Dissertations / Theses: 'Westland'

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Radford, Josh. "Shelf-to-canyon sedimentation on the South Westland Continental Margin, Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6991.

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The South Westland Continental Margin (SWCM) is incised by two major active canyon channels, the Hokitika and Cook canyons, which export large volumes of terrigenous sediment from the active New Zealand landmass to the deep ocean basins. This thesis examines modern sediment textures and compositions of shelf and canyon heads, to interpret depositional and transport processes in shelf-canyon interactions and the dispersal and provenance of SWCM surface sediments. This is the first detailed study of modern sediments south of the Whataroa River which focuses on both shelf and canyon head sediments. Submarine canyons that incise active continental shelves are major conduits for sediment transfer. The frequency and magnitude of this transfer has important implications for ocean nutrient cycling (i.e. organic carbon), the stratigraphy and morphology of continental shelves, and the development of economic mineral deposits. Grain size analysis, petrology, geochemistry, detrital magnetite analysis (microprobe), swath bathymetry, and wave hindcast data are used to interpret the spatial distribution, dispersal, and provenance of surface grab samples, canyon cores, and beach and river samples on the SWCM. Four main surficial facies are defined from textural and compositional results, primarily reflecting the supply and storm dominated nature of the SWCM. Facies 1 is comprised of inner shelf very fine to medium sand sized quartz, metamorphic lithics, and feldspar. This facies occurs above the mean Hsig wave base (48 m) where silts, clays, and sand sized micas are bypassed further offshore. Facies 2 is a transitional sand to mud facies between 40 -70 m depth where increasing clay, silt, and mica reflect a decrease in the frequency and magnitude of wave orbital remobilisation. Facies 3 is a mud dominated (80-90%), clay rich (7-9%) facies with the highest mica and Al₂O₃ content of all the SWCM facies. The shelves south of the Hokitika canyon are blanketed beyond the inner shelf in facies 3 towards the shelf break. Facies 4 is restricted to the canyon head north rims and is characterised by mixed relict and modern terrigenous sediments and glaucony. Net transport on the SWCM shelf is to the north, particularly during south-westerly storms where wind drift and storm swells may stir and transport the deeper Facies 2 and 3 sediments. The SWCM has an energetic wave climate and numerous high yield mountainous rivers. As a result the shelf has an extensive coverage of silts and clays with sediment transport most likely dominated by nepheloid layers and fluid mud flows during wet storms. North of the Hokitika canyon, shelf width increases as fluvial supply falls, resulting in a more storm dominated shelf as the prevailing hydraulic conditions prevent modern silts and clays from blanketing the outer shelf. Narrower shelf widths and higher fluvial supply between the Hokitika canyon and the Haast region results in more fluvial dominated shelves. Contrasting canyon rim textures and compositions reflect the major influence the Hokitika and Cook canyon heads impose on the SWCM by intercepting modern net northward shelf transport paths. This interception creates a leeward sediment deficit on the canyon north rims where low sedimentation rates prevail and relict sediments are partially exposed. The south and east rims of both canyons are characterised by modern fine grained terrigenous textures and compositions similar to the SWCM middle to outer shelf facies 3. The build-up and storage of these unconsolidated sediments at the south and east rims provides favourable environments for sediment gravity flows that feed into the canyon systems. Wave orbitals can resuspend fine sands up to 50 m below the canyon rims during large storms. This resuspension will be a main driver of canyon head sedimentation in the form of fluid mud flows. Gully networks along the south and east rims of the Hokitika and Cook canyons indicate active submarine erosion, unconfined fluid flow, and sediment gravity flows operate here. ii In contrast, the north canyon rims are characterised by gravels and coarse sands out of equilibrium with the prevailing modern hydraulic regime. Relict gravels are particularly prevalent on the Hokitika canyon north rim between 90 – 150 m depth. A lack of active gully networks and the presence of relict terraces and cuspate channels provide further evidence for a relict origin of HCH north rim sediments and little influx of modern fine sediments. North rim sediments on the Hokitika canyon between 90 – 125 m have features characteristic of relict beach and littoral environments. These features include pebble and coarse sand sized siliciclastics, high heavy mineral percentages (i.e. garnet), high Zr and Y levels, elevated SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios, and relict shell fragments. Mature glaucony is common on the north rims of both canyons, especially between 180 -200 m depth providing further evidence for extended periods of little to no modern sediment deposition in the canyon lee. Glaucony grains have experienced limited transport and are probably parautochthonous. The bulk composition of SWCM shelf, canyon, river, and beach sediments is controlled mainly by the hydrodynamic sorting of Alpine Schist derived material. Regional changes in catchment geology are identified in modern SWCM shelf sediments. Ultramafic signals (i.e. enriched trace element patterns and Cr/V and Ni/Y ratios) from the Pounamu Ultramafics and Dun Mountain Ultramafics were identified on the North and Cascade shelves respectively. The contribution of other lithologies to the bulk composition of SWCM sediments is localised due to rapid dilution with Alpine Schist detritus. The low carbonate and skeletal content on the SWCM is due to the energetic wave climate and high fluvial supply on the shelves. A variety of Cr-rich spinels and magnetites are supplied to the SWCM shelves and vary with regional changes in catchment geology. The Cascade shelf is rich in chromites (containing up to 215,000 ppm Cr) and Cr – rich magnetites sourced from the Dun Mountain Ultramafics via the Cascade River. Shelf, beach, and river samples between the Haast River and Waitaha River are dominated by low-Cr magnetite grains which represent the ‘background’ magnetite composition sourced from rivers draining the Alpine Schist dominated catchments. The dispersal of Cr-rich spinels is limited due to the dilution with low Cr-magnetites from rivers and littoral sediments. Glacio-eustatic lowstands such as the Last Glacial Cold Period (LGCP), represented periods of robust connection of local rivers with the Hokitika and Cook canyon heads, increased interception of littoral transport paths, and compartmentalisation of inter-canyon shelves. Hokitika canyon cores reflect these changes with textural and compositional ‘spikes’ indicating higher terrigenous input during the LGCP. The geochemistry of the terrigenous fraction in the Hokitika canyon provides evidence for enrichment in ferromagnesian and Cr-rich minerals during the LGCP. This is due to the increased connectivity of the Cr-spinel bearing Hokitika River to the canyon head. The Cr/V ratio in particular demonstrates its effectiveness as a proxy for interglacial – glacial change in submarine canyon stratigraphy. Increases and decreases in the connectivity of Cr-bearing fluvial systems during lowstands and highstands respectively can be observed with this ratio.

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Adams, D. P. M. "Cretaceous and Eocene geology of South Westland." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7117.

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The Cretaceous and Eocene sequence of South Westland crops out within a 6km wide coastal area from Ship Creek to the Mahitahi River. The oldest unit, the Otumotu Formation (Motuan-Arowhanan), lies with angular unconformity on the Paleozoic Greenland Group. It is divided into two members, an older Tauweritiki Member (new) overlain by the Topsy Member. Both are entirely clastic but the lower unit is significantly coarser ranging from boulder conglomerate to mudstone, while granule conglomerate, sandstone analysis of sedimentary features to pebble breccia and the upper member comprises and mudstone. Detailed suggests that the lower member represents alluvial fan and plain sedimentation in a tectonically active setting changing to a more stable semi-arid fluvial and lacustrine depositional regime in the younger deposits. The Butler Formation (new) (Piripauan), which lies unconformably on the Otumotu Formation, consists of conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone, with high and medium volatile bituminous coal seams. The sediments represent an environment of rivers and coal forming swamps and lakes which produced thick (up to 3m) coal seams. The Tauperikaka Formation (new), previously the Tauperikaka Coal Measures, (Haumurian) overlies the Butler Formation, with a disconformity marked by a low relief scour surface, and is divided into the Moeraki (lower), Paringa (middle) and Rasselas (upper) Members. The Moeraki Member consists of pebble conglomerate, cross-bedded and horizontally bedded pebbly and granular sandstone and carbonaceous massive silty mudstone. The sequence is thought to represent a coastal fluvial environment. The Paringa Member includes large scale planar tabular cross-bedding with mud drapes (“tidal bundles”), bi-directional flaser bedded, trough and planar cross-bedded sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. The depositional environment is interpreted as a tide dominated coastline. The Rasselas Member, which consists of interbedded burrowed and structureless glauconitic sandstone in which both the density and diversity of burrows and the sediment grain size decrease upwards, was probably deposited in a large open marine bay. The sediments of the Otumotu, Butler and Tauperikaka Formations are derived from a Greenland Group and Tuhua Group source which probably lay to the west of the basin. The change in depositional environment within the Tauperikaka Formation, from a marginal marine to an off shore marine environment is responsible constituents in the sediment composition, and the rock fragment component has been greatly depleted. The eruption of the Arnott Basalt towards the end of the Haumurian is possibly related to extension which led to thinning of the crust. The Eocene Law Coal Measures (new) (Kaiatan) are composed of clast supported very well rounded cobble to pebble conglomerate, well sorted medium sandstones, carbonaceous siltstone and mudstone and thick (up to 4m) high volatile bituminous coal seams. The sequence is interpreted as marginal marine, with coal forming reed swamps developing between fluvial clastic fans. A marine transgression from the east resulted in the end of coal measure sedimentation. The Tititira Formation (Miocene) lies unconformably on the Law Coal Measures. Differences in coal type and coal geochemistry distinguish the coal in the Butler Formation from coal in the Law Coal Measures. The pH of the Law Coal Measure swamps was elevated by a marine influence which has produced a distinctive coal type characterised by a low Tissue Preservation Index. The coal also contains very little inertinite compared with coal from the Butler Formation. The Coal in the Law Coal Measures can be distinguished using the relatively high Na₂O content which is totally organically associated and is present in a constant amount within different seams. The Butler Formation coal contains a high proportion of clay compared to the coal in the Law Coal Measures and has negligible Na₂O. A thrust system involving both Paleozoic basement and cretaceous and Tertiary cover rocks has developed in post, Miocene time and accounts for a substantial amount of shorting (in the range of 40km and possibly more). The Mistake fault, a splay off the Alpine Fault, is the sole thrust of the Mistake Thrust Sheet which is part of a duplex thrust system which has subsequently been buckled into an antiformal stack. The anti formal stack includes at least two other thrust sheets, one below and one above the Mistake Thrust Sheet. The thrust complex appears to extend south to Milford Sound and up to 100km north of the area mapped and it is likely similar thrust systems are developed along the entire length of the Alpine Fault.

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Anderson, Brian Michael. "The response of Ka Roimata o Hine Hukatere Franz Josef Glacier to climate change." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4098.

