Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Western zones'
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Major, Patrick. "The German Communist Party (KPD) in the western zones and in western Germany, 1945-1956." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239345.
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Watkins, Joshua Lee. "Economic optimisation of typical electrical microgrids in Western Australian industrial zones." Thesis, Watkins, Joshua Lee (2018) Economic optimisation of typical electrical microgrids in Western Australian industrial zones. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/41922/.
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The objective of this thesis is to examine the microgrid concept as a viable economic alternative to the centralised electrical network in Western Australia when applied to industrial loads. The key focus was on formulating an economic optimisation model as it is applied specifically to new Western Australian industrial developments. The Nambeelup Industrial Area, located approximately 9 km northeast of the city of Mandurah, is the electrical and thermal load considered for this task. Analysis was conducted to determine a range of technically viable microgrid configurations that display economically superior characteristics when compared to the benchmark. This benchmark is a proposed $31.1M infrastructure upgrade to supply the Nambeelup Industrial Area through the Meadow Springs Substation which is part of the South West Interconnected System. Using HOMER1 software and the acquired industry data, a range of distributed energy resources (DER), energy storage systems, thermal recovery systems and varying states of grid connection were modelled over a 25-year project life.
The studies show that the initial capital expenses of proposed microgrids were often many times the benchmark cost but had a decidedly lower project net present cost. Specifically, results revealed that increased DER penetration correlated with an average discounted savings of $350M over the project lifetime, which lead to an average payback period of less than three years when compared to the benchmark. Economically optimised architectures often featured combined heat and power (CHP) equipped gas-fired combustion generation with large-scale wind turbines. A final set of architectures were proposed based on their respective optimisation variables with a main featured configuration of a single 32 MVA CHP equipped gas turbine, an 18.15 MW wind farm and a 60 MWh vanadium redox flow battery bank installation. The featured system provides a more reliable and environmentally superior thermal and electrical energy source at a total net present cost of $411.6M which equates to a $47.97M per year project savings compared to the benchmark. Across the modelled topologies an average CO2 emissions improvement was observed of over 500 tonnes per year per every dollar invested. To financially quantify the environmental improvement brought about by this, a carbon tax was introduced to the optimisation model which shows that high DER penetration carries an economic benefit of over $2M per year due to decreased emissions. The economic and environmental findings underpin the microgrid concept as an advisable energy generation and distribution option for large-scale industrial and commercial energy requirements in Western Australia.
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Teigler, Bernd. "Mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of the lower and lower critical zones, Northwestern Bushveld Complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005590.
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This study of the lower part of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Western Bushveld Complex is based mainly on drill core samples from three localities, which are approximately 130 km apart. The NG-sequence, situated in the northwestern sector of the complex (Union Section, R.P.M.) extends from the floor of the complex to the base of the upper Critical Zone. The sequence is ca. 1800 m thick and it comprises mainly ultramafic cumulates, namely pyroxenites, olivine pyroxenites, harzburgites and dunites. Norites and anorthos ites are present only in minor proportion. Within the upper half of the NG-sequence ten prominent chromitite layers are correlated with the LGI MG4-interval. Correlation is also established between published sequences and the two other sequences studied, located 8 km and 55 km, respectively, east of Rustenburg. Whole-rock chemical data (major and trace elements), microprobe and Sr isotope data are presented. Petrographic studies provide modal analyses and measurements of grain size. All petrographic, mineralogical and other geochemical data point to an origin of the cumulates of the NG-sequence by crystallization from liquids of the U-type lineage and derivatives thereof. No evidence is found for the involvement of parental liquids with a distinctly different composition or crystallization order (A-liquids). However, subtle compositional variations of the parental liquids are evident in slight changes of the Cr content in orthopyroxene or in variations of Sr isotope ratio. The NG-sequence is characterized by intervals with reversed fractionation trends caused by repeated influxes of pristine magma (during periods of high magmatic activity) resulting in a high degree of rejuvenation. These intervals are overlain by others with a normal fractionation trend, interpreted as cumulates formed in periods with low or no magmatic activity, in which fractional crystallization controlled bulk composition of the evolving liquid. The Lower Zone in the NG-sequence is dominated by a progressive shift towards more primitive compositions, while in the Critical Zone fractionation was the major operating process in the magma chamber. However, during deposition of the pyroxenitic lower Critical Zone several replenishment events occurred, during which fresh Cr-rich magma was emplaced. Massive chromitite layers were deposited after mixing between the newly emplaced magma and the resident residual liquid shifted bulk compositions into the primary field of chrome-spinel. Cumulus plagioclase crystallized after bulk composition of the residual liquid was driven to the orthopyroxene plagioclase cotectic by continued fractional crystallization; this occurred once in the Lower Zone, yielding a single, thin norite layer, and again in the upper Critical Zone of the NG-sequence. A facies model is proposed based on the stratigraphic and compositional variations along strike in the Western Bushveld Complex. This model explains the variations by means of the position of the sequence with regard to a feeder system. The olivine- and orthopyroxene-rich, but plagioclase-poor NG-sequence represents the proximal facies, while the SF-sequence (poor in ferromagnesian phases, but plagioclase-rich) is developed as a distal facies, close to the Brits graben.
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Nahas, Elizabeth Leila. "Physical processes controlling circulation and frontal zones in Shark Bay, Western Australia." University of Western Australia. Centre for Water Research, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0011.
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Shark Bay is a large inverse estuary, located in Western Australia. It has a number of unique habitats that support important species. The dynamics of circulation in Shark Bay have an influence on the species that inhabit the region, on small, local scales as well as on large Bay-wide scales. Numerical modeling and field data were used to examine small-scale dynamics in relation to an important recreational fish, pink snapper (Pagrus auratus). Icthyoplankton surveys collected and recorded egg density in regions where snapper are found. A barotropic three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was coupled with a two-dimensional Lagrangian particle-tracking program to simulate the passive transport of eggs through regions where spawning is known to occur. Circulation modeling results indicated residual flows on small scales that served to retain the eggs in the region where they were originally spawned. Results corroborate genetic work on adult snapper, which found no evidence intermixing of populations in Shark Bay. The numerical model was then further refined to run in a baroclinic mode. Simulations of salinity and temperature gradients were used to recreate frontal systems in Shark Bay. Frontal regions divide the Bay into a northern and a southern section as well as separate it from the ocean. Application of an analytical method for calculating front locations was consistent with the observed results and indicated that the primary forces determining frontal locations in the Bay are tides and gravitational circulation. Winds are a secondary influence, and solar heating is minimal in influence
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Crawley, Karen Ruth. "Detached macrophyte accumulations in surf zones: Significance of macrophyte type and volume in supporting secondary production." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1744.
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Detached macrophytes (sea grass and macroalgae) are transported from more offshore areas and accumulate in large volumes in surf zones, where they are commonly called wrack. In coastal regions in other parts of the world, wrack transported from one habitat to a second habitat can be considered as a "spatial subsidy" for the recipient habitat with significant consequences for community dynamics and food webs. The primary aim of this study was to determine the significance of the different components of wrack (i.e. sea grass and brown, red and green algae) as a direct and indirect food source and habitat for invertebrates and fish in surf zones of south-western Australia. The importance of different volumes of surf zone wrack to determining fish abundance and composition was also investigated. These aims were achieved by examining the food and habitat preference of invertebrates and the habitat preference of fish through laboratory trials and field experiments. Gut content analysis was used to examine the importance of wrack-associated invertebrates as a food source for fish, while stable isotope analysis (carbon, nitrogen and sulfur) and lipid analysis (lipid class and fatty acid composition) were conducted on macrophytes, amphipods and fish to determine the source of nutrients and energy. The composition of surf zone wrack in the region comprises large quantities of seagrass, then brown and red algae, with negligible quantities of green algae. Allorchestes compressa, the dominant macroinvertebrate in surf zone wrack, showed a preference for consuming brown algae over other macrophyte types. Similarly, stable isotope analysis from some locations and fatty acid analyses indicated that A. compressa assimilates nutrients predominantly from brown algae. The influence of brown algae on secondary production extends to second-order consumers. Allorchestes compressa was the major prey of juveniles of the cobbler Cnidoglanis macrocephalus and the sea trumpeter Pelsartia humeralis, the main fish species in surf zone wrack accumulations in the region. Detached brown algae therefore contributes most to the detached macrophyte - amphipod - fish trophic pathway in the surf zones, and thus drives secondary production in these regions and provides a crucial link between coastal ecosystems. Detached macrophytes also provide an important, but transient, habitat for invertebrates and fish in south-western Australia. Under laboratory conditions, Allorchestes compressa showed a strong preference for inhabiting seagrasses over macroalgae, iii however in situ caging experiments showed that A. compressa has a strong preference for brown algae, red algae or a mixture of macrophytes, but tended to avoid seagrass. Therefore, A. compressa showed a clear preference for different types of detached macrophytes as a habitat, with seagrass ranking below other types of macrophyte under field conditions. In contrast, neither Cnidoglanis macrocephalus or Pelsartia humeralis showed a preference for inhabiting different types of detached macrophytes as a habitat, but showed a strong positive influence by increasing volumes of wrack The species composition, densities and biomass of fish, which were dominated by juveniles, were strongly influenced by increasing volume of wrack in surf zones of south-western Australia. This study has shown that both the type and volume of detached macrophytes transported from more offshore regions subsidizes consumers and plays a crucial role in supporting secondary production in less productive surf-zone habitats of south-western Australia. The removal of large amounts of wrack from nearshore areas could have a detrimental impact on the biodiversity or abundance of macroinvertebrate and fish populations, which rely on wrack for food and shelter.
