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1
Degtyareva, V. V., P. M. Gureev, and D. A. Trubkin. "THE MAIN PREREQUISITES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORKFORCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO OPTIMIZE STAFF WORKING HOURS." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-1-5-12.
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The purpose of the article is to study the principles of managing staff working time to reduce costs and increase efficiency, optimize labor processes, manage and predict the workload of staff, and implement methods and tools to improve efficiency. The article describes the main prerequisites for the implementation of the Workforce Management system (WFM), which is a methodology for planning employees’ working hours, which is a component of the personnel management concept. As a metric for evaluating the effect of using WFM systems, the planned or actual number of employees` hours per month is used – a comparison of the planned schedules before and after using the system is made. The effect of implementing WFM is as follows: increased staff efficiency, improved service level, revenue growth as a result of lower costs and more competent traffic coverage, increased staff involvement and saving management time.
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Ai, Qingsong, Kamil Maciuk, Paulina Lewinska, and Lukasz Borowski. "Characteristics of Onefold Clocks of GPS, Galileo, BeiDou and GLONASS Systems." Sensors 21, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 2396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072396.
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This research is focused on searching for frequency and noise characteristics for available GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems). The authors illustrated frequency stability and noise characteristics for a selected set of data from four different GNSS systems. For this purpose, 30-s-interval clock corrections were used for the GPS weeks 1982–2034 (the entirety of 2018). Firstly, phase data (raw clock corrections) were preprocessed for shifts and removal of outliers; GLONASS and GPS satellites characterize a smaller number of outliers than BeiDou and Galileo clock products. Secondly, frequency and Hadamard deviation were calculated. This study concludes that the stability of GPS and Galileo is better than that of BDS (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System) and GLONASS. Regarding noise, the GPS, Galileo, and BDS clocks are affected by the random walk modulation noise (RWFM), flashing frequency modulation noise (FFM), and white frequency modulation noise (WFM), whereas the GLONASS clocks are mainly affected only by WFM.
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Grigoryan, A. A. "WFM Systems as a Digital Business Transformation Tool." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 17, no. 4 (July 23, 2020): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2020-4-187-194.
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The article focuses on the current problem – the efficiency of employees' working hours through the use of special systems for work time planning (workforce management). An analysis of the use of various management tools to create an effective employee schedule is presented. It has been shown that the number of companies implementing automated programs for recording and planning employees' working hours is gradually growing. The main advantages and disadvantages identified by managers implementing digital solutions in the work schedule process were identified. Various types of specialized software for creating a flexible work schedule have been investigated, as well as key criteria by which the best WFM systems are determined. In the course of this classification, parameters have been defined, which should be given special attention when deciding on the use of the WFM system in the company. Based on the results of the study conducted by the author, recommendations were developed for the implementation of such digital solutions in the company. The author concluded that these systems were necessary for enterprises focused on digitalizing their business, since they made it possible to optimize staff costs and increase employee efficiency.
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BERNHARDT, PAUL A. "COMMUNICATIONS USING CHAOTIC FREQUENCY MODULATION." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 04, no. 02 (April 1994): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127494000289.
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Chaotic Frequency Modulation (CFM) provides the basis for a nonlinear communications system with (1) good noise suppression and (2) analogue signal encryption for private and secure communications links. CFM is a generalization of conventional Wideband Frequency Modulation (WFM) where the information about modulation samples mk are contained in the lengths of the periods pk for the kth cycle of the WFM waveform. A WFM modulator produces waveform periods described by an invertible function of the form pk=F(mk). Chaotic FM uses a map of the pulse periods to produce a noise-like pulse train even with a constant signal. The basis for CFM is a function pk=F(mk; pk−1, pk−2, …, pk−i), where i is the dimensionality of the map. A practical realization for a CFM transmitter employs an autonomous chaotic relaxation oscillator (ACRO) circuit for use as a chaotic voltage-controlled oscillator (CVCO). The ACRO is simple to construct, consisting of only two capacitors, one inductor, a bistable nonlinear element, and a modulated current source. The CVCO period (pk) is a nonlinear function of the current (mk) and the two previous pulse periods. Demodulation requires the use of at least three successive waveform-periods. Experimental and theoretical studies of the CVCO circuit have shown that (1) the ACRO return maps of pulse periods are embedded in three dimensions, (2) chaotic outputs are difficult to decode without prior knowledge of the circuit parameters, and (3) demodulation may be accomplished with a digital signal processor.
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Long, J. C. "T-Max and TRI-X: Comparisons of Sheet Film Emulsions for Use in SEM Photography." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100180884.
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The potential benefits of Kodak's Tabular Grain Emulsion Films (brand name: T-MAX) has resulted in our lab considering a switch from Kodak TRI-X 4×5 sheet film to Kodak T-MAX 4x5 sheet film for use in SEM photography. The current regime is TRI-X sheet film developed in D-19 diluted 1:2. Processing is at 20°C in large (4l) tanks with N2 burst agitation. The procedure used for this study was T-MAX and TRI-X sheet film processed in T-MAX RS developer; using the same large tank, and No burst system, but at temperatures ranging from 20° -24°C. The potential benefits are: 1) Improved image quality; tabular grain emulsions are purported to have improved sharpness, a finer grain at a given film speed, and better tonal separation than previous emulsions. 2) Ease of use; T-MAX RS is a highly miscible liquid concentrate which can be used at 20°-24°C. The primary temperature recommendation is 24°C; this would reduce the need for chilled water at our facility.The initial comparison was made using Kodak TRI-X and Kodak T-MAX 400 sheet film. Exposures were made using a JEOL T330A equipped with a high resolution photo CRT and waveform monitor (WFM). Brightness settings were determined using the WFM in the procedure described by Holm. Four sets of eight exposures each were made for both T-MAX 400 and TRI-X. A set consisted of one sheet of film exposed at each of the zones represented by the lines of the WFM. One set of each type of film was processed at each of the four specified temperatures,(20°, 21° 22°,24°, using T-MAX RS developer, at the time recommended by Kodak. Negative density was determined using a Zeiss Axiophot equipped with a MPM 20 Photometer. The percent value of transmitted light (%T) was converted to diffuse density (D) using the formula D=Log 1/T. The calculated diffuse density was plotted against the brightness line position on the WFM. Granularity was examined by visual comparison using 12x enlargements from T-MAX and TRI-X negatives of similar density.
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Fan, Yanwei, Liangjun Ma, Hujun Wei, and Pengcheng Zhu. "Numerical investigation of wetting front migration and soil water distribution under vertical line source irrigation with different influencing factors." Water Supply 21, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.054.
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Abstract Vertical line source irrigation (VLSI) is an underground irrigation method suitable for deep-rooted plants. Understanding the characteristics of the soil wetting body of the VLSI was the key to designing this irrigation system. On the basis of experimental verification of the reliability of the HYDRUS simulation results of VLSI under the conditions of soil texture (ST), initial water content (θi), line source buried depth (B), line source diameter (D) and line source length (L), numerical studies of the migration law of the wetting front of VLSI and the distribution characteristics of soil moisture were performed. The wetting front migration (WFM) was mainly influenced by ST, θi, D and L (P < 0.05), while B had little effect on WFM (P > 0.05). The shape of the soil wetting body changed little under different influencing factors. The water content contour was approximately ‘ellipsoidal’ around the line source. The soil moisture near the line source was close to the saturated moisture content. The moisture content around the line source gradually decreased outward, and the contour lines gradually became dense. According to the simulation results, a prediction model of multiple factors influencing the migration process of the VLSI wetting front was established. The predicted value was in good agreement with the measured value. The results of this research could provide a theoretical basis for further optimizing the combination of VLSI and irrigation elements.
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LIN, Y. C., T. Y. CHIU, M. F. TAI, B. N. LIN, P. C. GUAN, and H. C. KU. "SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND WEAK FERROMAGNETIC ORDER OF THE NEW RuCa2RCu2O8+δ (R=Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2005): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028542.
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Superconducting onset temperatures T c up to 23-44 K are reported for the new RuCa 2 RCu 2 O 8+δ ( R = Pr , Nd , Sm , Eu , Gd ) system with a Ru -1212 RuCa 2 PrCu 2 O 8+δ-type structure. Preliminary study indicates that the crystal structure is an orthorhombic distortion of the tetragonal RuSr 2 GdCu 2 O 8+δ-type structure ,which has space group P4/mmm, T m~136 K , and T c( max )~65 K . With similar RuO 6 octahedral and CuO 5 pyramidal units, superconductivity from the Cu - O bi-layers apparently coexists with the weak ferromagnetic (WFM) order with magnetic ordering temperature T m~49 K . Low temperature anomalous in magnetic properties observed in both field-cooled (FC) and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) modes are closely related to the complex interplay and coexistence between weak ferromagnetic order and superconductivity as well as from structural distortion and sensitive sample oxygen concentration variation. No superconductivity or Ru -1212 structure can be detected for larger rare earth compounds R = La and Ce .
