Journal articles on the topic 'Western Michigan College'

In this study, I investigated how student publications portrayed whiteness as the dominant feature of the campus environment between 1945 and 1965 among the member institutions of a consortium of elite U.S. Midwestern liberal arts colleges located in rural and industrial towns across Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and western Pennsylvania. These colleges’ yearbooks and student newspapers informed this analysis of whiteness as property. Through these findings, I demonstrate the ways in which White student publications recorded whiteness as property, entitling White students to the use and enjoyment of their college years. The invisibility of Black students’ structural exclusion rendered whiteness unmarked and offers a new model for understanding and analyzing desegregation and integration in historically White institutions.

Several medical schools in the world including but not limited to the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the University of Michigan Medical School, the University of Liverpool, the University of Manchester, the University of Dundee, the University of Western Australia (UWA), and the University of Adelaide first adopted and then moved to a more integrated curriculum because of the concerns about the effectiveness of the integrated modular curriculum (IMC) and because IMC was not providing the necessary depth of knowledge. The All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), and the Christian Medical College (CMC) in Vellore, adopted but later reverted to the traditional curriculum. Other medical schools that have adopted and then left the IMC include the Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC) in Pune and the Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC) in Delhi. History of IMC in medicine in some important countries is summarized here. Pak J Pysiol 2023;19(3):1–2

I have taught Wetland Ecology 25 times - 15 as an Adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Michigan and UMDearborn while I worked at the USGS-Great Lakes Science Center in Ann Arbor and 10 in my new life in academia as the Empire Innovation Professor of Wetland Science at SUNY--The College at Brockport in my native western New York State. Surprisingly, my favorite lecture of all time is on oxidation-reduction, or redox. Here is the story behind that strange outcome and an overview of the lecture. In my first year at Michigan, I presented a somewhat straightforward lecture on redox from the Mitsch and Gosselink textbook (first edition) that followed the reading assignment. I thought it was going well until I saw the need to pose this question, “When I say ‘ion,’ does everyone know what I mean?” Four students in the class of 40+ informed me that they did not, which was reasonable because they were landscape architecture grad students taking the course because they had interests in design work for wetland restorations and had no chemistry background.

Lynn Silipigni Connaway is the director of library trends and user research at OCLC Research, a position she has held since 2018. Prior to this, Connaway served as senior research scientist and director of user research (2016-18), senior research scientist (2007-16), and consulting research scientist III (2003-07), all at OCLC Research. She was vice-president of research and library systems at NetLibrary (1999-2003), and director and associate clinical professor of the Library and Information Services Department at the University of Denver (1995-99). She served as assistant professor in the School of Library and Informational Science at the University of Missouri (1993-95), and as head of technical services and cataloging at Mesa State College Library (1984-89).Julie Garrison is dean of university libraries at Western Michigan University, a position she has held since 2016. Prior to this, Garrison served as associate dean, research and instructional services at Grand Valley State University Libraries (2009-16); director of off-campus library services at Central Michigan University (2003-07); and as assistant/associate director of public services at Duke University Medical Center Library (2000-02).

In honors education, creating a community of talented and ambitious students is a goal of primary importance. Honors sessions at international conferences contribute to globalization of the honors community and offer opportunities for starting the dialogue between honors students of different universities and diverse academic fields. The current note provides insight into the discussion at the honors session organized by SibFU Honors College at the international students’ conference “Prospect Svobodny 2019” at the premises of Siberian Federal University in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. The author describes the results of the interdisciplinary research activities presented at the session by honors students from Texas Christian University, Western Michigan University, University of New Mexico, Lamar University, and Siberian Federal University. The note reveals how the honors students’ sessions become forums for reflecting on the value of learner agency and also for exploring the areas of prospective collaboration in interdisciplinary research for honors students worldwide.

Abstract Objectives This study aims to investigate what factors correlate with osteopathic medical students’ preparedness to provide care for the LGBTQ+ community through a multi-institutional survey. Context This is one of the few formal research projects to assess the impact of LGBTQ+ medical education on osteopathic students’ comfort level with caring for the community. Methods This study was approved by the IRB at Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA on 11/19/2020. An 18-question survey was created regarding the exposure to the LGBTQ+ population and healthcare education before and after attending osteopathic medical schools. The anonymous survey was electronically distributed at Western University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine Pacific and Pacific Northwest, Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine between 1/6/21 and 5/8/21. The survey information was statistically analyzed via SAS University edition. Results The survey had 441 responses: 63% were female, 34% were male, and 3% selected other gender identities. From 441 responses to the survey, 378 responses were analyzed using a logistics regression model to comprehensively model a binary-dependent variable for the students’ preparedness. Students knowing the meaning of the acronym LGBTQ+ (p =0.04) and actively engaging in extracurricular activities for the LGBTQ+ population (p =0.01) showed the strongest correlation based on the logistic regression analysis. Additionally, Chi-square results identified 6 independent variables associated with students’ preparedness to care for the LGBTQ+ population: being a second year or a third year osteopathic medical student (p <0.01), having opportunities to learn about the LGBTQ+ population in college (p <0.01), having a formal presentation about LGBTQ+ health in medical school (p <0.01), the medical school offering extracurricular activities about the LGBTQ+ population (p <0.01), knowing what the LGBTQ+ acronym stands for (p =0.01), and actively being involved in extracurricular activities concerning the LGBTQ+ community (p=0.03). Conclusions Our study indicates that medical students’ educational exposure through college and medical school is a more correlating influencing factor for their preparedness to care for the LGBTQ+ population in comparison with student’s gender, hometown size, or socioeconomic, geographical, and religious background. Future studies to objectively identify medical students’ preparedness and experience with LGBTQ+ patients, as well as studying effective curricula for filling in knowledge gaps, will be necessary.

