Journal articles: 'Wetness perception'

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Raccuglia, Margherita, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "Human Wetness Perception." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000518305.87341.72.

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Bergmann Tiest, Wouter M., N. Dolfine Kosters, Astrid M. L. Kappers, and Hein A. M. Daanen. "Haptic perception of wetness." Acta Psychologica 141, no. 2 (October 2012): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.07.014.

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Sawayama, Masataka, and Shin'ya Nishida. "Visual perception of surface wetness." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.937.

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Ackerley, Rochelle, Håkan Olausson, Johan Wessberg, and Francis McGlone. "Wetness perception across body sites." Neuroscience Letters 522, no. 1 (July 2012): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.020.

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Zhang, Zhaohua, Xiangning Tang, Yunyi Wang, Jun Li, Miao Tian, and Ping Xiao. "Effect of Fiber Type, Water Content, and Velocity on Wetness Perception by the Volar Forearm Test: Stimulus Intensity Test." Perception 48, no. 9 (July 24, 2019): 862–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006619863264.

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To investigate the effect of heat, moisture transfer, and mechanical tactile properties of fabrics on skin wetness perception when fabrics were in dynamic contact with skin at three velocities, nine knitted fabrics varying in fiber composition, thickness, and surface texture were evaluated by 20 participants using a wetness rating scale. The objective physical properties of the fabrics, namely, heat and moisture transfer and surface texture, and human physiological responses, namely, skin cooling rate and myoelectric signals, under various conditions were measured, and their correlations with the subjective wetness perception were studied. While the results indicated a significant influence of fabric type, water content, and velocity on skin wetness perception, no significant relation between electromyography and wetness perception was found. Fabrics with faster water spreading speeds and lower absorption rates were perceived as less wet, and the maximum transient thermal flow and skin cooling rate had a significant positive correlation with wetness perception. Furthermore, subjective wetness perception was predicted by the physical parameters of the fabric, that is, maximum transient thermal flow, water content, and friction coefficient, with an acceptable goodness of fit ( R2 = 0.82, p < .001).

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Raccuglia, Margherita, Kolby Pistak, Christian Heyde, Jianguo Qu, Ningtao Mao, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "Human wetness perception of fabrics under dynamic skin contact." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 19 (July 5, 2017): 2155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517716905.

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This experiment studied textile (surface texture, thickness) and non-textile (local skin temperature changes, stickiness sensation and fabric-to-skin pressure) parameters affecting skin wetness perception under dynamic interactions. Changes in fabric texture sensation between WET and DRY states and their effect on pleasantness were also studied. The surface texture of eight fabric samples, selected for their different structures, was determined from surface roughness measurements using the Kawabata Evaluation System. Sixteen participants assessed fabric wetness perception, at high pressure and low pressure conditions, stickiness, texture and pleasantness sensation on the ventral forearm. Differences in wetness perception (p < 0.05) were not determined by texture properties and/or texture sensation. Stickiness sensation and local skin temperature drop were determined as predictors of wetness perception (r2 = 0.89), and although thickness did not correlate with wetness perception directly, when combined with stickiness sensation it provided a similar predictive power (r2 = 0.86). Greater (p < 0.05) wetness perception responses at high pressure were observed compared with low pressure. Texture sensation affected pleasantness in DRY (r2 = 0.89) and WET (r2 = 0.93). In WET, pleasantness was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to DRY, likely due to the concomitant increase in texture sensation (p < 0.05). In summary, under dynamic conditions, changes in stickiness sensation and wetness perception could not be attributed to fabric texture properties (i.e. surface roughness) measured by the Kawabata Evaluation System. In dynamic conditions thickness or skin temperature drop can predict fabric wetness perception only when including stickiness sensation data.

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Merrick, Charlotte, Rodrigo Rosati, and Davide Filingeri. "Skin wetness detection thresholds and wetness magnitude estimations of the human index fingerpad and their modulation by moisture temperature." Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 1987–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00538.2020.

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The perception of wetness is a fundamental sensory experience which underpins many aspects of life, from homeostasis to enjoyable experiences. Although previous research has highlighted the importance of cold sensations in human wetness perception, the maximum sensitivity of our wetness sensing system remains to be established. This research presents a novel methodology, which for the first time, has quantified the high sensitivity of the human index fingerpad to wetness and its modulation by moisture temperature.

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Typolt, Oliver, and Davide Filingeri. "Evidence for the involvement of peripheral cold-sensitive TRPM8 channels in human cutaneous hygrosensation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): R579—R589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00332.2019.

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In contrast to other species, humans are believed to lack hygroreceptors for sensing skin wetness. Yet, the molecular basis of human hygrosensation is currently unknown, and it remains unclear whether we possess a receptor-mediated sensing mechanism for skin wetness. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the cutaneous cold-sensitive transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) channel as a molecular mediator of human hygrosensation. To this end, we exploited both the thermal and chemical activation of TRPM8-expressing cutaneous Aδ cold thermoreceptors, and we assessed wetness sensing in healthy young men in response to 1) dry skin cooling in the TRPM8 range of thermosensitivity and 2) application of the TRPM8 agonist menthol. Our results indicate that 1) independently of contact with moisture, a cold-dry stimulus in the TRPM8 range of activation induced wetness perceptions across 12 different body regions and those wetness perceptions varied across the body following regional differences in cold sensitivity; and 2) independently of skin cooling, menthol-induced stimulation of TRPM8 triggered wetness perceptions that were greater than those induced by physical dry cooling and by contact with an aqueous cream containing actual moisture. For the first time, we show that the cutaneous cold-sensing TRPM8 channel plays the dual role of cold and wetness sensor in human skin and that this ion channel is a peripheral mediator of human skin wetness perception.

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Merrick, Charlotte, Rodrigo Rosati, and Davide Filingeri. "The role of friction on skin wetness perception during dynamic interactions between the human index finger pad and materials of varying moisture content." Journal of Neurophysiology 127, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00382.2021.

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Our skin often interacts with wet materials, yet how their physical properties influence our experience of wetness remains poorly understood. We evaluated wetness perception following naturalistic haptic interactions with materials varying in moisture content, friction, optical profiles, and heat transfer rates. We show that although mechanical parameters can influence wetness perception, their role is secondary to that of thermal factors. These findings expand our understanding of multisensory integration and could guide innovation in healthcare product design.

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Filingeri, Davide, Damien Fournet, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "Tactile cues significantly modulate the perception of sweat-induced skin wetness independently of the level of physical skin wetness." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 10 (June 2015): 3462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00141.2015.

