoustic activity commences in February, peaks in May and decreases in August, in phase with the onset of their breeding season. Our results emphasize the importance of EI for fin whales throughout most of the year. Our recommendation is to consider EI for establishing a marine protected area to expedite the recovery of this vulnerable species.
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Constaratas, Alexandra N., Mark A. McDonald, Kimberly T. Goetz, and Giacomo Giorli. "Fin whale acoustic populations present in New Zealand waters: Description of song types, occurrence and seasonality using passive acoustic monitoring." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): e0253737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253737.
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Southern fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) are known to migrate from the Antarctic to mid-latitudes during winter for breeding, but the occurrence and distribution of this species is not well known in the waters around New Zealand. The ‘doublet’ calls are one of the main calls emitted specifically by fin whales and repeated in a regular pattern, which make the acoustic detection of these calls relevant to detect the presence of fin whales. Using a signal processing algorithm to detect ‘doublet’ calls emitted by fin whales, we studied the occurrence, characteristics and seasonality of these ‘doublet’ calls in two regions around New Zealand; Cook Strait in 2016/2017 and offshore Gisborne in 2014/2015. The call detection procedure consisted of binarization of the spectrogram and a cross-correlation between the binarized spectrogram and a template of binarized ‘doublet’ calls spectrogram. A binarization threshold for the data spectrograms and a cross correlation threshold were then determined through multiple trials on a training dataset and a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve. Fin whale ‘doublet’ calls occurred on the east side of New Zealand’s Cook Strait during austral winter, specifically in June 2017 and offshore Gisborne in June-August 2014. No ‘doublet’ calls were detected on the west side of Cook Strait. The ‘doublet’ calls’ Inter-Note Interval (INI) was similar in both datasets. However, there was a difference in alternation of the mean frequency for both HF components of ‘doublet’ calls in Cook Strait and Gisborne. As the song types were compared with those previously described in the literature, our findings suggest that some fin whales wintering in New Zealand waters may be part of a broader ‘acoustic population’ whose range extends west to southern Australia and south to Antarctica.
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Bolaños-Jiménez, Jaime, Jeremy J. Kiszka, Laurent Bouveret, Grisel Rodríguez Ferrer, Eric Angel Ramos, Angiolina Henriquez, Jolanda Luksenburg, Jeffrey Bernus, Yurasi Briceño, and Leonardo Sánchez Criollo. "The Killer Whale in the Caribbean Sea: An Updated Review of Its Ecology, Exploitation, and Interactions with Fisheries." Aquatic Mammals 49, no. 2 (March 15, 2023): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.49.2.2023.184.
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The killer whale (Orcinus orca) is a cosmopolitan cetacean distributed worldwide. Extensive studies have described its ecology and behavior across multiple polar and temperate regions. On the other hand, there is limited information on the distribution, ecological roles, and abundance of killer whales in tropical and subtropical regions. Herein, we build on previous work to update information on the spatiotemporal distribution, exploitation, and natural history of killer whales in the Caribbean Sea. We also document new records on their interaction with other species and human activities. We collated 385 records from the literature, online biodiversity information systems, the Internet (social networks and video-hosting websites), and citizen science-based initiatives. Records included sightings (87.3%), intentional captures (10.6%), bycatch (0.3%), and strandings (1.8%). Data primarily originated from research projects/activities (57%) and citizen science-based initiatives (43%). Records were distributed in the eastern Caribbean (39.5%), the southern Caribbean (19.7%), the Greater Antilles (19.2%), the Bahamian Region (13.0%), Central America (6.8%), and eastern Florida (1.8%). Killer whales were recorded year-round, but most data were reported between March and August (59.6%). The scarcity of records in Central America could reflect true lower densities in the region, lower observation effort, or a combination of the two. Because of the paucity of data, this study supports the growing importance of citizen-science initiatives to document the occurrence and ecology of this species in the Caribbean. Our dataset also confirms the occasional and widespread occurrence of killer whales throughout the Caribbean Sea. Potential low densities and limited predictability of their occurrence hinder dedicated research on this species.
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Toledo, G., and A. Langguth. "Maxillary teeth in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus (Cetacea: Physeteridae)." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 03 (July 2015): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.082314.