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In the past century global climate warming has led to widespread glacier recession, which in turn has made a significant contribution to eustatic sea level rise. In the coming century, warming is projected to continue and small glacier melt will make a further contribution to sea level rise. In the monitoring of global glacier change and prediction of the response of glacier to climate change, the few well-studied Southern Hemisphere glaciers have an important role to play in elucidating global climate linkages, both in the information that they have left on past climate and glacier change, and the information the provide on future changes to the cryosphere. Franz Josef Glacier, with the best record of terminus position in the Southern Hemisphere, has an important place in assessing global climate and glacier change. The aim of this thesis is examine the response of Franz Josef Glacier to climate change. This goal is achieved through the application of coupled mass balance and ice-flow models, verified with an extensive set of field measurements. A range of previous studies have attempted to understand the linkages between climate and the advance and retreat of the glacier. Methods of examining the response of the glacier have progressed from simple correlations of climate variables and terminus position, to coupled mass balance - ice-flow models. Despite the large amount written about the glacier, there have been few direct measurements of ice velocity, almost a complete lack of mass balance measurements and no measurements of ice thickness. Without these measurements it is difficult to have confidence in the output of the models. A comparison of the output of these models indicates a wide range of predicted mass balance and ice velocity, the two essential components of glacier response to climate change. The programme of field measurement indicates that Franz Josef Glacier has an extremely high mass turnover. Ablation at the terminus is more than 20 m/a w.e. and accumulation in the névé up to 7 m/a w.e. A degree-day mass balance model is able to simulate these measurements, but measured mass balance at the same elevation varies significantly, indicating that the assumption that the only spatial variation of mass balance is with elevation may not be valid here. Ice velocity reaches 2.5 m/day, which is high for a midlatitude glacier. Temporal variations in velocity measurements indicate that basal sliding occurs year round with little seasonal variation, and a greater sliding velocity on the glacier tongue than in the accumulation area. An ice velocity model tuned to the ice velocity measurements confirms this pattern of sliding velocity. vii The coupled mass balance and ice-flow simulates the overall 20th century glacier retreat, but does not simulate the terminus response well, a result of the mass balance model not producing accurate results for the period 1894-1940. The model, when run for a short period of time into the future, indicates that glacier response is independent of climate for a period of 5 years, and that Franz Josef Glacier will almost certainly retreat a further 1 km in the next 5 years. Longer term predictions are dependent on climate change scenarios, such that by 2100 the Franz Josef Glacier could be anywhere from a size similar to the present to two small glaciers perched on the highest peaks. The mean scenario indicates that by 2100 the glacier will have lost 20% of its volume and retreated 4 km to terminate near the present day Almer Glacier. The possibly significant recession of the Franz Josef Glacier will have an impact on the local community and economy with recreation and tourism on the glacier becoming much more difficult. While the results of this study are particular to Franz Josef Glacier, they provide information on how other small glaciers respond to climate change.

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Collier, Kevin J. "Ecology of acid brownwater streams in Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4809.

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Effects of water chemistry and catchment afforestation on benthic invertebrates were investigated in acid brownwater and circumneutral clearwater streams in Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Annual dissolved organic carbon (DOC) budgets calculated for three North Westland wetland catchments (zero, two and five years post-afforestation) showed that forestry development resulted in a reduction of DOC export by up to 24 % and that recovery of DOC dynamics was linked to the time elapsed since the onset of development. The presence of high DOC concentrations in stream water (up to 41 g.m-3) resulted in lowering of pH to about 4.0. These highly acidic waters also contained high concentrations of dissolved aluminium, but only a small proportion (< 80 mg.m -3) was in the toxic labile (inorganic) monomeric form.

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Rose, Robert Vaughan. "Quaternary geology and stratigraphy of North Westland, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6474.

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Infrared stimulated luminescence ages are presented from the North Westland region, West Coast, South Island, New Zealand. These ages span much of the last interglacial-glacial cycle from 123.3 ± 12.7 ka to 33.6 ± 3.6 ka. Coverage is extended to c. 14 ka via cosmogenic isotope dating. A new Quaternary stratigraphy and Marine Isotope Stage correlation is proposed for the on-shore glacial-interglacial fluvioglacial, fluvial and marine terrace sequence. The new model incorporates previously published luminescence and radiocarbon ages. It necessitates reinterpretation of the evolution of the climate in North Westland for the period from 123 ka to 14 ka. Reinterpretation of fossil pollen and plant macrofossil records implies a period of probable near-interglacial climate in North Westland during the early to middle portion of Marine Isotope Stage 3. It also implies the presence in North Westland of raised marine terraces dating from this Isotope Stage. In addition it is concluded that during the period from c.60 ka to c.50 ka podocarp dominated forest was widespread in the lowland portion of Westland. Between Okarito and Westport Dacrydium cupressinum and Nestegis were ubiquitous components of this forest. This finding aligns the Marine Isotope Stage 3 climate of North Westland nicely with that of other parts of New Zealand where good records exist for this period.

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Kain, Claire Louise. "Past, Present and Future: Morphology and Dynamics of Rivermouth Lagoons in Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4012.

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Coastal wetlands and rivermouth lagoons are dynamic systems, which respond rapidly to sea-level, tectonic, meteorological, anthropogenic and other synergistic drivers. This research used a multi-disciplinary approach to investigate two representative West Coast lagoon systems (Totara Lagoon and the Shearer Swamp-Waikoriri Lagoon Complex) in order to document their present-day geomorphology and determine the development and processes acting on these systems over historical time. This information was then used to predict their future under varying climate, development and management pressures. In addition to adding to the West Coast knowledge base, the findings of this research are applicable to similar systems elsewhere in New Zealand and internationally. This investigation used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the dynamics, structure, development and active processes in the two study systems. Techniques to document current hydrology and topography included hydrological records of water level, temperature and conductivity, and Global Navigation Satellite Surveys (GNSS). Outlet dynamics over a decadal scale were investigated through temporal aerial photograph analysis, and sediment core analyses showed changes occurring over longer timescales. Significant differences in morphology and dynamics were observed between Totara Lagoon and Waikoriri Lagoon, with the former being much larger, more stable, and less dynamic in terms of dune morphology and outlet migratory patterns. Hydrologically, Totara Lagoon is currently in an estuarine phase, and experiences significant tidal inflows, which demonstrates the connectivity between definitions of coastal lagoons and estuaries. Waikoriri Lagoon is freshwater, and can be described as a hapua-type system, but exhibits very different river flow and barrier composition to East Coast examples. Sediment core analyses from Shearer Swamp and northern Totara Lagoon showed little change over a decadal to centennial scale, but evidence of a change in margin dynamics in response to farming and stabilisation of adjacent dune ridges was observed in Shearer Swamp. Results suggest landward migration of the southern end of Totara Lagoon occurred over this timeframe. The future of these systems depends on the interaction between climate and anthropogenic (including management) factors. A conceptual model of process and response suggests three possible resultant scenarios: lagoon loss, natural lagoon, or artificially modified lagoon. A significant finding of this research is the recognition that some systems exist on a continuum between a hapua and an estuary, switching hydrological states through time while maintaining consistent morphology. In addition, the importance of barrier permeability in hapua formation is highlighted, and the term ‘sandy hapua’ introduced to distinguish these low-flow systems with low barrier permeability from the typical mixed sand and gravel examples documented on the East Coast. These findings enhance scientific understanding of rivermouth lagoon systems, and demonstrate the wide spectrum of conditions under which they may form. This process-based understanding is important from a coastal management perspective as concerns of human induced climate change and accelerated sea level rise grow.

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Herd, Michelle Erica June. "Continental Extensional Tectonics - The Paparoa Metamorphic Core Complex of Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1425.

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Cretaceous continental extension was accommodated by the development of the Paparoa Metamorphic Core Complex, resulting in the separation of New Zealand from Gondwana. High grade (Lower Plate) and low grade (Upper Plate) rocks are separated by the Ohika and Pike Detachment Faults. The two detachment faults have distinctly different histories, with greater exhumation along the Pike Detachment Fault. The onset of crustal extension is proposed to have commenced along the Pike Detachment Fault at 116.2 ± 5.9 Ma (Rb/Sr dating). Both geochemical and geochronological approaches are adopted for this thesis, through the in situ analysis of oxygen and hafnium isotope ratios, trace metals and U-Pb content. Chemical changes are tracked during the petrogenesis of the Buckland Granite, with mafic replenishment observed in the later stages of crystallisation. Crystallisation temperatures of the Buckland Granite are calculated using zircon saturation thermometry, with an average Ti-in-zircon temperature of 697℃ (upper-amphibolite facies). Inherited zircons in Lower Plate rocks show distinct age peaks at c. 1000, 600 and 300 Ma, illustrating the incorporation of heterogeneous local crust (Greenland Group and Karamea Batholith). Model ages (TDM) are calculated for inherited zircons of the Lower Plate rocks, which record the time at which magma bodies (zircon host rocks) were extracted from the mantle. Maximum and minimum model ages for the Buckland Granite average at 3410 Ma and 2969 Ma, with the maximum TDM value of 3410 Ma coinciding with the proposed major crustal formation event of the Gondwana supercontinent at c. 3.4-3.5 Ga. Two distinct U-Pb zircon age peaks are observed in the Buckland Granite at 102.4 ± 0.7 and 110.3 ± 0.9 Ma. The 110.3 ± 0.9 Ma age is interpreted as the crystallisation age of the pluton, while the 102.4 ± 0.7 is proposed to represent a younger thermal (magmatic?) event associated with the 101-102 Ma Stitts Tuff.

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Eggers, Mark J. "Engineering geology assessment of slope instability on forest lands in South Westland." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering Geology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9580.

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Assessment of slope instability on forest lands in South Westland was limited to the resource allocation level of evaluating slope movements on forest lands with the prime objective of providing an overview of slope movement potential adequate for forestry development planning. Three sites were selected for detailed investigation on the three most unstable landform units which were identified by previous studies, viz:- 1. Greenland Group Hill Country: Boulder Creek; 2. Alpine Fault Zone slopes: Havelock Creek, and; 3. Cretaceous-Tertiary Hill Country: Grave Creek. Investigations were divided into three stages, engineering geology field and laboratory studies, assessment of slope movement processes and instability controls, and implications of slope instability for forest management. The dominant type of slope failure at Boulder Creek is debris slump/slide-avalanche in crushed hornfelsed sandstone and puggy tectonic breccia bedrock materials with failures typically initiated during high intensity rainstorm events and seismic events. The Boulder creek catchment is presently undergoing a period of increased slope activity which is generating a substantial quantity of sediment and is overloading the stream channel with rock debris. Boulder Creek provides an exceptional example of slope instability problems in Greenland Group Hill Country, this being explained by the oversteepened sides of the glaciated Moeraki River valley in fault-crushed bedrock. Alpine Fault Zone slopes fail most commonly by debris slide-avalanche in crushed mylonite schist and crushed garnet schist bedrock triggered by high intensity rainstorm events. Investigations at Havelock Creek also identified large-scale rock (block) slide failures in the same crushed bedrock materials which are initiated by infrequent seismic events. The Grave Earthflow, located in Cretaceous-Tertiary Hill Country, was triggered by construction of State Highway 6 in 1963-65. Failure is taking place by a complex rotational slide-earthflow type of movement along a zone of basal shear in grey mud material derived from faulting in lower Otumotu Formation bedrock. Surface movement monitoring investigations measured a high rate of movement of up to 419cm/year. Unloading of toe support in December 1984 caused an instantaneous acceleration in movement rates which subsequently declined during the monitoring period of March 1985 to June 1986. This deceleration process obscured any climatic influences on movement. Slope failure potential in South Westland slopes is governed by the fundamental causes of slope instability: the distribution of weak fault zone materials and crushed bedrock, and the steep topography (20-65°). Aerial photograph evidence suggests that slope instability features develop very rapidly (within one rainstorm event) and active instability periods occur in short-lived episodes (less than 50 years) which are coincident with the occurrence of heavy precipitation periods. Recommendations for future management of South Westland forest lands are:- 1. Alpine Fault Zone slopes should be limited to protection forestry management practices. 2. Greenland Group Hill Country and Cretaceous-Tertiary Hill Country should be assessed by more detailed phases of evaluation for small-scale bush-mill harvesting methods only. 3. Engineering geology methods of investigation and data presentation have been demonstrated to make a valuable contribution to forest resource allocation studies and it is recommended that these methods be applied to all levels of evaluation of slope movement potential on forest lands.