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Humans sense the wetness of a wet surface through the somatosensory integration of thermal and tactile inputs generated by the interaction between skin and moisture. However, little is known on how wetness is sensed when moisture is produced via sweating. We tested the hypothesis that, in the absence of skin cooling, intermittent tactile cues, as coded by low-threshold skin mechanoreceptors, modulate the perception of sweat-induced skin wetness, independently of the level of physical wetness. Ten males (22 yr old) performed an incremental exercise protocol during two trials designed to induce the same physical skin wetness but to induce lower (TIGHT-FIT) and higher (LOOSE-FIT) wetness perception. In the TIGHT-FIT, a tight-fitting clothing ensemble limited intermittent skin-sweat-clothing tactile interactions. In the LOOSE-FIT, a loose-fitting ensemble allowed free skin-sweat-clothing interactions. Heart rate, core and skin temperature, galvanic skin conductance (GSC), and physical ( wbody) and perceived skin wetness were recorded. Exercise-induced sweat production and physical wetness increased significantly [GSC: 3.1 μS, SD 0.3 to 18.8 μS, SD 1.3, P < 0.01; wbody: 0.26 no-dimension units (nd), SD 0.02, to 0.92 nd, SD 0.01, P < 0.01], with no differences between TIGHT-FIT and LOOSE-FIT ( P > 0.05). However, the limited intermittent tactile inputs generated by the TIGHT-FIT ensemble reduced significantly whole-body and regional wetness perception ( P < 0.01). This reduction was more pronounced when between 40 and 80% of the body was covered in sweat. We conclude that the central integration of intermittent mechanical interactions between skin, sweat, and clothing, as coded by low-threshold skin mechanoreceptors, significantly contributes to the ability to sense sweat-induced skin wetness.

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Sawayama, Masataka, Edward H. Adelson, and Shin'ya Nishida. "Visual wetness perception based on image color statistics." Journal of Vision 17, no. 5 (June 12, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.5.7.

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Bergmann Tiest, Wouter M., N. Dolfine Kosters, Astrid M. L. Kappers, and Hein A. M. Daanen. "Phase change materials and the perception of wetness." Ergonomics 55, no. 4 (March 16, 2012): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.645886.

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Filingeri, Davide, and George Havenith. "Human skin wetness perception: psychophysical and neurophysiological bases." Temperature 2, no. 1 (February 3, 2015): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2015.1008878.

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Chau, Kam-Hong, Ka-Po Maggie Tang, and Chi-Wai Kan. "Subjective wet perception assessment of fabrics with different drying time." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180798.

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Wet perception involves a complex neurobiological mechanism and it is a crucial factor affecting the wear comfort in daily life. A subjective wet perception assessment was conducted against wetted fabrics. The assessment method was set to demonstrate the sensation felt by the wearer in recovery period after light activities, and assumes that there is no further sweat secretion. Twenty participants participated in the assessment. Participants were presented with fabrics dried with different duration for simulating garments dry during recovery period. A new fabric driver was built to simulate body movements during wear. The driver drove specimens and reference fabrics on participants' forearms. The two-arm configuration of the fabric driver helps to enhance the reliability of assessment results. The participants were asked to give wetness rating on each sample in ratio scale. We conclude that log 10 of subjective wetness rating has linear relationship with drying time of fabric (DToF) and amount of water in fabric. A novel wetness factor (WF) is developed to quantify the effects of wet perception and exposure time induced by a drying fabric. WF is the area under curve of wetness rating against DToF. A smaller WF indicates that a user suffers less from wet sensation.

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Wright, Audra, and Frank Akin. "Comfort Perception of Breathable and Nonbreathable Diapers." International Nonwovens Journal os-14, no. 3 (September 2005): 1558925005os—14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925005os-1400303.

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Breathable diapers were rated significantly drier, cooler and more comfortable than nonbreathable diapers over a range of controlled environmental conditions. Healthy, continent adults evaluated two types of diapers, one of which contained a microporous, breathable outer cover and the other a standard occlusive cover, in a series of blinded, comparison studies under various external conditions and activity levels. The subjects were capable of perceiving comfort or discomfort in the diaper area to a remarkable degree. Subjective perceptions of warmth and wetness underneath the diaper correlated with objective measurements of temperature and relative humidity (RH). Comfort ratings for the breathable diaper increased significantly over that of the nonbreathable garment as ambient temperature, RH and physical activity increased. Data analysis showed that the sensation of wetness in the diaper area was strongly associated with discomfort.

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Filingeri, Davide, Damien Fournet, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "Body mapping of cutaneous wetness perception across the human torso during thermo-neutral and warm environmental exposures." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 8 (October 15, 2014): 887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00535.2014.

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Sensing skin wetness is linked to inputs arising from cutaneous cold-sensitive afferents. As thermosensitivity to cold varies significantly across the torso, we investigated whether similar regional differences in wetness perception exist. We also investigated the regional differences in thermal pleasantness and whether these sensory patterns are influenced by ambient temperature. Sixteen males (20 ± 2 yr) underwent a quantitative sensory test under thermo-neutral [air temperature (Tair) = 22°C; relative humidity (RH) = 50%] and warm conditions (Tair = 33°C; RH = 50%). Twelve regions of the torso were stimulated with a dry thermal probe (25 cm2) with a temperature of 15°C below local skin temperature (Tsk). Variations in Tsk, thermal, wetness, and pleasantness sensations were recorded. As a result of the same cold-dry stimulus, the skin-cooling response varied significantly by location ( P = 0.003). The lateral chest showed the greatest cooling (−5 ± 0.4°C), whereas the lower back showed the smallest (−1.9 ± 0.4°C). Thermal sensations varied significantly by location and independently from regional variations in skin cooling with colder sensations reported on the lateral abdomen and lower back. Similarly, the frequency of perceived skin wetness was significantly greater on the lateral and lower back as opposed to the medial chest. Overall wetness perception was slightly higher under warm conditions. Significantly more unpleasant sensations were recorded when the lateral abdomen and lateral and lower back were stimulated. We conclude that humans present regional differences in skin wetness perception across the torso, with a pattern similar to the regional differences in thermosensitivity to cold. These findings indicate the presence of a heterogeneous distribution of cold-sensitive thermo-afferent information.

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Filingeri, Davide, and Rochelle Ackerley. "The biology of skin wetness perception and its implications in manual function and for reproducing complex somatosensory signals in neuroprosthetics." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 1761–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00883.2016.

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Our perception of skin wetness is generated readily, yet humans have no known receptor (hygroreceptor) to signal this directly. It is easy to imagine the sensation of water running over our hands or the feel of rain on our skin. The synthetic sensation of wetness is thought to be produced from a combination of specific skin thermal and tactile inputs, registered through thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors, respectively. The present review explores how thermal and tactile afference from the periphery can generate the percept of wetness centrally. We propose that the main signals include information about skin cooling, signaled primarily by thinly myelinated thermoreceptors, and rapid changes in touch, through fast-conducting, myelinated mechanoreceptors. Potential central sites for integration of these signals, and thus the perception of skin wetness, include the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices and the insula cortex. The interactions underlying these processes can also be modeled to aid in understanding and engineering the mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss the role that sensing wetness could play in precision grip and the dexterous manipulation of objects. We expand on these lines of inquiry to the application of the knowledge in designing and creating skin sensory feedback in prosthetics. The addition of real-time, complex sensory signals would mark a significant advance in the use and incorporation of prosthetic body parts for amputees in everyday life.