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AbstractSperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758, have 18 to 28 pairs of well developed conical mandibular teeth, but maxillary teeth are vestigial and supposedly rare. The aim of this study is to report a new case of erupted maxillary teeth in P. macrocephalus, the first description for Brazil. On 29 October 2008 a female sperm whale was found stranded in Campina's Beach (06° 46' S, 34° 55' W), Paraíba state, northeastern Brazil. Inspection on the gums revealed three upper teeth on the right maxilla, corresponded to mandibular teeth 9 to 11 in a rostrocaudal sequence. The maxillary teeth were nearly straight, strongly worn in the tip and had no pulp cavity remaining. Most literature states that maxillary teeth are absent or rarely present, somewhat questionable, since other authors never failed to expose them by an incision in the gum. Data show that upper teeth have been overlooked, and its real frequency can only be determined by thorough dissections. This is important, since the study of maxillary teeth can provide information about evolution, functional morphology and age determination in sperm whales.
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Gjertz, Ian, and Øystein Wiig. "Distribution and catch of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) at Svalbard." Meddelelser om Grønland. Bioscience 39 (April 22, 1994): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mogbiosci.v39.142537.
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The distribution and catch of white whales at Svalbard are discussed based on literature, interviews with local residents, trappers and pilots, opportunistic observations recorded in the Norwegian Polar Institute fauna-data-base, and personal observations by the authors. The total number of white whales killed in Svalbard from the 18th century to the early 1960s was considerably higher than 15 000 animals. Today white whales are protected in Norwegian waters. Most white whales seem to appear at Svalbard in the spring and to leave again when the western fjords freeze in the autumn. However it is not known whether they come from and return to the eastern Greenland Sea or the Barents Sea. The number of white whales using the Svalbard area is not known, but since they have been protected for the last 30 years the population is assumed to be secure.
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Huang, Xiaoyu, Mingming Liu, Samuel T. Turvey, Mingli Lin, and Songhai Li. "Life History Parameters to Inform Pattern of Prenatal Investment in Marine Mammals." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 11 (October 31, 2023): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112086.
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Marine mammals are a diverse group of aquatic animals that exhibit wide variation in body size, living conditions, breeding habitat, social behaviour and phylogeny. Although case studies about prenatal investment in cetaceans and pinnipeds have been investigated, comparative studies across different marine mammal taxonomic groups have not yet been conducted systematically. Here, six life history parameters from 75 marine mammal species were collected based on a meta-analysis of the existing literature, and prenatal investment patterns for different taxonomic groups were explored using an unsupervised artificial neural network of a self-organizing map (SOM). Most marine mammal species can be clearly divided into two clusters of small-bodied taxa (small-bodied toothed whales, pinnipeds) and large-bodied taxa (baleen whales, sperm whales and beaked whales, large-bodied toothed whales) based on their distribution within SOM feature maps. Gestation periods and breeding intervals are significantly shorter in pinnipeds than in small-bodied toothed dolphins despite being similar in body size, indicating their adaption to birthing and nursing on land or ice floes. Specific deep-dive feeding behaviour seems to have no impact on the prenatal investment of beaked whales and sperm whales, as these species exhibit a similar capital breeding strategy to baleen whales. Medium-bodied sirenians adopt an intermediate strategy between small-bodied and large-bodied toothed whales, suggesting their prenatal investment strategy is not affected by herbivorous habits. Overall, our results support the body-size hypothesis and breeding-substrate hypothesis and indicate that prenatal investment strategies of marine mammals are possibly not influenced by feeding habits or social behaviour. We suggest that effective conservation measures for small-bodied toothed whales and pinnipeds should prioritize the protection of habitats and minimize human disturbance, whereas conservation measures for large-bodied whales and beaked whales should focus on strategies to prevent substantial declines in population size.
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WOLFE, JAMES A. "White Whales and Public Diplomacy:." Leviathan: A Journal of Melville Studies 10, no. 1 (March 2008): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-1849.2008.01276.x.
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Povinelli, Michele, Mattia Panin, Sandro Mazzariol, Maristella Giurisato, Cristina Ballarin, Giulia Roncon, Michela Podestà, Massimo Demma, and Bruno Cozzi. "Notes on the brain and encephalization quotient of two sperm whales with a synthesis of the literature and indications of a new method of extraction." Natural History Sciences 1, no. 2 (November 24, 2014): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/nhs.2014.202.