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Heibel, Yule Frederike. "In the fifth zone : abstract painting, modernism, and cultural discourse in the western zones of Germany after World War II." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26486.
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After the de-feat of Hitler Germany in 1945, modernist painting in a non-geometric, largely abstract style took hold in the western occupied zones of the country (1945-49), and flourished for all intents and purposes unchallenged as the foremost established style of painting during the early years of the Federal Republic of Germany (1949 through the 1950s). Most art historical scholarship to date posits this phenomenon in one of two modes: 1. Germany, enthralled by barbarism for twelve years, in the west opened its eyes to the modern painting of its European neighbors and of the United States, and via studious application, managed to catch up to those allegedly pre-existant standards; or, 2. Western Germany became a pawn of the United States in its Cold War struggle with the Soviet Union and its art "reflects" this.
In contrast, my thesis shows that these views, while "tidying up" the contradictions of the period, in the final analysis are untenable since: 1. A static standard or "norm" of modernist painting had nowhere in Europe survived intact the upheavals of the earlier portion of the twentieth century— and in particular of the war; 2. The initial postwar period, from c.1945/46 through to 1948/49, cannot be described as a period of cultural "Americanization" because US cultural policy itself was at this time far from univocal ; and 3. Within Germany, many cultural opponents of Nazism, people who had been proponents of advanced art before the National Socialist period, were actively involved in forging a renewed culture of modernism. Far from being passive recipients, these artists, writers, and intellectuals were helping to create the new index of postwar modernism.
Creating this new index took place within the context of great political and social insecurity within Germany as well as within Europe generally, and it took place within the context of renewed international—in particular Franco-German—co-operation. These conditions in turn affected the articulation of advanced art. My thesis then also suggests answers to the question of why the particular style of abstraction based on subverting form, rejecting non-objective painting, and employing archaic and primitive motifs, whilst eschewing all forms of didacticism or other direct address to the viewer, should become the preferred style of advanced painting in West Germany. The discussion includes the artists Willi Baumeister, Fritz Winter, E.W.Nay, Theodor Werner, Heinz Trflkes, and others. To answer these questions and to prove my conclusions, I employ a method of investigation based on a close reading of the critical texts relating to art and culture produced during this period, in particular as found in art magazines like Das Kunstwerk; a comparative analysis of concurrent developments in France and the US, notably similar questionings of traditional high modernism by French "informel" and "art autre" styles; and a re-examination of political movements and tendencies in postwar Germany which today have been largely forgotten, especially those socialist movements which strived for a unified and non-aligned Europe. The underlying assumption throughout is that the postwar period prior to c.1958/52 in western Germany was one of surprising cultural vitality and ferment which was, however, largely eclipsed by the more familiar image of an economically resurgent, artistically more complacent, and supposedly Americanized West Germany in the 1950s.Arts, Faculty of
Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of
Graduate
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Khazaradze, Giorgi. "Tectonic deformation in western Washington State from global positioning system measurements /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6841.
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Bauer, Karolina. "Diazotrophy and diversity of benthic cyanobacteria in tropical coastal zones." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Botany, Stockholm university, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6572.
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Vice, Garrett S. "Structural controls of the Astor Pass-Terraced Hills geothermal system in a region of strain transfer in the western Great Basin, northwestern Nevada." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1456425.
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Fiaschetti, Aaron A. "Assessment of ground water exchange in two stream channels and associated riparian zones, Jocko Valley, western Montana." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03012007-100218/.
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Ryan, Robert J. "The integration of nature conservation and community development in Nepal's protected natural areas and buffer zones." View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/38992.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)-- University of Western Sydney, 2008.A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Natural Sciences, College of Health and Science. Includes bibliographies.
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Kalbfleisch, Netasha. "Crustal-scale Shear Zones Recording 400 m.y. of Tectonic Activity in the North Caribou Greenstone Belt, Western Superior Province of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23308.
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A series of crustal-scale shear zones demarcates the northern and eastern margins of the North Caribou greenstone belt (NCGB), proximal to a Mesoarchean terrane boundary in the core of the western Superior Province of Canada. The dominant deformation produced a pervasive steeply dipping fabric that trends broadly parallel to the doubly arcuate shape of the belt and was responsible for tight folding the banded iron formation host to Goldcorp’s prolific gold deposit at Musselwhite mine. The shear zones in the North Caribou greenstone belt are of particular interest because of their ability to channel hydrothermal fluids with the potential to bear ore and cause alteration of the middle to shallow crust. Shear zones are commonly reactivated during subsequent tectonism, but exhibit a consistent and dominant dextral shear sense across the belt; fabric-forming micas and chlorite are generally Mg-rich. Although garnets samples from within the shear zones are dominantly almandine, they possess variable geochemical trends (HREEs of >2 orders of magnitude) and can be syn-, intra-, or post-tectonic in origin. In situ geochronological analysis of zircon (U-Pb) and monazite (total-Pb) in high strain rocks in and around the NCGB, interpreted in light of in situ geochemical analysis of garnet and fabric-forming micas and chlorite, reveals four relatively discrete events that span 400 million years. Metamorphism of the mid-crust was coeval with magmatism during docking of the Island Lake domain at c. 2.86 Ga and subsequent terrane accretion at the north and south margins of the North Caribou Superterrane from c. 2.75 to 2.71 Ga. Transpressive shear at c. 2.60 to 2.56 Ga and late re-activation of shear zones at c. 2.44 Ga produced a steeply-dipping pervasive fabric, and channeled fluids for late crystallization of garnet and monazite recorded in the Markop Lake deformation zone. These observations implicate a horizontal tectonic model similar to the modern eastern Pacific plate margin. Further, this study highlights the caution that should be exercised when using traditional rock forming metamorphic minerals (mica, chlorite, garnet) when attempting to vector into zones of hydrothermal alteration within midcrustal rocks.
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Rosenbaum, Gideon. "Tectonic reconstruction of the Alpine orogen in the western Mediterranean region." Monash University, School of Geosciences, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9481.
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Beyene, Abera Hailu. "Adoption of improved tef and wheat production technologies in a crop-livestock mixed systems in northern and western Shewa zones of Ethiopia." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06092008-133248/.
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Hinchey, John Glenn. "The geology and palladium mineralization of the southern Roby, Twilight, and High Grade zones of the Lac des Iles Mine, western Superior province of Canada." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29220.
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The Lac des Iles Pd mine is hosted by 2.69 Ga. gabbroic rocks of the Lac des Iles Intrusive Complex in the southern Wabigoon subprovince, Superior province of Canada. Economic mineralization, ∼ 159 Mt at 1.55 g/t Pd before major mining in 2001, occurs in the Roby zone of the Mine Block Intrusion. The southern Roby and Twilight zones contain gabbroic/gabbronoritic intrusions with complicated textures, such as brecciation and magma mingling. Ore has low concentrations of sulphide (∼ 1-3 vol. %) and high Pd/Pt of ∼8-10. Detailed mapping and geochemical analysis of the southern Roby and Twilight Zones indicate that early leucocratic rocks are barren and that the bulk of the platinum group elements (PGE) were introduced by late melanocratic magmas. Sulphur correlates positively with base and precious metals. In addition to exsolution of pentlandite and chalcopyrite from pyrrhotite, the data suggests a magmatic origin of the PGE where immiscible sulphide melt concentrated PGE.
Fractionation of olivine, chromite, and high temperature platinum group minerals likely resulted in high concentrations of Pt-group PGE/Ir-group PGE in the parental magmas. Extreme enrichment of Pd and high Pd/Pt ratios in the late melanocratic magmas is interpreted to be due to incorporation of earlier formed sulphide melt.