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Menendez, H. M., and L. O. Tedeschi. "The characterization of the cow-calf, stocker and feedlot cattle industry water footprint to assess the impact of livestock water use sustainability." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 5 (July 2020): 416–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859620000672.
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AbstractPerception of freshwater use varies between nations and has led to concerns of how to evaluate water use for sustainable food production. The water footprint of beef cattle (WFB) is an important metric to determine current levels of freshwater use and to set sustainability goals. However, current WFB publications provide broad WF values with inconsistent units preventing direct comparison of WFB models. The water footprint assessment (WFA) methodologies use static physio-enviro-managerial equations, rather than dynamic, which limits their ability to estimate cattle water use. This study aimed to advance current WFA methods for WFB estimation by formulating the WFA into a system dynamics methodology to adequately characterize the major phases of the beef cattle industry and provide a tool to identify high-leverage solutions for complex water use systems. Texas is one of the largest cattle producing areas in the United States, a significant water user. This geolocation is an ideal template for WFB estimation in other regions due to its diverse geography, management-cultures, climate and natural resources. The Texas Beef Water Footprint model comprised seven submodels (cattle population, growth, nutrition, forage, WFB, supply chain and regional water use; 1432 state variables). Calibration of our model replicated initial WFB values from an independent study by Chapagain and Hoekstra in 2003 (CH2003). This CH2003 v. Texas production scenarios evaluated model parameters and assumptions and estimated a 41–66% WFB variability. The current model provides an insightful tool to improve complex, unsustainable and inefficient water use systems.
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Shahbazi, Sasha, Martin Kurdve, Mats Zackrisson, Christina Jönsson, and Anna Runa Kristinsdottir. "Comparison of Four Environmental Assessment Tools in Swedish Manufacturing: A Case Study." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 11, 2019): 2173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072173.
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To achieve sustainable development goals, it is essential to include the industrial system. There are sufficient numbers of tools and methods for measuring, assessing and improving the quality, productivity and efficiency of production, but the number of tools and methods for environmental initiatives on the shop floor is rather low. Incorporating environmental considerations into production and performance management systems still generally involves a top-down approach aggregated for an entire manufacturing plant. Green lean studies have been attempting to fill this gap to some extent, but the lack of detailed methodologies and practical tools for environmental manufacturing improvement on the shop floor is still evident. This paper reports on the application of four environmental assessment tools commonly used among Swedish manufacturing companies—Green Performance Map (GPM), Environmental Value Stream Mapping (EVSM), Waste Flow Mapping (WFM), and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)—to help practitioners and scholars to understand the different features of each tool, so in turn the right tool(s) can be selected according to particular questions and the industrial settings. Because there are some overlap and differences between the tools and a given tool may be more appropriate to a situation depending on the question posed, a combination of tools is suggested to embrace different types of data collection and analysis to include different environmental impacts for better prioritization and decision-making.
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Heymann, J., O. Schneising, M. Reuter, M. Buchwitz, V. V. Rozanov, V. A. Velazco, H. Bovensmann, and J. P. Burrows. "SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS XCO<sub>2</sub>: comparison with CarbonTracker XCO<sub>2</sub> focusing on aerosols and thin clouds." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 8 (August 13, 2012): 1935–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1935-2012.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas whose atmospheric loading has been significantly increased by anthropogenic activity leading to global warming. Accurate measurements and models are needed in order to reliably predict our future climate. This, however, has challenging requirements. Errors in measurements and models need to be identified and minimised. In this context, we present a comparison between satellite-derived column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2, denoted XCO2, retrieved from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT using the WFM-DOAS (weighting function modified differential optical absorption spectroscopy) algorithm, and output from NOAA's global CO2 modelling and assimilation system CarbonTracker. We investigate to what extent differences between these two data sets are influenced by systematic retrieval errors due to aerosols and unaccounted clouds. We analyse seven years of SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS version 2.1 retrievals (WFMDv2.1) using CarbonTracker version 2010. We investigate to what extent the difference between SCIAMACHY and CarbonTracker XCO2 are temporally and spatially correlated with global aerosol and cloud data sets. For this purpose, we use a global aerosol data set generated within the European GEMS project, which is based on assimilated MODIS satellite data. For clouds, we use a data set derived from CALIOP/CALIPSO. We find significant correlations of the SCIAMACHY minus CarbonTracker XCO2 difference with thin clouds over the Southern Hemisphere. The maximum temporal correlation we find for Darwin, Australia (r2 = 54%). Large temporal correlations with thin clouds are also observed over other regions of the Southern Hemisphere (e.g. 43% for South America and 31% for South Africa). Over the Northern Hemisphere the temporal correlations are typically much lower. An exception is India, where large temporal correlations with clouds and aerosols have also been found. For all other regions the temporal correlations with aerosol are typically low. For the spatial correlations the picture is less clear. They are typically low for both aerosols and clouds, but depending on region and season, they may exceed 30% (the maximum value of 46% has been found for Darwin during September to November). Overall we find that the presence of thin clouds can potentially explain a significant fraction of the difference between SCIAMACHY WFMDv2.1 XCO2 and CarbonTracker over the Southern Hemisphere. Aerosols appear to be less of a problem. Our study indicates that the quality of the satellite derived XCO2 will significantly benefit from a reduction of scattering related retrieval errors at least for the Southern Hemisphere.
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Heymann, J., O. Schneising, M. Reuter, M. Buchwitz, V. V. Rozanov, V. A. Velazco, H. Bovensmann, and J. P. Burrows. "SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS XCO<sub>2</sub>: comparison with CarbonTracker XCO<sub>2</sub> focusing on aerosols and thin clouds." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 2 (April 17, 2012): 2887–931. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-2887-2012.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas whose atmospheric loading has been significantly increased by anthropogenic activity leading to global warming. Accurate measurements and models are needed in order to reliably predict our future climate. This, however, has challenging requirements. Errors in measurements and models need to be identified and minimised. In this context, we present a comparison between satellite-derived column-averaged dry air mole fractions of CO2, denoted XCO2, retrieved from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT using the WFM-DOAS algorithm, and output from NOAA's global CO2 modelling and assimilation system CarbonTracker. We investigate to what extent differences between these two data sets are influenced by systematic retrieval errors due to aerosols and unaccounted clouds. We analyse seven years of SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS version 2.1 retrievals (WFMDv2.1) using the latest version of CarbonTracker (version 2010). We investigate to what extent the difference between SCIAMACHY and CarbonTracker XCO2 are temporally and spatially correlated with global aerosol and cloud data sets. For this purpose, we use a global aerosol data set generated within the European GEMS project, which is based on assimilated MODIS satellite data. For clouds, we use a data set derived from CALIOP/CALIPSO. We find significant correlations of the SCIAMACHY minus CarbonTracker XCO2 difference with thin clouds over the Southern Hemisphere. The maximum temporal correlation we find for Darwin, Australia (r2 = 54%). Large temporal correlations with thin clouds are also observed over other regions of the Southern Hemisphere (e.g. 43% for South America and 31% for South Africa). Over the Northern Hemisphere the temporal correlations are typically much lower. An exception is India, where large temporal correlations with clouds and aerosols have also been found. For all other regions the temporal correlations with aerosol are typically low. For the spatial correlations the picture is less clear. They are typically low for both aerosols and clouds, but dependent on region and season, they may exceed 30% (the maximum value of 46% has been found for Darwin during September to November). Overall we find that the presence of thin clouds can potentially explain a significant fraction of the difference between SCIAMACHY WFMDv2.1 XCO2 and CarbonTracker over the Southern Hemisphere. Aerosols appear to be less of a problem. Our study indicates that the quality of the satellite derived XCO2 will significantly benefit from a reduction of scattering related retrieval errors at least for the Southern Hemisphere.
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Heymann, J., H. Bovensmann, M. Buchwitz, J. P. Burrows, N. M. Deutscher, J. Notholt, M. Rettinger, et al. "SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS XCO<sub>2</sub>: reduction of scattering related errors." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 3 (June 13, 2012): 4285–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4285-2012.