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The sperm whale (<em>Physeter</em> <em>macrocephalus</em>, Linnaeus 1758) possesses the largest brain that ever existed. Relatively few authors have dealt with it and the available descriptions are heterogeneous, with only few data about brain weight or gross anatomy. In fact the central nervous system of large cetaceans is quite difficult to obtain, given the huge body size and the low frequency of strandings of recently dead individuals. Furthermore, since the skull of the sperm whale underwent an extreme transformation for the accommodation of the spermaceti organ, the cranial cavity is surrounded by thick layers of bone and thus difficult to reach under field conditions. We recently had the chance to extract the brain from two stranded sperm whales whose bodies were in good condition. In the present note we describe the main macroscopic characteristics of the sperm whale brain, including its weight and Encephalization Quotient, review the available literature, and describe a possible new approach to the removal and preservation of the organ under field conditions.
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Gannier, Alexandre, and Justine Epinat. "Cuvier's beaked whale distribution in the Mediterranean Sea: results from small boat surveys 1996–2007." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 6 (March 17, 2008): 1245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408000428.
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A total of 17,651 km of sailboat survey effort obtained with very good sighting conditions was pooled over the period 1995 to 2007 to provide an insight into Cuvier's beaked whales' (Ziphius cavirostris) distribution in the western and central Mediterranean Sea. Although only six confirmed sightings were obtained under such conditions, complementary sightings made a total of eleven confirmed records. Their distribution showed that only slope habitat, and its close proximity, was favourable to the species. In contrast to regions pointed out in the recent literature, such as the Alboran, Ligurian and Ionian Seas, it appeared that the Tyrrhenian Sea was likely to be an important area for Cuvier's beaked whales in the Mediterranean. Sighting rates of 0.1–0.25 sighting/100 km and sighting rates for individuals of 0.2–0.5 individual/100 km were obtained in favourable regions. When compared to sighting rates obtained on Risso's dolphins Grampus griseus during the same surveys, the Cuvier's beaked whale appeared to be quite a frequent species in its favoured habitats. The present study contributes a better knowledge of this poorly-known species, in the context of increasing and threatening anthropogenic noises.
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FitzGerald, Lisa. "Colonialism, Culture, Whales: The Cetacean Quartet." Green Letters 24, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14688417.2019.1694686.
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Guarini, Jean-Marc, and Jennifer Coston-Guarini. "A First Individual-Based Model to Simulate Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) Migrations at the Scale of the Global Ocean." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 10 (October 2, 2022): 1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101412.
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Whale migrations are poorly understood. Two competing hypotheses dominate the literature: 1. moving between feeding and breeding grounds increases population fitness, 2. migration is driven by dynamic environmental gradients, without consideration of fitness. Other hypotheses invoke communication and learned behaviors. In this article, their migration was investigated with a minimal individual-based model at the scale of the Global Ocean. Our aim is to test if global migration patterns can emerge from only the local, individual perception of environmental change. The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) meta-population is used as a case study. This species reproduces in 14 zones spread across tropical latitudes. From these breeding areas, humpback whales are observed to move to higher latitudes seasonally, where they feed, storing energy in their blubber, before returning to lower latitudes. For the model, we developed a simplified ethogram that conditions the individual activity. Then trajectories of 420 whales (30 per DPS) were simulated in two oceanic configurations. The first is a homogeneous ocean basin without landmasses and a constant depth of −1000 m. The second configuration used the actual Earth topography and coastlines. Results show that a global migration pattern can emerge from the movements of a set of individuals which perceive their environment only locally and without a pre-determined destination. This emerging property is the conjunction of individual behaviors and the bathymetric configuration of the Earth’s oceanic basins. Topographic constraints also maintain a limited connectivity between the 14 DPSs. An important consequence of invoking a local perception of environmental change is that the predicted routes are loxodromic and not orthodromic. In an ocean without landmasses, ecophysiological processes tended to over-estimate individual weights. With the actual ocean configuration, the excess weight gain was mitigated and also produced increased heterogeneity among the individuals. Developing a model of individual whale dynamics has also highlighted where the understanding of whales’ individual behaviors and population dynamic processes is incomplete. Our new simulation framework is a step toward being able to anticipate migration events and trajectories to minimize negative interactions and could facilitate improved data collection on these movements.
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Safana, Iftinan Rose Putri. "THE ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE IN SNYDER’S MOTHER EARTH: WHALES." PARADIGM: Journal of Language and Literary Studies 6, no. 1 (July 6, 2023): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/prdg.v6i1.21217.
