Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wet blasting

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wet blasting'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wet blasting"

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Appleman, Bernard R. "Evaluation of Wet Blasting for Ship Application." Journal of Ship Production 2, no. 04 (November 1, 1986): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1986.2.4.245.

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This paper presents the results of a field investigation of equipment and technology for wet abrasive blasting as a technique for preparation of structural steel for painting. Ten different commercially available wet blasting units were selected for field evaluation. The units selected included the following generic types: air abrasive wet blasting (addition of water at the nozzle to conventional dry blasting equipment); air/water/abrasive slurry blasting (mixing of water with the abrasive at a control unit upstream of the nozzle); pressurized water abrasive blasting (abrasive added to high-or low-pressure water jetting stream); and ultrahigh-pressure water jetting [20000 psi (137.9 MPa) or greater]. These evaluations were conducted on steel surfaces, typically encountered in shipyards and industrial environments, including rusted and pitted steel, milscale steel, and painted steel. The investigation considered factors such as the cleaning rates, abrasive and water consumption, operator thrust, portability, safety procedures required, use of inhibitors, and overall practicability and reliability. The paper discusses each of these factors and provides a tabulation of advantages and disadvantages for each unit observed.
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Minaki, Kazushi, Koichi Kitajima, K. Minaki, Moriyasu Izawa, and Katsuji Tosha. "Improvement of Surface Texture of Stainless Steel by Utilizing Dry Blasting - 2nd Report: Effect of Blasting Conditions on Wettability -." Key Engineering Materials 291-292 (August 2005): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.291-292.265.

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Recently, wet blasting is generally used such as liquid honing and water jet machining in surface before plating of stainless steel. The outstanding feature of wet blasting is to prevent generation of static electric charge, to use micro abrasive grain, and to have cushioning for workpiece. On the other hand, the disadvantage of wet blasting is to generate corrosion of equipment and liquid waste under processing. Moreover, the using abrasive grain is available on a limited basis. In particular, improvement disposal of liquid waste under processing is crucial in the near future. This paper makes proposal for improvement of surface texture by utilizing dry blasting, and it conducts improvement of surface texture about martensite stainless steel (SUS420J2 In JIS), which is used in material for scale applications. As a result, it is cleared that relationship between surface texture and blasting conditions. Furthermore, based on these results, it reports relationship between surface texture and wettability.
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Minaki, Kazushi, Koichi Kitajima, Yu Nakahira, K. Minaki, Moriyasu Izawa, and Katsuji Tosha. "Improvement of Surface Texture of Stainless Steel by Utilizing Dry Blasting - 3rd Report: Effect of Blasted Texture on Adhesion of Plating -." Key Engineering Materials 329 (January 2007): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.329.353.

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Recently, wet blasting is generally used such as liquid honing and water jet machining in surface before plating of stainless steel. The outstanding feature of wet blasting is to prevent generation of static electric charge, to use micro abrasive grain, and to have cushioning for workpiece. On the other hand, the disadvantage of wet blasting is to generate corrosion of equipment and liquid waste under processing. Moreover, the using abrasive grain is available on a limited basis. In particular, improvement disposal of liquid waste under processing is crucial in the near future. This paper makes proposal for improvement of surface texture by utilizing dry blasting, and it conducts improvement of surface texture about martensite stainless steel (SUS420J2 In JIS), which is used in material for scale. In the previous report, it has been cleared that relationship between surface texture and wettability. In this report, adhesion of plating was measured by scratch test. As a result, it was cleared that availability of adhesion evaluation by utilizing wettability.
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Li, Ning, Yu Cai Lü, and Da Chun Gong. "Study on Characteristics of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on Lactic Acid Fermentation with Different Substrates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 665 (October 2014): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.665.388.

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In order to investigate characteristics of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on lactic acid fermentation using different substrate, in this study, saccharification liquid obtained during wet oxidation blasting of straw were used as substrate, conversion reducing sugar to lactate by Lactobacillus rhamnosus was studied and compared with fermentation using glucose as substrate, The results indicated that Lactobacillus rhamnosus could utilize reducing sugar in saccharification liquid obtained during wet oxidation blasting of straw effectively. The highest efficiency of reducing sugar conversion (92.45%) appeared when concentration of reducing sugar as substrate was 20mg/mL; conversion rate of reducing sugar decreased as increasing of sugar concentration. Fermentation of saccharification liquid obtained during wet oxidation blasting of straw to lactic acid by Lactobacillus rhamnosus had optimal effects in the first 48h of incubation.
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BABA, Takashi, Takuro HONDA, Yuta NAKASHIMA, Hidehiko HIGAKI, and Yoshitaka NAKANISHI. "Creation of functional surface by using micro wet blasting." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2017.29 (2017): 2F46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2017.29.2f46.