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 3a Carmen Pérez-Sabater, Universitat Poltècnica de València, SpainErica D. Shifflet-Chila, Michigan State University, USAGunkut Mesci, Giresun University, TurkeyJohn Bosco Azigwe, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, GhanaLaura Bruno, The College of New Jersey, USALisa Marie Portugal, Grand Canyon University, USAMehmet Inan, Marmara University, TurkeyNicole Celestine, The University of Western Australia, Australia Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 4a Carmen Pérez-Sabater, Universitat Poltècnica de València, SpainErica D. Shifflet-Chila, Michigan State University, USAGunkut Mesci, Giresun University, TurkeyJohn Bosco Azigwe, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, GhanaJohn Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, UKLaura Bruno, The College of New Jersey, USALisa Marie Portugal, Grand Canyon University, USALorna T. Enerva, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, PhilippinesMehmet Inan, Marmara University, TurkeyNicole Celestine, The University of Western Australia, Australia Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 3 Angela Lee, UNC Pembroke, USAAnne M. Hornak, Central Michigan University, USACagla Atmaca, Pamukkale University, TurkeyChosang Tendhar, Baylor College of Medicine, USADana Badau, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, RomaniaDavid A. Compton, Wingate University, USAErica D. Shifflet-Chila, Michigan State University, USAFahrettin Sanal, Necmettin Erbakan University, TurkeyHyesoo Yoo, Virginia Tech., USAJeyavel Sundaramoorthy, Gulbarga University Campus, IndiaJill M. Feldman, Westat, USAJosé D Badia, University of Valencia, SpainKun Li, Duke University, USALorna T. Enerva, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, PhilippinesMaria Pavlis Korres, Hellenic Open University, GreeceMaurizio Sajeva, Natural Resources Institute Finland, FinlandMeral Seker, Cukurova University, TurkeyMin Gui, Wuhan University, ChinaNicole Celestine, The University of Western Australia, AustraliaNiveen M. Zayed, MENA College of Management, JordanRichard H. Martin, Mercer University, USARichard Penny, University of Washington Bothell, USARufaidah Kamal Abdulmajeed, Baghdad University, IraqRui Manuel Carreteiro, National Institute of Psychology and Neurosciences, PortugalSahin Gök, Gelisim University, TurkeySamah Mohammed Fahim, Suez University, EgyptSenem Seda Şahenk Erkan, Marmara University, TurkeyShengnan Liu, Ocean University of China, ChinaSimona Savelli, Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi, ItalySisi Liu, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong KongSuzan Kavanoz, Yıldız Technical University, TurkeyTürker Sezer, Abant İzzet Baysal University, TurkeyYalçın Dilekli, Aksaray University, TurkeyYerlan Seisenbekov, Kazakh National Pedagogical University, KazakhstanYi Lu, American Institute for Research, USAYüksel Çırak, Inonu University, TurkeyZeynep Kurtulmus, Gazi University, Turkey Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com

Abstract The Mackenzie Mountains EarthScope Project—a collaboration between Colorado State University, the University of Alaska, Michigan State University, and Yukon College—deployed a roughly linear, 40-station broadband seismographic network. This network crossed the actively deforming Northern Canadian Cordillera and the Mackenzie Mountains in Yukon, Canada; it also extended into the Canadian Shield in Northwest Territories, Canada. The array was deployed between July 2016 and August 2018 (with four pilot stations installed in July 2015 and three extended stations operating through August 2019) coinciding with and complementing the deployment of the EarthScope Transportable Array to Alaska and western Canada. In this article, we present an overview of project scientific objectives, station configurations, and site conditions; discuss environmental challenges, including those that resulted in station downtime (e.g., spring flooding and encounters with bears); and suggest potential solutions to such subarctic challenges for the benefit of future deployments in comparable regions. We also include an initial characterization of seasonal and geographic variations in ambient seismic noise for the northwestern Canadian Cordillera.

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 2 Anne M. Hornak, Central Michigan University, USABaraka M. Ngussa, University of Arusha, TanzaniaCagla Atmaca, Pamukkale University, TurkeyDonna Smith, The Open University, UKEbrahim Mohammadpour, Mimos Berhad, IranErica D. Shifflet-Chila, Michigan State University, USAHanan Mohamed Soliman, Faculty of Nursing Mansoura University, EgyptJeyavel Sundaramoorthy, Gulbarga University Campus, IndiaJill M. Feldman, Westat, USAJohn Bosco Azigwe, Bolgatanga Polytechnic, GhanaLeonor Thomson, Universidad de la República, UruguayLorna T. Enerva, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, PhilippinesMarcie Zaharee, The MITRE Corporation, USAMaria Pavlis Korres, Hellenic Open University, GreeceMehmet Inan, Marmara University, TurkeyMeral Seker, Cukurova University, TurkeyNele Kampa, Leibniz-Institute for Science and Mathematics Education (IPN), GermanyNicole Celestine, The University of Western Australia, AustraliaNiveen M. Zayed, MENA College of Management, JordanRichard H. Martin, Indiana University, USARichard Penny, University of Washington Bothell, USASenem Seda Şahenk Erkan, Marmara University, TurkeySimona Savelli, Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi, ItalyYalçın Dilekli, Aksaray University, TurkeyYerlan Seisenbekov, Kazakh National Pedagogical University, KazakhstanYi Lu, American Institute for Research, USAYu-Cheng Tang, National Changhua University of Education, TaiwanZachary Wahl-Alexander, Northern Illinois University, USA Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://jets.redfame.com

We describe an ongoing collaborative curriculum materials development project between Sweet Briar College and Western Michigan University, with support from the National Science Foundation. We present a collection of modules under development that can be used in existing mathematics and biology courses, and we address a critical national need to introduce students to mathematical methods beyond the interface of biology with calculus. Based on ongoing research, and designed to use the project-based-learning approach, the modules highlight applications of modern discrete mathematics and algebraic statistics to pressing problems in molecular biology. For the majority of projects, calculus is not a required prerequisite and, due to the modest amount of mathematical background needed for some of the modules, the materials can be used for an early introduction to mathematical modeling. At the same time, most modules are connected with topics in linear and abstract algebra, algebraic geometry, and probability, and they can be used as meaningful applied introductions into the relevant advanced-level mathematics courses. Open-source software is used to facilitate the relevant computations. As a detailed example, we outline a module that focuses on Boolean models of the lac operon network.

This article analyzes the role of pain and torture in the construction and destruction of subjectivity by way of a comparison of the depictions of torture in the theatre of Sarah Kane and Elaine’s Scarry’s highly influential The Body in Pain: On the Making and Unmaking of the World. The essay uses Kane in conjunction with the phenomenology of Emmanuel Levinas, as well as relevant work on the history and sociology of privacy and private speech. Its purpose is to develop an account of what is here called pain’s bi-directional character, or its capacity to represent both the presence and the absence of the victim’s subjectivity, possibly at the same time. Using Kane to expand upon Scarry’s account of the role of subjectivity in torture, we can see how the logic of torture structures numerous relationships in Kane’s work, including Blasted, Phaedra’s Love, Cleansed, and Crave. The essay establishes Kane as not only a major playwright, but also a subtle and perceptive theorist of suffering for whom the question of intersubjectivity is a major site of dramatic struggle. Jeremy Colangelo is the author of Diaphanous Bodies: Ability, Disability, and Modernist Irish Literature (University of Michigan Press, 2021) and the editor of Joyce Writing Disability (University Press of Florida, 2022). His work has appeared in such journals as Modern Fiction Studies, Journal of Modern Literature, Textual Practice, and Modern Drama. He currently teaches at King’s University College, University of Western Ontario.