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Protecting nature is important to prevent disasters. It is necessary to shape the environmental values in a person to encourage nature preservation to have positive attitudes and behavior toward nature. The positive attitudes and behavior toward nature can be expressed through literature in poetry. Snyder's Mother Earth: Whales is a poem that promotes environmental values. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how literary devices reveal environmental values in Snyder's Mother Earth: Whales. This study used an Ecocriticim approach and environmental values concept by Stern and Dietz to analyze on of Gary Snyder's poems in Turtle Island anthology of poems entitled Mother Earth: Whales. This study found that, in Mother Earth: Whales, Snyder endeavored to reveal environmental value of biospheric value by using figurative languages. In this poem, he used seven cynicisms, three similes, two allusions, two personifications and four metaphors. Furthermore, the researcher suggests a future researcher to use pragmatic approach and VBN theory.
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Buss, Danielle L., Lane M. Atmore, Maria H. Zicos, William P. Goodall-Copestake, Selina Brace, Frederick I. Archer, C. Scott Baker, et al. "Historical Mitogenomic Diversity and Population Structuring of Southern Hemisphere Fin Whales." Genes 14, no. 5 (May 3, 2023): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14051038.
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Fin whales Balaenoptera physalus were hunted unsustainably across the globe in the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to vast reductions in population size. Whaling catch records indicate the importance of the Southern Ocean for this species; approximately 730,000 fin whales were harvested during the 20th century in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) alone, 94% of which were at high latitudes. Genetic samples from contemporary whales can provide a window to past population size changes, but the challenges of sampling in remote Antarctic waters limit the availability of data. Here, we take advantage of historical samples in the form of bones and baleen available from ex-whaling stations and museums to assess the pre-whaling diversity of this once abundant species. We sequenced 27 historical mitogenomes and 50 historical mitochondrial control region sequences of fin whales to gain insight into the population structure and genetic diversity of Southern Hemisphere fin whales (SHFWs) before and after the whaling. Our data, both independently and when combined with mitogenomes from the literature, suggest SHFWs are highly diverse and may represent a single panmictic population that is genetically differentiated from Northern Hemisphere populations. These are the first historic mitogenomes available for SHFWs, providing a unique time series of genetic data for this species.
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Gibbons, Jorge, Juan J. Capella, and Carlos Valladares. "Rediscovery of a humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding ground in the Straits of Magellan, Chile." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 5, no. 2 (April 11, 2023): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v5i2.818.
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New information is presented on the summer distribution of southeastern Pacific humpback whales along the Southern Chilean fjords. Sightings of 128 humpback whales observed between December and June from 1997-2001 were analysed. Sightings occurred between 48°50AS to 54°18AS and were concentrated in the waters surrounding Isla Carlos III in the Straits of Magellen (53°37AS, 72°21AW) and in the Canal Wide (49°36AS–5°S). To date, 23 individual whales have been identified from photographs of the ventral surface of the flukes. Throughout the austral summer, seven individuals were resighted near Isla Carlos III over periods between 2-5 months. Two individuals were observed in 1999 and 2000, and two individuals were previously recorded in 1997 in Canal Wide, about 365km north of Isla Carlos III. Historical records show the occurrence of whales in the area from the 16th to the 20th Century. From historic records, scattered whaling data, the small amount of scientific literature available, and the results of this study, it is suggested that the southwestern part of the Straits of Magellan, especially the waters surrounding Isla Carlos III, is the first known feeding ground for humpback whales along the Pacific coast of South America.
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brooks, mayfield. "The Artist Is Not Present." TDR: The Drama Review 66, no. 1 (March 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1054204321000733.
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After participating in the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, I felt hopeless because I wanted the capitalist death machine to collapse, but the protests eventually died out. I then learned about 400 pilot whales who died off the coast of Tasmania after being stranded there, and connected whale death to Black death and thought about how the whale bodies feed the ocean when they die.mayfield brooks improvises while black and is based in Brooklyn, New York, on Lenapehoking, the homeland of the Lenape people. brooks is a movement-based performance artist, vocalist, urban farmer, writer, and wanderer. They are on the faculty at Movement Research NYC, Editor-in-Chief of Movement Research Performance Journal, and the 2021 recipient of the biennial Merce Cunningham Award from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts. brooks teaches and performs practices that arise from their life/art/movement work, Improvising While Black. www.improvisingwhileblack.com
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Ainley, David G. "A history of the exploitation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica." Polar Record 46, no. 3 (September 2, 2009): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740999009x.