The High Grade Zone, on the eastern margin of the Roby Zone, contains only ∼7 vol. % of the Roby Zone but hosts ∼ 35% of the Pd at the mine. The zone is intensely altered and contains two mineral assemblages: (a) millerite + siegenite +/- chalcopyrite +/- pyrite co-existing with hornblende + plagioclase +/- quartz +/- carbonate, and (b) pyrite +/- chalcopyrite with chlorite + actinolite +/- albite +/-quartz +/- carbonate. The ore is high in Pd and Pd/Pt (mean of 16.5; max. 25) compared to the southern Roby and Twilight zones. Although plots of S versus Se and base and precious metals show scatters, positive correlations are observed for Se versus Te and less mobile elements, such as Pt, Ni and Co. The data suggest that magmatic mineralization was followed by hydrothermal transport of mobile elements. Hydrothermal activity enriched the zone by up to 40 ppm Pd. The lack of fluid pathways and the distribution of the zone adjacent to mineralized breccia are consistent with magmatic-hydrothermal activity by aqueous fluids exsolved from the parental magmas of the Roby zone.
Geochemical and Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope compositions from the Mine Block Intrusion suggest that the parental magmas were derived through high degrees of partial melting of a previously metasomatized depleted mantle source. The Lac des Iles Intrusion, as well as the surrounding mafic/ultramafic and sanukitoid suite of intrusions, display subduction influenced geochemical signatures, such as negative HFSE and enriched LILE. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Consultants, SWCA Environmental, of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Bureau, Richard W. Stoffle, Vlack Kathleen A. Van, Hannah Johnson, Phillip Dukes, Sola Stephanie De, and Kristen Simmons. "Ethnographic and Class I Records Searches for Proposed Solar Energy Zones in California, Nevada, and Utah for the Bureau of Land Management’s Solar Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement." SWCA Environmental Consultants, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276234.
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The United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) National Operations Center obtained American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 funding to conduct an ethnographic overview of select proposed solar energy zones (SEZs) to augment the research that had been conducted for the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Solar Development in Six Southwestern States (Draft Solar PEIS). The objective of this project was to solicit tribal identification of traditional cultural properties and sacred landscapes, religious and traditional use sites, significant ethnobotanical resources, other sensitive or significant resources (including visual), and tribal perspectives on the direct and indirect effects of solar energy development through oral interviews and on-site visits to proposed SEZs in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah. SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) was selected to perform this work, assisted by the University of Arizona’s Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology (BARA).
As the project progressed, the list of participating tribes was modified to accommodate changing tribal needs and requests. When the tribe that had requested to participate in an ethnographic study for three of the California SEZs (Imperial East, Iron Mountain, and Riverside East) was unable to participate, the scope of the project was modified. In the Draft Solar PEIS, the high cost of conducting Class I archaeological records searches for the four California SEZs had precluded that research; the current project was modified from ethnographic interviews to a Class I records search for all four California SEZs (Imperial East, Iron Mountain, Pisgah, and Riverside East) by SWCA. BARA conducted ethnographic studies for Amargosa Valley, Delamar Valley, Dry Lake, East Mormon Mountain, Gold Point, and Millers in Nevada (inclement weather prevented visits to Dry Lake Valley North), and for Escalante Valley, Milford Flats South, and Wah Wah Valley in Utah.
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Ryan, Robert J. "The integration of nature conservation and community development in Nepal's protected natural areas and buffer zones." Thesis, View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/38992.
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This thesis has endeavoured to enhance the knowledge and effectiveness of integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) as a model for the management of conservation areas and the buffer zones to national parks and reserves in Nepal. ICDPs evolved as it was recognised that the Western model of protected natural area management imposed costs on poor rural communities in developing countries and often failed to achieve nature conservation objectives. The ICDP concept was questioned when, after many years of mostly development effort in several developing countries, ICDPs did not provide an appropriate contribution to nature conservation. An ICDP in Nepal that provided considerable benefit to local people and greatly enhanced nature conservation is provided to establish that the ICDP concept is valid. The question that initiated this research was why some ICDPs fail to contribute to nature conservation while others are successful. The ICDP process is based on the assumption that the welfare of people who rely on resources from within protected natural areas is central to the pursuit of nature conservation and has priority in that nature conservation objectives can only be achieved where the wellbeing of local people and their access to the resources they require has been assured. The establishment of a nature conservation estate in developing countries is both an ecological problem and a social problem. The social problem is one of poverty. ICDPs in Nepal’s protected natural areas have been studied using qualitative research methods and a contextual constructionist approach that is central to the study of social problems. The evidence suggests that ICDP agencies have accepted assumptions that sustainable development and poverty alleviation will lead to the conservation of biodiversity. This thesis argues that sustainable resource use can not ensure the conservation of biodiversity yet paradoxically the sustainable use of resources in one place may lead to biodiversity conservation in more remote places where human impact is minimal. The variables associated with different settings are such that the outcomes of interventions designed to achieve ICDP objectives are not always predictable. The research suggests that assumptions about the outcomes of interventions should be treated with caution. Monitoring interventions can help ensure the desired outcomes are achieved but ICDP intervention monitoring in Nepal has been neglected. Numerous reports and evaluations detail input and effort rather than outcomes. The results include a recommendation to apply the principles of action research and adoption of a structured process for monitoring and evaluation of progress towards clearly stated objectives for the project and for individual interventions.
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Hubínek, Jakub. "Zvláštní ekonomické zóny v Číně - Shenzhen a nově zřizované zóny ve střední a západní Číně." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201990.
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Special economic zones are one of the tools utilized by Chinese government to stimulate the growth of local economy, especially through foreign investment. This thesis is focused on special economic zone in Shenzhen and on use of special economic zones for development of inland provinces of China in recent years, which are lagging in economic development in comparison with the developed provinces on the eastern coast. Western development plan is demonstrated on the example of the province of Xinjiang. The thesis further sumarizes bow is the approach to establishment of special economic zones changing in recent years, compared to the period of early 1980s.
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Dao, Thi Hoa Hong Verfasser], Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hölscher, Christian [Gutachter] Ammer, Holger [Gutachter] Kreft, and Achim [Gutachter] Dohrenbusch. "Threatened tree species across conservation zones in a nature reserve of North-Western Vietnam / Thi Hoa Hong Dao ; Gutachter: Christian Ammer, Holger Kreft, Achim Dohrenbusch ; Betreuer: Dirk Hölscher." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1128400634/34.
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De, Caluwe Nicolas. "Etude préliminaire sur les possibilités d'utilisation des images du capteur AVHRR des satellites atmosphériques de la NOAA pour la détection des zones brûlées dans les Ghâts occidentaux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210765.
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Doherty, Shannon Joele. "Spatio-temporal Patterns in Beaver Pond Complexes as Habitat for Eastern Spotted Newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) in a Hemlock-northern-hardwood Zone in Western New York State." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1452091312.
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Bellanger, Mathieu. "Raccourcissement alpin du massif des Ecrins : cinématique, calendrier tectonique et conditions pression-température." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2080/document.