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Abstract. Global observations of column-averaged dry air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (CO2), denoted by XCO2, retrieved from passive remote sensing instruments on Earth orbiting satellites can provide important and missing global information on the distribution and magnitude of regional CO2 surface fluxes. This application has challenging precision and accuracy requirements. SCIAMACHY on-board ENVISAT is the first satellite instrument, which measures the upwelling electromagnetic radiation in the near and short wave infrared at an adequate spectral and spatial resolution to yield near-surface sensitive XCO2. In a previous publication (Heymann et al., 2012), it has been shown by analysing seven years of SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS XCO2 (WFMDv2.1) that unaccounted thin cirrus clouds can result in significant errors. In order to enhance the quality of the SCIAMACHY XCO2 data product, we have developed a new version of the retrieval algorithm (WFMDv2.2), which is described in this manuscript. It is based on an improved cloud filtering and correction method using the 1.4 μm strong water vapour absorption and 0.76 μm O2-A bands. The new algorithm has been used to generate a SCIAMACHY XCO2 data set covering the years 2003–2009. The new XCO2 data set has been validated using ground-based observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The validation shows a significant improvement of the new product (v2.2) in comparison to the previous product (v2.1). For example, the standard deviation of the difference to TCCON at Darwin, Australia, has been reduced from 4 ppm to 2 ppm. The monthly regional-scale scatter of the data (defined as the mean inner monthly standard deviation of all quality filtered XCO2 retrievals within a radius of 350 km around various locations) has also been reduced, typically by a factor of about 1.5. Overall, the validation of the new WFMDv2.2 XCO2 data product can be summarised by a single measurement precision of 3.8 ppm, an estimated regional-scale (radius of 500 km) precision of monthly averages of 1.6 ppm and an estimated regional-scale relative accuracy of 0.8 ppm. In addition to the comparison with the limited number of TCCON sites, we also present a comparison with NOAA's global CO2 modelling and assimilation system CarbonTracker. This comparison also shows significant improvements especially over the Southern Hemisphere.
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Schneising, O., M. Buchwitz, J. P. Burrows, H. Bovensmann, P. Bergamaschi, and W. Peters. "Three years of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry air mole fractions retrieved from satellite – Part 2: Methane." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 5, 2008): 8273–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-8273-2008.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT is the first satellite instrument whose measurements are sensitive to concentration changes of the two gases at all altitude levels down to the Earth's surface where the source/sink signals are largest. We have processed three years (2003–2005) of SCIAMACHY near-infrared nadir measurements to simultaneously retrieve vertical columns of CO2 (from the 1.58 μm absorption band), CH4 (1.66 μm) and oxygen (O2 A-band at 0.76 μm) using the scientific retrieval algorithm WFM-DOAS. We show that the latest version of WFM-DOAS, version 1.0, which is used for this study, has been significantly improved with respect to its accuracy compared to the previous versions while essentially maintaining its high processing speed (~1 min per orbit, corresponding to ~6000 single measurements, and per gas on a standard PC). The greenhouse gas columns are converted to dry air column-averaged mole fractions, denoted XCO2 (in ppm) and XCH4 (in ppb), by dividing the greenhouse gas columns by simultaneously retrieved dry air columns. For XCO2 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved O2 columns. For XCH4 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved CO2 columns because of better cancellation of light path related errors compared to using O2 columns retrieved from the spectrally distant O2 A-band. Here we focus on a discussion of the XCH4 data set. The XCO2 data set is discussed in a separate paper (Part 1). For 2003 we present detailed comparisons with the TM5 model which has been optimally matched to highly accurate but sparse methane surface observations. After accounting for a systematic low bias of ~2% agreement with TM5 is typically within 1–2%. We investigated to what extent the SCIAMACHY XCH4 is influenced by the variability of atmospheric CO2 using global CO2 fields from NOAA's CO2 assimilation system CarbonTracker. We show that the CO2 corrected and uncorrected XCH4 spatio-temporal pattern are very similar but that agreement with TM5 is better for the CarbonTracker CO2 corrected XCH4. In line with previous studies (e.g., Frankenberg et al., 2005) we find significantly higher methane over the tropics compared to the model. We show that tropical methane is also higher when normalizing the CH4 columns with retrieved O2 columns instead of CO2. Concerning inter-annual variability we find similar methane spatio-temporal pattern for 2003 and 2004. For 2005 the retrieved methane shows significantly higher variability compared to the two previous years, most likely due to somewhat larger noise of the spectral measurements.
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahmoud Allahyarifard. "IT Role in Fulfillment of Profit & Loss Sharing (PLS) Mechanism." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i2.274.
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In this paper, we are going to introduce a new IT master solution to improve non-usury banking performance. All divine religions emphasize on usury prohibition. It is concluded that with some IT solutions, it may be possible to fulfill the worldly requirement by use of IT systems without any incredulity. Since depositors are shareholders of Non-Usury Bank Corporation (NU Bank Co), therefore integrated information systems can provide suitable infrastructure for transactions recording and management done by all participants' chains; and the end of process the yields of investment capital of depositors that invest in real economy can be distributed by safe delivery channels such as branches, ATM, WEB, Meaningful WEB. IT (as BPR, ERP, CRM, SCM, MES, MEX, HRM, WFM) that use single and integrated data warehouses) accompanying with standardization in all processes not only prepare PLS mechanism as main difference between conventional and non-usury banking but also simplify risk management and decline operational risk in comparison with conventional non-usury banking. Foundation of real non-usury banking can be based on an integrated IT system that links depositors, NU Bank Co, business partners, investors, stock exchange agencies, social security organization, certificate authorities (CA). Therefore, all related sectors may access the working flow of capital; IT processes, investment returns, and this causes stability in financial markets and achieve social justice establishment. In this paper, we are going to find a solution to this question: is it possible to connect depositors, bank, and investors in an integrated IT system to bring out PLS mechanism? Accordingly, we use a new kind of bank named by "Non-Usury Bank Corporation (Nu bank Co)" to fulfill the PLS criterion. This kind of non-usury bank will be capable of being established in different commercial law systems around the world. Thus, it will provide a suitable environment to automate non-usury banking operations that connect profits of depositors, bank, and loaners all together by using financial automatic communication channels.
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Schneising, O., M. Buchwitz, J. P. Burrows, H. Bovensmann, P. Bergamaschi, and W. Peters. "Three years of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry air mole fractions retrieved from satellite – Part 2: Methane." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 2 (January 19, 2009): 443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-443-2009.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT is the first satellite instrument whose measurements are sensitive to concentration changes of the two gases at all altitude levels down to the Earth's surface where the source/sink signals are largest. We have processed three years (2003–2005) of SCIAMACHY near-infrared nadir measurements to simultaneously retrieve vertical columns of CO2 (from the 1.58 μm absorption band), CH4 (1.66 μm) and oxygen (O2 A-band at 0.76 μm) using the scientific retrieval algorithm WFM-DOAS. We show that the latest version of WFM-DOAS, version 1.0, which is used for this study, has been significantly improved with respect to its accuracy compared to the previous versions while essentially maintaining its high processing speed (~1 min per orbit, corresponding to ~6000 single measurements, and per gas on a standard PC). The greenhouse gas columns are converted to dry air column-averaged mole fractions, denoted XCO2 (in ppm) and XCH4 (in ppb), by dividing the greenhouse gas columns by simultaneously retrieved dry air columns. For XCO2 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved O2 columns. For XCH4 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved CO2 columns because of better cancellation of light path related errors compared to using O2 columns retrieved from the spectrally distant O2 A-band. Here we focus on a discussion of the XCH4 data set. The XCO2 data set is discussed in a separate paper (Part 1). For 2003 we present detailed comparisons with the TM5 model which has been optimally matched to highly accurate but sparse methane surface observations. After accounting for a systematic low bias of ~2% agreement with TM5 is typically within 1–2%. We investigated to what extent the SCIAMACHY XCH4 is influenced by the variability of atmospheric CO2 using global CO2 fields from NOAA's CO2 assimilation system CarbonTracker. We show that the CO2 corrected and uncorrected XCH4 spatio-temporal pattern are very similar but that agreement with TM5 is better for the CarbonTracker CO2 corrected XCH4. In line with previous studies (e.g., Frankenberg et al., 2005b) we find higher methane over the tropics compared to the model. We show that tropical methane is also higher when normalizing the CH4 columns with retrieved O2 columns instead of CO2. In consistency with recent results of Frankenberg et al. (2008b) it is shown that the magnitude of the retrieved tropical methane is sensitive to the choice of the spectroscopic line parameters of water vapour. Concerning inter-annual variability we find similar methane spatio-temporal pattern for 2003 and 2004. For 2005 the retrieved methane shows significantly higher variability compared to the two previous years, most likely due to somewhat larger noise of the spectral measurements.