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ABSTRACTRecent analyses of anthropogenic impacts on marine systems have shown that the Ross Sea is the least affected stretch of ocean on Earth, although historical effects were not included in those studies. Herein the literature is reviewed in order to quantify the extent of extraction of biological resources from the Ross Sea continental shelf and slope from the start of the 20th century. There was none before that time. An intense extraction of Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii by the expeditions of the ‘heroic’ period and then by New Zealand to feed sled dogs in the 1950–1980s caused the McMurdo Sound population to decrease permanently. Otherwise no other sealing occurred. Blue whales Balaenoptera musculus intermedia were extirpated from waters of the shelf break front during the 1920s, and have not reappeared. Minke whales B. bonaerensis probably expanded into the blue whale vacated habitat, but were then hunted during the 1970–1980s; their population has since recovered. Some minke whales are now taken in ‘scientific whaling’, twice more from the slope compared to the shelf. Other hunted cetaceans never occurred over the shelf and very few ever occurred in slope waters, and therefore their demise from whaling does not apply to the Ross Sea. No industrial fishing occurred in the Ross Sea until the 1996–1997 summer, when a fishery for Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni was initiated, especially along the slope. This fishery has grown since then with effects on the ecosystem recently becoming evident. There is probably no other ocean area where the details of biological exploitation can be so elucidated. It appears that the Ross Sea continental shelf remains the least affected of any on the globe. However the same cannot be said of the slope.
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Meynecke, Jan-Olaf, and Hilla Kela. "What’s at Play: Humpback Whale Interaction with Seaweed Is a Global Phenomenon." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2023): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091802.
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The use of objects by cetaceans is well known, and their ability to interact with their environment in complex behaviours has been demonstrated previously. However, baleen whales, including humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), are less often observed to perform object use, but this behaviour might be more common than previously thought. Only a few isolated observations of interactions with seaweed have been reported in the scientific literature to date. The recovery of humpback whale populations, as well as the rise of technology such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and the use of social media, allow for a new assessment of this object interaction. Here, we describe in detail three instances of “kelping” on the east coast of Australia derived from aerial observations. A summary of over 100 separate and unrelated events drawn from social media, documented by photographs and videos, suggests that this form of interaction with seaweed is observed across different populations. The form of interaction with seaweed is similar between regions, predominantly displayed between the rostrum and dorsal fin. This behaviour may be playful but could also serve additional benefits in the context of learning and socializing, as well as ectoparasite removal and skin treatment by utilizing brown algae’s antibacterial properties. Establishing this type of behaviour as distributed across different populations is important to better understand the species’ habitat preferences.
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Sidorov, L. K., and I. F. Belokobylskiy. "On the issue of food consumption by Okhotsk Sea killer whales." Trudy VNIRO 185 (December 27, 2021): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2021-185-68-83.
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The results are presented on the daily and annual food consumption by killer whales with year-round keeping in net enclosures in Srednyaya Bay. The diet consisted of two species of fish: pink salmon and herring. For females, the daily fish consumption varied from 9 to 50.9 kg with an average of 32.6 kg, for males from 6 to 45.1 kg with an average of 34.1 kg. The annual minimum amount of fish for keeping one young individual in captivity ranges from 11.5 to 12.1 tons of pink salmon, which corresponds to energy requirements of 15.9 Gcal/year for females and 16.7 Gcal/year for males. An increase in the required amount of food for an animal with a decrease in water temperature was established. Based on the results of the factual material on nutrition, the annual consumption of a group of ten killer whales of different ages found in natural conditions was calculated. This value in terms of pink salmon is estimated at 200 tons of feed per year. The theoretical calculation of the annual consumption of various species of aquatic organisms by killer whales is presented. Based on the results of research and analysis of modern literature sources in comparison with historical data on the feeding of killer whales, it was proposed not to divide this species in the Sea of Okhotsk into “mammal-eating” and “fish-eating” ecotypes. In our opinion, the manifestation of different types of behavior (resident type, transit type) in killer whales should be considered, depending on climatic conditions and the availability of food objects. In hunting grounds, the resident type predominates in killer whales, which changes to a transit type of behavior when changing the feeding area or seasonal migration.
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Knowlton,, Edgar C., and Leoncio P. Deriada. "The Week of the Whales and Other Stories." World Literature Today 69, no. 4 (1995): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40151827.
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Cannon, Cutler. "A theoretical account of whale song syntax: A new perspective for understanding human language structure." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 8, no. 1 (July 9, 2023): 5571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5571.