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Filingeri, Davide, Damien Fournet, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "Why wet feels wet? A neurophysiological model of human cutaneous wetness sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 6 (September 15, 2014): 1457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00120.2014.

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Although the ability to sense skin wetness and humidity is critical for behavioral and autonomic adaptations, humans are not provided with specific skin receptors for sensing wetness. It has been proposed that we “learn” to perceive the wetness experienced when the skin is in contact with a wet surface or when sweat is produced through a multisensory integration of thermal and tactile inputs generated by the interaction between skin and moisture. However, the individual roles of thermal and tactile cues and how these are integrated peripherally and centrally by our nervous system is still poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that the central integration of coldness and mechanosensation, as subserved by peripheral A-nerve afferents, might be the primary neural process underpinning human wetness sensitivity. During a quantitative sensory test, we found that individuals perceived warm-wet and neutral-wet stimuli as significantly less wet than cold-wet stimuli, although these were characterized by the same moisture content. Also, when cutaneous cold and tactile sensitivity was diminished by a selective reduction in the activity of A-nerve afferents, wetness perception was significantly reduced. Based on a concept of perceptual learning and Bayesian perceptual inference, we developed the first neurophysiological model of cutaneous wetness sensitivity centered on the multisensory integration of cold-sensitive and mechanosensitive skin afferents. Our results provide evidence for the existence of a specific information processing model that underpins the neural representation of a typical wet stimulus. These findings contribute to explaining how humans sense warm, neutral, and cold skin wetness.

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Zhang, Zhaohua, Xiangning Tang, Jun Li, and Wenyi Yang. "The effect of dynamic friction with wet fabrics on skin wetness perception." International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 26, no. 2 (April 24, 2018): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2018.1453023.

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Klous, Lisa, Wouter Bergmann Tiest, Pim van Dorst, Matthijs van der Linde, and Hein Daanen. "Holes in wrist patches improve wearing comfort." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-07-2018-0102.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether small holes in an impermeable patch at the wrist improve perceived comfort during exercise. Design/methodology/approach Nine male participants participated in this study. During the experiment, participants cycled 60 W in a hot room (35°C, 30 percent relative humidity) while an impermeable 20 cm2 patch was located on the ventral side of one wrist and at the same time a patch of identical shape with 5 mm diameter holes (17.7 percent uncovered) on the other wrist. The participants could not see the patches. Participants were forced to choose which patch they perceived as more comfortable. Chest and arm skin temperature, thermal comfort, thermal sensation and wetness perception were assessed. Findings Participants preferred 5 mm holes over no holes (p=0.017). Chest skin temperature (p=0.018) but not arm skin temperature correlates with this preference. Thermal comfort, thermal sensation and wetness perception did not differ significantly between patches. It is concluded that patches with 5 mm holes are preferred over impermeable patches during work in the heat in particular when the torso skin is warm. Originality/value The wrist is a preferred location for smart wearables. Generally, wrist bands are made of air-impermeable materials leading to sensation of wetness and discomfort. This study has shown that manufacturers should consider to make small holes in their wrist bands to optimize wearing comfort.

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Merrick, Charlotte, and Davide Filingeri. "The evolution of wetness perception: A comparison of arachnid, insect and human models." Journal of Thermal Biology 85 (October 2019): 102412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102412.

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West, Anna M., George Havenith, and Simon Hodder. "Are running socks beneficial for comfort? The role of the sock and sock fiber type on shoe microclimate and subjective evaluations." Textile Research Journal 91, no. 15-16 (January 21, 2021): 1698–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517520986511.

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This study evaluated the effect of socks (different in fiber type) and the effect of not wearing a sock on perceptions of thermal comfort in relation to changes in foot skin temperature and shoe microclimate (temperature and humidity) during rest and exercise. Ten females completed five trials on separate occasions. Four socks (cotton, wool, polyester, Coolmax) and no sock were evaluated. Trials were conducted at 23°C, 50% relative humidity and consisted of rest (10 min seated), treadmill running (40 min, 7.5 km·h−1) and recovery (15 min seated). Foot skin temperature and shoe microclimate were measured at seven sites on the right foot. Foot skin hydration was measured at nine foot sites. Perceptual responses were recorded. Foot thermo-physiological and foot perceptual responses were similar for all sock conditions ( p > 0.05). Similar foot thermo-physiological responses were also observed between the sock and no sock conditions ( p > 0.05). Interestingly, however, not wearing a sock resulted in greater perceptions of foot wetness, stickiness and discomfort ( p < 0.05). As tactile interactions caused by foot movement within the shoe are strong predictors of foot wetness perception (a key contributor to wear discomfort), socks are important in reducing the tactile cues generated. The sock is therefore an important area for development and relevant for overall improvements in footwear comfort.

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Guest, Steve, Greg Essick, Mike Young, Nicola Phillips, and Francis McGlone. "The effect of oral drying and astringent liquids on the perception of mouth wetness." Physiology & Behavior 93, no. 4-5 (March 2008): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.12.006.

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Raccuglia, Margherita, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "Human wetness perception in relation to textile water absorption parameters under static skin contact." Textile Research Journal 87, no. 20 (October 13, 2016): 2449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516671127.

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Skin wetness perception (WP) greatly affects thermal and sensorial discomfort in clothing and as such is of great interest to the clothing industry. Following neurophysiological studies of WP, this study looks at textile parameters affecting WP. Twenty-four fabrics varying in thickness, fiber type and absorption capacity were studied. Using 12 participants (males/females), the WP induced was studied in four wetness states: 1. Dry; 2. absolute (ABS), all having the same absolute water content of 2400 µL per sample (=0.24 µL mm−2); 3. 100REL, saturated with water to their individual absorption capacity; 4. 50REL, to 50% of the value in 3. As total absorption capacity was highly correlated ( r = 0.99) to fabric thickness, conditions 3 and 4 were equivalent to having the same water content per volume of textile, i.e. 0.8 and 0.4 µL mm−3, respectively. Samples were applied to the upper back statically to minimize the contribution of surface roughness/friction. WP was highly correlated to drop in skin temperature induced by the wet fabric, and increased with application pressure of the fabric. No effect of fiber type was observed. In REL, with equal µL mm−3, WP showed a positive correlation to total fabric water-content-per-area (µL mm−2), and thus also to thickness, given the correlation between the latter two, with saturation above 1.5 µL mm−2. In ABS, on the other hand, with equal µL mm−2, and thus with relative water content (µL mm µL mm−3) inversely proportional to thickness, WP was also inversely proportional to thickness. Thus WP showed opposing responses depending on the wetting type, indicating that the methodology of manipulating water content should be selected in relation to the product end-use.

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Filingeri, Davide, Bernard Redortier, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "The role of decreasing contact temperatures and skin cooling in the perception of skin wetness." Neuroscience Letters 551 (September 2013): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.015.

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Filingeri, Davide, Damien Fournet, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "Decreasing the tactile interaction between skin, sweat and clothing significantly reduces the perception of wetness independently of the level of physical skin wetness during moderate exercise." Extreme Physiology & Medicine 4, Suppl 1 (2015): A76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-4-s1-a76.