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Cette étude de terrain du massif des Ecrins (Alpes Occidentales, zone externe) montre que le raccourcissement Alpin est essentiellement accommodé dans le socle par des zones de cisaillement inverse top-vers-l'ouest ductile-fragile (probablement localisé par la présence de demi-graben) ainsi que par les nappes de charriage de la Meije et du Combeynot à l'Est du massif. Les failles normales N-S ne semblent pas avoir été réactivées. Ces zones de cisaillement sont caractérisées par une phengitisation des feldspaths le long de bandes anastomosées dont la géométrie traduit un gradient de déformation qui permet d'expliquer la formation des "plis de socle" soulignée par la géométrie des téguments de Trias. Les températures maximum d'enfouissement liées au charriage des unités internes sont proches de l'isotherme 335°C pour un gradient géothermique compris entre 20 et 25°C.km-1 depuis Bourg d'Oisans au Front Pennique. Les zones de cisaillement ont été datées entre 33 et 25 Ma (40Ar/39Ar sur phengites syn-cinématiques), ce qui suggère qu'elles ont été initiées très tôt après l'enfouissement de la zone externe qui débute vers 34Ma. Les phyllonites présentent des âges plus jeunes que les mylonites, ce qui traduit une localisation de la déformation le long de ces bandes anastomosées de faible résistance entre 30 et 25Ma. Le raccourcissement NO-SE observé le long du Front Pennique semble synchrone des déformations E-O à NESO du massif des Ecrins. La présence d'une zone de cisaillement transpressive senestre diffuse entre le massif des Ecrins et les Alpes Ligures, issu de la réactivation d'une zone de transfert Liasique, permettrait d'expliquer en partie la cinématique d'édification Oligocène des Alpes Occidentales. Au Miocène, la déformation se localise le long d'un plan de chevauchement sous le massif de Belledonne, donnant naissance au Vercors, ainsi que le long du Front Pennique réactivé en faille normaleThis field-based study of the Ecrins massif (Western Alps, external zone) show that the Alpine shortening is accomodated within the basement by brittle-ductile top-to-the-west reverse shear zones (probably localized by half-graben) as well as by the thrust sheets of La Meije and Combeynot to the east of the massif. The N-S normal fault do not seems to be reactivated. These shear zones are characterized by a phengitisation of feldspars along anastomosing planes whose geometry reflect a strain gradient which explain the "basement folds" formation underlined by the geometry of Triassic teguments. The maximum temperatures reach by the cover, due to the burial under the internal nappes are close to the isotherms 335°C for a geothermal gradient close to 20-25°C.km-1 from Bourg d'Oisans to the Penninic Frontal Thrust (PFT). The shear zones were dated between 33 to 25 Ma (40Ar/39Ar on syn-kinematics phengites), suggesting that they were initiated slightly after the burial which start close to 34 Ma. The phyllonites show younger ages than mylonite; that argue a localization of the deformation along these anastomosing planes between 30 to 25Ma and traduce a weak crust. The NW-Se shortening observed alonf the PFT seems to be coeval with the E-W to NE-SW shortening of the Ecrins massif. A sinistrial transpressive diffuse shear zones between the Ecrins massif and the Ligurian Alps, which is probably a reactivated Liassic transfer zone, can explaina part of the Oligocene building kinematics of the Western Alps. During Miocence, the deformation is localized along a crustal thrust under the Belledonne massif, which has given the Vercors massif, and along the PFT, reactivated as a normal fault
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Gunawardene, Nihara. "Arid zone ant communities of Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1178.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is prepared in three parts; the first part is a study of the ant species of the southern Carnarvon Basin, which was undertaken in order to determine the patterns of ant species distribution in this arid zone area. The distribution patterns were looked at in terms of biogeographical regions and they demonstrated the transitional nature of this particular area. Recommendations to alter the border between the South-west Province and the Eremaean Province were supported. The next chapter of this thesis analysed ant species from long unburnt and burnt areas of three main vegetation types (two Triodia species grasslands and Acacia aneura woodlands) in the Gibson Desert Nature Reserve. This study was carried out to observe the recovery of ant populations after fire. The results provided further evidence that invertebrates are measurably impacted by fire in the arid zone. The final chapter is a comparison of these two arid zone studies with six other ant community studies from throughout Western Australia. It demonstrated the uniqueness of some arid zone sites as well as related each study to each other according to their ant communities.
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Gunawardene, Nihara. "Arid zone ant communities of Western Australia." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Environmental Biology, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16212.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is prepared in three parts; the first part is a study of the ant species of the southern Carnarvon Basin, which was undertaken in order to determine the patterns of ant species distribution in this arid zone area. The distribution patterns were looked at in terms of biogeographical regions and they demonstrated the transitional nature of this particular area. Recommendations to alter the border between the South-west Province and the Eremaean Province were supported. The next chapter of this thesis analysed ant species from long unburnt and burnt areas of three main vegetation types (two Triodia species grasslands and Acacia aneura woodlands) in the Gibson Desert Nature Reserve. This study was carried out to observe the recovery of ant populations after fire. The results provided further evidence that invertebrates are measurably impacted by fire in the arid zone. The final chapter is a comparison of these two arid zone studies with six other ant community studies from throughout Western Australia. It demonstrated the uniqueness of some arid zone sites as well as related each study to each other according to their ant communities.
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Saccò, Mattia. "Functional ecology of calcrete aquifers in arid zone Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/80356.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the ecology of an arid zone calcrete through an interdisciplinary design composed of multivariate analyses, hydrology, isotopic ecology and genetics. Our results indicate that the biotic community (microbes and stygofauna) is closely linked to the hydrodynamic conditions influenced by different rainfall regimes. The inflow of rainfall triggered shifts towards more deterministic dynamics, revealing a complex web of interactions. This investigation provides crucial untangling of the ecological dynamics regulating biotic communities in groundwaters.
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Fisher, Eric Alan. "Cellular Seismology Analysis of the Western United States: Comparing and Contrasting the San Andreas Transform Zone, the Cascadia Subduction Zone, and the Western Intraplate Hinterland Region." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107402.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis advisor: Alan KafkaThesis advisor: Seth Kruckenberg
The western United States (WUS) is an area of high seismic activity. The Juan de Fuca, Pacific, and North American plates all meet in this area, resulting in zones of subduction and strike-slip faulting, as well as other styles of faulting, all of which make it prone to frequent, as well as large magnitude earthquakes. In this study the WUS encompasses the area between 30° to 52°N and 110° to 131°W. The diverse seismicity and tectonics of the area makes the study of seismo-tectonic processes in the WUS important not only in terms of basic geoscience, but also in terms of earthquake hazards. Understanding earthquake processes in this region is critical because of the potential for devastating earthquakes to occur along the Pacific-Juan de Fuca-North American plate boundary system. Large WUS earthquakes do not, however, only occur along these plate boundaries. They can also happen in intraplate environments within the WUS. The WUS includes three distinct tectonic regions for which this study compares and contrasts characteristics of seismic activity: the Cascadia subduction region, the San Andreas strike-slip region, and a continental extension/intraplate region to the east of the major plate boundaries referred to here as the “Western Intraplate Hinterland Region”. To help make these comparisons, the method of “Cellular Seismology” (CS; Kafka, 2002, 2007), is used here to investigate similarities and differences in the extent to which past earthquakes delineate zones where future earthquakes are likely to occur in the WUS and its various tectonic sub-regions. The results of this study show that while there seems to be a “signal” of CS predictability being dependent on tectonic region, that signal is subtle in most cases, meaning that there is not a significant difference in the level of CS predictability between the regions stated here. This means we can apply CS predictability studies widely across different regions, however, it also counterintuitively suggests that tectonic understanding of a region does not necessarily elucidate how well past seismicity predicts spatial patterns of earthquakes in a region
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Clews, Jean E. "The Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of the Ionian Zone, Western Greece." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261440.
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Welch, Peter W. "Petrology of the Taconian-Acadian Overlap Zone, Hartland Belt, Western Connecticut." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43873.
Full textAbstract:
Cameron's Line in western Connecticut and its equivalents in western Massachusetts and Vermont mark a major tectonic boundary in the New England Appalachians and are considered by many to delineate the trace of the Taconian suture zone. The Cambro-Ordovician Ratlum Mountain and Rowe Formations lie to the east of Cameron's Line in western Connecticut. Mineral equilibria and compositional zoning studies for pelitic units of the Ratlum Mountain and Rowe Formations indicate that garnet porphyroblast rims equilibrated with matrix minerals at P-T conditions that are consistent with an Acadian (Devonian) metamorphic field gradient for this area. P-T conditions were calculated by simultaneously solving for a geothermometer and a geothermobarometer in low-variance assemblages. All of the possible equilibria for each sample were then calculated using an internally consistent thermodynamic database with the software TWEEQU (thermobarometry with estimations of equilibria). Both of these methods produced consistent results with peak P-T conditions of 575-650 ° C and 6-9 kbars.
Wavelength dispersive X-ray compositional images (WDS images) along with quantitative traverses for major (Fe, Mg, Mn and Ca) elements were collected for garnet porphyroblasts in each of the samples. Trace (Y, P, Sc, Ti and Cr) element WDS images and quantitative traverses were then collected for representative samples. Petrographic observations coupled with WDS compositional imaging show that early garnet porphyroblasts have been modified either by overgrowths of biotite and chlorite or by a second phase of garnet growth. For those garnets that show two phases of growth, compositional images reveal patchy Ca content in rounded overgrowths surrounding more homogeneous euhedral cores. This is consistent with a second phase of growth of garnet at higher pressure accompanied by anorthite breakdown. Yttrium compositional images for these sample show a very narrow band of Y enrichment that lies just inside these high-Ca overgrowths. Garnets that have been overgrown by biotite have compositional images and quantitative traverses indicative of continuous prograde growth with minor resetting of chemistry along garnet rims. These overgrowths are thought to be the result of the compositionally complex continuous reaction,
Grt + Ms -> An + Bt.