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Graesser, Anne K. "Physico-chemical conditions and benthic community dynamics in four South Westland streams." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Zoology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4751.

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Physico-chemical characteristics and benthic ecology of four small, stony, brownwater streams in South Westland, New Zealand were investigated between November 1984 and November 1986. Streams were in a high rainfall region (ca. 5 m per annum) and had low pH (4.5-6.5), alkalinity and conductivity but relatively high DOC (4-9 mg.l- 1). Discharge responded rapidly to frequent rainfall events, increasing DOC and lowering pH, alkalinity and conductivity. Epilithic biomass on tiles was always low (TOC< 200 ug.cm- 2). Non-algal biomass increased rapidly and was subsequently colonized by bacteria, fungi and algae. Algal composition differed among streams, but not seasonally. Field experiments demonstrated that permanent inundation affected biomass and composition and that invertebrate grazers could reduce biomass. Amount of detritus (> 0.25 mm) in the streambeds was low « 60 gAFDW.m- 2), patchily distributed and occurred non-seasonally. Eighty-seven invertebrate taxa (including 27 Trichoptera, 18 Plecoptera, 15 Diptera) were recorded. The mayfly De7eatidium and the family Chironomidae numerically dominated all streams throughout the year, whereas over 2/3 of the other taxa were rare « 1% of numbers). Faunal densities were moderately low (400-1300 m- 2) as was production of six major insect taxa calculated by the size frequency method (SFM) and Hopkins' method (HM). Although HM has been used infrequently, it gave similar results to SFM and requires less data analysis. All six taxa had poorly synchronized life histories (difficult to interpret; apparently all univoltine). Low drift rates were dominated by terrestrial insects, De7eatidium and Chironomidae. Drift densities were negatively correlated with discharge, which suggests that insects may actively avoid drifting when flow increases. Of the four, Noone Creek had the greatest epilithic algal diversity, invertebrate richness and flow continuity (ie. regularly channelled flow). It is hypothesized that this latter factor may account for the high biotic dixersity. Stream faunas could be described as "determinate" assemblages (Lake & Barmuta 1986) whose populations were highly resistant and resilient to physical disturbances.

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Campbell, Heather, and n/a. "Partitioning of plate boundary deformation in South Westland, New Zealand : controls from reactivated structures." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060705.150820.

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The Australian-Pacific plate boundary is an uncomplicated structure along most of its length in the South Island, New Zealand. In South Westland, south of the Arawata River, however, several terranes converge onto the Alpine fault. Inherent anisotropies arising from the position of pre-existing fault structures, lithological contacts and rheological heterogeneities within these give rise to an atypically diffuse and complex zone, the overall geometry of which resembles a regional scale transpressive flower structure. The flower structure is a broad deformation zone 60 km in length extending approximately 7 km from the Alpine fault to its eastern limit, the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt. Integral parts of the structure are the Hollyford Fault System and the Livingstone Fault System. The area is characterised by an array of left-stepping, subparallel faults with an average 060� strike linked by 020� striking structures. All fault traces offset Quaternary features. Fractions of the total interplate slip are partitioned across the reactivated structures. Additionally, kinematic indicators reveal partitioning of strike-slip and oblique/dip-slip deformation across the related secondary fault zones. The behaviour of the plate boundary zone in South Westland is fundamentally controlled by reactivation of the Hollyford Fault System and the Livingstone Fault System which partition slip away from the Alpine fault. As a consequence, the eastward transferral of slip onto the curved geometry of the converging fault systems has ultimately created a left-stepping contractional regime, the equivalent of a restraining bend in the plate boundary zone. The competent Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt controls the geometry and evolution of the reactivated structures. It also acts as an indenter and imposes additional boundary conditions adding to the shortening component in the region and the onset of complex transpressional strain patterns. The geometry and kinematics of the flower structure in the upper crust is mimicked in the ductile mid to lower crust. Upper greenschist facies mylonites reveal a complex fold pattern developed in response to contemporaneous non-coaxial and coaxial deformation. The folding formed during a continuation of deformation associated with mylonitisation at depths within the fault system. The fact that strain localisation and transpressive strain patterns in the brittle crust continue into the ductile zones suggests there is a feedback relationship between the two regimes. The reactivation of pre-existing structures and the influence of rheological factors are considered as first order factors controlling strain partitioning in the plate boundary zone. Recognition of local strain partitioning is important for assessing slip rates and earthquake recurrence. Similarly, the faults extend down below the seismogenic zone so that interaction of the different structures with each other may produce changes in fault behaviour which affects earthquake nucleation. Although the Alpine fault is a major structure in the South Island of New Zealand with over 400 km of dextral movement, the reactivated structures still exert a degree of control locally on the structure and kinematics of the plate boundary zone. Reactivation of inherent fault structures has important implications for the initiation of plate boundary faults and the alteration of the plate boundary geometry with evolving deformation.

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Fifield, Michael John. "Morphology, Dynamics and Hazard Management of the New River Lagoon, Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7232.

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Coastal lagoon systems are complex and dynamic environments that respond rapidly to the changes of fluvial, marine, climatic and anthropogenic influences. The purpose of this research was to investigate the morphology and dynamics of the New River Lagoon before and after the implementation of engineering outlet management using a methodological framework to analyse active process environments. This information was then used to determine the functional effectiveness of engineering management at reducing the risk of flooding and erosion to the local community and imposing minimal impacts on the environmental integrity of the lagoon system. This investigation used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the morphology and dynamics of the New River Lagoon in relation to active process environments. Outlet dynamics, lagoon channel structure and adjacent shoreline stability were assessed over a decadal timescale prior to engineering management by analysing temporal aerial photographs. Following engineering management, the hydrology of the lagoon was investigated, along with the relationship between morphological changes to the artificial lagoon outlet and changes in lagoon hydrology, local wave climate and local precipitation levels. Water depth, conductivity and temperature records were used to explain lagoon hydrology and Global Navigation Satellite Surveying (GNSS) and weekly oblique photographs were used to explain and document changes in outlet morphology. Wave and rainfall data were used to explain the balances between marine and fluvial environments and their affects on outlet dynamics. Significant changes in lagoon morphology and dynamics were observed at the New River Lagoon between pre- and post-management periods, with the former considered more stable in terms of outlet migration patterns and hydrodynamics. The lagoon outlet prior to engineering management showed morphological characteristics similar to hapua-type systems, migrating along the coastline and forming shore-parallel outlet channels in response to the dominance of a strong longshore drift of sediment. Current outlet dynamics are restricted by artificial outlet management and typically cycle intermittently between open/closed phases in response to variable levels of rainfall and marine sediment supply; characteristics similar to Intermittently Open/Closed Lagoons (ICOLs) found in areas of Australia and South Africa. Hydrologically, the lagoon is considered to be located on a continuum between hapua and estuaries during pre- and post-management periods due to intermittent tidal influences. However, artificial outlet management has significantly increased the frequency and duration of tidal exchange, which now classifies the New River lagoon closer to an estuarine environment. The artificial lagoon outlet and associated breakwater were effective at flushing high flows of water during the study period. However, the outlet was prone to blockage and migration; two morphological states capable of causing flooding. Currently, the greatest risks to flooding at the lagoon are flash floods, following dry periods where marine sediment has established a solid barrier across the outlet, during which water levels are already elevated. Increases in tidal influences, lower lagoon water levels and an increase in lagoon salinity are a direct result of engineering management intervention. An increase in freshwater flushing through the lagoon outlet and deepened of the outlet channel to below sea level, allows for pronounced tidal influences during outlet opening. Restriction of the lagoon outlet from forming a natural migration outlet channel in the direction of littoral drift has meant the outlet is most often oriented perpendicular to the sea, as appose to at an angle away from the direction of incoming waves and currents, further increasing tidal influences. In order to make sustainable management decisions, future management of the lagoon system must weight-up the effects of a high energy coastline to the integrity of the engineering structure, the impact of the structure on the lagoons environmental integrity and the outlets ability to become unstable and cause a flood risk. The findings of this research have improved the understanding of the New River Lagoon system, and its response to engineering management intervention, while adding to the understanding of river-mouth lagoon systems both nationally and internationally.

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12

Freeman, A. N. D. "The importance of fisheries waste in the diet of Westland Petrels (Procellaria westlandica)." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 1997. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080219.145454/.

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Westland petrels Procellaria westlandica breed only near Punakaiki on the West Coast of New Zealand. About 80 km offshore from their breeding colony, New Zealand's largest commercial fishery (for hoki Macruronus novaezelandiae) operates from mid June to early September, coinciding with the Westland petrel's breeding season. It has been assumed that Westland petrels feed extensively on fisheries waste and that this habit has been at least partly responsible for the increase in the Westland petrel population. Some seabird biologists have expressed concern that if a species comes to depend on scavenging at fishing vessels, such a species could experience a food crisis if fishing operations changed in a way that reduced the quantity of waste discharged. The aim of this research was to assess how dependent Westland petrels have become on fisheries waste for food. Diet studies showed that during the hoki fishing season, waste accounts for more than half by weight of the solid food Westland petrels bring back to the colony to feed their chicks. After the hoki season, waste contributes only about a quarter of their diet as birds switch to more natural prey and scavenge a wider variety of fish species presumably from smaller, inshore fishing vessels. Much of the fisheries waste eaten by Westland petrels was flesh which could not be identified using traditional techniques. The electrophoretic technique iso-electric focusing increased the number of fish samples that could be identified and consequently the diet was interpreted differently than it would have been had only traditional diet analysis been used. The survey of Westland petrel distribution off the west coast of the South Island, found that although hoki fishing vessels influence the distribution of Westland petrels, only a small proportion of the Westland petrel population appears to utilise this food resource at any one time. Westland petrels were tracked at sea by VHF radio telemetry and then by satellite tracking. Satellite tracking showed that there is considerable variation in the amount of time Westland petrels spend in the vicinity of fishing vessels. On average, satellite tracked birds spent one third of their time near vessels, but they foraged over much larger areas than that occupied by the West Coast South Island hoki fishing fleet. Although fisheries waste is an important component of the Westland petrel diet, it appears that the situation is one of opportunistic use of a readily available resource, rather than one of dependence. Several features of the Westland petrel's breeding biology and foraging ecology suggest that Westland petrels could compensate for a reduction in waste from the hoki fishery by switching to other sources of waste and increasing their consumption of natural prey. Nevertheless, much remains unanswered concerning the role of fisheries waste in the Westland petrel's diet. In particular, quantifying the waste available to seabirds, and the success of Westland petrels in acquiring that waste compared to other scavenging species, is needed in order to better predict the effect of a reduction in fisheries waste on Westland petrel population size.