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Karpuschewski, B., T. Emmer, K. Schmidt, and M. Petzel. "Cryogenic wet-ice blasting—Process conditions and possibilities." CIRP Annals 62, no. 1 (2013): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2013.03.102.

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Yang, Myeongseok, Jongrak Choi, Jungchul Lee, Nahmkeon Hur, and Dongchoul Kim. "Wet blasting as a deburring process for aluminum." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214, no. 3 (March 2014): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.09.011.

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Furuya, M., Y. Matsugu, K. Yamada, and K. Hasegawa. "Weed control by blasting sodium bicarbonate powder using a high pressure wet-blasting apparatus." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 47, Supplement (2002): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.47.supplement_242.

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BABA, Takashi, Kouki MIYAZONO, Yuta NAKASHIMA, and Yoshitaka NAKANISHI. "Effect of micro-wet blasting for dental ceramic surface." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2018.30 (2018): 2H20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2018.30.2h20.

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Sakoda, Seiki, and Katsuji Tosha. "Shot Peening Using Wet Blasting Machine with a Wide Nozzle." Materials Science Forum 614 (March 2009): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.614.163.

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This paper describes the influence of shot peening on of the peened surface and fatigue strength. Shot peening was performed by a wet blasting machine with a wide nozzle. At first, influences of particle size and geometry on characteristic values such as surface roughness, residual stress, FWHM, and Vickers hardness were examined, and then fatigue strength was studied on the peened materials. The material is a medium carbon steel (C:0.45%, 180HV) and the peening particles are alumina and glass beads. The following results are shown in this paper: (1) On the specimen a width of 83% of the wide nozzle is peened uniformly judging from chatterings of FWHM, compressive residual stresses and surface roughness. (2) Surface roughness, compression residual stress, FWHM and the maximum hardness increase with increasing particle size except for the case of 57μm particles; the maximum values are 0.52μm, 390MPa, 2.15deg, 205.6HV respectively. (3) Fatigue strength is improved using alumina and glass beads by 20% and 15%. (4) The peening process using a wide nozzle can effectively improve fatigue strength.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wet blasting"

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Ekström, Erik. "Effect of texture and blasting pressure on residual stress and surface modifications in wet sand blasted α-Al2O3 coating." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122508.

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Recently, wet sand blasting on coated cutting tool inserts has drawn interest to the tooling industry due to its positive effects on cutting performance and tool life. This performance boost has partly been attributed to the buildup of compressive residual stresses in the coating during the blasting process. However, the mechanism of forming residual stresses in ceramic coatings during sand blasting is not fully understood. This work utilize x-ray diffraction as the main tool to study the formation and relaxation of residual stresses after wet sand blasting and annealing on 001, 012 and 110 textured α-Al2O3 coatings. To minimize the influence of stress gradients in the samples, all stress measurements were set up with a fixed analysis depth of 2 µm. Sand blasting was made with an alumina based slurry at 2, 3.2 and 4 bar pressure and the anneal was done at temperatures from 400 to 1000 °C for 2 hours or more. The coating hardness was evaluated by nanoindentation. Finally, the activation energy for the relaxation of residual stresses was estimated using the Zener-Wert-Avrami function. The results reveal the highest compressive residual stress with up to -5.3 GPa for the 012 texture while the stresses for the 001 and 110 textures peaked at -3.1 and -2.0 GPa, respectively. Further, a hardness gradient was present after blasting of the 001 and 012 textured samples indicating a higher stress at the surface of the coating. The 110 textured sample is the most brittle resulting in flaking of the coating during sand blasting. The different deformation mechanisms are related to difference in active slip planes between coatings with different textures. Both the stress and hardness decreased after heat treatment and the activation energy for stress relaxation was found to be as 1.1 ± 0.3 eV, 1.9 ± 0.2 eV and 1.2 ± 0.1 eV for the 001, 012 and 110 textures, respectively.
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Berg, Martin, and Albin Eriksson. "Toward predictive maintenance in surface treatment processes : A DMAIC case study at Seco Tools." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-84923.