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Schneising, O., M. Buchwitz, J. P. Burrows, H. Bovensmann, M. Reuter, J. Notholt, R. Macatangay, and T. Warneke. "Three years of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry air mole fractions retrieved from satellite – Part 1: Carbon dioxide." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 18, 2008): 5477–536. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-5477-2008.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT is the first satellite instrument whose measurements are sensitive to concentration changes of the two gases at all altitude levels down to the Earth's surface where the source/sink signals are largest. We have processed three years (2003–2005) of SCIAMACHY near-infrared nadir measurements to simultaneously retrieve vertical columns of CO2 (from the 1.58 μm absorption band), CH4 (1.66 μm) and oxygen (O2 A-band at 0.76 μm) using the scientific retrieval algorithm WFM-DOAS. We show that the latest version of WFM-DOAS, version 1.0, which is used for this study, has been significantly improved with respect to its accuracy compared to the previous versions while essentially maintaining its high processing speed (~1 minute per orbit, corresponding to ~6000 single measurements, and per gas on a standard PC). The greenhouse gas columns are converted to dry air column-averaged mole fractions, denoted XCO2 (in ppm) and XCH4 (in ppb), by dividing the greenhouse gas columns by simultaneously retrieved dry air columns. For XCO2 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved O2 columns. For XCH4 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved CO2 columns because of better cancellation of light path related errors compared to using O2 columns retrieved from the spectrally distant O2 A-band. Here we focus on a discussion of the XCO2 data set. The XCH4 data set is discussed in a separate paper (Part 2). In order to assess the quality of the retrieved XCO2 we present comparisons with Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) XCO2 measurements at two northern hemispheric mid-latitude ground stations. To assess the quality globally, we present detailed comparisons with global XCO2 fields obtained from NOAA's CO2 assimilation system CarbonTracker. For the Northern Hemisphere we find good agreement with the reference data for the CO2 seasonal cycle and the CO2 annual increase. For the Southern Hemisphere, where significantly less data are available for averaging compared to the Northern Hemisphere, the CO2 annual increase is also in good agreement with CarbonTracker but the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle show systematic differences up to a few ppm arising partially from the O2 normalization. The retrieved XCO2 regional pattern at monthly resolution over various regions show clear corrrelations with CarbonTracker but also significant differences. Typically the retrieved variability is about 4 ppm (1% of 380 ppm) higher but depending on time and location differences can reach or even exceed 8 ppm. Based on the error analysis and on the comparison with the reference data we conclude that the XCO2 data set can be characterized by a single measurement retrieval precision (random error) of 1–2%, a systematic low bias of about 1.5%, and by a relative accuracy of about 1–2% for monthly averages at a spatial resolution of about 7°×7°. When averaging the SCIAMACHY XCO2 over all three years we find reasonable correlation with EDGAR anthropogenic CO2 emissions for Germany, The Netherlands and Belgium indicating that regionally elevated CO2 arising from regional anthropogenic CO2 emissions can be detected from space.
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Heymann, J., H. Bovensmann, M. Buchwitz, J. P. Burrows, N. M. Deutscher, J. Notholt, M. Rettinger, et al. "SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS <i>X</i>CO<sub>2</sub>: reduction of scattering related errors." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 10 (October 9, 2012): 2375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-2375-2012.
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Abstract. Global observations of column-averaged dry air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (CO2), denoted by XCO2 , retrieved from SCIAMACHY on-board ENVISAT can provide important and missing global information on the distribution and magnitude of regional CO2 surface fluxes. This application has challenging precision and accuracy requirements. In a previous publication (Heymann et al., 2012), it has been shown by analysing seven years of SCIAMACHY WFM-DOAS XCO2 (WFMDv2.1) that unaccounted thin cirrus clouds can result in significant errors. In order to enhance the quality of the SCIAMACHY XCO2 data product, we have developed a new version of the retrieval algorithm (WFMDv2.2), which is described in this manuscript. It is based on an improved cloud filtering and correction method using the 1.4 μm strong water vapour absorption and 0.76 μm O2-A bands. The new algorithm has been used to generate a SCIAMACHY XCO2 data set covering the years 2003–2009. The new XCO2 data set has been validated using ground-based observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The validation shows a significant improvement of the new product (v2.2) in comparison to the previous product (v2.1). For example, the standard deviation of the difference to TCCON at Darwin, Australia, has been reduced from 4 ppm to 2 ppm. The monthly regional-scale scatter of the data (defined as the mean intra-monthly standard deviation of all quality filtered XCO2 retrievals within a radius of 350 km around various locations) has also been reduced, typically by a factor of about 1.5. Overall, the validation of the new WFMDv2.2 XCO2 data product can be summarised by a single measurement precision of 3.8 ppm, an estimated regional-scale (radius of 500 km) precision of monthly averages of 1.6 ppm and an estimated regional-scale relative accuracy of 0.8 ppm. In addition to the comparison with the limited number of TCCON sites, we also present a comparison with NOAA's global CO2 modelling and assimilation system CarbonTracker. This comparison also shows significant improvements especially over the Southern Hemisphere.
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Schneising, O., M. Buchwitz, J. P. Burrows, H. Bovensmann, M. Reuter, J. Notholt, R. Macatangay, and T. Warneke. "Three years of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry air mole fractions retrieved from satellite – Part 1: Carbon dioxide." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 14 (July 21, 2008): 3827–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3827-2008.
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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT is the first satellite instrument whose measurements are sensitive to concentration changes of the two gases at all altitude levels down to the Earth's surface where the source/sink signals are largest. We have processed three years (2003–2005) of SCIAMACHY near-infrared nadir measurements to simultaneously retrieve vertical columns of CO2 (from the 1.58 μm absorption band), CH4 (1.66 μm) and oxygen (O2 A-band at 0.76 μm) using the scientific retrieval algorithm WFM-DOAS. We show that the latest version of WFM-DOAS, version 1.0, which is used for this study, has been significantly improved with respect to its accuracy compared to the previous versions while essentially maintaining its high processing speed (~1 min per orbit, corresponding to ~6000 single measurements, and per gas on a standard PC). The greenhouse gas columns are converted to dry air column-averaged mole fractions, denoted XCO2 (in ppm) and XCH4 (in ppb), by dividing the greenhouse gas columns by simultaneously retrieved dry air columns. For XCO2 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved O2 columns. For XCH4 dry air columns are obtained from the retrieved CO2 columns because of better cancellation of light path related errors compared to using O2 columns retrieved from the spectrally distant O2 A-band. Here we focus on a discussion of the XCO2 data set. The XCH4 data set is discussed in a separate paper (Part 2). In order to assess the quality of the retrieved XCO2 we present comparisons with Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) XCO2 measurements at two northern hemispheric mid-latitude ground stations. To assess the quality globally, we present detailed comparisons with global XCO2 fields obtained from NOAA's CO2 assimilation system CarbonTracker. For the Northern Hemisphere we find good agreement with the reference data for the CO2 seasonal cycle and the CO2 annual increase. For the Southern Hemisphere, where significantly less data are available for averaging compared to the Northern Hemisphere, the CO2 annual increase is also in good agreement with CarbonTracker but the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle show systematic differences (up to several ppm) arising partially from the O2 normalization most likely caused by unconsidered scattering effects due to subvisual cirrus clouds. The retrieved XCO2 regional pattern at monthly resolution over various regions show clear correlations with CarbonTracker but also significant differences. Typically the retrieved variability is about 4 ppm (1% of 380 ppm) higher but depending on time and location differences can reach or even exceed 8 ppm. Based on the error analysis and on the comparison with the reference data we conclude that the XCO2 data set can be characterized by a single measurement retrieval precision (random error) of 1–2%, a systematic low bias of about 1.5%, and by a relative accuracy of about 1–2% for monthly averages at a spatial resolution of about 7°×7°. When averaging the SCIAMACHY XCO2 over all three years we find elevated CO2 over the highly populated region of western central Germany and parts of the Netherlands ("Rhine-Main area") reasonably well correlated with EDGAR anthropogenic CO2 emissions. On average the regional enhancement is 2.7 ppm including an estimated contribution of 1–1.5 ppm due to aerosol related errors and sampling.
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Menendez, Hector M., and Luis O. Tedeschi. "97 Impact of Regionalized Forage Quality and Quantity and Feed Grain Water Use on the Daily Texas Beef Cattle Water Footprint and Supply Chain Efficiency." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.068.