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Filingeri, D., B. Redortier, S. Hodder, and G. Havenith. "Warm temperature stimulus suppresses the perception of skin wetness during initial contact with a wet surface." Skin Research and Technology 21, no. 1 (February 14, 2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/srt.12148.

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Zhang, Zhaohua, Xiangning Tang, Yunyi Wang, Jun Li, and Miao Tian. "Effect of Fiber Type, Water Content, and Velocity on Wetness Perception by the Volar Forearm Test: Threshold Detection Test." Perception 49, no. 2 (February 2020): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006619899803.

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Filingeri, D., B. Redortier, S. Hodder, and G. Havenith. "Thermal and tactile interactions in the perception of local skin wetness at rest and during exercise in thermo-neutral and warm environments." Neuroscience 258 (January 2014): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.019.

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White, Don A., Shiqi Ren, Daniel S. Mendham, Francisco Balocchi-Contreras, Richard P. Silberstein, Dean Meason, Andrés Iroumé, and Pablo Ramirez de Arellano. "Is the reputation of Eucalyptus plantations for using more water than Pinus plantations justified?" Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 20 (October 27, 2022): 5357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5357-2022.

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Abstract. The effect of Eucalyptus plantations on water balance is thought to be more severe than for commercial alternatives such as Pinus species. Although this perception is firmly entrenched, even in the scientific community, only four direct comparisons of the effect on the water balance of a Eucalyptus species and a commercial alternative have been published. One of these, from South Africa, showed that Eucalyptus grandis caused a larger and more rapid reduction in streamflow than Pinus patula. The other three, one in South Australia and two in Chile, did not find any significant difference between the annual evapotranspiration of E. globulus and P. radiata after canopy closure. While direct comparisons are few, there are at least 57 published estimates of annual evapotranspiration of either the Eucalyptus or Pinus species. This paper presents a meta-analysis of these published data. Zhang et al. (2004) fitted a relationship between the vegetation evaporation efficiency and the climate wetness index to published data from catchment studies and proposed this approach for comparing land uses. We fitted this model to the published data for Eucalyptus and Pinus and found that the single parameter of this model did not differ significantly between the two genera (p=0.48). This was also the case for all parameters of an exponential relationship between evapotranspiration and rainfall (p=0.589) and a linear relationship between the vegetation evaporation index and rainfall (p=0.155). These results provide strong evidence that, for a given climate wetness index, the two genera have similar annual water use. The residuals compared to the model of Zhang et al. (2004) were significantly correlated with soil depth for Eucalyptus, but this was not the case for Pinus. For Eucalyptus, the model overestimates the vegetation evaporation efficiency on deep soils and underestimates the vegetation evaporation efficiency on shallow soils.

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De Corte, Hannah. "Selective Preparation of Canvas as an ‘Artistic Device’ in David Hockney’s Early Paintings (1964–1972)." Art and Perception 8, no. 3-4 (October 28, 2020): 311–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134913-bja10015.

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In the mid-1960s and early 1970s, David Hockney opted for a particular application of primer in the ground layers of some of his paintings — that is, a partial or ‘selective’ type of preparation. By selectively preparing certain areas with one or more layers of (gesso) priming, Hockney introduced a slightly higher and white pictorial plane in selected areas while retaining the properties of raw canvas in others. In one of Hockney’s most discussed paintings, Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures), for instance, selective preparation divided the surface and set the stage from the ground up. This paper examines the impact of this highly original and hybrid formula on perception by the viewer, focusing on how the eye registers the change in properties of the paint layer. It outlines Hockney’s investigation of the primed/unprimed opposition through the use of selective preparation, and the variety of effects it allowed him to achieve in one canvas. From its anecdotal use in 1960s road trip paintings to its more pronounced use in pool paintings in which Hockney used unprimed canvas to convey the ‘wetness’ of water, selective preparation was a device for him to compellingly increase contrasts and tension. Far from producing mere formal effects or serving solely as citations (of stain paintings for instance), the perceived technical oddity produces meaning. From the ground layers up, it deeply influences the perception, and thus the interpretation of the discussed paintings.

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Nguyen, Viet-Nghia, Peyman Yariyan, Mahdis Amiri, An Dang Tran, Tien Dat Pham, Minh Phuong Do, Phuong Thao Thi Ngo, Viet-Ha Nhu, Nguyen Quoc Long, and Dieu Tien Bui. "A New Modeling Approach for Spatial Prediction of Flash Flood with Biogeography Optimized CHAID Tree Ensemble and Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091373.

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Flash floods induced by torrential rainfalls are considered one of the most dangerous natural hazards, due to their sudden occurrence and high magnitudes, which may cause huge damage to people and properties. This study proposed a novel modeling approach for spatial prediction of flash floods based on the tree intelligence-based CHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector)random subspace, optimized by biogeography-based optimization (the CHAID-RS-BBO model), using remote sensing and geospatial data. In this proposed approach, a forest of tree intelligence was constructed through the random subspace ensemble, and, then, the swarm intelligence was employed to train and optimize the model. The Luc Yen district, located in the northwest mountainous area of Vietnam, was selected as a case study. For this circumstance, a flood inventory map with 1866 polygons for the district was prepared based on Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery and field surveys with handheld GPS. Then, a geospatial database with ten influencing variables (land use/land cover, soil type, lithology, river density, rainfall, topographic wetness index, elevation, slope, curvature, and aspect) was prepared. Using the inventory map and the ten explanatory variables, the CHAID-RS-BBO model was trained and verified. Various statistical metrics were used to assess the prediction capability of the proposed model. The results show that the proposed CHAID-RS-BBO model yielded the highest predictive performance, with an overall accuracy of 90% in predicting flash floods, and outperformed benchmarks (i.e., the CHAID, the J48-DT, the logistic regression, and the multilayer perception neural network (MLP-NN) models). We conclude that the proposed method can accurately estimate the spatial prediction of flash floods in tropical storm areas.

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Hirata, Harumitsu, and Michael L. Oshinsky. "Ocular dryness excites two classes of corneal afferent neurons implicated in basal tearing in rats: involvement of transient receptor potential channels." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 4 (February 15, 2012): 1199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00657.2011.

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This study reports the findings of two classes of corneal afferents excited by drying of the cornea (dry responses) in isoflurane-anesthetized rats: cold-sensitive (CS; 87%) and cold-insensitive (CI; 13%) neurons. Compared with CI neurons, CS neurons showed significantly higher firing rates over warmer corneal temperatures (∼31–15°C) and greater responses to menthol, drying, and wetting of the cornea but lower responses when hyperosmolar solutions were applied to the ocular surface. We proposed that the dry responses of these corneal afferents derive from cooling and an increased osmolarity of the ocular surface, leading to the production of basal tears. An ocular application of the transient receptor potential channel TRPM8 antagonist BCTC (20 μM) decreased the dry responses by ∼45–80% but failed to completely block them, whereas the TRPA1 antagonist HC030031 did not influence the responses to drying of the cornea or hyperosmolar tears. Furthermore, the responses produced by cold stimulation of the cornea accounted for only 28% of the dry responses. These results support the view that the stimulus for basal tearing (corneal dryness) derives partly from cooling of the cornea that activates TRPM8 channels but that non-TRPM8 channels also contribute significantly to the dry responses and to basal tearing. Finally, we hypothesized that activation of TRPM8 by cooling in CS corneal afferents not only gives rise to the sensation of ocular coolness but also to the “wetness” perception (Thunberg's illusion), whereas a precise role of the CI afferents in basal tearing and other ocular dryness-related functions such as eye blink and the “dryness” sensation remain to be elucidated.