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Surface treatments are often used in the manufacturing industry to change the surface of a product, including its related properties and functions. The occurrence of degradation and corrosion in surface treatment processes can lead to critical breakdowns over time. Critical breakdowns may impair the properties of the products and shorten their service life, which causes increased lead times or additional costs in the form of rework or scrapping.  Prevention of critical breakdowns due to machine component failure requires a carefully selected maintenance policy. Predictive maintenance is used to anticipate equipment failures to allow for maintenance scheduling before component failure. Developing predictive maintenance policies for surface treatment processes is problematic due to the vast number of attributes to consider in modern surface treatment processes. The emergence of smart sensors and big data has led companies to pursue predictive maintenance. A company that strives for predictive maintenance of its surface treatment processes is Seco Tools in Fagersta. The purpose of this master's thesis has been to investigate the occurrence of critical breakdowns and failures in the machine components of the chemical vapor deposition and post-treatment wet blasting processes by mapping the interaction between its respective process variables and their impact on critical breakdowns. The work has been conducted as a Six Sigma project utilizing the problem-solving methodology DMAIC.  Critical breakdowns were investigated combining principal component analysis (PCA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and statistical process control (SPC) to create an understanding of the failures in both processes. For both processes, two predictive solutions were created: one short-term solution utilizing existing dashboards and one long-term solution utilizing a PCA model and an Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (OPLS) regression model for batch statistical process control (BSPC). The short-term solutions were verified and implemented during the master's thesis at Seco Tools. Recommendations were given for future implementation of the long-term solutions. In this thesis, insights are shared regarding the applicability of OPLS and Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression models for batch monitoring of the CVD process. We also demonstrate that the prediction of a certain critical breakdown, clogging of the aluminum generator in the CVD process, can be accomplished through the use of SPC. For the wet blasting process, a PCA methodology is suggested to be effective for visualizing breakdowns.
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Books on the topic "Wet blasting"

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Shui gong wei yan chai chu bao po. Beijing: Zhong guo shui li shui dian chu ban she, 2009.

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Yan ti bao po lei ji sun shang xiao ying yu dong li shi wen ji zhi yan jiu. Zhengzhou Shi: Huang He shui li chu ban she, 2011.

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Kuo chi kung chʻeng pao pʻo chi shu hsüeh shu hui i (2nd 1995 Kunming, China). Ti erh chieh Kuo chi kung chʻeng pao pʻo chi shu hsüeh shu hui i lun wen chi =: Proceedings of the second International Conference on Engineering Blasting Technique. Edited by Zheng Zhemin. Beijing, China: Peking University Press, 1995.

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International Conference on Engineering Blasting Technique (1991 Beijing, China). Kuo chi kung chʻeng pao pʻo chi shu hui i lun wen chi = Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Blasting Technique, July 4-7, 1991, Beijing, China. Beijing, China: Peking University Press, 1991.

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Zhongguo San Xia gong cheng RCC wei yan bao po chai chu xin ji shu: New technology of RCC cofferdam blasting demolition for the Three Gorges Project in China. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo shui li shui dian chu ban she, 2008.

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6

Xiaoye, Xiuzi. Tian xia di yi bao: Ji zhen jing shi jie di Zhuhai da bao po ("Lai zi shen mi shi jie di bao gao" bao gao wen xue cong shu). Jing xiao zhe Xin hua shu dian, 1997.

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Burton, Justin Adams. Epilogue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190235451.003.0006.

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Posthuman Rap leads to a posthuman vestibule, connected to and aware of neoliberal humanism but situated just outside of it, in a place where we might imagine other ways of being human. Big K.R.I.T.’s car, quaking with sub-bass blasting from his woofer, is exactly this kind of vestibule. K.R.I.T., working with AfroFuturist materials, uses it to create big bangs and new worlds beyond our own. But before he can call entire planets into being, he must first tune his vestibule to receive and transmit vibrations from beyond the edge of human perception. It’s from this vantage point, staring through the vibrating glass of his car, that he can imagine other ways of being human.
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Book chapters on the topic "Wet blasting"

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Nambu, Koichiro, Kenta Takashima, Masahiro Okumiya, and Isao Kumagai. "Fatigue Strength Improvement Effect of AZ31 Alloy by Multi-stage Wet Blasting." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 30–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5763-4_7.

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Shi, Xiaomu, Yu-Fu Fu, Jiaxiang Liu, Ming-Hsien Tsai, Bow-Yaw Wang, and Bo-Yin Yang. "CoqQFBV: A Scalable Certified SMT Quantifier-Free Bit-Vector Solver." In Computer Aided Verification, 149–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81688-9_7.