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Abstract Livestock water use sustainability is a growing concern in the beef cattle sector. The Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) method has been used to quantify the water footprint (WF) of beef products but does not suggest any specific management strategies to decrease the WF of beef cattle (WFB) within and across the beef supply chain. The WFB is primarily influenced by forage and grain production water uses (m3/t), which are directly linked to dry matter (kg/d) and water intake (L/d) and cattle growth (kg/d). Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the alteration of forage quality and above-ground biomass production (t/ha) of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), in addition to published WF estimates for corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) production (m3/t) on the daily Texas WFB. A dynamic Texas Beef Water Footprint Model (TXWFB) was developed to predict WFB, using the System Dynamic methodology and equations from the Ruminant Nutrition System (RNS) and Beef Nutrient Requirements (NASEM) models. Results indicated that forage and crop biomass production is a high-leverage solution to offset the daily Texas WFB (%∆ = -55 to 130). The alteration of forage TDN had less of an impact on the Texas WFB (%∆ = -39 to 17). An ANOVA with a Tukey Posthoc test indicated that all WFB scenarios were significantly different (P < 0.05) except for the low versus base TDN under low water use conditions scenario. The variability in the use of green and blue waters for grains indicated that the final WFB, in the feedlot phase, may be lower than the WFB in the cow-calf or stocker stages under certain efficiency conditions. Identification of high and low-leverage solutions may help Texas cattle stakeholders implement systemic strategies that aid in the efforts for sustainable beef water use.
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Xiang, Xinfeng, Lingzhong Kong, Huaiwei Sun, Xiaohui Lei, Ji Liang, and Yueqiang Li. "Recent Developments in the Application of Water Resource Dispatching Systems in China." Water 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010026.
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This paper addresses recent developments in the application of water Resource dispatching systems (WRDSs) in China. Through a survey of watershed managers and a literature analysis, it was found that water diversion projects should be the top priority of water resource management by considering the recovery construction of water diversion projects. Case studies of WRDSs in the South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD) and Pearl River Basin are discussed in this article. The results show that total water consumption management (WCM), water quality monitoring and management (WQMM), minimum discharge flow management (MDFM), and water dispatch management (WDM) modules should be considered in WRDSs. Finally, strategies and needs for resolving water resource management problems are discussed, along with other applications of WRDSs in China.
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XU, ANSHI, DEMING WU, QIANGSHENG XIANG, KAN ZHANG, CHU WANG, and LINZHEN XIE. "ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENT OF MULTICHANNEL WDM + EDFA OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 07, no. 03 (September 1996): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156496000177.
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A 151 km "WDM + EDFA" optical fiber transmission system with 8 channels and 2 EDFAs has been built for the first time in China. Some formulas are given to estimate the effect of optical signal power and ASE noise on BER, the power penalty caused by the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) and the crosstalk due to the grating demultiplexer in optical amplified WDM systems with EDFAs. The calculation results are well agreed with experimental data. In addition, an 8-channel, optically amplified WDM system with regenerated transmission distance of 1208 km, an 8-channel, 240 km optically amplified WDM system and a 12-channel, 240 km optically amplified WDM system have been developed successively.
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Chernyak, Victor. "Potential accuracy of object localization with multilateration systems." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 3 (May 18, 2009): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078709000221.
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Multilateration (MLAT) systems and wide area MLAT (WAM) systems are particular cases of multisite (multistatic) radar systems (MSRSs): passive MSRSs (PMSRSs) with known expected signal waveforms. One of the most stringent requirements on an MLAT system is a very high accuracy of target (emitter) localization. In view of this, the potential accuracy of emitter localization (PAEL) based on Cramer–Rao inequality is important. Its dependence on system geometry and time of arrival (TOA) measurement accuracy allows choosing reasonable system geometry and requirements on TOA measurements. PAEL for MLAT and WAM systems with different geometry is considered, including systems proposed for the Marco Polo airport in Venice, Italy. The possibility of velocity determination using PAEL for landing and taking off aircrafts is also discussed. The concept of PAEL permits one to analyze joint measurements of different signal parameters and target coordinates. The effect of additional elevation angle measurements on PAEL in the WAM system for the Marco Polo airport is shown.
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Wu, Ben, and Yue-Kai Huang. "Optical-Amplifier-Compatible Long-Distance Secure Key Generation Based on Random Phase Fluctuations for WDM Systems." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 6296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216296.
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We proposed and experimentally demonstrated a secure key generation and distribution system that is compatible with optical amplifiers and standard wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems. The key is generated from the phase fluctuations induced by environmental instabilities. The key generation system is tested in a 240 km bidirectional fiber-pair link with multiple optical amplifiers. To demonstrate the compatibility with WDM systems, 38 WDM channels are transmitted together with the key distribution channel. The secret key is protected against eavesdropping and coherence detection attack by the wide-band property of the signal carrier and the fast-changing rate of the phase fluctuations.
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Thakur, Aditi, and Shaina Nagpal. "Performance Evaluation of Different Optical Amplifiers in Spectrum Sliced Free Space Optical Link." Journal of Optical Communications 41, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0120.
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Abstract Free space optics (FSO) is well-competent and premier technology to cater the high speed services in different geographical areas such as hilly areas and inter building network. In this paper, we successfully demonstrated the spectrum sliced wavelength division multiplexed FSO system. In order to make system bandwidth efficient, frequency spacing of 75 GHz is taken among the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) channels. Carrier spectrum broadening is achieved for spectrum slicing through the nonlinearity called self-phase modulation. Moreover, requirement of multiple laser sources is eliminated. However, in conventional WDM systems, n numbers of lasers are needed to generate n WDM channels. To strengthen the signal in this FSO system, three optical amplifiers are scrutinized such as erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and Raman amplifier in terms of Q-factor and bit error rate (BER). Results revealed that EDFA is best amplifier in proposed SS-WDM-FSO system.
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Bobrovs, V., and G. Ivanovs. "Comparison of Different Modulation Formats and their Compatibility with WDM Transmission System." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 45, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-008-0005-7.
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Comparison of Different Modulation Formats and their Compatibility with WDM Transmission SystemIn the work, the intensity and phase modulation methods are compared for different versions of the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system. Binary and multilevel code formats are evaluated numerically, with OptSim simulation software at the bit rate of 10 and 40 Gbit/s, using long-fiber spans and dispersion compensation technique. The problems to be overcome at exploitation of multiterabit WDM systems based on 40 Gbit/s optical transmissions are: chromatic dispersion (CD), polarization-mode dispersion (PMD), dispersion slope, and nonlinear effects of the transmission line. We have investigated the potentialities of modulation formats for 40 Gbit/s WDM networks where most of the listed problems are avoided. It is shown that Duobinary and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulation formats are perfectly suitable for ultra-high spectral efficient WDM systems and possess high resistance to dispersion and nonlinear optical effects (NOE).
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Rizvi, Rubina, Courtney VanHouten, Tiffani J. Bright, Mollie M. McKillop, Shira Alevy, David Brotman, Megan Sands-Lincoln, et al. "The Perceived Impact and Usability of a Care Management and Coordination System in Delivering Services to Vulnerable Populations: Mixed Methods Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): e24122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24122.
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Background People with complex needs, such as those experiencing homelessness, require concurrent, seamless support from multiple social service agencies. Sonoma County, California has one of the nation’s largest homeless populations among largely suburban communities. To support client-centered care, the county deployed a Care Management and Coordination System (CMCS). This system comprised the Watson Care Manager (WCM), a front-end system, and Connect 360, which is an integrated data hub that aggregates information from various systems into a single client record. Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the perceived impact and usability of WCM in delivering services to the homeless population in Sonoma County. Methods A mixed methods study was conducted to identify ways in which WCM helps to coordinate care. Interviews, observations, and surveys were conducted, and transcripts and field notes were thematically analyzed and directed by a grounded theory approach. Responses to the Technology Acceptance Model survey were analyzed. Results A total of 16 participants were interviewed, including WCM users (n=8) and department leadership members (n=8). In total, 3 interdisciplinary team meetings were observed, and 8 WCM users were surveyed. WCM provided a central shared platform where client-related, up-to-date, comprehensive, and reliable information from participating agencies was consolidated. Factors that facilitated WCM use were users’ enthusiasm regarding the tool functionalities, scalability, and agency collaboration. Constraining factors included the suboptimal awareness of care delivery goals and functionality of the system among the community, sensitivities about data sharing and legal requirements, and constrained funding from government and nongovernment organizations. Overall, users found WCM to be a useful tool that was easy to use and helped to enhance performance. Conclusions WCM supports the delivery of care to individuals with complex needs. Integration of data and information in a CMCS can facilitate coordinated care. Future research should examine WCM and similar CMCSs in diverse populations and settings.
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Leonardi, Mauro, Adolf Mathias, and Gaspare Galati. "Two efficient localization algorithms for multilateration." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 3 (June 2009): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078709000245.