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Jozkowski, Kristen N., Debby Herbenick, Vanessa Schick, Michael Reece, Stephanie A. Sanders, and J. Dennis Fortenberry. "Women's Perceptions about Lubricant Use and Vaginal Wetness During Sexual Activities." Journal of Sexual Medicine 10, no. 2 (February 2013): 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12022.

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Barbeau, Christine, Gérard Barbeau, and Alexandre Joannon. "Analyzing the sensitivity of viticultural practices to weather variability in a climate change perspective: an application to workable-day modelling." OENO One 48, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2014.48.2.1563.

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Aims: The study aims at applying to a perennial crop the concept of “workable days” developed for annual crops by G. Kreher in 1955. A workable day is a day that provides conditions agronomically correct for work.Methods and results: A survey among grapevine growers was carried out to collect their perception of practice sensitivity to weather variability. The study provided information on working periods, techniques and machinery involved, weather constraints and thresholds generally used by the vine growers, for 21 annual cropping practices. Pesticide spraying against powdery and downy mildew appeared to be the most sensitive to weather parameters. Therefore, this practice was selected for the purpose of modelling workable days, according to decision rules based on the postulate that all weather parameters should be within the acceptable ranges. The model was run over a period of 13 years (1998-2010). Analyses of the outputs pointed out a great variability in the number of workable days from one year to another as well as in the respective proportion of unfavourable weather factors involved in the reduction of workable days. A validation based on the analysis of the actual spraying practices realized over a period of 12 years (1999-2010) showed that 32 % of the treatments were done on a day characterized as not workable by the model. The errors could be attributed to periods of holidays and risky sanitary situations when decision rules had to be bypassed.Conclusion: The model proved to represent rather well the decision rules use by vine growers to carry out their annual cropping practices in relation with the weather variability, within the area of study. The controversial role of the ‘leaf wetness duration’ weather parameter needs to be clarified; it may help to better parametrize the model. In order to improve its performance, the model should be coupled to a disease propagation model.Significance and impact of the study: In a climate change perspective, modelling of workable days can be run with simulated climatic data. It may prove to be useful to adapt vineyard management strategies in terms of innovative cropping practices and equipment.

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Pradhan, Ananta Man Singh, and Yun-Tae Kim. "Landslide susceptibility mapping of Phewa catchment using multilayer perceptron artificial neural network." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 4 (December 5, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v4i0.22718.

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The aim of this study was to prepare landslide susceptibility mapping technique using multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) and then to apply this method to Phewa catchment in western Nepal. To determine the effect of causative factors on landslides, data layers of aspect, elevation, slope, internal relief, slope shape, drainage proximity, drainage density, stream power index, topographic wetness index, sediment transport index, land cover and geology were analysed in R-statistical package and final map was produced using geographical information system environment. A GIS-based landslide inventory map of 88 landslide locations was prepared using data from previous reports and satellite image interpretation. A MLP-ANN model was generated from a training set consisting of ~70% randomly selected landslide in the inventory map, with the remaining ~30% landslides used for validation of the susceptibility map. According to analysis, the model had a success rate of 82.1% and the prediction accuracy of 91.4%, indicating a good performance.

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Hadian, Sanaz, Hossein Afzalimehr, Negar Soltani, Ehsan Shahiri Tabarestani, Moses Karakouzian, and Mohammad Nazari-Sharabian. "Determining Flood Zonation Maps, Using New Ensembles of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making, Bivariate Statistics, and Artificial Neural Network." Water 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111721.

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Golestan Province is one of the most vulnerable areas to catastrophic flood events in Iran. The flood severity in this region has grown dramatically during the last decades, demanding a major investigation. Accordingly, an authentic map providing detailed information on floods is required to reduce future flood disasters. Three ensemble models produced by the combination of Evaluation Based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) and Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP) with Frequency Ratio (FR), and Weights of Evidence (WOE) are used to quantify the map flood susceptibility in Golestan Province, in the north of Iran. Ten flood effective criteria, namely altitude, slope degree, slope aspect, plan curvature, distance from rivers, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), rainfall, soil type, geology, and land use, are considered for the modeling process. The flood zonation maps are validated by the receiver operating curve (ROC). The results show that the most precise model is MLP-FR (AUROC = 0.912), followed by EDAS-FR-AHP (AUROC = 0.875), and EDAS-WOE-AHP (AUROC = 0.845). The high accuracies of all methods applied to illustrate their capability in predicting flood susceptibility in future studies.

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Moayedi, Hossein, Peren Jerfi Canatalay, Atefeh Ahmadi Dehrashid, Mehmet Akif Cifci, Marjan Salari, and Binh Nguyen Le. "Multilayer Perceptron and Their Comparison with Two Nature-Inspired Hybrid Techniques of Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) and Backtracking Search Algorithm (BSA) for Assessment of Landslide Susceptibility." Land 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010242.

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Regarding evaluating disaster risks in Iran’s West Kurdistan area, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network was upgraded with two novel techniques: backtracking search algorithm (BSA) and biogeography-based optimization (BBO). Utilizing 16 landslide conditioning elements such as elevation (aspect), plan (curve), profile (curvature), geology, NDVI (land use), slope (degree), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), rainfall, and sediment transport index (STI), and 504 landslides as target variables, a large geographic database is constructed. Applying the techniques mentioned above to the synthesis of the MLP results in the suggested BBO-MLP and BSA-MLP ensembles. As accuracy standards, we benefit from mean absolute error, mean square error, and area under the receiving operating characteristic curve to assess the utilized models, we have also designed a scoring system. The MLP’s accuracy increases thanks to the application of the BBO and BSA algorithms. Comparing the BBO with the BSA, we find that the former achieves higher average MLP optimization ranks (20, 15, and 14). A further finding showed that the BBO is superior to the BSA at maximizing the MLP.

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Selamat, Siti Norsakinah, Nuriah Abd Majid, Mohd Raihan Taha, and Ashraf Osman. "Application of geographical information system (GIS) using artificial neural networks (ANN) for landslide study in Langat Basin, Selangor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1064, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1064/1/012052.