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AbstractWe present a certified SMT QF_BV solver CoqQFBV built from a verified bit blasting algorithm, Kissat, and the verified SAT certificate checker GratChk in this paper. Our verified bit blasting algorithm supports the full QF_BV logic of SMT-LIB; it is specified and formally verified in the proof assistant Coq . We compare CoqQFBV with CVC4, Bitwuzla, and Boolector on benchmarks from the QF_BV division of the single query track in the 2020 SMT Competition, and real-world cryptographic program verification problems. CoqQFBV surprisingly solves more program verification problems with certification than the 2020 SMT QF_BV division winner Bitwuzla without certification.
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Li, HongJian, and Hong Hu. "The Aided Teaching System Based on Web for Engineering Blasting." In Advanced Technology in Teaching, 39–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29458-7_6.

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"wet blasting." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1527. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_231439.

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Schumann, M. "Spaltsprengungen am Widerlager West des Wasserstrassenkreuzes Magdeburg." In Explosives and Blasting Technique, 563–65. Taylor & Francis, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833476.ch70.

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Thomson, Peter. "One of the Best Enterprises in Russia." In Sacred Sea. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170511.003.0025.

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The Angara River races out of Lake Baikal like a daughter fleeing her angry father for the arms of her lover. So goes the legend of the powerful river that is Baikal’s only outlet. Until the 1950s, you could see a huge rock near the mouth of the river that was said to prove the legend—the rock hurled by father Baikal toward his recalcitrant offspring, hoping to block her way as she ran off to join her beloved Yenisei, the great river to the west. Today, only a tiny tip of what’s known as Shaman Rock is still visible. Powerful Baikal could not block his daughter’s way and tame her energies, but humans could. They captured daughter Angara behind a series of hydroelectric dams and put her to work for the good of the Soviet people. One of the dams raised the level of Baikal by a meter and submerged most of the great rock in the river. Isolated in the middle of sparsely populated Siberia, its colossal depths and unique ecosystem enclosed behind its barrier of mountains, it would be easy to imagine that Baikal remains a world unto itself. But today that would be just an act of imagination. The lake may have stood apart for millions of years, but in the last 100 years, humans have speeded up time and collapsed space, and Baikal can no longer blithely follow its own, idiosyncratic course. Some changes were already evident early in the twentieth century. The Barguzin sable, source of so much wealth over more than 200 years, was on the verge of extinction, its long decline punctuated by Nicholas II’s belated decision to protect it with the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve. The limits of the limitless lake itself were starting to be tested, too—Baikal’s populations of omul and sturgeon were crashing as human populations rose, spawning habitat was disrupted, and new fishing technology was introduced. And along its southern shores, workers were clearing, blasting, flattening, and filling in, laying the path for the needle that would truly puncture Baikal’s bubble of isolation, 250 years after the arrival of the first Russians.
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Conference papers on the topic "Wet blasting"

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Yamashita, M., J. Fukuoka, K. Yamashita, Y. Fukuzawa, and M. Ogata. "Surface ruggedness processing of cylindrical Cu-Zn wire with wet blasting." In CONTACT/SURFACE 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/secm090131.

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Gao, Zhi, and Yinjian Bu. "Research on the wet shot blasting technology of strip steel surface topography and finite element simulation." In 2015 International Conference on Materials, Environmental and Biological Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mebe-15.2015.137.

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Cowap, Matthew, and Kurt Beschorner. "The Effects of Floor Roughness on Shoe-Floor Friction Adhesion and Hysteresis." In ASME/STLE 2012 International Joint Tribology Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2012-61152.