Background Over the past two decades non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have steadily increased as a cause of worldwide disability and mortality with a concomitant decrease in disease burden from communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional conditions. Congenital anomalies, the most common NCD affecting children, have recently become the fifth leading cause of under-five mortality worldwide, ahead of other conditions such as malaria, neonatal sepsis and malnutrition. Genetic counseling has been shown to be an effective method to decrease the impact of congenital anomalies and genetic conditions but is absent in almost all sub-Saharan Africa countries. To address this need for counseling services we designed and implemented the first broad-based genetic counseling curriculum in Ethiopia, launching it at St. Paul’s Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods The curriculum, created by Michigan Medicine and SPHMMC specialists, consisted of medical knowledge and genetic counseling content and was delivered to two cohorts of nurses. Curriculum evaluation consisted of satisfaction surveys and pre- and post-assessments covering medical knowledge and genetic counseling content. Following Cohort 1 training, the curriculum was modified to increase the medical knowledge material and decrease Western genetic counseling principles material. Results Both cohorts reported high levels of satisfaction but felt the workshop was too short. No significant improvements in assessment scores were seen for Cohort 1 in terms of total scores and medical knowledge and genetic counseling-specific questions. Following curriculum modification, improvements were seen in Cohort 2 with an increase in total assessment scores from 63% to 73% (p = 0.043), with medical knowledge-specific questions increasing from 57% to 79% (p = 0.01) with no significant change in genetic counseling-specific scores. Multiple logistic, financial, cultural and systems-specific barriers were identified with recommendations for their consideration presented. Conclusion Genetics medical knowledge of Ethiopian nurses increased significantly following curriculum delivery though difficulty was encountered with Western genetic counseling material.

Indoor positioning systems (IPS) have been recently adopted by many researchers for their broad applications in various Internet of Things (IoT) fields such as logistics, health, construction industries, and security. Received Signal Strength (RSS)-based fingerprinting approaches have been widely used for positioning inside buildings because they have a distinct advantage of low cost over other indoor positioning techniques. The signal power RSS is a function of the distance between the Mobile System (MS) and Access Point (AP), which varies due to the multipath propagation phenomenon and human body blockage. Furthermore, fingerprinting approaches have several disadvantages such as labor cost, diversity (in signals and environment), and computational cost. Eliminating redundancy by ruling out non-informative APs not only reduces the computation time, but also improves the performance of IPS. In this article, we propose a dimensionality reduction technique in a multiple service set identifier-based indoor positioning system with Multiple Service Set Identifiers (MSSIDs), which means that each AP can be configured to transmit N signals instead of one signal, to serve different kinds of clients simultaneously. Therefore, we investigated various kinds of approaches for the selection of informative APs such as spatial variance, strongest APs, and random selection. These approaches were tested using two clustering techniques including K-means and Fuzzy C-means. Performance evaluation was focused on two elements, the number of informative APs versus the accuracy of the proposed system. To assess the proposed system, real data was acquired from within the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences (CEAS) at the Western Michigan University (WMU) building. The results exhibit the superiority of fused Multiple Service Set Identifiers (MSSID) performance over the single SSID. Moreover, the results report that the proposed system achieves a positioning accuracy <0.85 m over 3000 m2, with an accumulative density function (CDF) of 88% with a distance error of 2 m.

The research theme of ethical behavior, particularly in educational organizations, is of great importance. There have been many publications on ethical behavior, but there has been no research to identify and summarize publications on it comprehensively. This research aims to clarify the history and predict the hotspots of ethical behavior themes in the future. This research method uses bibliographical analysis using the VOSviewer application. Data was sourced from the Scopus database between 1982 and 2021, downloaded into Excel 2016, and processed by VOSviewer. Bibliometric maps are formed by VOSviewer software automatically.Results of the research, which began with a search on the article title through the keyword "ethic* behav*," obtained 957 documents. After being limited by publication between 1983 and 2021, 590 papers were accepted. Then it was restricted again based on articles, reviews, and English obtained from as many as 399 documents. The United States, United Kingdom, and Canada are the most productive countries writing this theme. Department of Management, Haworth College of Business, Western Michigan University, United States; School of Management, the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, United States; andDepartment of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; they are the most prolific Institutions with this theme. The Journal of Business Ethics, Ethics and Behavior, and Science and Engineering Ethics are the journals that expose ethical behavior the most. Meanwhile, the most prolific authors are Deshpande S.P, Joseph J, Cronan T.P, Leonard N.K., Al Habusi H., and Gino F. Conclusion of the research with the theme of ethical behavior is generally associated with behavior in business, the prerequisite occurrence of ethical behavior in organizations, and variables that can improve and shape ethical behavior. In line with the development of societal progress, ethical behavior research requires more intensive attention, especially in education organizations, because the quality and sustainability of human life, business, and education lie in the quality of ethical behavior.

In the 1950s, American public universities began training a vast new cadre of nuclear engineers, technicians, and scientists in specially designed and built “teaching reactors.” As this article describes, a generation of nuclear engineering undergraduates and graduate students were exposed to an open, accessible, and above all, visible demonstration of nuclear energy through educational “swimming pool”–style reactors. Distinct from reactors for either weapons or power production, the swimming pool reactor was specifically configured to be a pedagogical tool. Educational programs were created around federally and industrially sponsored reactors for training, part of the massive Cold War era transformations of Midwestern, Western, and Southern public colleges and universities. This article offers the Ford Nuclear Reactor at the University of Michigan as an example of how the peaceful pedagogical atom developed after the 1950s. As I argue, teaching reactors were one product of the conservative compact made between government, public universities, and private industry in the early 1950s that underpinned the famed Atoms for Peace movement, with its technology and information sharing and international training priorities. Indeed, teaching reactors resolved for Eisenhower’s administration the tension between a desire for centralized control of the atom and the powerful vision of a future of prosperity brought about by open education and use of nuclear materials. This paper is part of a special issue entitled “Revealing the Michigan Memorial–Phoenix Project.”