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13

Freeman, Amanda N. D. "The importance of fisheries waste in the diet of Westland Petrels (Procellaria westlandica)." Lincoln University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/298.

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Westland petrels Procellaria westlandica breed only near Punakaiki on the West Coast of New Zealand. About 80 km offshore from their breeding colony, New Zealand's largest commercial fishery (for hoki Macruronus novaezelandiae) operates from mid June to early September, coinciding with the Westland petrel's breeding season. It has been assumed that Westland petrels feed extensively on fisheries waste and that this habit has been at least partly responsible for the increase in the Westland petrel population. Some seabird biologists have expressed concern that if a species comes to depend on scavenging at fishing vessels, such a species could experience a food crisis if fishing operations changed in a way that reduced the quantity of waste discharged. The aim of this research was to assess how dependent Westland petrels have become on fisheries waste for food. Diet studies showed that during the hoki fishing season, waste accounts for more than half by weight of the solid food Westland petrels bring back to the colony to feed their chicks. After the hoki season, waste contributes only about a quarter of their diet as birds switch to more natural prey and scavenge a wider variety of fish species presumably from smaller, inshore fishing vessels. Much of the fisheries waste eaten by Westland petrels was flesh which could not be identified using traditional techniques. The electrophoretic technique iso-electric focusing increased the number of fish samples that could be identified and consequently the diet was interpreted differently than it would have been had only traditional diet analysis been used. The survey of Westland petrel distribution off the west coast of the South Island, found that although hoki fishing vessels influence the distribution of Westland petrels, only a small proportion of the Westland petrel population appears to utilise this food resource at any one time. Westland petrels were tracked at sea by VHF radio telemetry and then by satellite tracking. Satellite tracking showed that there is considerable variation in the amount of time Westland petrels spend in the vicinity of fishing vessels. On average, satellite tracked birds spent one third of their time near vessels, but they foraged over much larger areas than that occupied by the West Coast South Island hoki fishing fleet. Although fisheries waste is an important component of the Westland petrel diet, it appears that the situation is one of opportunistic use of a readily available resource, rather than one of dependence. Several features of the Westland petrel's breeding biology and foraging ecology suggest that Westland petrels could compensate for a reduction in waste from the hoki fishery by switching to other sources of waste and increasing their consumption of natural prey. Nevertheless, much remains unanswered concerning the role of fisheries waste in the Westland petrel's diet. In particular, quantifying the waste available to seabirds, and the success of Westland petrels in acquiring that waste compared to other scavenging species, is needed in order to better predict the effect of a reduction in fisheries waste on Westland petrel population size.

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14

Owen, Hamish John. "Mistletoe and the brushtailed possum in silver beech forest, South Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7027.

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The distribution of mistletoe in South Westland silver beech forest was investigated. Stand structure and densities of Peraxilla colensoi (pirita) were assessed along six altitudinal transects. Host size and forest structure were both found to be important factors influencing density and distribution of mistletoe. Generally large beech trees were favoured as mistletoe hosts. There was also significant variation in mistletoe density between forest types. In a different study the leaf area removed by possums and insects from a population of mistletoe plants was quantified over a nine month period. Insects browsed all plants, and on average consumed around 4% of each mistletoe's leaf area. The overall consumption of mistletoe leaf area by possums was around 2%, but possum browse was not evenly spread over the population. Of the forty plants sampled, seven were attacked by possums with one plant being heavily browsed. By the end of the monitoring period the leaf area retained by possum browsed plants was significantly lower than that of unbrowsed plants. If individual mistletoes continue to be selectively browsed then defoliation and death of some mistletoe plants seems a likely outcome. Possum diet was assessed by means of gut sample analysis and compared to estimates of food availability within silver beech forest. Possums utilised a wide range of food types but two or three species were dominant at any particular time of the year. Seral species such as wineberry, pohuehue, fuchsia, and lawyer were generally the most important foods. Mistletoe was not an important food item, contributing less than 1% of annual possum diet.

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15

Hill, Nicholas D. "Transportation for a large manufacturing site : the case of GKN-Westland Engineering Ltd, Yeovil." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286561.

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16

Braidwood, Jasmine. "Breeding biology and threats to the blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) in South Westland, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1556.

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The Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor) is assumed to be declining over much of its range, largely due to introduced predators. Anecdotal evidence suggests that one of the areas of declining population is the West Coast of the South Island. The purpose of this study was to determine the reasons for the assumed decline of blue penguins in South Westland. This was done by studying breeding ecology at several blue penguin colonies to assess the importance of breeding success and adult mortality on the penguin population. Three blue penguin colonies in South Westland, at Five Mile and Three Mile beaches south of Okarito, and at the Wanganui River mouth near Harihari, were monitored throughout the 2008/09 breeding season. During each burrow visit the number of eggs and chicks were recorded as well as the date of laying, hatching or fledging. Five colonies of blue penguin were also monitored in Buller over the same breeding season in a study conducted by the West Coast Blue Penguin Trust, a community trust based on the West Coast. The results of both studies were compared to determine the effect of predator control on breeding parameters, such as breeding success. Of 137 eggs laid in South Westland, 108 chicks survived until fledging, giving an overall breeding success of 78.8%. In Buller, 64 chicks survived to fledging from 101 eggs laid, resulting in an overall breeding success of 63.4%. Breeding success was significantly higher at penguin colonies in South Westland, compared to the Buller colonies. There was no evidence that predator control had an effect on breeding success in South Westland or Buller. The mean number of chicks fledged per pair that produced eggs was 1.55 in South Westland and 1.16 in Buller. The overall proportion of occupied breeding burrows compared to the total number of suitable burrows at the South Westland sites was 73.8% (n = 103). At the Buller sites, only 60.3 % (n = 151) of the total number of burrows was occupied. Road kills are a major threat to blue penguins in Buller due to the proximity of colonies to the state highway. Fortunately, incidences of road death in South Westland are rare and due to the distance from roads, do not pose a significant threat to South Westland blue penguins. Further study of blue penguin colonies in South Westland is needed to learn more about annual variation in breeding productivity and to determine if breeding success is consistently high over an extended time period. If this is the case, then the cause of blue penguin decline on the West Coast is unlikely to be due to problems with breeding as the breeding success during this study is one of the highest recorded for blue penguins. Although there was no apparent effect of predator control on breeding productivity during this study there is evidence from other locations that predators, in particular stoats, have contributed to the decline of blue penguin populations. More research into the impact of predators on penguins over a longer period of time is needed on the West Coast before a change is made to how predators are managed.

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17

Waight, Tod Earle. "The geology and geochemistry of the Hohonu Batholith and adjacent rocks, North Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5615.

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The Hohonu Batholith lies within the Buller terrane, immediately adjacent to the Alpine Fault and inland from Hokitika and Greymouth on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. Detailed mapping has identified ten distinct granitoids intruded into Greenland Group metasediments. Four geochemical suites are recognized within the Hohonu Batholith. Palaeozoic magmatism in the batholith is represented by the Summit Granite, which yields a Palaeozoic (381.2 Ma) age and displays affinites with granitoids of the Karamea Suite of Tulloch (1988a). The informal name Summit Granite suite is used to describe this pluton. The Summit Granite has acted as country rock and is intruded by two Cretaceous plutons. The poorly constrained Mount Graham Granite may also belong within the Summit Granite suite. The Hohonu Batholith is dominated by the mid-Cretaceous (114-109 Ma) I-type Hohonu Super-suite, which is considered to encompass the previously defined Rahu Suite of Tulloch (1988a). The Hohonu Super-suite is characterized by relatively restricted radiogenic isotopic compositions with Sr(110) = 0.7062 to 0.7085 and εNd(110) = -4.4 to -6.1, and represents melting of a complex source combining depleted mantle-derived material, similar in composition to the source of the Early Cretaceous Separation Point Suite, and a complex, heterogeneous and largely unconstrained lower continental crustal component. A model is proposed whereby the Hohonu Super-suite was generated following the collapse and thinning of Western Province crust previously over thickened by the generation of the Median Tectonic Zone volcanic arc and its subsequent collision with the Western Province. Collapse of the over thickened crust is believed to be a consequence of the cessation of subduction along the Pacific Margin of the New Zealand portion of Gondwana and the subsequent removal of compressional forces maintaining crustal thickening. Rapid isothermal uplift of the thickened crustal root resulted in partial melting of the lower crust. Ambient temperatures in the lower crust were also raised by mafic underplating associated with isothermal uplift and adiabatic melting of the underlying mantle. Emplacement of the Hohonu Super-suite in an extensional environment is indicated by the intimate relationship between the Rahu Suite Buckland Granite and the Paparoa Metamorphic Core Complex, and the development of the extensional sedimentary basins of the Pororari Group. This extensional event is considered to predate and be unrelated to the separation of Australia and New Zealand and opening of the Tasman Sea. Two suites are recognized within the Hohonu Super-suite in the Hohonu Batholith; the Te Kinga Suite and the Deutgam Suite. Geochemical contrasts between these two suites are attributed to melting at differing crustal depths, at varying water activities, and in equilibrium with different residual assemblages. The relatively mafic, meta1uminous, I-type compositions of the Deutgam Suite are ascribed to dehydration melting in equilibrium with an amphibolitic (plagioclase + amphibole) residue. Residual plagioclase retains Sr, Al2O3, Na2O and Eu and results in the low concentrations of these elements which characterize this suite. In contrast, the peraluminous high silica compositions of the Te Kinga Suite are attributed to water-saturated to under saturated melting in equilibrium with an eclogitic (garnet + amphibole residue) at greater depths in the crust. Residual garnet produces the HREE-depleted nature of the suite, and a lack of residual plagioclase contributes to the characteristically higher Sr, Al2O3, Na2O and Eu contents of the Te Kinga Suite. Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Hohonu Batholith is represented by the French Creek Suite. This suite comprises the composite French Creek Granite, which displays geochemical and petrographic features typical of A-type granitoids, and associated hypabyssal rhyolite dikes. The alkaline magmatism of the French Creek Suite and the closely associated Hohonu Dike Swarm are intimately linked to extension during the opening of the Tasman Sea. The Hohonu Dike Swarm consists of predominately doleritic dikes, with subordinate camptonites and rare phonolites, concentrated on the Hohonu Ranges and Mount Te Kinga. Field evidence indicates that the Hohonu Dike Swarm and French Creek Granite are, at least partially, contemporaneous. The age of this activity is constrained by an 81.7 Ma SHRIMP age for French Creek Granite and is contemporaneous with the generation of the first oceanic crust in the Tasman Sea. A strong WNW-ESE trend within the Hohonu Dike Swarm parallels the line of Australia New Zealand break-up, and the alkaline compositions of both the dikes and the French Creek Granite are characteristic of emplacement into an anorogenic extensional environment. Consequently strong links are indicated between the opening of the Tasman Sea and genesis of the Hohonu Dike Swarm and French Creek Granite. Geochemical data are consistent with generation of French Creek Granite by prolonged fractionation of plagioclase and mafic phases from saturated and oversaturated members of the Hohonu Dike Swarm. Approximately 20% crustal contamination is also required to produce the isotopic compositions of French Creek Granite from the relatively depleted compositions of the Hohonu Dike Swarm. Amphibolite-facies paragneisses, orthogneisses and metabasites of the Granite Hill Complex can be confidently correlated with similar rocks of the Fraser Complex. The dominance of metabasaltic rocks, distinct isotopic compositions and preliminary zircon inheritance studies indicate these gneisses are unlikely to represent metamorphic equivalents of the Greenland Group and intrusive granitoids as proposed for the Charleston Metamorphic Complex. Possible correlatives of the Fraser and Granite Hill Complexes may occur in Fiordland. Poorly exposed Tertiary rocks along the north-west margin of the Hohonu Ranges are briefly described. These rocks are considered to represent material incorporated in a major fault zone along which the batholith has been uplifted and exposed during recent compression across the Alpine Fault.