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It is a common belief among linguists that the use of language is a species-specific phenomenon belonging only to humans. However, there is no doubt that there are non-human communication systems within the animal kingdom that are amazingly complex and share certain properties with human language (Berwick et al. 2011). The current paper – adapted from a more comprehensive undergraduate thesis – calls to attention the intricacy of one such system used among humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Recent findings by biologists and acousticians have uncovered an unpredictable pattern of bidirectional egressive and ingressive sounds in whale songs, leading to questions about song function and the presence of hierarchical structure akin to human language (Mercado & Perazio, 2021). While no conclusions have been unanimously agreed upon, whale song ‘syntax’ has the potential to remedy deficiencies in modern linguistic theory and provide insight into human communication. Drawing from recent literature about animal communication at large, whale singing behavior, and bidirectional sound production, I propose a theoretical, two-channel mechanism for the acoustic and structural nature of whale song. Using the two-channel mechanism, I further present a catalog of possibilities surrounding the potential for whale song compositionality to establish parallels with human language and ultimately argue a structural context for issues surrounding the modeling of paralinguistic computation, parentheticals, and syntactic amalgams.
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Paine, Lincoln. "Beyond the Dead White Whales: Literature of the Sea and Maritime History." International Journal of Maritime History 22, no. 1 (June 2010): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/084387141002200112.
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South, Alex. "Composing with cetaceans: Countering human exceptionalism through a practical zoömusicology." Journal of Interdisciplinary Voice Studies 7, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jivs_00054_1.
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There is something paradoxical about the fact that while whales and dolphins produce some of the most complex vocalizations on Earth, they have little political representation or ‘voice’ and despite the success of past anti-whaling campaigns, continue to face existential threats from entanglement, ship strikes and underwater noise pollution. In this article, I argue that this paradox is sustained by a belief in human exceptionalism ‐ exemplified by the claim that music is unique to humans ‐ and review biological and musicological evidence that contradicts this claim. Overcoming the paradox may require more than logical argument, however, and I survey the use of humpback whale song field recordings in works of human music, analysing them along the dimensions of ‘distance’ and ‘difference’. I argue that although it is important to recognize the continuity between human music and humpback song, a more effective use of whale song recordings also requires attention to be paid to the differences between human and whale vocalizations to avoid the risk of collapsing into naïve anthropomorphism. Such an animalcentric compositional voice would operate according to the ideals of ‘difference without distance’ and ‘proximity without indifference’ to facilitate empathic relationships between humans and other animals.
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Senevirathna, Jayan D. M., and Shuichi Asakawa. "Multi-Omics Approaches and Radiation on Lipid Metabolism in Toothed Whales." Life 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040364.
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Lipid synthesis pathways of toothed whales have evolved since their movement from the terrestrial to marine environment. The synthesis and function of these endogenous lipids and affecting factors are still little understood. In this review, we focused on different omics approaches and techniques to investigate lipid metabolism and radiation impacts on lipids in toothed whales. The selected literature was screened, and capacities, possibilities, and future approaches for identifying unusual lipid synthesis pathways by omics were evaluated. Omics approaches were categorized into the four major disciplines: lipidomics, transcriptomics, genomics, and proteomics. Genomics and transcriptomics can together identify genes related to unique lipid synthesis. As lipids interact with proteins in the animal body, lipidomics, and proteomics can correlate by creating lipid-binding proteome maps to elucidate metabolism pathways. In lipidomics studies, recent mass spectroscopic methods can address lipid profiles; however, the determination of structures of lipids are challenging. As an environmental stress, the acoustic radiation has a significant effect on the alteration of lipid profiles. Radiation studies in different omics approaches revealed the necessity of multi-omics applications. This review concluded that a combination of many of the omics areas may elucidate the metabolism of lipids and possible hazards on lipids in toothed whales by radiation.
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Paçacı, Serdar. "IMPROVEMENT OF BELUGA WHALE OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM BY DISTANCE BALANCE SELECTION METHOD." Yalvaç Akademi Dergisi 8, no. 1 (March 20, 2023): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.57120/yalvac.1257808.
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In this study, an improved version of the Beluga whale optimization (BWO) algorithm, which is a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm recently presented in the literature, is developed to provide better solutions for the problems. The fitness-distance balance (FDB) selection method was applied in the search processes in the BWO algorithm, which was developed by modeling the swimming, preying and falling characteristics of beluga whales. CEC2020 benchmark functions were used to test the performance of the BWO algorithm and the algorithm named FDBBWO. The algorithms were tested on these test functions for 30, 50 and 100 dimensions. Friedman analysis was performed on the test results and the performance ranks of the algorithms were determined. In addition, Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to analyze whether there were significant differences in the results. As a result of the experimental study, it is observed that the BWO algorithm improves the early convergence problem that may arise due to the lack of diversity in the search process. In this way, the possibility of getting stuck at local optimum points is reduced. In addition, the developed algorithm is compared with 3 different algorithms that have been recently presented in the literature. According to the comparison results, FDBBWO has a superior performance compared to other meta-heuristic algorithms.