Printability of papers recycled from toner and inkjet-printed papers after deinking and recycling processes. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2017; 16(2) 76–82. DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000386 The correct author sequence reads as follows: Dogan Tutak1, Arif Karademir2, Cem Aydemir1, Raja Aravamuthan3 1Department of Printing Technologies, School of Applied Science, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey 2Department of Forest Product Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey 3Department of Chemical and Paper Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA The author list has been corrected in the online article.

Sandra K. Danziger of University of Michigan reviews “The Time Use of Mothers in the United States at the Beginning of the 21st Century” by Rachel Connelly and Jean Kimmel. The EconLit abstract of the reviewed work begins, “Examines the time use of mothers of preteenaged children in the United States from 2003 to 2006. Discusses a descriptive look at mothers' time use; the nature of maternal caregiving--whether it is more like leisure or household production; husbands' influences on mothers' unpaid time choices; and the role of nonstandard work hours in maternal caregiving. Connelly is Bion R. Cram Professor of Economics at Bowdoin College. Kimmell is Professor of Economics at Western Michigan University and Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor. Index.”

This article presents a case study of a decolonized curriculum development in the Art History programme at the small liberal arts institution Kalamazoo College (Michigan, USA). It discusses the curriculum plan, methods for learning, assessment and potential applications for this approach beyond the case study. Paying attention to questions about the origins of art history, and its long-established methods and canon within the Western academy, this article proposes that any approach to decolonizing an art history curriculum must take into account the frameworks and methods of the knowledge systems it employs, must continually assess, reflect and hold accountable those who participate in its implementation and maintenance, and, importantly, must recognize that decolonization work is a necessarily messy and ongoing process.

Can one glimpse the development of emerging scholars in the work of engineering graduate students? To answer this question, the author studied the citation patterns in 96 Master's theses and 24 Ph.D. dissertations completed at Western Michigan University's College of Engineering and Applied Sciences between 2002 and 2006. The hypothesis of this study is that an increase in graduate student research competence between the master's and doctoral levels can be seen in their use of scholarly sources such as journal articles and conference papers. For each thesis and dissertation, bibliographic information (title, author, document type, year of publication) was gathered for each individual citation in the reference list(s). The data analysis indicates that doctoral engineering students use a significantly greater number of scholarly journal articles (44.3% to 29.3%) and conference papers (21.9% to 12.5%) than master's students. Also, master's students depend more heavily upon literature available on the web (web sites, government papers, grey literature, trade magazines, and patents). These results give tentative support to the hypothesis. Without knowing how faculty expectations influence the quality of graduate literature reviews, the hypothesis could not be conclusively supported with the data gathered. This study shows that there is a significant difference in the proportions of scholarly and other research sources used by master's and doctoral engineering students. The implications of these citation patterns in the development of the engineering scholar are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curtiss Stevens, is the executive dean of the ACCelerator and Strategic Initiatives at AustinCommunity College (ACC). In 2019, Curtiss was awarded the President’s Leadership ExcellenceAward and the John and Suanne Roueche Excellence Award for outstanding leadership, service, anddedication to ACC.Curtiss holds a bachelor's degree in Geography from Valparaiso University, a master's degree inGeographic Education and Research from Western Michigan University, and pursued doctoralstudies in Economic Geography at Indiana State University. He has amassed over 2 decades ofexperience in the field of higher education, serving in various capacities such as admissions andfinancial aid, student affairs, international education, academic and life skills training, grants andfundraising, curriculum, and athletics. His previous employments include positions at Valparaiso University, WesternMichigan University, Indiana University, and Purdue University. Apart from teaching Geography and Geosciences, hehas also worked as an Executive Director of a Boys & Girls Club and as a TV personality.The ACCelerator, at Austin Community College (ACC) Highland’s campus, is a 32,000-square-foot space that fostersdynamic learning. The ACCelerator features classrooms, study rooms, and numerous computer pod stations that canbe reserved by ACC faculty and staff for a variety of purposes. The ACC Highland campus serves over 8,000 students,with over 17,000 student visits to the Highland ACCelerator per year. The ACCelerator features innovative teachingand instruction, learning support services, student support services, and community engagement, which provides anengaged student-centric customer service vision.

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to determine which scope of practice roles and responsibilities are attributed to the profession of audiology (AUD) relative to other health care disciplines by a group of health and human services faculty and students. Method: An online survey inquiring about participant knowledge of different health professions' scopes of practice, and experience with and attitude toward the profession of AUD, was sent to faculty and students in the Western Michigan University College of Health and Human Services. Students also completed two subscales of the Interprofessional Attitudes Scale. Descriptive statistics and chi-square and Kruskal–Wallis analyses evaluating response differences between groups are presented. Results: Thirty-six faculty and 118 students (48 graduate and 70 undergraduate) completed the survey. AUD was the profession most often associated with all hearing-related scope of practice activities. Speech-language pathology was often associated with hearing-related scope of practice activities. Audiologists were less commonly associated with vestibular, balance, and mobility scope of practice activities. Group was significant for four scope of practice activities. About half of respondents indicated they knew nothing or a little about AUD, and a majority had no or rare interactions with audiologists in class or clinic. Only about half of participants responded they were likely or very likely to refer patients to an audiologist. Conclusion: Increased knowledge of the scope of practice and exposure to the profession of AUD may benefit other health care professionals and patients, possibly leading to increased interprofessional practice and an increased number of appropriate referrals.