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18

Rickard, Christopher Gerald. "Introduced small mammals and invertebrate conservation in a lowland podocarp forest, South Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry Science, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6182.

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This study presents the results of an investigation into invertebrate predation by introduced small mammals and the population dynamics of the ship rat and stoat in lowland podocarp forest. The study area was Okarito Forest, South Westland, New Zealand. The invertebrate faunas of four study sites were compared using pitfall traps and found to be similar, justifying the assumption that small mammals trapped within any of these sites would have access to a similar range of invertebrate food items. Drainage was found to be the most important environmental variable influencing invertebrate distribution. Diet of the stoat, ship rat and possum were investigated using gut contents obtained from animals trapped between June 1994 and February 1995. The diet of stoats during 1994/95 included a much larger invertebrate component than expected (close to 50% of volume). It is proposed that this is due to stoats switching to invertebrates in a year of low rat abundance. Stoats appeared to selectively consume freshwater crayfish and the weta, Gymnoplectron sp.. Other invertebrates made up an insignificant part of stoat diet. Invertebrates predominated in ship rat diet. It is proposed that ship rats are not foraging in a particularly selective manner, but consume invertebrates in relation to size and availability. Invertebrates made up a small but significant part of possum diet. Large invertebrates were apparently preferred and possums were found to selectively consume large invertebrates in times of increased abundance or activity. As a result of a study of population dynamics, utilising trapping and autopsy information from previous years, a system very similar to that described for New Zealand's beech forests is proposed. In the majority of years Okarito Forest is thought to provide at best a marginal habitat for the ship rat. However a rimu mast year leads to increased rat abundance, which in turn results in increased stoat numbers. Data indicates that the trapping season of 1993/94 was a mast year and that of this study (1994/95) a crash year. Although this study does not provide enough data to determine the effects of predation on the invertebrate fauna, some general comments are made regarding invertebrate conservation and the effects of mammalian predation on the invertebrate fauna of mainland New Zealand.

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19

Beagley, Rosemary Patricia Jane. "Effect of alternate stopbank alignments on the Waiho River, Westland, New Zealand : a microscale modelling investigation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63662.

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The Waiho River in Westland, New Zealand has been rapidly aggrading its bed as a result of lateral confinement by a stopbank network which restricts the river to 30% of its natural fan accommodation space. The ongoing aggradation has prompted the need to repeatedly raise the crest level of the stopbanks. This had led to the bed and stopbank elevation reaching unpreceded and dangerously high levels, putting the surrounding land, infrastructure and Franz Josef community at even greater risk than before should the stopbanks fail. This thesis investigates an alternative solution to the current management practice. Using a microscale model it tests the response of an experimental Waiho River and fan to the removal of the Southern stopbank and replacement with two alternatives which allow the river greater access to its Southern fan surface. In addition, the study allowed for an exploration of several microscale modelling techniques. The results found that an experimental fan in a state of dynamic equilibrium would not aggrade when confined as previously thought. Only when the fan was already aggrading did it continue to aggrade when confined. In this instance, when the confinement was removed it did not result in degradation to lower elevations. Aggradation continued, albeit at a reduced rate. This suggests that the Waiho was already in a state of aggradation prior to human interference, and that confinement exacerbated the rate. This result has implications for the future management of the Waiho. If the current aggradation trend is to continue, then increasing stopbank crest height is not a viable solution, however releasing the river to the South will reduce the rate of aggradation as well as the pressures on the Northern stopbanks which protect the Franz Josef township. Effectively, this buys time for more drastic action (i.e. relocation of the township) to be taken. In addition to these results, the experiments found that measurement tools and model materials used previously in other microscale models produced unreliable fan behaviour and results. That they have failed in this study, motivates the need for further investigation into the underlying principles of microscale modelling and its practice.
Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate

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20

Duncan, Richard P. "Disturbance, succession and the coexistence of species in a lowland podocarp forest, South Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7141.

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Vegetation change in six forest stands affected by flood and wind disturbance was investigated using stand history reconstruction in a lowland podocarp forest, south Westland, New Zealand. A method is described for identifying even-aged patches of trees from tree location and age data. Identification of even-aged patches of trees, along with size and age structures, and stem spatial distributions, were used to reconstruct the spatial and temporal patterns of tree establishment in response to past disturbance. Periodic, major disturbance had affected the composition and structure of all six Stands. In four of the stands floods formed extensive, continuous canopy openings and initiated regeneration of relatively even-aged patches of trees. In the remaining two stands windthrow of canopy trees occurred over an extended period and resulted in abundant but patchy regeneration in smaller treefall openings. Species differed in their patterns of regeneration in response to disturbances of different type and intensity. Establishment site preferences and stem spatial distributions showed that the four species studied partitioned establishment sites along gradients related to canopy cover and forest floor microrelief. Partitioning of establishment sites may contribute to the maintenance of species diversity in these forests. Moreover, disturbance is critical for continued coexistence as it is the source of much of the environmental variation to which species differentially responded. The composition and structure of regenerating patches was determined by the interaction between species regeneration requirements and the availability of suitable establishment sites. The type and intensity of disturbance and underlying environmental gradients influenced the availability of establishment sites within canopy gaps and hence subsequent forest establishment. Catastrophic floods formed extensive openings and left relatively homogeneous deposits of silt. Regeneration on these sites was dominated by Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. Less intense flooding left logs and stumps that provided sites for establishment of Dacrydium cupressinum, Prumnopitys ferruginea, and Weinmannia racemosa. On older surfaces drainage patterns influenced establishment in openings formed by treefalls. Regeneration on drier sites was dominated by D. cupressinum, P. ferruginea, and W. racemosa reflecting the predominance of better drained level and elevated microsites. In contrast D. dacrydioides dominated regeneration on poorer drained surfaces that had abundant wet depressions. The importance of disturbance in influencing forest composition and patterns of species turnover suggests that a non-equilibrium model of vegetation change is appropriate for understanding the dynamics of these forests.

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21

H, Purdie. "Intra-annual variations in abaltion and surface velocity on the lower Fox Glacier, South Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10451.

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22

Nelson, Jacqueline D. "How to impact and enhance the spiritual life of Christian educators." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2007. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p028-0258.

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23

Logan, Andrea Jean. "A new paleoclimate record for North Westland, New Zealand, with implications for the interpretation of speleothem based paleoclimate proxies." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5762.

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New Zealand speleothems can be used as proxy records of terrestrial Southern Hemisphere climate change and can be compared to records from the Northern Hemisphere to evaluate the timing of significant climatic events, and the driving influences of the Antarctic and North Pacific. The interpretation of paleoclimate from stalagmite geochemistry is a complex process. The majority of stalagmite records from New Zealand are based on calcite stable isotope composition, however, recent research into stalagmite trace element composition has shown that multi-proxy records aid paleoclimate interpretations. The complexity of the many processes affecting the geochemistry of calcite forming in a cave system requires assumptions to be made about cave environment conditions. This thesis presents a new high-resolution paleoclimate record based on stable isotope and trace element composition from a West Coast, New Zealand, stalagmite. The assumptions underlying the interpretation of such a record are examined and compared to local environmental field data. In addition, a new method of extracting and analysing calcite fluid inclusions is explored, in order to address some of the issues associated with unknown past stable isotope composition of cave drip water. Field data from the local cave area have demonstrated high natural variability in the stable isotope composition of rainfall, cave drip water, dissolved inorganic carbon, and modern cave calcite. The high modern natural variability raises questions about the validity of assumptions of the stability of the cave environment. The high-resolution record of calcite stable isotope and trace element composition indicates that changes in precipitation amount, the atmospheric temperature of rainfall precipitation, and local environmental water balance are the dominant controls on stalagmite geochemistry on the West Coast. The comparison of this single stalagmite paleoclimate record to other single and multiple stalagmite records from the same region indicate that data from single stalagmites show more variation in past climate, and can be best understood when the modern variability is accounted for with in-depth field measurements of the local environmental processes.

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24

Rogers, Howard Michael. "Variation in the effects of disturbance along a soil drainage gradient for a lowland temperate rainforest, South Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7146.