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Two localization algorithms for multilateration systems are derived and analyzed. Instead of the classical time difference of arrival (TDOA), a direct use of the time of arrival (TOA) is made. The algorithms work for arbitrary spatial dimensions and overdetermined systems. These derivations are tested in a real-case implementation with simulated data (in particular, the multilateration (MLAT) system installed on the Malpensa Airport in Milan was considered for the MLAT simulation and its possible extension to wide area multilateration (WAM) system was considered for WAM trials). The results are also compared with the present-day algorithms performance, mostly based on TDOA.
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Yang, Jiang Nan, Li Qun Huang, and Xue Li Tang. "Simulation Research on 40Gbit/s Hybrid WDM/TDM PON System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 3035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.3035.
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Recently, wavelength division mulplexing (WDM) technology has been extensively studied, and various WDM-PON architectures have been proposed for next-generation passive optical network (PON). In this paper, we combine the TDM with WDM architecture to achieve high-speed, long-distance transmission. To reduce the cost of ONU, we achive the colorless ONU by placing a Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (RSOA) in the uplink transmission. We build the whole architecture to simulate the Hybrid WDM/TDM PON System in Optisystem and the experimental results prove that the architecture is feasible and reasonable.
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Simatupang, Joni Welman, and Puspa Devi Pukhrambam. "THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-FIBER TRANSMISSION OVER WDM-PON SYSTEMS." Teknologi Indonesia 40, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jti.v40i2.420.
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In this paper, a rigorous theoretical analysis on optical beat interferometric (OBI) noises caused by the Rayleigh backscattering (RB) and Fresnel reflection (FR) effects on the performance of a single-fiber single-wavelength WDM-PON (wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network) transmission system has been presented. Two categories of PON are evaluated: a conventional and a long-reach WDM-PON system. The conventional WDM-PON took place in an access network for a typical transmission distance of 20 km without any optical amplification at the remote node (RN). In this case, the gain of the optimal reflective optical network unit (ONU) will depend on the relative RB power and also the FRs magnitudes and locations along the optical fiber channel/transmission link. However, in the cases of the long-reach WDM-PON deployed at a transmission distance of 100 km or further, the optical amplifiers are indispensable to enhance the optical power budget and to prevent the effect of fiber nonlinearities that may occur at high power injection levels. Although the presence of an optical amplifier (OA) in a long-reach WDM-PON will actually give some additional gain to the whole system, as a result it also produces the worse RB and FR effects to the system itself. A crosstalk to signal (C/S) ratio is used as a key performance indicator of whether the transmission system is in good working order or not. Therefore, this study may provide insight and relevant information in terms of transmission optimization for WDM-PON systems and developments in the future. To educate on the current technologies and developments surrounding conventional and long-reach WDM-PON, a brief overview is provided in the background part of the introduction.
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Rachmawati, Rini, Ulfah Choirunnisa, Zat Ayuningsih Pambagyo, Yosi Atikah Syarafina, and Rizki Adriadi Ghiffari. "Work from Home and the Use of ICT during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia and Its Impact on Cities in the Future." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126760.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in restrictions on activities involving physical contact, such as working. Indonesia began to apply the system of work from home (WfH) to minimize the spread risk of COVID-19 in March 2020. This research is aimed at finding out the coverage of WfH, mapping changes of workplace, identifying the use of ICT to support WfH, and analyzing the concept of workplace and work systems in future cities. The method used in this research is qualitative and quantitative. A questionnaire (Google Form) was sent to different WhatsApp groups whose members are experts in urban and regional planning, geography, the environment, smart cities, and IT, with total of 176 respondents. The focus group discussion conducted online focused on the use of ICT to support WfH during the COVID-19 pandemic. The result of this research shows that even before the pandemic, both the government and private sectors had a plan to apply WfH. Because of the pandemic, it became the catalyst for the implementation of WfH. The implementation of WfH has changed workplace orientation. The use of ICT was a primary need in implementing WfH during the pandemic. However, the WfH system implemented in the government sector has not been integrated, and neither has the one in private sectors. WfH is seen to have been effective enough, but it still needs lots of support from many sectors. In the future, WfH can still be maintained, along with working from the office (WfO). The WfH concept is highly recommended for big cities because it can support reduced population mobilization, resulting in reduced congestion and movement costs, and improved efficiency of working time by reducing travel time. On the other hand, it can help in the matter of limited of space that office buildings provide.
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Aldhaibani, A. O., S. A. Aljunid, Hilal A. Fadhil, and M. S. Anuar. "Increasing Capacity and Suppress the Crosstalk by Using Hybrid Optical OFDM/WDM System." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.1041.
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Hybrid optical OFDM/WDM system is proposed to provide longer reach and larger capacity comparing with existing PON systems in order to meet the ever increasing bandwidth demand and data rate of next generation optical access networks. In this paper, two channels using different modulation at 10 Gb/s are used for downstream link. OFDM signals occupy different portions of the available signal spectrum for signal transmissions by using WDM. As a result, the system has good performance based on SNR with 50 km distance and QAM modulation delivers better performance compared with PSK.
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Hussein Ali, Adnan, Hayder Jasim Alhamdane, and Begared Salih Hassen. "Design analysis and performance evaluation of the WDM integration with CO-OFDM system for radio over fiber System." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i2.pp870-878.
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<span>The optical communication and wireless networks can be integrated to increase the capacity and mobility with decrease the costs in the access networks. Optical communication is considered a Fiber optic communication that can be used for wired and wireless communication. The problems of Fiber optic communication have a solution represented by Radio over fiber (RoF) which can control many base stations (BSs) that connect to a central station (CS) with an optical fiber. The Coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) have concerned a great interest due to the high spectral efficiency and strength to the fiber dispersion, also it can be considered as a promising candidate when used in long haul optical fiber transmission systems. The integration of the wavelength division multiplexing system (WDM) with (CO-OFDM) system for increasing the system performance as well as achieving high data rates. The simulation of WDM-ROF and (WDM-CO-OFDM) with an optisystem simulator to analyze the RF spectrum, spectrum signal visualizers, and constellation diagrams. The proposed of integration of WDM and RoF-OFDM system is to achieve 100 km fiber length using 4QAM sequence bit, and the received power with electrical and optical amplifications by using 10 Gbps data signal.</span>
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Sugano, Shigeki. "Composition of Multiple D.O.F. Robot Control System Using a Parallel Processing Microcomputer." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 2, no. 3 (June 20, 1990): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1990.p0189.
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In this paper, a method of composition for a multimicroprocessor robotic systems and a concrete example of a mobile anthropomorphic manipulator are discussed. There are many methods to compose multimicroprocessor systems for robots and complex mechatronic units. It is most advantageous for multiple degrees of freedom robots to introduce a concurrent system employing microcomputers designed on the premise of parallel connection, as it is easy to realize high speed and efficiency. In addition, hardware and software design as well as related debugging is very easy. A mobile anthropomorphic manipulator (WAM-9) with 7 d.o.f. in the arm, 16 d.o.f. in the hand and 3 d.o.f. in the body has been developed aimed at improving the robot dexterity. The control system of WAM-9 employs a 32-bit ""Transputer"" parallel processing microcomputer. This system includes about 20 transputers and is modeled after the human central nervous system.
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Beukes, P. C., B. S. Thorrold, M. E. Wastney, C. C. Palliser, K. A. Macdonald, K. P. Bright, J. A. S. Lancaster, C. A. J. Palmer, and M. J. Auldist. "Modelling the bi-peak lactation curves of summer calvers in New Zealand dairy farm systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 6 (2005): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03251.
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New Zealand dairy cows traditionally calve in late winter, so their peak lactation demands are met by the increased growth of pasture in spring, and they are dried off in autumn before the decreased growth in winter. Financial premiums are offered to encourage farmers to produce milk in winter by calving cows in summer or autumn (out-of-season calving). This requires farming systems that can feed lactating cows in winter, which may include extra silages and fertilisers. The associated extra costs must be weighed against the value of the winter premium. This paper assesses the ability of Dexcel’s Whole Farm Model (WFM) to simulate out-of-season calving by comparing the model output with the observed data from an out-of-season calving trial run at Dexcel’s No. 2 dairy in Hamilton from 1998 to 2001. Trial data showed the typical lactation curve for July calvers with 1 peak in early lactation, whereas for January calvers the curve was atypical with a lower peak in early lactation and a second peak in late lactation. July and January calvers were described in the animal metabolic submodel (‘Molly’) at the start of the simulations by using observed liveweights at the beginning of the season and estimated peak daily milk yields. The management submodel used best-practice policies and the pasture submodel was driven by actual climate data. The WFM with an unmodified ‘Molly’ (without the photoperiod effect) did not predict the flatter bi-peak lactation curves of the January calvers. Driving forces responsible for the differences in the shape of lactation curves were identified and a sine function reflecting the photoperiod effect on lactation hormones was incorporated into ‘Molly’. This reduced the mean prediction error of milk yields for January calvers from 46 to 19%, and for July calvers, from 19 to 15%. The modified ‘Molly’ also showed potential to predict the atypical lactation curves of October and April calvers. After evaluating the WFM, farm systems can be simulated by altering factors such as stocking rate, fertiliser quantity and timing, and proportion of the herd calving out of season. Model output can be used for cost–benefit analysis of a wide variety of potential systems.