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Abstract The landslide was recognized as the most common geologic hazard around the world. The assessment of the relationship landslide conditioning factors is a critical step in managing landslide hazards and risks. Several models have been made to develop the landslide model in recent years. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model was used in this study to develop a landslide model and to identify the most important landslide conditioning factors. Eight conditioning factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, lithology, soil series, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), and rainfall, were selected and analyzed using the Geographical Information System (GIS) approach. The multilayer perceptron module and one hidden layer method extracted weighted conditioning factors. The landslide model was validated using the area under the curve (AUC) method. This model validation showed a success rate for training and testing is 0.876, respectively. This study found curvature is the most crucial factor affecting landslide occurrence in the Langat Basin with a 0.213 weight index, followed by rainfall (0.143) and elevation (0.141). Finally, the landslide model can be used as an indicator to identify the most important landslide conditioning factors and assess the relationship between these factors and landslide occurrences.

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Moayedi, Hossein, Abdolreza Osouli, Dieu Tien Bui, and Loke Kok Foong. "Spatial Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Based on Novel Neural-Metaheuristic Geographic Information System Based Ensembles." Sensors 19, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 4698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19214698.

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Regular optimization techniques have been widely used in landslide-related problems. This paper outlines two novel optimizations of artificial neural network (ANN) using grey wolf optimization (GWO) and biogeography-based optimization (BBO) metaheuristic algorithms in the Ardabil province, Iran. To this end, these algorithms are synthesized with a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network for optimizing its computational parameters. The used spatial database consists of fourteen landslide conditioning factors, namely elevation, slope aspect, land use, plan curvature, profile curvature, soil type, distance to river, distance to road, distance to fault, rainfall, slope degree, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI) and lithology. 70% of the identified landslides are randomly selected to train the proposed models and the remaining 30% is used to evaluate the accuracy of them. Also, the frequency ratio theory is used to analyze the spatial interaction between the landslide and conditioning factors. Obtained values of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, as well as mean square error and mean absolute error showed that both GWO and BBO hybrid algorithms could efficiently improve the learning capability of the MLP. Besides, the BBO-based ensemble surpasses other implemented models.

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Kantzas, Apostolos, Minghua Ding, and Jong Lee. "Residual Gas Saturation Revisited." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, no. 06 (December 1, 2001): 467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/75116-pa.

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Summary The determination of residual gas saturation in gas reservoirs from long spontaneous and forced-imbibition tests is addressed in this paper. It is customarily assumed that when a gas reservoir is overlaying an aquifer, water will imbibe into the gas-saturated zone with the onset of gas production. The process of gas displacement by water will lead to forced imbibition in areas of high drawdown and spontaneous imbibition in areas of low drawdown. It is further assumed that in the bulk of the reservoir, spontaneous imbibition will prevail and the reservoir will be water-wet. A final assumption is that the gas behaves as an incompressible fluid. All these assumptions are challenged in this paper. A series of experiments is presented in which it is demonstrated that the residual gas saturation obtained by a short imbibition test is not necessarily the correct residual gas saturation. Imbibition tests by different methods yield very different results, while saturation history and core cleaning also seem to have a strong effect on the determination of residual gas saturation. It was found, in some cases, that the residual gas by spontaneous imbibition was unreasonably high. This was attributed to weak wetting conditions of the core (no water pull by imbibition). It is expected that this work will shed some new light on an old, but not-so-well-understood, topic. Introduction When a porous medium is partially or fully saturated with a nonwetting phase, and a wetting phase is allowed to invade the porous medium, the process is called imbibition. For the problem addressed in this work, the nonwetting phase is assumed to be gas, and the wetting phase is assumed to be the aquifer water. If the medium is dry and the water is imbibing, then the imbibition is primary (Swi=0). If the water is already in the medium, the imbibition is secondary (Swi>0). If there is no driving force other than the affinity to wet, the imbibition is spontaneous. If there is any other positive pressure gradient, the imbibition is called forced. Numerous papers have been written on the subject of residual oil saturation from imbibition, but fewer have been prepared on the subject of residual gas saturation from imbibition. The common perception is that many of the principles that cover oil and gas reservoirs are the same. Agarwal1 addressed the relationship between initial and final gas saturation from an empirical perspective. He worked with 320 imbibition experiments and segmented the database to develop curve fits for common rock classifications. Land2 noted that available data seemed to fit very well to an empirical functional form given asEquation 1 In this model, the only free parameter is the maximum observable trapped nonwetting phase saturation corresponding to Sgr (Sgi=1). This expression does not predict residual phase saturation, only how residual saturation scales with initial saturation. Zhou et al.3 studied the effect of wettability, initial water saturation, and aging time on oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition and waterflooding. A correlation between water wetness and oil recovery by waterflooding and spontaneous imbibition was observed. Geffen et al.4 investigated some factors that affect the residual gas saturation, such as flooding rate, static pressure, temperature, sample size, and saturation conditions before flooding. They found that water imbibition on dry-plug experiments was different from waterflooding experiments with connate water. However, they concluded that the residual gas saturation from the two types of experiments was essentially the same. Keelan and Pugh5 concluded that trapped gas saturation existed after gas displacement by wetting-phase imbibition in carbonate reservoirs. Their experiments showed that the trapped gas varied with initial gas in place and that it was a function of rock type. Fishlock et al.6 investigated the residual gas saturation as a function of pressure. They focused on the mobilization of residual gas by blowdown. Apparently, the trapped gas did not become mobile immediately as it expanded. The gas saturation had to increase appreciably to a critical value for gas remobilization. Tang and Morrow7 introduced the effect of composition on the microscopic displacement efficiency of oil recovery by waterflooding and spontaneous imbibition. They concluded that the cation valency was important to crude/oil/rock interactions. Chierici et al.8 tested whether a reliable value of reserves could be obtained from reservoir past-production performance by analyzing results from six gasfield experiments. They concluded that different gas reservoir aquifer systems could show the same pressure performance in response to a given production schedule. Baldwin and Spinler9 investigated residual oil saturation starting from different initial water saturation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They concluded that at low initial water saturation, the presence of a significant waterfront during spontaneous water imbibition indicated that the rate of water transport was less than that of oil. At high initial water saturation, the more uniform saturation change during spontaneous water imbibition indicated that the rate of water transport was greater than that of oil. The pattern of spontaneous imbibition depended on sample wettability, with less effect from frontal movement in less water-wet samples. Pow et al.10 addressed the imbibition of water in fractured gas reservoirs. Field and laboratory information suggested that a large amount of gas was trapped through fast water imbibition through the fractures and premature water breakthrough. The postulation was made that such gas reservoirs would produce this gas if and when the bypassed gas was allowed to flow to the production intervals under capillary-controlled action. The question of whether the rate of imbibition could enhance the production of this trapped gas was raised. Preliminary experiments on full-diameter core pieces showed that the rates of imbibition were extremely slow and that if the different imbibition experiments were performed in full-diameter plugs, the duration of the experiments would be prohibitively long. These experiments formulated the experimental strategy presented in the following sections.

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Bayat, Mahmoud, Pete Bettinger, Sahar Heidari, Seyedeh Kosar Hamidi, and Abolfazl Jaafari. "A Combination of Biotic and Abiotic Factors and Diversity Determine Productivity in Natural Deciduous Forests." Forests 12, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 1450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111450.