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Variation in the effects of disturbance across three differently aged glacial terraces in a terrace rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) forest were investigated. Disturbance histories were reconstructed and associated patterns of stand development, differences in stand composition and stand structure determined. This forest variation was related to environmental variation between the differently aged terraces. Forest stand composition was investigated across the three terraces using Indicator Species Analysis and Detrended Correspondence Analysis for data collected from ninety stands. This data was used to categorise forest community composition. Analysis of stand structure focused on the dominant stand type on each of the three terraces for which disturbance histories and patterns of stand development were determined. Disturbance histories were reconstructed form size and age-class frequency distributions, and the spatial distribution of tree ages to identify even-aged groups of trees that had established in response to past disturbance. Soil drainage and stage of soil development were determined for the dominant stands. Differences in stand structure between the three main stands reflected differences in disturbance history which were associated with different soil profile and soil drainage characteristics. For stand S1 on the oldest terrace the spatial distribution of tree ages showed that catastrophic disturbance had occurred on the most poorly drained and deepest soils. For stand S2 on the middle aged terrace sporadic gap formation had occurred on less poorly drained and shallower soils. For stand S3 on the youngest terrace progressive canopy mortality had occurred on the shallowest soils, of a similar drainage to those in stand S2. Variation in the soil characteristics between terraces reflected a secular trend in soil development towards increased depth and poorer drainage. Stand composition was primarily influenced by disturbance history. The effects of different disturbance histories on stand composition was inferred from species regeneration patterns, the distribution of seedlings beneath different canopy cover classes, and gap regeneration characteristics. The least shade tolerant species, Dacrydium cupressinum, Lagarostrobos colensoi and Phyllocladus alpinus favoured regeneration after infrequent catastrophic disturbance. While the more shade tolerant Prumnopitys ferruginea, Weinmannia racemosa and Quintinia acutifolia favoured establishment following more frequent canopy gap formation. Differences in stand composition also reflected differences in soil drainage, interspecific competition, and stand structure. The association of species with differently drained soils within stands and between stands suggested Lagarostrobos colensoi and Phyllocladus alpinus favoured the most poorly drained soils, while Prumnopitys ferruginea favoured less poorly drained soils. Interspecific competition accounted for ongoing compositional changes where Dacrydium cupressinum appeared to be competing out Phyllocladus alpinus and Lagarostrobos colensoi on account of its greater stature and longevity. Stand structure affected species richness. The least number of species was associated with the most uniform stands while the highest number of species was associated with the least uniform stands. Uniform stands were presumed to reduce the chance of colonisation by differentially adapted species. Variation in the effects of disturbance explained changes in stand structure and composition across the terraces. A secular change in the stand dynamics of terrace rimu forest is envisaged over millennia reflecting soil development, where changes in forest composition and stand structure reflect the interaction of disturbance and soil drainage.

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25

Sampson, Kaylene Ann. "Industry adjustment and community change: impacts of the cessation of indigenous production forestry in rural resource communities of South Westland, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Sociology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2986.

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This thesis explores the range of social impacts affecting Whataroa and Harihari, two of Westland's resource communities, following the cessation of logging in the adjacent indigenous forests in April 2002. Considerable changes eventuated from the decision to cease production forestry and the analysis of these changes has been contextualised within wider industry adjustment and change. The aims of this study were threefold; (i) to determine how the end to logging and the loss of a pivotal local industry affected the communities of Whataroa and Harihari; and, (ii) to explore wider industry change; and (iii) to address the question of how concomitant broader socio-economic changes of the last few decades have merged into existing social and physical structures. The study used extensive community consultation and secondary data analysis, in its appraisal of impacts. Exploration of the issues revealed considerable adjustments occurred to the overall patterns of social organization and work, as local people have become increasingly reliant on ad-hoc and seasonal working arrangements. In Whataroa, recent growth in tourism and expansion in the dairy sector has increased job opportunities; a diversification that has buffered local economy. The industry base in Harihari, in contrast, has narrowed to become predominantly dairy farming. Yet both communities have managed to continue, in spite of the loss of what had previously constituted a core cultural community marker. Its loss led local people to draw on aspects of local identity to assist in the negotiation of change. Shared discourses and collective rhetoric, embedded in the environment, have been used to maintain the specific local identity that has assisted the people of Whataroa and Harihari to reinforce and safeguard their communities in the face of social change. It is only by acknowledging the contribution of specific local identity, manifest in perceptions and engagement with physical and social environments, that the social and cultural impacts on community can be fully assessed.

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Hayes, D. G. "An Investigation of visitor behaviour in recreation and tourism settings: a case study of natural hazard management at the Glaciers, Westland National Park, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/942.

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Visitor non-compliance with protective recommendations is a major problem faced by recreational managers within natural environments. Although many studies have been conducted on noncompliant visitor behaviour within natural resource areas, few attempts have been made to gain an understanding of the behaviour, or to understand the decision making process. This dissertation seeks to address this gap by exploring salient motivations behind noncompliant behaviour within a natural recreation setting. The study was conducted over the summer of 2007-2008 within the popular tourist attractions of Fox and Franz Josef glaciers, Westland National park, New Zealand. The Department of Conservation has a legal and increasingly a moral obligation to provide a level of service and ensure a high standard of visitor safety within lands it administers. However, despite its efforts, management actions are criticised as being ‘over cautious’, and consequently a large number of visitors choose to ignore hazard warnings communicated by management and cross safety barriers, placing themselves and others at considerable risk. Previous studies at the glaciers have identified a number of causes for visitor non-compliance, including situational factors and the adequacy of current visitor management procedures. Through a quantitative measure, and qualitative interview responses, study findings show that visitor compliance with protective recommendations was strongly influenced by a number of situational factors including the proximity of track end points from the glacier terminus; the visibility of other visitors beyond the roped barriers; modest hazard perceptions of visitors; estimated visitor age; time of day and weather conditions. Based on visitor interview responses, motives of non-compliance were further explored by classifying behaviour according to Gramann and Vander Stoep’s (1987) typologies of normative violations. It is identified, using Ajzen’s (1985; 1991) theory of planned behaviour, that non-compliance with protective recommendations at the glaciers is motivated by, (1) a ‘belief’ that the situation or resource encouraged it; (2), through a release of ‘social pressure’, because everyone else was going over; and (3), a ‘perceived facilitation of the behaviour’, in that there were no obvious consequences to self or others. Implications for management to control noncompliant behaviour are discussed in detail.

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Espiner, Stephen. "The phenomenon of risk and its management in natural resource recreation and tourism settings : a case study of Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers, Westland National Park, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/638.

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The significance of risk is growing in many Western societies, a phenomenon linked to increasing individualism, personal choice, and outcome uncertainty in multiple spheres of life. Despite being healthier and more physically protected from harm than any previous society, a serious concern for safety and risk control is emerging as a defining characteristic of modern social life. Within the context of a risk-averse society, this thesis investigates the nature and relevance of risk in natural resource recreation and tourism settings. Millions of people every day visit national parks and other protected areas around the world in which natural hazards inhere. Many visitors fail to recognise these hazards, creating moral, legal, and ethical issues for natural resource managers. People travel to national parks anticipating a degree of adventure, to escape routines, and to witness the grandeur of nature. Ironically, the very qualities that attract people to natural areas may also put them at risk. Managers of natural resource tourism and recreation areas in New Zealand are confronted with a paradox born out of visitor demand for nature experiences, a legal obligation to facilitate free access, and a growing social emphasis on health and safety. In particular, this study assesses the risk perceptions of visitors to the Fox and Franz Josef glaciers, popular tourist attractions on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island, and explores the risk perceptions and beliefs of resource management agency staff. The study also investigates the issue of risk communication at these two sites, and the degree to which existing hazard messages are successful at encouraging appropriate visitor behaviour. Pictorial hazard warning signs are introduced to the sites and their effectiveness evaluated. The findings show that many visitors (especially international visitors) have relatively poor awareness of natural hazards, and behave in ways which potentially compromise physical safety. It is argued that perceptions and behaviour are a consequence of diverse individual and situational factors including limited knowledge of the sites, beliefs about management, poor comprehension of hazard warning signs, and freedom from the normative constraints of everyday life. In contrast to visitors, managers at the glacier sites consider the risks to be significant, and, potentially, severe. It is argued that managers' perceptions of risk are influenced by several important social and site-specific factors, including their own experiences of hazards at the glaciers, perceived legal and moral obligations, the organisational culture, and impressions of high societal expectation concerning safety. The situation is further complicated by the freedom of access principle in national parks, and increasing tourist demand for nature-based experiences. These factors governed beliefs about the subject of risk. This study identifies several dimensions of risk in nature-based recreation and tourism settings. Visitors are at risk of personal accident or injury at certain tourism attractions. Awareness of hazards is limited, visitor behaviour compromises safety, and existing communication strategies are only partially effective. Risk is also apparent in the agency responsible for management of outdoor recreation areas. Site managers perceive a risk in their failure to prevent visitors from harm, whereas senior managers identify risk as primarily financial, legal, and political. Collectively, these factors demonstrate that the phenomenon of risk is increasingly important in the tourism and recreation context, and has the potential to influence significantly both management and experience of protected natural areas in New Zealand.

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van, Eyndoven Erik. "Resource selection by the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr) in a mixed red - silver beech (Nothofagus fusca - N. menziesii) forest, north Westland, New Zealand : a multi-scale, GIS-based approach." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6059.

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Resource selection by the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) was studied in a beech (Nothofagus) forest in order to elucidate possum ecology in an extensive forest type lacking extensive possum research. The study was conducted in the Upper Grey Valley, north Westland, on a post-glacial terrace dominated by Nothofagus fusca and Nothofagus menziesii and dissected by a gravel road. Five principal research questions were posed for the study of possums within the site. These were: 1. What are the movement parameters of the resident possum population? 2. What are the patterns of vegetation heterogeneity? 3. What constitutes possum diet? 4. What are the relationships between possum diet and vegetation heterogeneity? 5. What are the relationships between possum movements and vegetation heterogeneity? Twelve possums were radio-collared and radio-tracked over a year. Home ranges calculated with the kernel method averaged 8.1 ± 1.0 ha (mean ± s.e.), which is large when compared to possum home ranges observed in other continuously forested sites. Range lengths were similarly large (456 ± 42 m). Bi-monthly variation was only displayed with significantly smaller home ranges in winter when compared to autumn. Despite the fact that the study site was generally dominated by N fusca and N menziesii, considerable heterogeneity existed with respect to the possum palatable species within the site. Many palatable species such as Aristotelia serrata, Fuchsia excorticata, Muehlenbeckia australis and Trifolium repens occurred predominately along the roadside, whilst Weinmannia racemosa occurred predominately on steep areas within the forest. TWINSPAN classification of the forest identified three vegetation communities. These were open sites, including the road and swamp areas, steep areas, including the hill and escarpments, and terrace areas. Resource selection by possums within the site was investigated with diet preference analysis, habitat selection analysis and modelling of use of space versus resource variables. Diet preference was analysed by comparing the level of consumption of food types with their level of availability within the site at multiple scales. The top five ranked preferred food types, calculated overall, were, in decreasing rank, Fuchsia excorticata foliage, Carpodetus serratus fruit, Rubus cissoides foliage, Muehlenbeckia australis foliage and Pseudopanax colensoi fruit. Habitat selection analysis indicated that although overall selection was not occurring, possums exhibited a degree of preference towards the terrace community. Modelling of resource variables against use of space indicated that although there was latent variability between individual possums, there was a trend for greater use of areas with high abundance of preferred species. Modelling of pooled possum use of space on an annual scale indicated that use was positively correlated with species richness and negatively correlated with N fusca, Quintinia acutifolia, and Coprosma rotundifolia abundance, which are all unpreferred species. Annual home ranges of possums were found to be negatively correlated with forage quality as defined by preferred species. A model of possum resource selection within the site was postulated to the effect that possums choose their home range location randomly, with respect to vegetation heterogeneity, and then modify the size of their home range to suit nutritional needs rather than modifying range location. The ranging behaviour and resource selection of possums observed in this study have implications for the management of possums in similar forest types. Efficiency of control and monitoring operations may be increased by using a spacing regime derived from possum home ranges. Inferences obtained from habitat selection analysis indicate that stratification of control and monitoring operations is not warranted in similar forest types. The development of extensive models with predictive capabilities for the distribution of possums within the environment has the ability to become a useful tool for possum managers. Further research of potential benefit could include investigation into resource quality and availability, the effect of home range size on residual trap catch (RTC) indices, improving diet assessment techniques and assessing possum preference for non-foliar food types.