Introduction: The leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world is cancer. Promising anti-cancer compounds include small heterocyclic chemicals. In many malignancies, cancer cells' resistance to therapy leads the recurrence and mortality after treatment. Drug resistance that develops during therapy encourages researchers to create compounds that are more useful and less harmful. Derivatives of amido-imidazole conjugates induce apoptosis in breast cancer cell line. Aim: To investigate the effect of anti-cancer activity of amideimidazole on various signaling and apoptotic protein in cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was designed in the Department of Biochemistry, Santosh Medical College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, and AIIMS Patna from February 2021 to January 2022. The normal as well as cancer cell lines were cultured and grown in the medium, and the antiproliferative activity of compounds was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while various signaling proteins that regulate the proliferation and migration of cancer cell were assessed using the western blotting method. Statistical analysis of antiproliferative activity was estimated using graphical methods. Results: The results showed that the amide-imidazole compound had variable anti-proliferative potency in a variety of cancer cell lines. When HT-29, MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines were treated with the amide-imidazole compound at different concentrations (5, 10, 15, and 20 µM). Cell proliferation was inhibited, which is measured by MTT {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide} assays. The growth in different cancer cells is HT-29 (94.16, 85.19, 77.54, and 77.86), Malondialdehyde (MDA)-MB 231 (100, 91.10, 86.82, and 79.96), and MCF-7 (74.01, 65.26, 60.42, and 36.99) at different concentrations, respectively. The western blot results of the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cancer cell line showed a decrease in the concentration of various signaling pathways such as AKT, Extracellular signalregulated Kinase (ERK), and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT 3) and an increase in the cleavage of Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) and Caspase-8, while also decreasing the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell Leukemia (BCL)-2. Conclusion: In present study, amide-imidazole derivatives triggered the apoptosis and lowered the anti apoptotic cell protein in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7). Hence, breast cancer, can be treated with amide-imidazole derivatives.

Fibroblast growth factor‐21 (FGF21) is a cytokine that has been demonstrated to regulate metabolism and have cardioprotective effects in response to obesity and other cardiac stressors. High protein diets have been used to reduce body fat and ameliorate metabolic disorders, however the effects of high protein diets on FGF21‐mediated signaling in cardiac tissue are not well known. We hypothesized that high protein diets will increase circulating levels of FGF21, leading to enhanced FGF21‐mediated signaling in cardiac tissue. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were placed into one of three dietary groups: 1) control diet (20% of kcal from protein; CON; n=8), 2) high soy protein diet (40% of kcal from soy; SOY; n=8), or high casein protein diet (40% of kcal from casein; CAS; n=8). Food consumption and body mass were recorded weekly. After 15 weeks, blood was collected and hearts were excised after an overnight fast. Western immunoblotting was performed on cardiac homogenates and analyzed for: FGF21, FGF receptor‐1 (FGFR1), phospho‐FGFR1Tyr654, phospho‐ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204, phospho‐AktSer473, phospho‐AMPKThr172, phospho‐p38 MAPKThr180/Tyr182, and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), a marker of oxidative stress. There was no difference in daily food intake or terminal body mass between dietary groups. Plasma concentrations of FGF21 were significantly (P<0.05) greater for CAS (742.1±149.9 pg/ml) compared to CON (213.6±37.7 pg/ml), determined by ELISA. FGF21 protein levels in the heart were significantly (P<0.05) lower for CAS compared to CON and SOY groups. Phospho‐AktSer473 was significantly (P<0.05) greater in SOY compared to CON and CAS groups. There were no other significant differences between dietary groups for any other analyte measured. These data indicate that high protein diets composed of differing protein sources have non‐uniform effects on plasma and cardiac levels of FGF21. Additionally, 15‐weeks of high protein diet consumption does not appear to alter body mass or FGF21‐mediated signaling in the rat heart.Support or Funding InformationCentral Michigan University Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow College of Health Proffesions, and the Office of Research and Graduate Studies Early Career Award.

<p>Editor-in-Chief Huseyin Uzunboylu, Near East University, Cyprus huseyin.uzunboylu@neu.edu.tr Tel: +9 0392 6802000 - 110 Executive Editor Cigdem Hursen, Near East University, Cyprus cigdem.hursen@neu.edu.tr Tel: +9 0392 6802000 - 111 Editorial Board Ahmet Güneyli, Near East University, Cyprus Alevriadou Anastasia, University of Western Macedonia, Greece Canan Zeki, Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus Gokmen Daglı, Near East University, Cyprus Jesus Garcia Laborda, University of Alcala, Spain Milan Matijevic, University of Zagreb, Croatia Nerguz Bulut Serin, Lefke European University, Cyprus Özge Hacıfazlioglu, Kultur University, Turkey Kobus Maree, Pretoria University, South Africa Owner and Publisher SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD.<br />Publisher Contact<br />SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD.<br />13 Subat Street, No: 17, 99030<br />Kyrenia – Cyprus<br />E-mail: info@sproc.org<br />Tel: +90 5338366993<br />Fax: +90 3928157195 www.sproc.org<br />Editorial Contact<br />Cigdem Hursen<br />Near East University, Faculty of Education<br />Department of Educational Sciences<br />Nicosia, Cyprus<br />editor.cjes@gmail.com<br />Tel. +90 392 6802000 - 111 Sponsor Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences is an academic journal which is sponsored by Near East University and Cyprus Educational Sciences Association. Frequency 4 issues (March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31) per year (after May 2009). Technical Staff Meltem Haksiz Vasfi Tugun Basak Baglama Proofreading Academic Proofreading www.academicproofreading.com Cover Design Hasan Ozdal Azmiye Yinal Publishing Language All Manuscripts must be in English language. Abstracting/Indexing Academic Keys, DOAJ, PsycINFO, EBSCO, Ulrich's Educational Research Abstracts (ERA), Georgetown University Library, Asian Education Index, Turkish Education Index, Google Scholar and AWER Index Issue Publishing Date 31 December 2015 International Advisory Board Abdullahi Fido, Kuwait University, Kuwait Ahmet Guneyli, Near East University, Cyprus Aijaz Ahmed Gujjar, Federal College of Education, Pakistan Alison Sheila Taysum, University of Leicester, United Kingdom Asuncion Lopez-Varela, Universidad Complutense, MADRID, Spain Baysen, Engin, Near East University, Cyprus Boaz Shulruf, University of Auckland, New Zealand Chia-Hao Yang, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan Chong Ho Yu, Arizona State University, United States Christian Guetl, Graz University of Technology, Austria Christine E. Corcoran, University of Birmingham, United States Minor Outlying Islands Christine J. Briggs, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States Christopher Boyle, Charles Sturt University, Australia Çiğdem Hürsen, Near East University, Cyprus Colette Gray, Stranmillis University College, Ireland Cristina Daskagiani, Greece David Wyss Rudge, Western Michigan University, United States Donald Wilson Zimmerman, Carleton University, Canada Ellina Chernobilsky, Caldwell College, United States Evridiki Zachopoulou, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece Giuliana Dettori, ITD-CNR, Italy Helen Gunter, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Hüseyin Uzunboylu, Near East University, Cyprus Jafar Yaghoubi, Zanjan University, Iran, Islamic Republic Of Jere T. Humphreys, Arizona State University, United States John CK Wang, National Institute of Education, Singapore John Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom Josie Maria Rodriguez Corral, University of Cádiz (Spain), Spain Kanji Akahori, Hakuoh University, Japan Madhumita Bhattacharya, Athabasca University &amp; Massey University, Canada Margaret Zeegers, University of Ballarat, Australia Marissa Silverman, Montclair State University, United States Muammer Caltik, Blacksea Techical University, Turkey Murat Tezer, Near East University, Cyprus Nadire Cavus, Near East University, Cyprus Othman Alsawaie, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates Ozge Hacifazlioglu, Bahcesehir University, Turkey Paulo Jorge Santos, Faculty of Arts, Porto University, Portugal, Portugal Sirin Karadeniz, Bahcesehir University, Turkey Note: All members of international advisory board articles' indexed in SSCI. Important Information During review process we use iThenticate plagiarism software. So, it is recommended to the authors should scan with iThenticate plagiarism or other free plagiarism software of their manuscripts. © 2015 SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD. All rights reserved. The ideas published in the journal belong to the authors. Important Announcement We would like to announce that Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences will only be published online from 1 September 2015. There will not be a printed version (ISSN: 1305-9076) of the journal.</p>