Although Y images for these samples show a similar narrow band of Y enrichment, in these samples this band of enrichment lies within a few microns of the garnet rim. Biotite overgrowths truncate compositional zoning for both major and trace elements and therefore postdates porphyroblast growth. Compositional images for these samples generally show euhedral zoning patterns suggesting that diffusion was very limited both during and after growth.
Peak P-T conditions are consistent with previously documented conditions for this region in that they suggest a predominantly Acadian metamorphic signature. There is strong evidence that garnet porphyroblast cores predate these overgrowth textures and thus may represent a resetting of Taconian garnet cores with matrix minerals during the Acadian. Maximum P-T conditions (600 ° C and 9 kbars) were obtained from a sample collected in close proximity to Cameron's Line. If these P-T conditions represent the thermal maximum accompanying Acadian metamorphism then there is likely also some resetting of mineral assemblages to the west of Cameron's Line.Master of Science
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Wise, Erika Kristine. "Streamflow and the Climate Transition Zone in the Western United States." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195178.
Full textAbstract:
Hydroclimatic variability in the western United States (the West) is characterized by a north-south dipole pattern of precipitation and streamflow variance, with centers of opposite association in the Pacific Northwest and the Desert Southwest. These dipole centers tend to react in opposite fashion to tropical Pacific Ocean conditions, and the resulting contrast in precipitation variability is an important component of Western climate. Teleconnection impacts are not as well understood in the transition zone separating the centers of opposite association, located primarily within the semi-arid Intermountain West. This leads to low hydroclimatic predictive capacity in the transition zone region, an area that is extremely important for water supply in the West. In this dissertation, I examine paleohydroclimatic variability in this region using dendrochronology, investigate recent variability through a synoptic climatology approach, and assess future conditions based on climate change projections.Overall, this dissertation's findings confirm that the transition zone region is highly vulnerable to extremes in hydroclimatic variability and underscore the need for improved predictive capacity in the region. In the Snake River headwaters, low- to mid-elevation Pseudotsuga menziesii trees are the strongest recorders of winter precipitation, a vital component of water supply, and the season of precipitation impacting growth is a major component of the overall variability between tree-ring sites in the region. The 415-year reconstruction of Snake River streamflow indicates that extended droughts, more severe than those recorded in the instrumental period, have occurred in the pre-instrumental past. Streamflow in the upper Snake River is strongly linked to Pacific Ocean conditions and sensitive to storm track position. The West's precipitation dipole has a surprisingly narrow transition zone that has shifted in its location over time in some areas but has remained remarkably stationary across Nevada and Utah. Projected climate changes - including warmer temperatures, changing seasonality, reduced snowpack, and changes in the storm track position - highlight the importance of understanding climate-water linkages for future water resource management.
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Snyder, Chad. "Enantioseparation of Alkylaryl Sulfoxides Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis." TopSCHOLAR®, 1999. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/3040.
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Alkylaryl sulfoxides possess a chiral sulfur atom easily identifiable by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). Separation of chiral alkylaryl sulfoxides has already been accomplished by modified method of CZE known as micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). However, no articles have been published on the enantioseparation of alkylaryl sulfoxides using capillary zone electrophoresis.
A series of sulfoxides were synthesized, purified and identified via NMR. Enantioseparation was performed using CZE employing a 10 mmol. Phosphate buffer (pH 4.0, 25% acetonitrile, 2% sulfated-β-cyclodextrin). Synthesis of these sulfoxides will be presented along with the results of the procedure’s optimization. Separation of the sulfoxide enanitomers relies on the partitioning between the chiral additive (sulfated-β-cyclodextrin) and buffer solution.
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Klinka, Karel. "Forest floor dynamics across a chronosequence in the coastal western hemlock zone." Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/653.
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The forest floor represents the uppermost organic and organicenriched mineral soil horizons. They have been formed by the deposition of organic material and the subsequent biologically mediated
decomposition. The forest floor influences rooting-zone temperature, aeration, moisture, and nutrient conditions, and hence, forest productivity. Considering the importance of the forest floor, and the fact that it is exposed to disturbance (being the surface layer), we need to assess the potential impacts our logging practices may have.
Clearcutting, one of the contentious silvicultural practices used in British Columbia, is imputed to most adversely affect ecosystems and sustainability. We assessed the long-term impact of clearcutting
on the forest floor by documenting changes in the thickness, chemical and biotic properties of the humus form across a chronosequence of forest stands. The study was located in the largest and most representative portion of the coastal rainforest the Very Wet Maritime Coastal Western Hemlock (CWHvm) subzone.
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Pires, Ana Cordeiro. "Modeling the Western Iberian margin circulation: present and future." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12191.
Full textAbstract:
Doutoramento em FísicaThe purpose of this work is to carry out a comprehensive study on the Western Iberian Margin (WIM) circulation my means of numerical modeling, and to postulate what this circulation will be in the future. The adopted approach was the development of a regional ocean model configuration with high resolution, capable of reproducing the largeand small-scale dynamics of the coastal transition zone. Four numerical experiences were carried out according to these objectives: (1) a climatological run, in order to study the system’s seasonal behavior and its mean state; (2) a run forced with real winds and fluxes for period 2001-2011 in order to study the interannual variability of the system; (3) a run forced with mean fields from Global Climate Models (GCMs) for the present, in order to validate GCMs as adequate forcing for regional ocean modeling; (4) a similar run (3) for period 2071-2100, in order to assess possible consequences of a future climate scenario on the hydrography and dynamics of the WIM. Furthermore, two Lagrangian particle studies were carried out: one in order to trace the origin of the upwelled waters along the WIM; the other in order to portrait the patterns of larval dispersal, accumulation and connectivity. The numerical configuration proved to be adequate in the reproduction of the system’s mean state, seasonal characterization and an interannual variability study. There is prevalence of poleward flow at the slope, which coexists with the upwelling jet during summer, although there is evidence of its shifting offshore, and which is associated with the Mediterranean Water flow at deeper levels, suggesting a barotropic character. From the future climate scenario essay, the following conclusions were drawn: there is general warming and freshening of upper level waters; there is still poleward tendency, and despite the upwellingfavorable winds strengthening in summer the respective coastal band becomes more restricted in width and depth. In what concerns larval connectivity and dispersion along the WIM, diel vertical migration was observed to increase recruitment throughout the domain, and while smooth coastlines are better suppliers, there is higher accumulation where the topography is rougher.
O objectivo deste trabalho é realizar um estudo abrangente da circulação na Margem Ibérica Ocidental (WIM) através da modelação numérica, e postular sobre como essa circulação será no futuro. A abordagem adoptada foi o desenvolvimento de uma configuração regional de alta resolução num modelo oceânico, capaz de reproduzir a dinâmica de larga e pequena escala na zona de transição costeira. Quatro experiências numéricas foram efectuadas para este efeito: (1) uma corrida climatológica, a fim de estudar o comportamento sazonal do sistema e caracterizar o estado médio; (2) uma corrida forçada com ventos e fluxos reais para o período de 2001-2011, a fim de estudar a variabilidade inter-anual do sistema; (3) uma corrida forçada com campos médios de modelos climáticos globais (GCMs) para o presente, a fim de validar GCMs como forçamento adequado para modelação oceânica regional; (4) semelhante à corrida (3) para o período 2071-2100, a fim de avaliar possíveis consequências de um cenário climático futuro na hidrografia e dinâmica da WIM. Para além disso, foram realizados dois estudos com partículas Lagrangianas: um a fim de traçar a origem das águas afloradas ao longo da WIM; outro a fim de retratar os padrões de dispersão, acumulação e conectividade larval. Constatou-se que a configuração numérica é adequada para a reprodução do estado médio do sistema, caracterização sazonal e estudo da variabilidade inter-anual. Concluiu-se que há prevalência de escoamento para o polo junto à vertente, fluxo este que co-existe com o jacto de afloramento no Verão, embora haja evidência do seu desvio para o largo, e que esta associado ao escoamento da Agua Mediterrânica nos níveis inferiores, sugerindo um caracter barotrópico. Da aplicação de um futuro cenário climático retiraram-se as seguintes conclusões: há um aquecimento e um decréscimo de salinidade generalizados nos níveis superiores; a tendência para o escoamento para o pólo mantém-se, e apesar da intensificação dos ventos favoráveis ao afloramento no Verão a respectiva banda costeira está mais restringida em largura e profundidade. No que diz respeito à conectividade e dispersão larval ao longo da WIM, observou-se que a migração vertical diurna aumenta o recrutamento em todo o domínio, e enquanto que as linhas de costa mais suaves são melhores fornecedores, há maior acumulação em zonas de topografia mais recortada.