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Chornous, Galyna O., and Viktoriya L. Gura. "Integration of Information Systems for Predictive Workforce Analytics: Models, Synergy, Security of Entrepreneurship." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n1p83.
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The era of information economy leads to redesigning not only business models of organizations but also to rethinking the human resources paradigm to harness the power of state-of-the-art technology for Human Capital Management (HCM) optimization. Predictive analytics and computational intelligence will bring transformative change to HCM. This paper deals with issues of HCM optimization based on the models of predictive workforce analytics (WFA) and Business Intelligence (BI). The main trends in the implementation of predictive WFA in the world and in Ukraine, as well as the need to protect business data for security of entrepreneurship and the tasks of predictive analysis in the context of proactive HCM were examined. Some models of effective integration of information systems for predictive WFA were proposed, their advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. These models combine ERP, HCM, BI, Predictive Analytics, and security systems. As an example, integration of HCM system, the analytics platform (IBM SPSS Modeler), BI system (IBM Planning Analytics), and security platform (IBM QRadar Security Intelligence Platform) for predicting the employee attrition was shown. This integration provides a cycle ‘prediction – planning – performance review – causal analysis’ to support protected data-driven decision making in proactive HCM The results of the research support ensuring the effective management of all spectrum of risks associated with the collection, storage and use of data.
Keywords: Workforce Analytics (WFA), Human Capital Management (HCM), Predictive Analytics, Proactive Management, BI, Information Systems (IS), Integration, Security of Entrepreneurship
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KAUR, GURMEET, M. L. SINGH, and M. S. PATTERH. "INVESTIGATIONS OF FIBER NONLINEARITIES IN LONG-HAUL OPTICAL WDM TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 18, no. 02 (June 2009): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863509004567.
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Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has been emerging as an effective technique for making use of the full bandwidth offered by optical fiber. To achieve long-haul transmission, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are employed to compensate for signal attenuation without using optoelectronic/electro-optic conversions. Transmission in these systems is limited by fiber nonlinearities and amplified spontaneous emission noise from amplifiers. In this paper, the long-haul optical WDM system with EDFAs is investigated theoretically. The noise and bit error rate (BER) characteristics of the system with optical amplifiers are calculated and the dependence of the BER on interamplifier separation and input power is shown.
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Hu, Yi Hong, Guo Chu Shou, Zong Jue Qian, and Hao Xing Shen. "Research on Converged Access Network of WDM-PON and WiMAX." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1583.
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Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC) provides a solution of the converged access network for wired and wireless network. PON and WiMAX are the typical representatives in fiber access network and broadband wireless access network, of which the convergence has great research value. The converged network of PON and WiMAX has the advantage of high-bandwidth, which can provide various kinds of broadband access services and has features of low cost and simple and flexible. There are a variety of system forms for PON technology, one of them with unique advantages is WDM-PON system. In WDM-PON systems, each service has exclusive transmission bandwidth, which makes the converged network of WDM-PON and WiMAX has much more advantages than any other PON network. This paper proposes a converged network model of WDM-PON and WiMAX, and focuses on the analysis of dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm applicable to the converged network model; then does some simulation of this dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm, proves that the algorithm has a good delay effect in overload conditions, and analyses the bandwidth rate taken by traffic flow of different service levels under different network load situations.
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Hu, Hao, and Leif K. Oxenløwe. "Chip-based optical frequency combs for high-capacity optical communications." Nanophotonics 10, no. 5 (February 3, 2021): 1367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0561.
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AbstractCurrent fibre optic communication systems owe their high-capacity abilities to the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technique, which combines data channels running on different wavelengths, and most often requires many individual lasers. Optical frequency combs, with equally spaced coherent comb lines derived from a single source, have recently emerged as a potential substitute for parallel lasers in WDM systems. Benefits include the stable spacing and broadband phase coherence of the comb lines, enabling improved spectral efficiency of transmission systems, as well as potential energy savings in the WDM transmitters. In this paper, we discuss the requirements to a frequency comb for use in a high-capacity optical communication system in terms of optical linewidth, per comb line power and optical carrier-to-noise ratio, and look at the scaling of a comb source for ultra-high capacity systems. Then, we review the latest advances of various chip-based optical frequency comb generation schemes and their applications in optical communications, including mode-locked laser combs, spectral broadening of frequency combs, microresonator-based Kerr frequency combs and electro-optic frequency combs.
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SUDO, SHOICHI. "PROGRESS IN OPTICAL FIBER AMPLIFIERS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 07, no. 01 (March 1996): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156496000025.
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Recent progress in fiber amplifier technology is reviewed. Broad band and high power are currently the key goals in the field of fiber amplifiers in conjunction with amplified system development. Broad-band EDFAs using fluoride-based hosts and high-power EDFAs with powerful pump lasers are described in detail. Recent progress and other requirements for optical amplifiers i.e. high gain, low noise, and high reliability, are all reviewed. The limitations in relation to achievable gain are described as well as the highest gain ever achieved. A method for its reduction are described. In relation to reliability, this paper mainly focuses on fluoride fiber. Recent progress on the main characteristics of 1.3 µm PDFA is reviewed and transmission experiment are described. Several attempts to construct fiber amplifiers operating at 0.8 µm, 1.4 µm, and 1.65 µm are also reviewed. In the field of amplified systems, WDM and remote pumping TDM techniques are a high priority. In particular, various WDM experiments such as long-distance WDM transmission, WDM soliton transmission, and WDM networks are all described in detail.
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GAIZI, Kenza, Pr Dr. Fouad Mohammed ABBOU, and Pr Dr. Farid ABDI. "Nonlinear effects in WDM Networks." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.13 (July 27, 2018): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.13.17327.
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This paper studies nonlinear effects in WDM Network. The focus is on both the propagation of a unique signal as well as a set of them in optical fibers in a WDM network. The paper presents an analytical model to study the effects of having nonlinearities in a WDM system. Three main nonlinear effects are studied here are Cross Phase Modulation, Self-Phase Modulation, and Four Wave Mixing. Simulations are performed on up to 265 channels WDM System.
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Hanom, Imtihan, Rachel Aleyda Rozefy, and Hilmiyani Taqiyyah Filasta. "THE INFLUENCE OF ERGONOMIC ON WORKING FROM HOME ACTIVITIES." Idealog: Ide dan Dialog Desain Indonesia 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/idealog.v5i1.3959.
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Work From Home (WFH) is a system chosen by the government in 2020 due to the spread of the Corona virus, with this system it is hoped that it can maintain social distance, namely reducing people's mobility, maintaining physical distance, and reducing crowds so that it is expected to reduce the risk of corona virus transmission. and employee safety. The WFH system has high flexibility, this is to support employee balance between work and life. The work system that changed to WFH in a short period of time made workers experience stressful conditions such as feelings of anxiety or worry for a long time, especially when they lived under the same roof with many people. In carrying out WFH, workers need a comfortable place to work to help focus on work. One of the things that play a role in creating a sense of comfort when working is the application of ergonomic rules. This study looks for any variables that can affect WFH activities and which variables most affect WFH activities. The application of ergonomics, especially macro ergonomics in WFH activities, is considered appropriate to be able to solve various problems in WFH activities. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method by conducting a study through distributing questionnaires to respondents who are doing WFH. From the results of the study, it was found that the comfort of workers in carrying out WFH activities is closely related to ergonomics in a residential house. The results of this study can be used as a reference for designing a suitable workspace for WFH activities, and as a reference for further research with a similar focus of study.
Keyword: Interior, Ergonomic, Working From Home
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Satolo, Eduardo Guilherme, Caroline Leite, Robisom Damasceno Calado, Gustavo Antiqueira Goes, and Douglas D’Alessandro Salgado. "Ranking lean tools for world class reach through grey relational analysis." Grey Systems: Theory and Application 8, no. 4 (October 8, 2018): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gs-06-2018-0031.