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Kinze, Carl C., and Thomas A. Jefferson. "Further Notes on the Early Nomenclature of Small Cetaceans." Aquatic Mammals 49, no. 5 (September 15, 2023): 480–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.49.5.2023.480.
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The original descriptions of nine monodontid and 21 delphinid nominal taxa were revisited, thereby revealing necessary addenda and corrigenda elucidating and solving earlier problems of cetacean nomenclature. This report provides further notes and is an addition to the 2021 work of Jefferson entitled Nomenclature of the Dolphins, Porpoises, and Small Whales: A Review and Guide to the Early Taxonomic Literature (NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 21).
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Espada, Rocío, Adrián Camacho-Sánchez, Liliana Olaya-Ponzone, Estefanía Martín-Moreno, Daniel Patón, and José Carlos García-Gómez. "Fin Whale Balaenoptera physalus Historical Sightings and Strandings, Ship Strikes, Breeding Areas and Other Threats in the Mediterranean Sea: A Review (1624–2023)." Environments 11, no. 6 (May 21, 2024): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments11060104.
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A review of the last 399 years (1624–2023) on fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Mediterranean Sea was conducted, based on an extensive compilation of records published in the scientific literature, technical reports, public databases, journals, and social media. A total of 10,716 sightings and 575 mortality events have been computed, analysed by semesters and mapped in order to compare the summer–winter seasons especially and their implications on migration–residence. Visual and acoustic detections, feedings, migrations, primary production areas (chlorophyll), threats and causes of death and their relations have been addressed, and a mini-review on heavy metals and pollutants has been carried out on fin whales in the Mediterranean Sea. Mortality events were most frequent between November and April, coinciding with the decreased sighting period. Ship strikes posed the greatest threat, peaking between May and October, when marine traffic tends to increase in the Mediterranean Sea. Two populations coexist in the Mediterranean Sea, one resident and the other migratory, the latter using the Strait of Gibraltar for its biannual movements. Two areas with a presence of calves (up to 7 m in length) between October and February were detected: one scattered in the northern Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar and its surroundings. A critical zone for collisions has been established according to the results for fin whales in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Post-Lauria, Sheila. ""Philosophy in Whales... Poetry in Blubber": Mixed Form in Moby-Dick." Nineteenth-Century Literature 45, no. 3 (December 1, 1990): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3045014.
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Post-Lauria, Sheila. ""Philosophy in Whales... Poetry in Blubber": Mixed Form in Moby-Dick." Nineteenth-Century Literature 45, no. 3 (December 1990): 300–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.1990.45.3.99p0320d.
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Whitt, Amy Danae, Thomas A. Jefferson, Miriam Blanco, Dagmar Fertl, and Deanna Rees. "A review of marine mammal records of Cuba." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2014): 65–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5597/lajam00175.
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There has been very little research on marine mammals in Cuban waters. Much of the information on marine mammals in this region is buried in historical and gray literature. In order to provide a comprehensive account of marine mammal occurrence in Cuba’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), we reviewed and verified 659 published and unpublished sighting, stranding, capture, and tagging records. Eighteen extant species and four genera have confirmed records for Cuban EEZ waters. This includes 17 species of cetaceans (three baleen whales and 14 toothed whales) and one sirenian species. An additional 11 cetacean species and one extant pinniped species have been reported, but not confirmed, or may have the potential to occur in Cuban waters. Historical records of the Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalis) are documented in Cuba; however, this species is now considered extinct. The only two species that are seen regularly and considered common in Cuban nearshore waters are the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus).
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Murtha, Ryan T. "The Irish whales: Olympians of old New York." Irish Studies Review 29, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670882.2021.1947465.
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Podesta, Michela, Angela D'Amico, Gianni Pavan, Aimilia Drougas, Anastasia Komnenou, and Nicola Portunato. "A review of Cuvier’s beaked whale strandings in the Mediterranean Sea." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 7, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v7i3.735.