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Allen, John Stefan. "PALEOGEOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTUION OF THE ST. LAWRENCE PROMONTORY, WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND." UKnowledge, 2009. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/732.
Full textAbstract:
Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian continental rifting related to the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia framed the continental margin of eastern Laurentia and the departing cratons around the opening Iapetus Ocean. The result of continental extension was the production of a zig-zag set of promontories and embayments on the eastern Laurentian margin defined by northeast-trending rift segments offset by northwesttrending transform faults.
The St. Lawrence promontory defines the Laurentian margin in western Newfoundland. There, Neoproterozoic-Carboniferous clastic, volcanic, and carbonate successions record protracted continental rifting and passive-margin thermal subsidence followed by destruction of the margin during the early, middle, and late Paleozoic Appalachian orogenic cycles. Palinspastic restoration of deformed Paleozoic strata by a set of balanced cross sections resolves the structure, stratigraphy, and timing of Paleozoic tectonic events on the St. Lawrence promontory. Synrift and post-rift subsidence profiles, as well as abrupt along-strike variations in the age, thickness, facies, and the palinspastically restored extent of synrift and post-rift stratigraphy, indicate the St. Lawrence promontory was founded upon a low-angle detachment rift system. Upperplate margins, lower-plate margins, and transform faults that bound zones of oppositely dipping low-angle detachments are recognized along specific segments of the promontory.
A detailed U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic detrital zircon study elucidates the identity of specific cratons conjugate to the St. Lawrence promontory in the pre-rift configuration of Rodinia. Approximately 510 zircons from 9 samples collected from basement and overlying Early Cambrian synrift rocks in Newfoundland were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS for U-Pb ages and Hf isotopic ratios. Synrift samples yielded ages ranging from 3605 Ma to 544 Ma with maximum age frequencies of 1000-1200 Ma (Grenville), 1350-1450 Ma (Pinware), and 2650-2800 Ma (Superior), while two basement samples yielded U-Pb ages of 1044 Ma and 1495 Ma. 177Hf/176Hf isotopic ratios of ca.1000 Ma, 1200 Ma, and 1400- 1600 Ma zircons from Newfoundland basement and synrift rocks are a close match to reported 177Hf/176Hf ratios for Baltican zircons of the same vintage, suggesting that Baltica was conjugate to the St. Lawrence promontory.
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Brown, Julie Louise. "Neoarchean evolution of the western-central Wabigoon boundary zone, Brightsand Forest Area, Ontario." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6451.
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The boundary between the western and central domains of the Wabigoon subprovince has been considered to represent a ca. 2.7 Ga suture between juvenile Neoarchean volcanic rocks in the west and granitoid rocks with Mesoarchean ancestry in the central Wabigoon. The nature and timing of interaction between these two terranes was examined southeast of the Sturgeon Lake greenstone belt within the central Wabigoon, where amphibolite-facies supracrustal remnants are dismembered by Neoarchean plutonic rocks and shear zones. Of the 4 preserved ductile deformation fabrics, D1 and D2 are bracketed by a 2718 +/- 7 Ma tonalite gneiss and crosscutting 2715 Ma tonalite dyke. The main penetrative S3 foliation affects most units, including quartz-rich sandstone deposited after 2701 Ma. A 2697 Ma granodiorite dyke cutting S3 in mafic and metasedimentary rocks provides a lower bracket on D3. Regional implications can be drawn from the observation of 2725--2715 Ma D1 and D2 deformation events in the central Wabigoon. These constraints overlap with an early deformation event in the Pipestone Lake area of the western Wabigoon (2727--2712 Ma; Edwards and Stauffer, 1999). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Aref, Ibrahim Mohammed Ibrahim. "Distribution and ecophysiology of Acacia species in south western zone of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14814.
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Trepmann, Claudia A. "Microstructural criteria for synseismic loading and postseismic creep in the uppermost plastosphere an example from the Sesia Zone, Western Alps /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968944159.
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Maier, Wolfgang Derek. "Geochemical and petrological trends in the UG2-Merensky unit interval of the upper critical zone in the Western Bushveld Complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005563.
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One of the most remarkable features of the layered sequence of the Bushveld Complex is its lateral consistency in lithology. This work has established a geochemical and lithological correlation along 170 km of strike of the interval between the UG2 chromitite and the Merensky Reef within the Upper Critical zone of the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The correlation is based on geochemical investigations of 10 borehole intersections and lithological comparisons of more than 20 borehole intersections around the western lobe of the complex. The basic data presented include 123 whole-rock analyses for major and 12 trace elements, 97 analyses for ' 12 trace elements, and ca. 5500 microprobe analyses of all major phases. Patterns of cryptic variation are established. Some layers (the UG2 chromitite and pyroxenite) show considerable consistency with regard to geochemistry and lithology. Others can be traced along most of the investigated strike length, such as the Lone Chrome Seam, the Footwall Marker anorthosite and the immediate anorthosite footwall to the Merensky Unit. Most of the distinguishable members within the study section, however, show great variation along strike (i.e., the Lower and Upper Pseudoreef Markers, the central noritic sequence in the southern arm of the western limb and parts of the immediate Merensky Reef footwall succession). Several models have been evaluated to interpret the geochemical and lithological data. The author comes to the conclusion that the degree of lithological consistency depends on the variability of magmatic parameters within different parts of the chamber. The most important of these parameters are: (i) the size of fresh primitive influxes and consequently the heat flux, (ii) the composition of the residual liquid, and (iii) the frequency of the influxes. Fresh influxes of more or less similar composition thus spread out along the floor if the residual liquid was less dense than the fresh primitive liquid, but intruded the chamber as a plume where plagioclase had crystallized for some time and the residual liquid had become relatively dense. The size of the influx may be regarded as a measure of the amount of heat flux from the feeder into the chamber. A large influx created uniform physicochemical conditions in the chamber whereas a smaller influx created a strong lateral gradient of physicochemical parameters in the chamber, with subsequent differences in viscosity, density, convection currents, yield strength and thus different mixing behaviour of different liquids. Furthermore, a persistent heat flux from the feeder may have delayed crystallization of successive phases in those parts of the chamber proximal to the feeder . Therefore, new influxes would have been deposited on a footwall of varying thickness and lithology in response to different degrees of crystallization and accumulation along strike. The development of a normal cyclic unit (chromititeharzburgite-pyroxenite-norite (+anorthosite?)) may thus have been interrupted at various stages in different parts of the chamber. The ability to correlate anorthosites over great strike distances implies that their formation did not follow entirely random processes but was dependent on specific magmatic conditions which prevailed over laterally extensive portions of the chamber at certain stages during the evolution of the crystallizing liquid.
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Stahr, Frederick R. "Transport and bottom boundary layer observations of the North Atlantic deep western boundary current at the Blake Outer Ridge /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10998.
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De, Keijzer Martin. "Tectonic evolution of the Teslin zone and the western Cassiar terrane, northern Canadian cordillera." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65455.pdf.
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De, Keijzer Martin. "Tectonic evolution of the Teslin zone and the western Cassiar terrane, northern Canadian cordillera." Thesis, University of New Brunswick, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1882/409.
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Walker, Thomas Bradley. "BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE WESTERN CENTRAL MAINE ZONE, SOUTH CENTRAL MASSACHUSETTS." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/1.