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Whittaker, Thomas Edward. "High-Resolution Speleothem-Based Palaeoclimate Records From New Zealand Reveal Robust Teleconnection To North Atlantic During MIS 1-4." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2575.

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Growth rates, δ18O and δ13C of five stalagmites from the west coasts of North and South Islands, New Zealand, provide records of millennial-scale climate variability over the last ~75 kyr. Thirty-five uranium-series ages were used to provide the chronology. δ18O of stalagmite calcite was influenced by changes in moisture source region, temperature and both δ18O and δ13C primarily display a negative relationship with rainfall. To assist interpretation of climatic signals δ18O profiles were adjusted for the ice-volume effect. Changes in these proxies reflect changes in the strength of the circumpolar westerly circulation and the frequency of southwesterly flow across New Zealand. MIS 4 was a period of wet and cool climate lasting from 67.7 to 61.3 kyr B.P., expressed in the stalagmites by an interval of strongly negative isotope ratios and increased growth rate. This contrasts with less negative δ18O and δ13C, and slow growth, interpreted as dry and cold climate, during much of MIS 2. This difference between MIS 2 and MIS 4 provides an explanation for why glacial moraines in the Southern Alps of MIS 4 age lie beyond those deposited during the last glacial maximum (MIS 2). Heinrich events, with the exception of H0 (the Younger Dryas), are interpreted from high-resolution South Island stalagmite HW05-3, from Hollywood Cave, West Coast, as times of wetter and cooler climate. Minima in δ18O and δ13C (wet periods) occurred at 67.7-61.0, 56-55, 50.5-47.5, 40-39, 30.5-29, 25.5-24.3 and 16.1-15. kyr B.P. matching Heinrich events H6-H1 (including H5a) respectively. This demonstrates a robust teleconnection between events in the North Atlantic and New Zealand climate. Minima in δ18O also occurred at similar times in less well-dated North Island stalagmite RK05-3 from Ruakuri Cave, Waitomo. Speleothems from low-latitudes have revealed that Heinrich events forced southerly displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This caused steepening of the temperature gradient across mid-southern latitudes, increased westerly circulation and resulted in wet conditions on the west coast of both islands. Immediately following H1 in the HW05-3 stable isotope profiles is another excursion to more negative isotopic values, suggesting wet and cold climate, lasting from 14.6 to 13.0 kyr B.P. Such a climate on the West Coast at this time has been previously suggested from glacier advance (e.g. Waiho Loop moraine) and decreased abundance of tall trees on the landscape. This event occurred too early to be a response to H0, but is synchronous with a return to cool climate in Antarctica. Thus West Coast climate appears to have been sensitive to changes in Antarctica as well as the North Atlantic. Isotopic minima (wet and cool climate) in South Island stalagmite GT05-5, which formed during the Holocene, first occurred 4.6 kyr B.P. This began a series of four oscillations in isotope ratios, the last terminating when the stalagmite was collected (2006). Onset of these oscillations is associated with initiation of ice advance in the Southern Alps, and beginning of the Neoglacial. The last oscillation displays enriched isotope ratios lasting from 1.2 to 0.8 kyr B.P. succeeded by depleted ratios lasting until 0.15 kyr B.P., mirroring the Medieval Climate Optimum and Little Ice Age, respectively, of European palaeoclimate records.

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Dalton, Grant Beckett. "Nigel Westlake's Omphalo Centric Lecture guide for performance including a biography of the composer and an examination of the different versions of the work /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1155572878.

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31

Enoksson, Alexandra. "Läsförståelsemetoder : - En läromedelsanalys av två kursböcker på Grundlärarprogrammet i ämnet svenska." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-67418.

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Uppsatsen analyserar Monica Reichenbergs bok Vägar till läsförståelse: texten, läsaren, samtalet (2014) och Barbro Westlunds bok Att undervisa i läsförståelse: lässtrategier och studieteknik (2012). Syftet med analysen är att undersöka vad blivande lärare erbjuds när det gäller specifika metoder och arbetssätt i två av de läromedel som används i grundlärarutbildningen med avseende på undervisning i läsförståelse i skolan. Fokus ligger på vad böckerna innehåller när det gäller olika metoder som används i arbetet med elevers läsförståelse. Men även lärarens roll i undervisningen av metoderna och hur läroböckerna stämmer med läroplanen avseende undervisningen i läsförståelse. Uppsatsen utgår från metoden komparativ analys och fokuserar på likheter och skillnader genom att systematiskt undersöka vad som har tagits med eller uteslutits och vad som betonas eller tonas ner Analysen visar att medan Reichenberg fördjupar sig mest i faktatexter fördjupar sig Westlund i olika slags texter exempelvis skönlitteratur och faktatexter och Westlunds bok går mer på djupet än Reichenbergs bok som är mer kortfattad. Innehållet i båda böckerna ger mycket kunskaper om läsförståelse, olika metoder och arbetssätt och stämmer väl ihop med läroplanen för grundskolan för att eleverna ska ha möjlighet att nå målen i läsförståelse.

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Reed, Carson E. Reed Carson E. "The nature and authority of scripture historical sources and theological engagement for congregational awareness and reflection /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.

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Thesis (D. Min.)--Abilene Christian University, 1995.
Includes abstract. Includes a draft copy of the author's "The work of witness" designed for teaching small groups and Bible classes (leaves 97-217). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-226).

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Whiting, Greg R. "A self guided church consultation for Grace Baptist Church of Westlake, Ohio." Dallas, TX : Dallas Theological Seminary, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.001-1261.

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34

Archibald, Sally. "Investigating the Aquatic weeds on the Westlake Wetland: Detrimental effects and management options." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24395.

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The aquatic weeds on the Westlake wetland at Zandvlei (Cape Town, South Africa) were investigated in terms of their detrimental effects, and the biotic and abiotic conditions associated with their nuisance growth. Eichhornia crassipes was the most problematic of the weeds, both from a human perspective and in its effect on the system, and it appears to out-compete the initially more abundant Ceratophyllum demersum and Azolla filiculoides after disturbances such as clearing and flooding. Temperature, current strength and inter-species interactions were controlling the distribution and growth of the weeds on a seasonal scale, but over the long term it is likely that lower salinities, together with high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, have caused the increased growth noticeable over the last fifteen years. The present management programme of annual mechanical clearance seems to be the most cost-efficient, ecosystem-friendly option but it is suggested that the possibility of increasing the salinity in the wetland be investigated as a way of slowing the regrowth of the weeds after clearance.

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35

Fitzgerald, Melissa Claire. "Bridging the Great Divide: An Exploration of Postmodernism in the Guitar Music of Nigel Westlake." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2000.

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This research explores the tension between ‘elite’ and ‘popular’ musical styles in eight significant works of guitar music by Australian composer Nigel Westlake; namely Antarctica, Songs from the Forest, The Hinchinbrook Riffs, Six Fish, Shadow Dances, Shards of Jaisalmer, Jovian Moons, and Mosstrooper Peak. Through detailed analysis and recorded musical performances, consideration is given to the extent that these works bridge the aesthetic divide identified by Adorno, Jameson, Huyssen, and others; exploring their potential conformity to notions of postmodernity in music. The argument is advanced that Westlake has created a musical language that simultaneously combines sophistication and mainstream appeal. Illumination is made of many significant details of Westlake’s guitar music—including rock guitar techniques, harmonic formulations from popular music, and the extensive use of the more esoteric idiom of octatonicism—which provide a foundation for future analysis, evaluation, and performance of Westlake’s music. The creative research component comprises two audio CDs containing edited studio recordings of six works featuring the classical guitar in both a solo and ensemble setting, as well as documentation of other live performances.

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Engels, Marc [Verfasser]. "Die "Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft des Westlandes" : Bruno Kuske und die wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Westforschung zwischen Kaiserreich und Bundesrepublik / Marc Engels." Aachen : Shaker, 2007. http://d-nb.info/1164339044/34.

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Hansen, Therese. "Prins eller vanlig groda? : En retorisk analys av H.K.H. Prins Daniels talekonst." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-25782.

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Studien Prins eller vanlig groda? är en klassisk retorisk analys av H.K.H. Prins Danielstalekonst i kombination med analyser av narrativ i tal och talarens actio (framförande). Syftetmed uppsatsen är att studera vad som kännetecknar Prins Daniels talekonst.Huvudfrågeställningen som besvaras är Vad kännetecknar Prins Daniels talekonst? Resultathar nåtts genom att analysera tre tal, i video och text-form. Följande resultat har studien lettfram till; Prins Daniel anpassar sig väl till de situationer han håller tal i. Det sker i stilnivån påspråket, kroppsspråk och användning av rösten (actio) och innehållet i talen. Det somutmärker Prins Daniels talekonst är användningen av narrativ i talen och hans förmåga attskapa en känsla av gemenskap, ”jag är en av er”, hos publiken.

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Bressler, Sofia, and Maria Hermansson. "Kärlek som statsangelägenhet : En kvantitativ undersökning av tidningsartiklar publicerade under det kungliga bröllopet 2010." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-10491.

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2010 was the year of the wedding between Sweden’s crown princess Victoria and Daniel Westling. Although the wedding was partly financed with tax payer’s money, the newspapers did not investigate it further. The main theme of the published articles was lighter and with an entertainment value rather than finding out what the tax money really went. We read two of Sweden’s biggest newspapers, one morning paper (Dagens Nyheter) and one evening paper (Aftonbladet) and counted the articles that contained information about the wedding 1st June – 25th June. 93 percent of the 137 articles in Aftonbladet did not have any critical content at all. Dagens Nyheter published 48 articles during the same period and the percentage of non-critical content was 86 percent. We also divided the articles into different categories for example wedding dress, weather and safety. This to find out what the newspapers choose to write about.

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Estes, Kevin M. "Solo and Chamber Percussion Works by Nigel Westlake: An Examination of Fabian Theory, The Hinchinbrook Riffs, The Invisible Men, Kalabash, Malachite Glass, Moving Air, Omphalo Centric Lecture and Penguin Circus." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397567270.

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Marques, Paulo Alexandre Neto. "Westland." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/2864.