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Purpose The lean production system and world class manufacturing (WCM) have been prominent in recent studies due to their conceptual synergy. However, although the number of studies is increasing, the research is immature, especially regarding the interaction between topics. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to rank the tools of the lean production system, indicating how they help organizations achieve WCM, using the theory of grey systems. Design/methodology/approach Therefore, the authors conducted an initial survey to collect data to determine how the lean production tools are related to the WCM pillars. These data were analyzed by the grey relational analysis statistical method, which passes through the construction of four stages. Findings The results show that of the lean production tools, stream mapping, kaizen, total productive maintenance, Six Sigma, standardized work and 5S stand out for their use and implementation in the organizational environment and facilitate organizations’ transitions to world-class performance through the WCM pillars. Practical implications The results achieved guide organizations to use the tools of the lean production system to help them reach world class status. Originality/value This paper stands out in the field of operations management, specifically in the research on lean production, by making use of the theory of grey correlation system in an innovative and original way. In addition, it promotes the consolidation of information on two of the main administrative strategies currently employed in the organizational environment.
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XIANG, QIANGSHENG, ANSHI XU, DEMING WU, and LINZHEN XIE. "THE CALCULATION OF POWER PENALTY IN "WDM + EDFA" SYSTEM DUE TO STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 07, no. 03 (September 1996): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156496000189.
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A general expression is derived to calculate the power penalty due to Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) in a WDM system with EDFAs. It is concluded that the damage to the "WDM + EDFA" system caused by SRS depends greatly on the disposal of the EDFAs, and an easy way has been provided to minimize the power penalty. Finally, expressions are given to estimate the transmission distance and the number of EDFAs limited by SRS in the "WDM + EDFA" system.
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Van Erp, Merijn, Louis Vuurpijt, Katrin Franke, and L. Schomaker. "The Wanda Measurement Tool for Forensic Document Examination." Journal of Forensic Document Examination 28 (December 31, 2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31974/jfde28-5-14.
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This paper introduces the WANDA Measurement tool (WAM) for forensic document examination. The WAM is an essential component of WANDA, a workbench that supports the user in the complete task flow of processing documents, measuring characteristic features in handwritten documents, and writer search. By using technologies like plug-ins. XML, and client/server modularity, a system was created that is easy to maintain. portable, and highly adaptable. Within WANDA, the WAM is the tool for interactively measuring handwriting features. The WAM was developed based on recommendations from a comparison study between two forensic writeridentification systems, Script and FISH. It incorporates nine measurements identical to those of FISH, and a new allograph measurement that is discussed in this paper. Furthermore, its intuitive new user-interface reduces the steep learning curve and streamlines the working process. A comparison of features previously measured by forensic experts using FISH, with measurements obtained through WANDA, assessed the precision of the WAM. It has shown that the small deviations yielded fall well within the possible imprecision caused by scanning or preprocessing operations, and far below the standard deviation of FISH measurements. Finally, results from usability tests with expert and novice users show that the WAM is easy to use.
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Alaruri, Sami D. "Automated Multi-Diode Laser System for WDM Couplers Insertion Loss Measurements." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 2, no. 3 (July 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2012070101.
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Insertion loss is an important parameter used to characterize passive fiber-optic components, such as WDM couplers and variable optical attenuators. This article describes an automated insertion loss measurement system which incorporates 980 nm, 1310 nm, 1529 nm and 1561 nm DFB lasers and two internal fiber optic standards. Insertion loss measurements collected with the system for WDM couplers and internal standards are presented. The system repeatability was validated by measuring the insertion loss for a WDM coupler six times at 980 nm, 1310 nm, 1529 nm and 1561 nm over 3 days period. The standard deviation calculated for the insertion loss measurements is less than 0.11 dB and the %CV is less than 1%.
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Chen, Shuai, Wei Nai, Fangqi Zhang, Shaoyin Wang, Decun Dong, and Yi Yu. "Mathematical Verification for Transmission Performance of Centralized Lightwave WDM-RoF-PON with Quintuple Services Integrated in Each Wavelength Channel." Advances in OptoElectronics 2015 (December 29, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/183675.
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Wavelength-division-multiplexing passive-optical-network (WDM-PON) has been recognized as a promising solution of the “last mile” access as well as multibroadband data services access for end users, and WDM-RoF-PON, which employs radio-over-fiber (RoF) technique in WDM-PON, is even a more attractive approach for future broadband fiber and wireless access for its strong availability of centralized multiservices transmission operation and its transparency for bandwidth and signal modulation formats. As for multiservices development in WDM-RoF-PON, various system designs have been reported and verified via simulation or experiment till now, and the scheme with multiservices transmitted in each single wavelength channel is believed as the one that has the highest bandwidth efficiency; however, the corresponding mathematical verification is still hard to be found in state-of-the-art literature. In this paper, system design and data transmission performance of a quintuple services integrated WDM-RoF-PON which jointly employs carrier multiplexing and orthogonal modulation techniques, have been theoretically analyzed and verified in detail; moreover, the system design has been duplicated and verified experimentally and the theory system of such WDM-RoF-PON scheme has thus been formed.
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Wang, Lan-zhong. "Personalized Teaching Platform Based on Web Data Mining." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 11, no. 11 (November 29, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v11i11.6253.
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The purpose of this study is to develop a distance personalized teaching platform. The web data mining is used for the construction of the system and by analyzing the character of web data mining (WDM) and the essence of personalization teaching and instruction, based on WDM, The system contains knowledge base, individual database, WDM and web server four modules. The web data mining is used for the construction of the system and by analyzing the character of web data mining (WDM) and the essence of personalization teaching and instruction. Simulation results show that model has important enlightenment and pushing effect for promoting the individual service and improving teaching quality of modern distance education.
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Yang, Ruizhi, Lida Liu, Shuangyi Yan, and Dimitra Simeonidou. "A Programmable ROADM System for SDM/WDM Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 5, 2021): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094195.
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This paper proposed and evaluated a programmable ROADM system for MCF-based SDM/WDM networks. The proposed ROADM system employing both bypass connection and Route-and-Select wavelength switching enables adaptable virtual topology in optical networks by dynamically configuring bypass connection cores. The simulation results confirmed this ROADM system could provide acceptable performance with an around 10–20% reduction in the total cost including the number of ports and WSSs by comparing with a fully flexible SDM/WDM ROADM system, which cannot be implemented due to the required extremely high-port-count WSSs.
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Junker, Eva. "Mobilisieren mit System." physiopraxis 2, no. 02 (February 2004): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1308380.
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Die Manuelle Therapie gilt als wichtige Grundlage der Physiotherapie. Auf dem deutschen Fortbildungsmarkt tummeln sich unter dem Begriff MT viele Konzepte: Maitland, McKenzie, Mulligan, Cyriax und das Kaltenborn- Evjenth-Konzept, das hierzulande am häufigsten gelehrt wird. Lesen Sie, was wie von wem unterrichtet wird und welche Kriterien Ihnen die Wahl des richtigen Kaltenborn-Evjenth-Kurses erleichtern.
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Monakov, A. A., and A. M. Mirolubov. "Compensation of Positioning Errors Caused by Tropospheric Wave Propagation in Wide-Area Multilateration Systems." Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics 23, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/1993-8985-2020-23-6-59-69.
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Introduction. Wide area multilateration (WAM) systems are the main competitors of secondary surveillance radar (SSR) systems used in air traffic control (ATC). The general principle of WAM operation is based on the assessment of pseudoranges between a signal source (an aircraft airborne transponder) and the ground receivers with precisely known geographical coordinates deployed over the ATC area. The aircraft position is estimated by measuring pseudoranges. A significant factor affecting the accuracy of aircraft positioning is tropospheric refraction, a phenomenon caused by the inhomogeneity of the earth's atmosphere and manifested in a deviation in the direction of the rays along which the signal of an aircraft transponder propagates. Refraction increases the lengths of ray paths, thus increasing the corresponding pseudoranges. As a result, the estimate of the aircraft position receives an additional bias. Altitude estimates produce unreasonably large errors.Aim. To develop a mathematical model for the signals received by a WAM system, which accounts for tropospheric wave propagation, as well as to derive an algorithm for aircraft positioning with compensated tropospheric errors.Materials and methods. Equations for the pseudorange estimation errors caused by wave propagation in a spherically stratified atmosphere were derived using the method of geometrical optics.Results. This paper proposed a mathematical model for pseudorange estimates in WAM systems, which accounts for the bias associated with the phenomenon of tropospheric refraction. An analysis of the proposed model showed that pseudorange errors depend linearly on the distance between the aircraft transponder and the receiver. This conclusion allowed an algorithm for aircraft positioning with compensated tropospheric errors to be developed. The proposed algorithm yields an unbiased estimate of the aircraft position. The standard deviation of altitude estimates increases by 60%, although remaining within the limits permissible for WAM systems.Conclusions. The developed mathematical model of WAM signals, which considers tropospheric propagation errors in pseudorange estimation, as well as the algorithm for aircraft positioning with compensated tropospheric errors, can be used in the development of spatially distributed navigation systems.