Full textAbstract:
Bedrock geology of the East Brookfield quadrangle (EBQ), based on new 1:24000 scale mapping, consists of an interfolded sequence of Rangeley Fm. and Paxton Fm. metasediments, intruded by Early Mississippian tonalitic to granitic orthogneisses and underlain in the western half by folded orthogneisses of unknown age. Pervasive flattening strains have created planar, generally NNE-SSW striking and consistent moderately west dipping foliations. Generally strike-parallel stretching lineations and boudinage structures, with rarer dip parallel stretching lineations, reflect extrusion of CMZ metasediments and orthogneisses with a flattening component. Mapping in the EBQ demonstrates that a transition between deformational mechanisms of the southern Central Maine Zone is located there. Evidence for previously mapped faults was not observed during mapping. Alternatively, map scale folds terminating in the East Brookfield quadrangle likely accommodated the across-strike shortening and repetition of lithologic units of the CMZ during Acadian orogenesis. Aeromagnetic patterns and outcrop data approximate a map scale, east-verging and west-dipping, shallowly north-plunging isoclinal fold consisting of interlayered mafic and felsic gneisses. Constrictional and flattening strains documented in the deformation features of the East Brookfield quadrangle suggest that it is located on/near the eastern margin of the zone of transpression approximated by the Bronson Hill gneiss domes. Outcrop- to meter-scale folds with hinge axes sub-parallel to parallel with regional lineations suggest constrictional deformation in a transpressional regime. Deformation features associated with map-scale folding, extrusion/extension, and flattening of CMZ lithologies in the East Brookfield quadrangle support a regime of transpressional deformation caused by oblique convergence of Avalonian terrane with Laurentia. U-Pb ages and outcrop structural relationships suggest that regional flattening and folding was syn- to late-orogenic in nature and Carboniferous or younger in age. All previous structural fabrics are transposed by late regional flattening. Lithologies of the East Brookfield quadrangle exemplify the nature of the Acadian granulite-facies high, displaying a peak metamorphic assemblage of Crd + Grt + Sil + Kfs that has undergone retrograde reactions to produce Bt + Sil. Retrograde metamorphism and deformation occurred during strike-parallel extrusion of CMZ lithologies. Retrograde minerals define kinematic/shear sense indicators that record an overall top to the NNE or ENE asymmetry on vertical faces and dextral west side north on horizontal surfaces. Progressive deformation of CMZ lithologies through transpressional mechanisms is proposed as an alternative to the sequential development of Acadian deformational features in three separate stages.
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McGowan, James Andrew. "Hercynian transpressional tectonics at the southern margin of the Central Iberian Zone, western Spain." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358641.
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Montz, William J. "Cretaceous partial melting, deformation, and exhumation of the Potters Pond migmatite domain, west-central Idaho." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107195.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis advisor: Seth C. KruckenbergThe Potters Pond migmatite domain (PPMD) is a heterogeneous zone of migmatites located ~10 km southwest of Cascade, Idaho within the western Idaho shear zone (WISZ). The PPMD is the only known exposure of migmatites within the WISZ over its ~300 km length, occurring where the shear zone orientation changes from 020° south to 000° north of the migmatite domain. Structural mapping within the PPMD has identified multiple generations of migmatite with varied structural fabrics. Leucosome layers were sampled from distinct migmatite localities and morphologies (e.g., metatexite, diatexite) to determine the timing and duration of partial melting in the PPMD. U-Pb age determinations of zircon by means of LA-ICP-MS document two periods of protracted migmatite crystallization during the Early and Late Cretaceous. Early Cretaceous (ca. 145 to 128 Ma) migmatite crystallization ages are coeval with the collision and suturing of oceanic terranes of the Blue Mountains province with North America, and the formation of the Salmon River suture zone (SRSZ). Migmatite crystallization ages from ca. 104 to 90 Ma are associated with Late Cretaceous dextral transpression in the WISZ. Field observations and geochronology of cross cutting leucosome relationships are interpreted to record deep crustal deformation and anatexis associated with formation of the SRSZ, subsequently overprinted by solid-state deformation and renewed anatexis during the evolution of the WISZ. These data are the first direct evidence of the synmetamorphic fabric related to the SRSZ east of the initial Sr 0.706 isopleth, and that the WISZ is a temporally distinct overprinting structure
Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences
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Annett, Amber. "Phytoplankton ecology and biogeochemistry of the warming Antarctic sea-ice zone." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8311.
Full textAbstract:
Marine productivity along the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is declining. The WAP is site of the fastest regional warming in the southern hemisphere, and has experienced atmospheric and oceanic temperature increases leading to increased glacial inputs and reduced winter sea-ice cover. Sea-ice is a key link between climate and phytoplankton production, as melting sea-ice stratifies the water column and provides a source of micronutrients to surface waters. Reductions in ice cover have been accompanied by declining chlorophyll (chl; a proxy for phytoplankton biomass), and a shift to smaller cell sizes in phytoplankton communities. These reductions have implications for carbon drawdown and production available to higher trophic levels. However, little is known about phytoplankton shifts at the community level, as existing studies are based on satellite records and photosynthetic pigment analyses. To elucidate the nature of the changes within phytoplankton assemblages, high-resolution time-series data of diatom speciation are coupled to environmental data from five years in Ryder Bay (Adelaide Island, WAP). Long-term monitoring at this site by the British Antarctic Survey has identified a strong relationship between chl and water column stratification, and this study spans a wide range of physical conditions and biological production. By comparing high- and low-chl phytoplankton assemblages, this study investigates the mechanisms underlying productivity changes and the manner in which these changes impact nutrient cycling, drawdown and trophic transfer. The results presented here are the first full season in-situ records documenting differences in phytoplankton and diatom assemblages between highand low-chl years. The primary difference between chl conditions is a dramatic decline in diatom abundance. This analysis indicates that the mechanism producing low-chl seasons is less stratified surface waters, where light levels are much more variable than in high-chl years. Overall production is reduced, and small increases are seen in biomass of prymnesiophytes, which are better adapted to variable light. These shifts in phytoplankton composition and size structure are consistent with a southward propagation of observed climate change effects. Within the diatom community, changes in seasonal succession and a decrease in species richness occurred following low winter sea-ice. As the main component of high productivity and that most efficiently transferred to higher trophic levels, variation in diatom production due to environmental conditions is a mechanism to explain the observed WAP ecosystem changes and chl decline. Changes in phytoplankton stocks and composition also affect nutrient use, and here the use of silicon and iron (Si and Fe, respectively, which limit productivity in large areas of the Southern Ocean) is investigated. Seasonal Si budgets estimated from Si isotopes indicate a 40 – 70% decline in Si use between high-chl and intermediate-chl years, in agreement with other indices of productivity. The consequences of reduced demand and changing supply suggest future accumulation of Si in WAP surface waters. This should increase Si export away from the WAP shelf, which may act as a mechanism to enhance productivity and carbon drawdown in the wider Southern Ocean. Sources of Fe were assessed by direct measurement and naturally occurring radioisotopes of radium. These reveal significant inputs at the surface (due to glacial sources) and to deep waters (from shelf/slope sediments), which dominate supply to the surface mixed layer at different times. Iron availability and nutrient drawdown indicate that Fe is supplied to WAP surface waters in excess of biological demand. Projected changes to Fe sources and sinks indicate that continued warming will increase the WAP Fe inventory. As for Si, this excess Fe may also be advected away from the shelf, making this region a net Fe source to the Southern Ocean.
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Klauw, Sebastiaan Nicolaas Gerardus Cornelis van der. "Exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic oceanic crust from Lago di Cignana, Piemontese zone, Western Alps." [S.l. : s.n.], 1998. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96949646X.
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Drew, Jeffrey John. "A re-evaluation of the seismic structure across the active subduction zone of Western Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26248.
Full textAbstract:
The 1980 Vancouver Island Seismic Project (VISP) was conducted to investigate lithospheric structure associated with the underthrusting oceanic Juan de Fuca plate and the overriding continental America plate. The principal components of the survey were: (l) an onshore-offshore refraction line, which was approximately perpendicular to the continental margin (line 1), and (2) a refraction line which ran along the length of Vancouver Island approximately parallel with the continental margin (line IV). Lines I and IV were originally interpreted by Spence el a.1. (1985) and McMechan and Spence (1983), respectively. However since the original interpretations of these lines, deep multichannel seismic reflection data have been obtained on southern Vancouver Island as part of the 1984 LITHOPROBE project and off the west coast of the island during a marine survey in 1985.
This study was undertaken to resolve differences between the subsurface structures proposed in the original interpretations of lines I and IV and those suggested by the more recently acquired deep reflection data. The vertical two-way traveltimes to prominent
reflectors, observed in the onshore-offshore deep reflection data, were used as a constraint in constructing velocity models which are consistent with both the reflection and refraction data. The traveltimes and amplitudes observed in the VISP refraction data were modeled using a two-dimensional raytracing and asymptotic ray theory synthetic
seismogram routine.
The principal difference between the model originally interpreted for line I and the revised model involves the introduction of a twice repeated sequence of a low velocity zone (≈ 6.4 km/s) above a thicker high velocity zone (≈ 7.1 km/s) for the underplated region directly above the subducting Juan de Fuca plate in place of the single high velocity block underlain by a thick low velocity zone. The revised model for line IV is significantly different from the originally interpreted model. The two low-high velocity zones of line 1 are continued along the length of the island at depths between 10 and 35 km. Below this, the structure of the subducted plate is included to maintain consistency with the revised model developed for line 1.