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Slip and fall accidents are a major source of occupational accidents. The coefficient of friction (CoF) that is required for gait is approximately 0.2. Floor roughness has been demonstrated to affect the available CoF. Building on this knowledge, this research aims to investigate the effect of changing floor roughness on two components of friction: adhesion and hysteresis. The experiments were carried out using a custom developed pin-on-disk type tribometer. Two common types of rubber shoe material, with Shore A hardness 50 and 95, were slid over ceramic tiles that were prepared to different roughness levels. The tiles were abraded using aluminum oxide media (commonly called “sand blasting”). Three levels of roughness were achieved, measured using the average peak height (Rz) with a stylus profilometer: 16.6 μm, 24.3 μm, and 34.6 μm. The experiments were conducted at 0.01 m sec-1 at a contact pressure of 266.1 kPa under ambient conditions to specifically examine the role of adhesion and hysteresis in the absence of hydrodynamic effects. The coefficient of friction was recorded without lubricant (dry) and lubricated with: 2% detergent solution, canola oil, and SAE 75W140 gear oil. Hysteresis was measured with SAE 75W140 because the high lubricity of the gear oil minimizes adhesion. Adhesion in dry and wet conditions was measured by subtracting the hysteresis from the coefficient of friction. Hysteresis was found to increase from 0.101 to 0.358 for the hard rubber and from 0.269 to 0.611 for the soft rubber when floor roughness was increased from 16.6 μm and 34.6 μm. Higher roughness was also associated with a decrease in dry adhesion from 0.651 to 0.277 for the hard rubber and from 0.435 to 0.041 for the soft rubber. Wet adhesion decreased from 0.285 to 0.049 for soft rubber on detergent. Canola oil, for both hard and soft, and detergent combined with hard rubber did not make a significant difference in the adhesion available. Hysteresis, which is a more robust form of friction in the presence of fluids, was found to be positively correlated with floor roughness while adhesion was negatively correlated with roughness. This indicates that increased floor friction is associated with better floor slip-resistance in the presence of fluids. Abrasively blasting floor tiles to increase the roughness of the floor surface, may lead to improved boundary lubrication friction, particularly when accompanied by soft shoe materials.
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Campbell, Colin, Stephen Hepworth, and Jeremy Hunt. "Options for the Removal of Contaminated Concrete From the Bore of the Windscale Pile Chimney." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16083.

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A legacy of the 1957 Windscale Pile reactor fire is the penetration of radioactive contamination into the internal surface concrete of the chimney bore. Gamma imaging of Cs-137 has shown that the contamination is widespread throughout the chimney, and core samples have shown that the contamination has penetrated to depths of around 5–25mm. The Pile chimney is 100m tall and has an internal bore diameter of 15m. It is constructed of a hard concrete comprised of Whinstone aggregate. The baseline decommissioning scheme is to remove approximately 5–25mm of the surface concrete from the entire bore of the chimney. The technology baseline in 2006 was to remove layers of contaminated concrete by mechanical means using shavers or scabblers. However, risks associated with mechanical technologies that may preclude their use include: the ability of mechanical devices to remove the hard concrete; clogging of the devices due to wet concrete; and deployment of the delivery systems. This paper discusses the options under consideration to reduce the risks associated with the removal of the contaminated concrete through application of alternative techniques. The present baseline technology is high pressure water jetting technique. Demonstrations have shown that this technology can successfully remove concrete without significant reaction forces. However, an inherent problem with this technology is the production of secondary liquid effluent waste, which would need to be treated by an appropriate conditioning process. To address the secondary effluent waste issue, technologies that produce little or no secondary waste have been considered. The technologies that have been considered are laser scabbling, microwave scabbling and nitrogen jet blasting. The paper discusses each technique in turn, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The results of an in-active laser scabbling and high pressure liquid nitrogen jetting trial are presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of the merits of each technology in support of the future strategy for concrete removal.
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Vorfeld, Jeff. "Experiences With On-Line Explosive De-Slagging at Covanta WTE Facilities." In 15th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec15-3214.

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An on-line cleaning technique perfected in Europe, which places low-yield explosive charges in close proximity to tube lane pluggage, and uses pre- and post-cleaning video camera surveillance to document results, has been tested at three WTE facilities in the western U.S. operated by Covanta. Testing indicates several tangible benefits relative to the more traditional off-line blasting, water washing (on-line and off-line), and stick blasting (on-line), including: • substantial elimination of cleaning related downtime between maintenance outages; • longer runtimes with less overall fouling and pluggage related ailments; • reduced off-line cleaning time at the beginning of major outages to the benefit of the outage schedule; • exemplary safety of the on-line cleaning process; • less wear and tear on pressure parts and boiler casings; and, • almost no fugitive dust problems in the boiler house that may occur with off-line blasting. The process starts with an initial video survey of fouling conditions. A water-cooled camera with purge air and temperature monitoring is inserted into the flue gas to record the fouling condition of the boiler. Following the survey, a cleaning plan is developed. Shots consist of low-yield detonating cord encased in thin gage aluminum alloy tubing. The charges are positioned in the gas lanes between tubes while being cooled with a water-air mixture and detonated. Following the cleaning effort, a final camera survey is done to verify the cleaning effectiveness, and to follow up with touch-up cleaning if necessary.
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Reports on the topic "Wet blasting"

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In-depth study report: control technology for crystalline silica exposures in construction: wet abrasive blasting at the Nokia Building construction site, Irving, Texas. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshectb24711.

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