The activation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway in the liver has been demonstrated to regulate hepatic metabolism of lipids, cholesterol, and bile acids. Irregularities in liver metabolism can result in many different metabolic disorders, which can be treated with various dietary interventions. However, the impact of high protein diets on FGF signaling in the liver remains unclear. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a high casein‐based or a high soy‐based protein diet on signaling proteins associated with the FGF pathway within hepatic tissue. For 15 weeks, Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed either a control diet (CON; consisting of 20% casein protein by calories), a high casein protein diet (CAS; 40% casein protein), or a high soy protein diet (SOY; 40% soy protein). A terminal surgery was performed after an overnight fast. Under isoflurane anesthesia, saline or insulin (10U/kg) IP injections were administered to the rodents, then after 5 minutes, blood and liver samples were collected. Plasma levels of insulin and FGF‐21 were determined by ELISA. Tissue levels of FGF‐21, phosphorylated FGF receptor (pFGFR1Tyr654), and phosphorylated Akt (pAktSer473) were determined by Western immunoblot. A two‐way ANOVA was used to determine main effects of diet and insulin on plasma and tissue analytes. As expected, insulin injection resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in plasma insulin levels and increased pAktSer473 in the liver tissue compared to saline‐injected samples. Additionally the insulin‐induced elevation of pAktSer473 in the liver was blunted in the CAS and SOY groups compared to the CON group. There was a main effect of insulin for pFGFR1Tyr654 in the liver (insulin > saline; P<0.05). There was a main effect of diet for FGF‐21 in the liver (CAS < CON and SOY; P<0.05) while conversely plasma levels of FGF‐21 were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in plasma of the CAS group compared to either CON or SOY groups. Our findings reveal that high protein diets blunt the insulin‐enhanced pAktSer473. We speculate that high protein diets may enhance insulin‐stimulated FGF signaling in the liver independent of Akt‐mediated pathways. The therapeutic implication of this observation is yet to be determined.Support or Funding InformationCentral Michigan University Herbert H. and Grace A. Dow College of Health Professions, and the Office of Research and Graduate Studies Early Career Grant.

<p>Editor-in-C hief Huseyin Uzunboylu, Near East University, Cyprus huseyin.uzunboylu@neu.edu.tr Tel: +9 0392 6802000 - 110 <br />Executive Editor Cigdem Hursen, Near East University, Cyprus cigdem.hursen@neu.edu.tr Tel: +9 0392 6802000 - 111 <br />Editorial Board Ahmet Güneyli, Near East University, Cyprus Alevriadou Anastasia, University of Western Macedonia, Greece Canan Zeki, Eastern Mediterranean University, Cyprus Gokmen Daglı, Near East University, Cyprus Jesus Garcia Laborda, University of Alcala, Spain Milan Matijevic, University of Zagreb, Croatia Nerguz Bulut Serin, Lefke European University, Cyprus Özge Hacıfazlioglu, Kultur University, Turkey Kobus Maree, Pretoria University, South Africa Owner and Publisher SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD.</p><p><span>Publisher Contact</span></p><p>SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD.</p><p><span>13 Subat Street, No: 17, 99030 Kyrenia – Cyprus<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br /> E-mail: info@sproc.org</span></p><p><span>Tel: +90 5338366993 Fax: +90 3928157195</span></p><p><span>www.sproc.org</span></p><p><span>Editorial Contact</span></p><p><span>Cigdem Hursen</span></p><p><span>Near East University,</span></p><p>Faculty of Education Department of Educational Sciences Nicosia, Cyprus editor.cjes@gmail.com</p><p><span>Tel. +90 392 6802000 - 111 </span>Sponsor Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences is an academic journal which is sponsored by Near East University and Cyprus Educational Sciences Association. Frequency 4 issues (March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31) per year (after May 2009). Technical Staff Meltem Haksiz Vasfi Tugun Basak Baglama Proofreading Academic Proofreading www.academicproofreading.com Cover Design Hasan Ozdal Azmiye Yinal Publishing Language All Manuscripts must be in English language. Abstracting/Indexing Academic Keys, DOAJ, PsycINFO, EBSCO, Ulrich's Educational Research Abstracts (ERA), Georgetown University Library, Asian Education Index, Turkish Education Index, Google Scholar and AWER Index Issue Publishing Date September 2015 International Advisory Board Abdullahi Fido, Kuwait University, Kuwait Ahmet Guneyli, Near East University, Cyprus Aijaz Ahmed Gujjar, Federal College of Education, Pakistan Alison Sheila Taysum, University of Leicester, United Kingdom Asuncion Lopez-Varela, Universidad Complutense, MADRID, Spain Baysen, Engin, Near East University, Cyprus Boaz Shulruf, University of Auckland, New Zealand Chia-Hao Yang, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan Chong Ho Yu, Arizona State University, United States Christian Guetl, Graz University of Technology, Austria Christine E. Corcoran, University of Birmingham, United States Minor Outlying Islands Christine J. Briggs, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, United States Christopher Boyle, Charles Sturt University, Australia Çiğdem Hürsen, Near East University, Cyprus Colette Gray, Stranmillis University College, Ireland Cristina Daskagiani, Greece David Wyss Rudge, Western Michigan University, United States Donald Wilson Zimmerman, Carleton University, Canada Ellina Chernobilsky, Caldwell College, United States Evridiki Zachopoulou, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece Giuliana Dettori, ITD-CNR, Italy Helen Gunter, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Hüseyin Uzunboylu, Near East University, Cyprus Jafar Yaghoubi, Zanjan University, Iran, Islamic Republic Of Jere T. Humphreys, Arizona State University, United States John CK Wang, National Institute of Education, Singapore John Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom Josie Maria Rodriguez Corral, University of Cádiz (Spain), Spain Kanji Akahori, Hakuoh University, Japan Madhumita Bhattacharya, Athabasca University &amp; Massey University, Canada Margaret Zeegers, University of Ballarat, Australia Marissa Silverman, Montclair State University, United States Muammer Caltik, Blacksea Techical University, Turkey Murat Tezer, Near East University, Cyprus Nadire Cavus, Near East University, Cyprus Othman Alsawaie, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates Ozge Hacifazlioglu, Bahcesehir University, Turkey Paulo Jorge Santos, Faculty of Arts, Porto University, Portugal Sirin Karadeniz, Bahcesehir University, Turkey Note: All members of international advisory board articles' indexed in SSCI. Important Information During review process we use iThenticate plagiarism software. So, it is recommended to the authors should scan with iThenticate plagiarism or other free plagiarism software of their manuscripts. © 2015 SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD. All rights reserved. The ideas published in the journal belong to the authors. Important Announcement We would like to announce that Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences will only be published online from 1 September 2015. There will not be a printed version (ISSN: 1305-9076) of the journal.</p><p><br /><br /></p><p><span><br /></span></p><p> </p>