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Este trabalho corresponde à componente escrita da tese em artes plásticas realizado no âmbito do curso de mestrado em Artes Plásticas da ESAD, CR. Trata-se de um projecto fotográfico intitulado de Westland – Terra de toda a gente e de ninguém. Numa parte introdutória explica-se qual o objecto/ assunto principal deste projecto e em seguida explicita-se, num capítulo dedicado às suas referências fotográficas e teóricas, os conceitos estruturantes do mesmo projecto. Na segunda parte apresenta- se e caracteriza-se detalhadamente todo o projecto e as suas séries fotográficas. Por fim, na terceira parte desta componente escrita, explora-se um pouco mais detalhadamente alguns conceitos de base deste projecto, nomeadamente o conceito de topografia e de estilo documental. Na conclusão procurase sintetizar os pontos fundamentais da tese.

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41

Heimo, Maija. "Prehispanic Westland agriculture south of Laguna Mandinga, Veracruz, Mexico : testing postulations of water management and agricultural intensification." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7753.

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Prehispanic planting platforms and canals were examined across a set of transects in the Mandinga wetland in Central Veracruz, Mexico. In this relatively large complex of vestiges of ancient wetland agriculture, it was possible to test various propositions regarding water sources, degree and means of water control, and purpose of canals and platforms. The field investigation focussed on hydrological dynamics, what water management practices were attained, and whether the purpose of canals changed over time. The findings were used as indications of the process and strategies of agricultural intensification. Original and abandoned elevations of canals and platforms were established using soil stratigraphic data from cores and with corroborating data from pollen analysis; chronology was attempted by radiocarbon dating. The results show that initially water from seasonal inundation and possibly springs was stored within the wetland. Retention of water could have been realized by enhancing existing depressions, creating reversed gradients in the canals, and utilizing small dams. These multiple management strategies facilitated cultivation in a dynamic hydrological regime, however, with time, uneven sedimentation in the wetland changed the preconditions for these strategies. Consequently, the testing suggests that models of water management need to incorporate flexibility and complexity, thereby increasing their capacity to explain relationships and incorporate variations. In Mandinga the hydrological complexity and variations seem to have prevented the reaping of a high yield from all platforms in every year, indicating that the intensity of the production system did not reside in high outputs. Instead, the strength seems to have been in the flexible management practices. When combined with other productive activities, wetland agriculture represented one component in an intensification process that was based on multiple strategies.

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Setzepfand, Markus [Verfasser]. "Die epiphytische und lianoide Vegetation auf Weinmannia racemosa in warm-temperaten Regenwäldern in Camp Creek, Zentral-Westland, Südinsel, Neuseeland / vorgelegt von Markus Setzepfand." 2002. http://d-nb.info/964645769/34.

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Lay, Vera. "Seismic Imaging of the Alpine Fault at Whataroa, New Zealand." 2020. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74299.

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This thesis presents new insights into Alpine Fault structures at the drill site of the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP)-2B at Whataroa in New Zealand. Despite the challenging conditions for seismic imaging within a glacial valley filled with sediments and steeply dipping valley flanks, several structures related to the valley itself as well as the tectonic fault system are imaged. The Alpine Fault at the West Coast in New Zealand is a major plate boundary forming a significant geohazard as large earthquakes (magnitude 7-8) occur regularly and the next earthquake is expected relatively soon. A major effort has been made to study the fault characteristics through scientific drilling in the Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) Alpine Fault with the deepest DFDP-2B borehole located in the Whataroa Valley. A great variety of seismic data are newly acquired. First, the WhataDUSIE (Whataroa Detailed University Seismic Imaging Experiment) data set is a ~5 km long 2D profile acquired in 2011 prior to the drilling. As the 2D profile could not fully explain the 3D structures in the Whataroa Valley, an extended surface and borehole data set was acquired in 2016 after the drilling. This data set consists of shorter 2D lines (< 3 km), a dense 3D-array, and vertical seismic profiling (VSP) using the DFDP-2B borehole including the fibre-optic cable. 3D seismic data proved to be essential to understand the complex 3D structures of the glacial valley and the major fault. First-arrival travel time tomography and prestack depth migration (PSDM) are applied to obtain a P-wave velocity model and seismic images of the subsurface (<5 km). In this complex setting, the Fresnel volume migration (a focusing PSDM method) proved to best obtain structural information about the subsurface. Analysing the results of the seismic data processing, two major outcomes are achieved: improved knowledge about the glacial structures of the Whataroa Valley and structural images of the Alpine Fault zone. The Whataroa Valley is an overdeepened glacial valley with details of the basement topography visible in the seismic images. A deep trough is identified south of the DFDP-2B borehole with horizontal layering of the sediments. Valley flanks are identified in both the seismic images and the P-wave velocity model, particularly the western valley flank. Thus, Quaternary and glacial processes can be analysed with the help of the newly derived seismic images. The Alpine Fault is directly imaged with the seismic data, which is the first time in this region at shallow depths (<5 km). Several shorter fault segments between depths of 0.2 km and 2.2 km dipping 40-56° to the southeast are directly imaged. Further identified reflectors and faults are interpreted to represent Alpine Fault structures in the form of a damage zone and induced faults adding further complexity to the fault zone. In conclusion, the 3D seismic results presented in this thesis provide new insights into the Whataroa subsurface. Hence, the new results form a good basis for a deeper understanding of the Alpine Fault structures and underlying processes which is important for potential future drilling but also for the estimation of the geohazard in the region.

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Chiou-Ing, Huang, and 黃秋鶯. "A Comparative Analysis on Governing Strategies of the Sun Moon Lake and Hang Zhou Westlake." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80775734807577080647.

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碩士
國立暨南國際大學
公共行政與政策學系
94
The tourist industry is flourished growing in recent years around the world. In Taiwan, there are diverse and rich natural resources for tourism. Sun Moon Lake is the most well-known and important top tourist destination. After the destroy of the devastating earthquake, Sun Moon Lake got more attention from the central government, also taking over the governing position after the earthquake. But the Sun Moon Lake is also in the Nantou district. Therefore, this dilemma is that the central government having the official authority and the local governments with the location power govern this area at the same time. The responsibilities and accountabilities of governing are dispersed and blurred. This research aims to reveal the proper developing and governing strategies via a network approach analysis. Furthermore, it is proceed with SWOT analysis and refer to the counterpart of the Westlake in China. The conclusions of this research are as the following: 1. Integrating governance by frequent communication between different levels of authorities. 2. Specific regulations for the protection of Sun Moon Lake scenic area. 3. An entire policy and solution of transportations. 4. Designing more attractive and wealthy tourist paths and allying with other counties. 5. Promoting the aboriginal cultural of Thao tribe. 6. Actively holding conferences, seminars, and training the related workers. 7. Global marketing of Sun Moon Lake. 8. Focus on the sustainability of Sun Moon Lake.

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Da, Nguyen Thi Linh, and 阮氏玲多. "The Factors Affect Customer Loyalty in The Hotel Industry – A Case Study of Inter Continental Hanoi Westlake." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xrr3mh.

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碩士
美和科技大學
企業管理系經營管理碩士班
106
There is no doubt that hotel industry develops very fast in modern society and becoming a global industry. More and more people rely on hotel when they are travelling, doing business, visiting friends and relatives and so on. With the intense competition, how to attract customers and what factors influence customers’ loyalty seem to be the main consideration for hotel industry. Thus, the main objective of this research is to examine factors influence customer loyalty in Vietnam generally and Hanoi particularly. In order to be successful in the market it is not sufficient to attract new customers managers must concentrate on retaining existing customers implementing effective policies of customer satisfaction and loyalty. In hotel industry customer satisfaction is largely hooked upon quality of service. A management approach focused on customer satisfaction can improve customer loyalty, thus increasing the positive image of the touristic destination. Hence, exploring the importance for customers of hotel attributes in hotel selection is indispensable. Research on the topic of guest satisfaction, which translates into the consideration of whether or not customers will return to a hotel or advice it to other tourists, is pivotal to the success of the hospitality business. Neglecting to pay attention to those hotel attributes considered most important by guests, may lead to negative evaluation of the hotel, thus restricting the chance of repeat patronage. Through the analysis of this case we evaluate the overall customer satisfaction level for the hotel and for each service supplied. We conclude discussing the result and proposing improvement in customer satisfaction management of the hotel. Additionally, focusing on the hotel industry, this study builds a functional definition of customer satisfaction and a practical approach to facilitate its measurement. To determine the relevant drivers of customer satisfaction is particularly important for improving the offer of hotel services. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate the value drivers adopted by customers for hotel selection and for the decision to return. Research on the topic of guest satisfaction – which translates into the consideration of whether or not customers will return to a hotel or recommends it to other potential guests – is pivotal to the success of the hospitality business. On the other hand, neglecting to focus on to the hotel attributes considered most important by guests may lead to a negative overall assessment of the hotel, thus restricting the chance of repeat patronage and positive word of mouth. This empirical research aims to identify the drivers for customer satisfaction with high level (five-star) hotels located in the downtown areas of the main cities of Hanoi City. The research question we want to answer is whether hotel service in Hanoi high level city hotels is satisfactory, and what are the factors that hote management should work on in order to improve the level of guest satisfaction. Common perception by practitioners in the hotel industry today that a satisfied guest would become a repeat customer was considered as a major subject of this research. It determined the extent to which satisfaction fostered loyalty. Interviewing guests and demonstrating the expression of visual experience through photography illustrated the guests´ propensity for recommending and returning to the hotel as a repeat customer. Using a provided digital camera, participating guests were asked to photograph whatever caught their eye to illustrate the hotel as being meaningful. In examining factors such as ambience, service, as well as with the guest’s overall satisfaction with the hotel along with their loyalty behavior, this study analyzed the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Additionally, this study explored factors promoting guest loyalty with the purpose of proposing a method to assist hotels in identifying attributes increasing customer loyalty

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Lin, Wen-Jung, and 林文榮. "A Study of the Theme Park with Customers’Values, Customer Satisfaction and Revisit ─ A Case Study on Westlake Resort." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40935573111240910682.

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Abstract:

碩士
大葉大學
運動事業管理學系碩士在職專班
97
This research focuses on relations between customer values, customer satisfaction and revisit of theme park visitors and analyzes predictive capabilities of customer values and customer satisfaction in their desire to revisit. Tourists of the Westlake Resort served as the research object for a questionnaire. A Total of 369 questionnaires were issued, out of which 356 valid copies were collected by means of convenience sampling, making a valid recovery rate of 96.5%. Results of the research drew from statistical analysis on materials and information are as follows: (1)Overall customer values of tourists at the Westlake Resort is at a medium level, with “pleasure value” ranked relatively high. (2)Overall customer satisfaction of these tourists is at a normal level, with a relatively high degree of satisfaction to “service attitude”, and a relatively low degree of satisfaction to “price image” and “amount of facilities”. (3)The tourists’ desire to revisit is at a normal level. (4)There is significant positive correlation between both the customer values and customer satisfaction as well as revisits and between customer satisfaction and revisit, and. (5)Customer values and customer satisfaction are both able to effectively predict the tourists’ desire to revisit, with customer satisfaction features a better predictive capability than customer values in this regard. In the field of customer values, “utility value” ranks the highest in predictive capability, while “price image” has the best predictive capability in the sector of customer satisfaction.

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