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Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) is the only species of beaked whale commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea, a deep, semienclosed basin. Beaked whales are generally an offshore family often found in association with the canyons and steep escarpments common to the area. Much of the current knowledge of this species has been derived from strandings data. Historically, strandings data for the Mediterranean Sea has been collected by individual researchers and more recently, over the last two decades, by national strandings networks. We reviewed strandings data collected by strandings networks from Italy, Greece, Spain and France. Additionally, we compiled strandings information gleaned from the literature, personal communications, regional newspapers and the world wide web from countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. While this review is certainly not exhaustive, it has allowed the creation of an extensive geo-referenced basin wide database using a geographic information system (GIS) of over 300 stranding events. The acquired data permit documentation of the number of mass stranding events, allow general observations about distribution and chronology of stranding events dating back to 1803 and enables evaluation of strandings based on several different criteria. The first recorded mass stranding event was in 1963 off Genova, Italy. Analysis shows that specific geographic stranding areas can be identified, even though the level of effort undertaken in the different countries may vary.
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West, Stephanie. "Sea-Monsters at Sunrise." Classical Quarterly 41, no. 1 (May 1991): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800003864.
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It is hard to avoid the suspicion that the time appointed for the arrival of Lucian's leviathan was intended to bring to the reader's mind Nearchus' account of an alarming encounter with a school of whales in the course of his famous voyage from the Indus to the Persian Gulf (Arrian, Ind. 30.1−3 = FGrHist 133 F 1 (c. 30)):
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McLennan, Rachael. "Cautionary Whales?: Adolescence and Genre in Juno and Push." Mosaic: a journal for the interdisciplinary study of literature 46, no. 2 (2013): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mos.2013.0013.
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Proietti, Salvatore. "In the Shadow of No Whales: Rewriting Moby-Dick in Samuel R. Delany’s Nova." Leviathan 15, no. 3 (2013): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lvn.2013.0035.
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Charlton, Claire, Robert D. McCauley, and Rhianne Ward. "The Great Australian Bight Right Whale Study, 1991–2018: bridging the gap between science and industry to provide baseline data for impact assessment in oil and gas." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18179.
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The Curtin University Great Australian Bight Right Whale Study (GABRWS) delivers cost effective scientific research to inform risk-based decision making and conservation management of Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) listed endangered southern right whales (Eubalaena australis). The GABRWS has operated annually on Yalata Aboriginal lands at the Head of Bight in Australia’s largest calving ground, between 1991 and 2019, and at Fowlers Bay in the Nuyts Archipelago Marine Park between 2013 and 2019. The Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage (Environment) Regulations 2009 require operators to demonstrate an understanding of values and sensitivities (particularly EPBC-listed threatened species and Matters of National Environmental Significance) in the environment and show that impacts and risks from proposed activities are as low as reasonably practicable and of an acceptable level. The GABRWS delivers peer reviewed science on southern right whale recovery and population trends critical for stock and impact assessment. The study promotes collaboration between the scientific institutions, the community, oil and gas (O&G) operators, stakeholders, government and regulators. Data are publicly available through published scientific literature and communicated through university and sponsor reports, sponsor presentations, community events and international conferences. The GABRWS provides a unique win-win example of a university program bridging the gap between science and industry to promote species conservation management and provide cost effective baseline scientific data for impact assessment in O&G. Benefits to sponsors also include collaboration with research, community and government organisations; access to scientific data in real time; and promotion of community stewardship and reputation.
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Shadian, Jessica M. "Of whales and oil: Inuit resource governance and the Arctic Council." Polar Record 49, no. 4 (January 14, 2013): 392–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247412000484.
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ABSTRACTThis article takes a normative approach to explore what and how we might learn from existing indigenous governance arrangements in the Arctic and how they may contribute to the larger debates over Arctic governance and who decides. It begins with a brief exploration of the existing literature regarding co-management; particularly what some legal scholars have defined as post-Westphalian resource management as well as engaging ongoing discussions about co-management as it pertains to the Arctic. It then turns to the Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission (AEWC) as a case study and possible starting point for governing newly emerging resource management issues in the Arctic. Specifically, this article will look at how the governance framework of the AEWC might be applicable for the current governance discussions regarding Arctic offshore oil and gas development. Lastly, this paper will offer preliminary reflections as to how a post-sovereign resource management approach could contribute to the broader theoretical debates concerning who owns the Arctic and who decides. Specifically it offers one possible way to envisage the future of a strengthened Arctic Council operating in a world where states are not the only actors participating in the governance of the Arctic.