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The relative importance of different biotic and abiotic variables for estimating forest productivity remains unclear for many forest ecosystems around the world, and it is hypothesized that forest productivity could also be estimated by local biodiversity factors. Using a large dataset from 258 forest monitoring permanent sample plots distributed across uneven-aged and mixed forests in northern Iran, we tested the relationship between tree species diversity and forest productivity and examined whether several factors (solar radiation, topographic wetness index, wind velocity, seasonal air temperature, basal area, tree density, basal area in largest trees) had an effect on productivity. In our study, productivity was defined as the mean annual increment of the stem volume of a forest stand in m3 ha−1 year−1. Plot estimates of tree volume growth were based on averaged plot measurements of volume increment over a 9-year growing period. We investigated relationships between productivity and tree species diversity using parametric models and two artificial neural network models, namely the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function networks. The artificial neural network (ANN) of the MLP type had good ability in prediction and estimation of productivity in our forests. With respect to species richness, Model 4, which had 10 inputs, 6 hidden layers and 1 output, had the highest R2 (0.94) and the lowest RMSE (0.75) and was selected as the best species richness predictor model. With respect to forest productivity, MLP Model 2 with 10 inputs, 12 hidden layers and 1 output had R2 and RMSE of 0.34 and 0.42, respectively, representing the best model. Both of these used a logistic function. According to a sensitivity analysis, diversity had significant and positive effects on productivity in species-rich broadleaved forests (approximately 31%), and the effects of biotic and abiotic factors were also important (29% and 40%, respectively). The artificial neural network based on the MLP was found to be superior for modeling productivity–diversity relationships.

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Al-Ozeer, Ali ZA, Alaa M. Al-Abadi, Tariq Abed Hussain, Alan E. Fryar, Biswajeet Pradhan, Abdullah Alamri, and Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud. "Modeling of Groundwater Potential Using Cloud Computing Platform: A Case Study from Nineveh Plain, Northern Iraq." Water 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 3330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233330.

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Knowledge of the groundwater potential, especially in an arid region, can play a major role in planning the sustainable management of groundwater resources. In this study, nine machine learning (ML) algorithms—namely, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Jungle (DJ), Averaged Perceptron (AP), Bayes Point Machine (BPM), Decision Forest (DF), Locally-Deep Support Vector Machine (LD-SVM), Boosted Decision Tree (BDT), Logistic Regression (LG), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)—were run on the Microsoft Azure cloud computing platform to model the groundwater potential. We investigated the relationship between 512 operating boreholes with a specified specific capacity and 14 groundwater-influencing occurrence factors. The unconfined aquifer in the Nineveh plain, Mosul Governorate, northern Iraq, was used as a case study. The groundwater-influencing factors used included elevation, slope, curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, soil, land use/land cover (LULC), geology, drainage density, aquifer saturated thickness, aquifer hydraulic conductivity, aquifer specific yield, depth to groundwater, distance to faults, and fault density. Analysis of the contribution of these factors in groundwater potential using information gain ratio indicated that aquifer saturated thickness, rainfall, hydraulic conductivity, depth to groundwater, specific yield, and elevation were the most important factors (average merit > 0.1), followed by geology, fault density, drainage density, soil, LULC, and distance to faults (average merit < 0.1). The average merits for the remaining factors were zero, and thus, these factors were removed from the analysis. When the selected ML classifiers were used to estimate groundwater potential in the Azure cloud computing environment, the DJ and BDT models performed the best in terms of all statistical error measures used (accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve), followed by DF and LD-SVM. The probability of groundwater potential from these algorithms was mapped and visualized into five groundwater potential zones: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high, which correspond to the northern (very low to low), southern (moderate), and middle (high to very high) portions of the study area. Using a cloud computing service provides an improved platform for quickly and cheaply running and testing different algorithms for predicting groundwater potential.

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Ryan, Nessa E. "2446 Feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of the menstrual cup for short-term non-surgical management of vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) among potential users and stakeholders." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (June 2018): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.74.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To examine how women with OF in Ghana develop strategies for coping in the absence of access to successful surgical repair. To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness of an innovation to support coping among women with OF seeking care in a health facility in Ghana. To examine the perceived facilitators and barriers to implementation among additional OF stakeholders regarding the innovation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study uses a sequential exploratory mixed methods design. The population of study is women in Ghana living with obstetric fistula, as well as additional fistula stakeholders (programmers, policy makers, community leaders). To get an understanding of usual leakage, women carried out at baseline a pad test, where they wore a sanitary pad for 2 hours and leaked freely. We subtracted the dry pad weight from the wet pad weight to estimate urine leakage in mL. Then women inserted the cup for 2 hours and again wore a pad and urine leakage was estimated. Acceptability among women with vesicovaginal fistula was measured by questionnaire. Acceptability among additional stakeholders was examined by semistructured interview. Appropriateness was assessed among the user, additional stakeholders, and organizational setting. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We observed a 61% mean reduction in leakage with the cup which was also perceived by cup users as a reduction in wetness. Notably, one participant who had 4 previous surgical attempts, experienced a 78% reduction in leakage. No adverse events attributable to use of the cup were observed, unlike some of the strategies women currently use to manage leakage. Acceptability was high as most women could easily insert, remove, and wear the cup over the 2-hour period and fistula stakeholders indicated the innovation content and complexity were acceptable. In community interviews, women shared various coping and self-care strategies to manage their leaking, other related impairments, and stigma. Women using the cup in the health facility expressed that it was useful. Additional stakeholders found the cup a low-cost, low-tech solution to supplement existing programs. Within the stakeholder interviews we heard that the cultural norms and existing activities of the potential implementation partners align with the innovation approach. Stakeholders revealed various implementation facilitators and barriers. The facilitators to implementation reported in the interviews were related to the intervention and organization characteristics in particular. Stakeholders perceived a relative advantage to self-management. Stakeholders had concerns regarding whether women would find the insertable device acceptable and appropriate—questioning whether potential users would have access to water, soap, and safe space to empty cup. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The innovation is efficacious, acceptable, adds to current coping strategies, and fits within existing fistula programs. Stakeholders pre-implementation perceptions highlight the importance of partnerships and the need for an evidence base related to effectiveness, acceptability, and cost. Challenges to address include access to resources within these contexts (water, soap, and safe space) and development appropriate counseling message.

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Kumar, Sandhya, and Surabhi Kumar. "Absolute Temperature Thresholds for Detection of Skin Wetness and Dampness on the Hand and their Variation with Sex and Age." Perception, September 20, 2021, 030100662110434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03010066211043467.