Chair Elliott Antman, MD, FAHA Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA Vice-Chair Robert A. Harrington, MD, FACC, FAHA Stanford University Stanford, CA Incoming Vice Chair/At Large Ken Bloch, MD, FAHA Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA President Donna Arnett, PhD, FAHA University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 3CPR, Council Program Chair Ben Abella, MD, MPhil, FACEP University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 3CPR Francois Haddad, MD Stanford University Palo Alto, CA 3CPR Fumito Ichinose, MD, PhD, FAHA Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA 3CPR Graham Nichol, MD, MPH, FRCP(C) University of Washington Seattle, WA At Large Lisa de las Fuentes, MD, MS, FASE Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, MO At Large Angel Leon, MD, FACC Emory University Hospital Midtown Atlanta, Georgia At Large Jorge Saucedo, MD, FACC, MBA University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK At Large Kevin Sneed, PharmD USF College of Medicine Tampa, FL ATVB, Council Program Chair William M. Chilian, PhD, FAHA Northeastern Ohio University College of Medicine Rootstown, OH ATVB Yabing Chen, PhD, FAHA University of Alabama Birmingham, AL ATVB Gregory S. Shelness, PhD, FAHA Wake Forest University Winston-Salem, NC BCVS, Council Program Chair Yibin Wang, PhD, FAHA UCLA Los Angeles, CA BCVS Gerald W. Dorn, II, MD, FAHA Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO BCVS Bjorn Knollman, MD, PhD, FAHA Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN BCVS Hong Wang, MD, PhD, EMBA Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA BCVS Joseph C. Wu, MD, PhD Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA BCVS Jianyi (Jay) Zhang, MD, PhD, FAHA University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN Clinical Cardiology, Council Program Chair Eric R Bates, MD, FAHA, FACC University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, MI Clinical Cardiology Monica Colvin-Adams, MD, MS University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN Clinical Cardiology Patrick Ellinor, MD, PhD, FAHA Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA Clinical Cardiology Navin K. Kapur, MD Tufts Medical Center Hanover, MA Clinical Cardiology Mark S. Link, MD Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA Clinical Cardiology J. V. (Ian) Nixon, MD, FACC VCU Health System Richmond, VA Clinical Cardiology Manesh R. Patel, MD Duke University Durham, NC CVDY, Council Program Chair Wolfgang A. Radtke, MD, FAHA AI Dupont Hospital for Children Wilmington, DE CVDY David Dunbar Ivy, MD University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Children's Hospital Colorado Aurora, CO CVDY Ariane Marelli, MD, MPH McGill University Health Center Montreal, Quebec, Canada CVN, Council Program Chair Nancy T. Artinian, PhD, RN, FAHA, FPCNA, FAAN Wayne State University Detroit, MI CVN Bunny J. Pozehl, RN, PhD, CRNP, FAHA UNMC College of Nursing Lincoln, NE CVN Sue Sendelbach, PhD, RN, CCNS, FAHA Abbott Northwestern Hospital Minneapolis, MN CVN Kathy Wood, RN, PhD Duke University School of Nursing Durham, NC CVRI, Council Program Chair Constantino Peña, MD Baptist Cardiac & Vascular Institute Miami, FL CVRI Sanjay Misra, MD Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN CVSA, Council Program Chair Y. Joseph Woo, MD, FAHA University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA CVSA Marc Ruel, MD, MPH, FRCSC, FAHA University of Ottawa Heart Institute Ottawa, Ontario, Canada EPI, Council Program Chair Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM, FACC Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL EPI Jarett D. Berry, MD UT Southwestern Medical School Dallas, TX FGTB, Council Program Chair Christopher Newton-Cheh, MD, MPH, FAHA Harvard Medical School Massachusetts General Hospital Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Boston, MA FGTB Roberta A. Gottlieb, MD, FAHA San Diego State University San Diego, CA FGTB Jennifer L. Hall, PhD, FAHA University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN FGTB Peipei Ping, PhD, FISHR, FAHA UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA HBPR, Council Program Chair Kenneth Baker, MD, FAHA Texas A Health Science Center, College of Medicine Temple, TX HBPR Patrice Delafontaine, MD, FAHA Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, LA HBPR Michael Ryan, MD, PhD, FAHA University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS KCVD, Council Program Chair Christine Maric, PhD, FAHA University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, MS NPAM, Council Program Chair Eliot A. Brinton, MD, FAHA University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT NPAM Caroline Fox, MD, MPH National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Framingham, MA NPAM Paul Poirier, MD, PhD, FRCPC, FACC, FAHA Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Québec, Québec, Canada PVD, Council Program Chair Alan T. Hirsch, MD University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN PVD James B. Froehlich, MD, MPH University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI PVD Christopher Kramer, MD, FAHA University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA QCOR, Council Program Chair Mikhail Kosiborod, MD Saint Luke's Hospital Mid-America Heart Institute Kansas City, MO QCOR Adrian Hernandez, MD, MHS Duke Clinical Research Institute Durham, NC QCOR Henry Ting, MD, MBA, FAHA Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN Stroke, Council Program Chair Cathy A. Sila, MD, FAHA Case Medical Center Cleveland, OH Stroke, Council Michael A. De Georgia, MD, FACP, FAHA, FCCM Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, OH International Congress Subcommittee Eric R. Bates, MD, FAHA, FACC, Chair Robert O. Bonow, MD, Vice Chair Helene Eltchaninoff, MD Kathy E. Magliato, MD, MBA, FACS Audrey Marshall, MD Kathy Hoercher, RN International Subcommittee Robert Harrington, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair Conville Brown, MD, MBBS, FACC, FESC Anthony J. Dalby, MB, ChB, FCP, FACC, FESC Basil Lewis, MD, FRCP Akira Matsumori, MD, PhD, FAHA, FACC, FAPSC, FESC John McMurray, BSc, MB, ChB, MD, FRCP, FESC, FACC, FAHA, FRSE Eduardo F. Mele, MD, FACC, FESC Ali Oto, MD, MD, FESC, FACC, FHRS Daniel Piniero, MD Dong Zhao, MD, PhD Inteventional Cardiology Subcommittee Manesh R. Patel, MD, Chair Duane S. Pinto, MD, MPH, Vice Chair J. Dawn Abbott, MD Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, FAHA Mauricio G. Cohen MD, FSCAI Douglas E. Drachman, MD C. Michael Gibson, MS, MD Allen Jeremias, MD, MSc W. Schuyler Jones MD David E. Kandzari, MD, FSCAI Navin K. Kapur, MD, FAHA Raj R. Makkar, MD Laura Mauri, MD, MSc Julie M. Miller, MD Seung-Jung Park, MD, PhD, Sunil V. Rao, MD Horst Sievert, MD Paul Sorajja, MD Thomas T. Tsai, MD, MSc Christopher J. White, MD, FSCAI, FAHA, FESC