Additional features of the revised onshore-offshore model corresponding to line 1 include
an oceanic lithosphere that dips approximately 3° beneath the continental slope, then 14° to 16° beneath the continental shelf and Vancouver Island, and an average velocity for the upper oceanic mantle of 8.22 km/s. Two separate two-dimensional models were needed to explain the data collected along line IV as a result of considerable
azimuthal coverage due to a 30° change in profile direction. The revised models developed for line IV are consistent with the revised model developed for line 1. The velocity in the upper 10 km ranges from 5.5 km/s to approximately 6.7 km/s. Below 10 km the velocity structure is consistent with that interpreted for line 1 and shows some variations along strike of the subduction zone.
Several possible interpretations can be made for the origin of the sequence of layers directly above the subducting plate beneath Vancouver Island. The two favored interpretations
are: (1) a. three stage tectonic process consisting of: stage 1 — offscraping of sediment from the top of the subducting plate forms the uppermost low velocity layer in the sequence; stage 2 — an imbricated package of mafic rocks derived by continuous accretion from the top of the subducting oceanic crust forms the first high velocity layer; and stage 3 — stages 1 and 2 repeat themselves with stage 2 currently occurring; or (2) remnant, pieces of oceanic lithosphere left stranded above the current subducting
plate during two previous episodes of subduction in which the subduction thrust jumped further westward isolating the remnant. The revised model along line IV indicates
that this process of subduction underplating could have been a pervasive feature of this convergent margin.Science, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
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Walker, Alexander Thomas. "Sulphur isotope and trace element signatures within mineralised occurrences in the Fraser Zone, Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/79726.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis uses trace element and sulphur isotope signatures to constrain processes forming and modifying mineralisation within the Fraser Zone of the Albany-Fraser Orogen, in Western Australia. Results indicate a complex record of mixed sulphur sources, including Archaean sulphur, within the Fraser Zone. Despite post-mineralisation modification of ore associated with metamorphism, the Fraser Zone remains highly prospective for economic mineralisation and further exploration will aid discovery of a diverse range of mineralisation styles.
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Field, Matthew. "The petrology and geochemistry of the upper critical zone of the Bushveld complex at the Amandelbult section of Rustenberg Platinum Mines Limited, Northwestern Transvaal, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007499.
Full textAbstract:
A study of petrological and geochemical variations through the upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex at Amandelbult section of R.P,M. was undertaken. The sequence at this locality may be divided into seven "units" two of which appear to be complete, possessing the sequence harzburgite-pyroxenite-norite-anorthosite. The other five Units lack basal, intermediate or upper members. Considerable lateral variations are apparent in this sequence, but these are restricted to the Lower Pseudo Reef-Merensky Reef interval, tne same portion of the succession which is affected by pothole structures. The single most important petrographic feature of genetic significance is the occurrence of annealed, recrystallized anorthosite immediately underlying ulstramafic layers. This, together with the undulatory nature of the contact between the two rock layers, suggests that the ultramafic layer was emplaced as a hot liquid over a pre-existing, crystalline anorthosite floor, and that some remelting of this layer occurred. Variations in the chemical make-up of constituent silicate minerals reveal a number of significant processes which may have been operative in the magma chamber prior to crystallization, Olivine grains, for instance, exhibit extremely wide chemical variations both within single layers and from one layer to the next. These variations are best explained by re-equilibration processes with spinel and base metal sulphides, rather than by wide variations in original liquidus compositions. It appears that the compositions of the initial liquids from which each basal olivine-bearing layer crystallized, were approximately similar. Variations in the iron-magnesium ratio of ortho-pyroxenes indicate well defined continuous fractionation trends in units which are considered to be complete. Magnesian compositions are recorded in ultramfic members, while increasingly iron-enriched values are recorded upwards through the sequence pyroxenite-norite-antorthosite. Plagioclase grains exhibit less well defined fractionation trends, but it is clear that an upward increase in An is encountered through indivitual Units. This is in direct contrast to the trend exhibited by orthopyroxene. A further feature of plagioclase grains is the considerable degree of chemical zonation exhibited by them. In cumulus grains this is commonly manifested as strongly reversed rims, while in intercululus grains normal zoning is ubiquitous. Whole-rock chemical variations through the succession indicate that cyclical variations occur through successive Units, but that these merely reflect changes in modal mineralogy and not liquid fractionation trends. Such trends can be shown for selected element ratios, where these elements are known to partition into a single mineral phase. Rations of pyroxene components such as the nickel/scandium ratio, exhibit a saw tooth pattern through successive Units, while ratios of plagioclase components such as the strontium/alumina ratio have unique, fairly constant values for each individual Unit but different values for successive Units. The latter type of cyclicity is not always strictly confined to lithologically recognized boundaries between Units, and a slight overlap into overlying ultramafic layers is apparent. An investigation of variations in trace element levels in a single layer in five widely separated boreholes revealed that there is some evidence for a lateral fractionation trend from the southwest (more primitive) to the northeast (more evolved), although the small number of data points available preclude definite conclusions. There exists in the data some evidence that the Giant Mottled Anorthosite differs chemically from the other anorthosites in the study section, and that it more closely resembles rocks of the Main Zone. This evidence is particularly apparent in variations of the chromium/aluminium ratio of orthoyroxene grains, and in the An content of plagioclase grains, both of whose trends exhibit distinct inflections at the base of this member. The features of the succession at Amandelbult are best explained by the model of Eales et al. (in press, a), which visualizes the input of a number of pulses of new, hot liquid into a magma chamber containing the fractionated residua of previous influxes. At a critical point in time, just prior to the mafic Merensky Reef input, a large input of gabboic liquid was intruded at high levels in the chamber. The lower portions of this liquid mixed with the residua of earlier mafic inputs, which in turn mixed with new inputs of mafic, typical Critical Zone liquids. Thus the lower portions of the study section represent mixtures of new Critical Zone liquids with the residua of previous such influxes, while the upper portions have the added complication of mixture with a Main Zone-type liquid. The unique chemical character of the Giant Mottled Anorthosite appears to be a direct manifestation of the influence of the Main Zone liquid.KMBT_363
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Samuels, Donovan. "Hydraulic properties of the vadose zone at two typical sites in the Western Cape for the assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6812_1216299974.
Full textAbstract:
Aquifer vulnerability assessment is increasingly becoming a very significant basis in order to fulfill the water demands in South Africa. Knowledge of soil hydraulic properties that consists of the soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions is a prerequisite for predicting solution transport in soils. The overall objective of the study was to develop a database of hydraulic properties for collected undisturbed samples and to test selected models by making use of this database.
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Commander, Lucy. "Seed biology and rehabilitation in the arid zone : a study in the Shark Bay world heritage area, Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0091.
Full textAbstract:
Research into seed biology and restoration ecology of areas disturbed by mining is crucial to their revegetation. Shark Bay Salt, a solar salt facility in the Shark Bay World Heritage Area in Western Australia has several areas of disturbance as a result of 'soil borrowing'. Soil from these areas termed 'borrow pits' was used to create infrastructure such as the roads and embankments surrounding the evaporation ponds. Many of the pits contain little to no vegetation after >10 years since disturbance ceased, hence research into their restoration is now essential. A vegetation survey at the site established the key species in the undisturbed vegetation, and investigated the vegetation in borrow pits subject to natural migration and topsoil replacement. The vegetation communities in the borrow pits were vastly different to those in the undisturbed vegetation, highlighting the need for research into revegetation. An investigation into the use of 'borrowed' topsoil on a small scale showed that seedling recruitment from 'borrowed' topsoil was generally similar in the donor site (natural vegetation) and the borrow pits. Due to the absence of topsoil for further revegetation, it was necessary to understand seed germination and dormancy characteristics to establish seed pre-treatments prior to seed broadcasting and seedling (greenstock) planting. An investigation into seed germination and dormancy characteristics of 18 common species revealed that most species germinated equally well at 26/13oC and 33/18oC, however seven species had improved performance at 26/13oC. Untreated seeds of seven species exhibited high germination. Seeds of two species had low imbibition, which increased with hot-water treatment, and hence require scarification for germination. Germination of seeds of three species substantially increased with gibberellic acid (GA3), smoke water (SW) and karrikinolide (KAR1, a butenolide isolated from smoke). Seeds of the remaining six species had low germination regardless of treatment. As a result, species were classified as likely to be non-dormant (44%), physiologically dormant (44%) or physically dormant (11%). Physiological dormancy of three species was at least partly alleviated by dry afterripening, whereby moisture content of seeds was adjusted to 13% or 50% equilibrium relative humidity and seeds were stored at 30oC or 45oC for several months. All iv after-ripening conditions increased germination percentage and rate of two species with one only germinating when treated with GA3 or KAR1. The germination of the third species was dependent on after-ripening temperature and seed moisture content.