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The human body has dedicated receptors for sensing temperature and touch, but not wetness. How then is wetness perceived? To test if wetness perception arises from the sensory integration of touch and temperature, and to quantify its measurement in humans, we designed a wetness perception monitor (WPM) which enabled variation of temperature at the fingertips of participants while measuring the pressure exerted on a test surface in the controlled environment of a moisture-free chamber. Thirty randomly selected adults (18+ years) were tested for their perception of dampness/wetness using the WPM. Our data suggest that humans perceive dampness and wetness at average temperatures of 22 ± 0.4°C and 18 ± 0.5°C, respectively, and these sensations are extinguished at temperatures below 16 ± 1°C. Measurements were obtained at an average tactile pressure of 1.5 ± 0.3 kPa. Young adults (18–35 years) sensed wetness at significantly higher temperatures than middle-aged adults (36–55 years) or mature adults (56+ years), who sensed wetness at similar temperatures. We found a surprising sex difference in wetness perception, with females sensing wetness at higher temperatures than males. When the data were screened for outliers, we found that participants whose readings were outside normal ranges, self-reported sensory deficits suggesting that wetness perception could potentially be used as a noninvasive biomarker.

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Christogianni, Aikaterini, Richard Bibb, Ashleigh Filtness, and Davide Filingeri. "Regional skin wetness perception and its modulation by warm and cold whole-body skin temperatures in people with Multiple Sclerosis." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, August 29, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00149.2022.

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Skin wetness sensing is important for thermal stress resilience. Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) present greater vulnerability to thermal stress; yet it is unclear whether they present wetness sensing abnormalities. We investigated the effects of MS on wetness sensing and their modulation with changes in mean skin temperature (Tsk). Twelve MS participants (5M/7F; 48.3±10.8y; EDSS range: 1-7), and 11 healthy controls (4M/7F; 47.5±11.3y) undertook three trials, during which they performed a quantitative sensory test with either a thermo-neutral (30.9°C), warm (34.8°C), or cold (26.5°C) mean Tsk. Participants reported on visual analogue scales local wetness perceptions arising from the static and dynamic application of a cold-, neutral-, and warm-wet probe (1.32cm2; water content: 0.8ml), to the index-finger pad, forearm, and forehead. Data were analysed for the group-level effect of MS, as well as for its individual variability. Our results indicated that MS did not alter skin wetness sensitivity at a group level, across the skin sites and temperature tested, neither under normothermia nor under conditions of shifted thermal state. However, when taking an individualised approach to profiling wetness sensing abnormalities in MS, we found that 3 out of the 12 MS participants (i.e. 25% of the sample) presented a reduced wetness sensitivity on multiple skin sites, and to different wet stimuli (i.e. cold-, neutral-, and warm-wet). We conclude that some individuals with MS may possess reduced wetness sensitivity; however, this sensory symptom may vary greatly at an individual level. Larger-scale studies are warranted to characterise the mechanisms underlying such individual variability.

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Filingeri, Davide, Damien Fournet, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "Sweat‐Induced Skin Wetness Perception Can Be Significantly Manipulated Independently of the Level of Physical Skin Wetness." FASEB Journal 29, S1 (April 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.993.4.

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West, Anna Maria, Florian Oberst, James Tarrier, Christian Heyde, Heiko Schlarb, Gert-Peter Brüggemann, Simon Hodder, and George Havenith. "A thermal foot manikin as a tool for footwear evaluation and development." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, August 31, 2020, 175433712095222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337120952229.

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This study investigated the relationship between thermal perceptions during human wear trials and thermal foot manikin measurements of heat and vapour resistance for five running shoes varying in material and construction. Measurements of thermal/evaporative resistance were performed using a 12-zone sweating thermal-foot manikin. Eleven males performed running trials on five occasions, wearing shoes of same design, differing in materials and construction, to achieve a range of heat/vapour resistances and air permeabilities. Trials in 20°C/60% RH consisted of three phases: 15 min rest, 40 min running, 15 min recovery. In-shoe temperature/humidity were measured at two sites on the left foot. Thermal sensation/wetness perception/thermal comfort were provided for the left foot and four foot regions. Variations in shoe material and construction resulted in differences in thermal and evaporative resistance. These differences were reflected in in-shoe temperature and in-shoe absolute humidity assessed during wear trials. At the end of the rest period, thermal sensation was strongly related to thermal insulation ( r2 = 0.69, p<0.001). During exercise however, thermal sensation, wetness perception and thermal discomfort were related to both thermal insulation and evaporative resistance. Thermal foot manikins provide a sensitive, effective evaluation of footwear thermal properties, which are also reflective of changes to in-shoe parameters during actual use. This discriminate power may be enhanced using higher, more realistic air-speeds during testing, as well as simulating foot movement. While thermal foot manikins are highly sensitive to design features/attributes of footwear (e.g. ventilation openings, air-permeabilities and coatings), subjective evaluations of footwear do not seem to have the same sensitivity and discriminative power.

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Hirabayashi, Mayumi, Akemi Ito, and Naomi Katayama. "Results of the Sweet Taste Cognitive Threshold Test of 38 Peoples who Participated in the Sweet Teste Test using Teste-Disks at the University Festival." Global Journal of Medical Research, July 31, 2020, 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34257/gjmrkvol20is8pg9.

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Although sugar intake did not directly lead to diabetes, the results will vary depending on age, sex, individual differences, and the nature of sugar ingested.However, the change in blood glucose level and the accumulation of fat in the body cannot neglected about the sugar intake. Also, if the sweetness recognition threshold increases, the intake of sugar may increase. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct a sweetness cognitive threshold test to understand the sensitivity of the general public to sweetness. The acceptable range (sugar concentration of 2.5% or less) was 25 out of 38 participants who recognized sweetness, 65.8% of the total. Two of the 14 male participants were unrecognizable even at the sweetest concentration of 80.0%. Females had better sweetness perception threshold results than males. In the future, we think it would be good to use a questionnaire to investigate the usual eating habits and compare it with the wetness cognitive threshold test results.

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Douzi, Wafa, Benoit Dugué, Dimitri Theurot, Ludwig Vinches, Stéphane Hallé, and Olivier Dupuy. "Cooling During Exercise May Induce Benefits Linked to Improved Brain Perfusion." International Journal of Sports Medicine, September 13, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1213-5960.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of using a cooling vest during physical exercise (per-cooling) in humid and temperate conditions (≈22°C, ≈80% relative humidity) on perceptual and physiological responses (tissue oxygenation and heart rate). 20 physically active men performed twice a 30-min cycling exercise at 70% of their theoretical maximum heart rate while using an activated (experimental condition) and a deactivated (control condition) cooling system in a randomized crossover study. Heart rate and tissue (cerebral and muscular) oxygenation were continuously measured during exercise and recovery, and skin temperature was measured every 10 min. Perception of temperature, humidity and comfort were assessed at the end of the recovery period. Results showed a decrease in trunk skin temperature (p<0.05), a faster heart rate recovery and an increase in the concentration of total hemoglobin at the brain level (p<0.05) compared with control condition. Moreover, an improved subjective rating of thermal sensations, wetness and comfort compared to control values (p<0.05) was noted. In conclusion, wearing a cooling vest during submaximal exercise improves perceptual and physiological responses in humid temperate conditions, which may be due to a better blood perfusion at the brain level and a better parasympathetic reactivation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wetness perception'

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