Many neuropsychiatric disorders are hypothesized to be due to subtle changes in neural circuit formation during development. Here we utilized human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to model mature, postmitotic excitatory neurons to examine the molecular effects of FGF2. In postmortem studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients FGF2 gene expression has been demonstrated to be altered in brain regions known to be dysfunctional from fMRI imaging studies. In addition, FGF2 has been shown to have anti‐depressive affects in animal models of depression. Recently it has been demonstrated that viral transduction of neurogenin2, a neurogenic bHLH transcription factor into hiPSCs yields populations of post‐mitotic neurons homogeneously expressing glutamatergic markers.In our studies, we have used a Tol2 recombinase system for gene transfer that allows generation of stable clonal hESC and hIPSC lines. These lines can be reproducibly differentiated into neurons by treatment with doxycycline (dox) to generate a homogenous population of stably induced glutamatergic neurons (siNeurons). We have used these siNeurons to study the gene expression changes involved in the transition from stem cell to neuron and to study the effects of FGF2 on neuronal gene expression. Approximately 95% of the cells are post‐mitotic after 6 days of induction with dox. Using RNA‐Seq over the time course of 11 days of dox treatment, we identified many key neuronal genes that were upregulated and several pluripotency genes that were downregulated. The RNA‐Seq findings were confirmed using qPCR and key protein expression changes were verified using western blotting. The morphological changes over the time course were also confirmed using immunostaining experiments for neuronal marker proteins. Using stem cell lines that inducibly express neurogenin2 as well as GCamp6f, we were able to characterize spontaneous calcium activity in these neurons and showed that 60% cells are able to spontaneously fire after 6 days of differentiation.In further studies, FGF2‐responsive genes were determined by RNA‐Seq after two independent siNeuron lines were treated in presence or absence of 20nM FGF2. Over one hundred genes were identified to be upregulated as a result of chronic FGF2 treatment. Many of these gene expression changes were confirmed using qRT‐PCR and western blotting. To determine the downstream signaling pathway that mediates FGF2 transcriptional regulation, we are using pharmacological inhibitors of the four major pathways activated by FGF2 binding to FGFRs (RAS‐MAP kinase, PI3‐kinase, STAT, and PLCγ‐PKA). Further investigation of FGF2 regulation of the excitatory neuron network activity by calcium imaging and its impact of maturation of neurons and synapses are underway in our lab. We believe that these dox‐inducible siNeuron stem cell lines will serve as a tractable model to understand the cellular events and the transcriptional changes that ultimately lead to formation of functional human neuronal circuitry.Support or Funding InformationThis work was funded by the Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium, which is supported by the Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Fund L.L.C. A shared intellectual property agreement exists between this philanthropic fund and the University of Michigan, Stanford University, the Weill Medical College of Cornell University, the University of California at Irvine, and the Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology to encourage the development of appropriate findings for research and clinical applications.

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As 2008 draws to a close, I am pleased to publish Volume 4(2) of the International Journal for Educational Integrity. Having attended the 3rd International Plagiarism Conference at Northumbria University in the UK in June, and recently joined the Advisory Board of the Center for Academic Integrity in the USA, I have gained the sense that there is increasing global interest in the broad field of educational integrity. In parallel with that interest has been an increased number of submissions to the IJEI, and an overall improvement in the quality of those submissions. I am delighted to report that the International Journal for Educational Integrity has been assessed by the European Science Foundation (Standing Committee for the Humanities) as a category 'B' in the ERIH Initial List for 'Pedagogical and Educational Research', and is currently being considered for a change of category to 'A', for confirmation in early 2009. The Asia-Pacific Forum on Educational Integrity (http://apfei.edu.au), the organisation which publishes the IJEI, is currently seeking members, both institutional and individual. Benefits of membership include: Access to the APFEI website and discussion list; Opportunities to contribute to the APFEI wiki/respository of resources; Discounted individual membership; Collaboration with the Center for Academic Integrity (Clemson University, USA, and plagarismadvice.org (Northumbria University, UK); 15% discount on bi-annual APFEI conference registration to all delegates with individual or institutional membership; Networking opportunities with key researchers in the field, including mentoring to publish in the IJEI; Reputational benefit in being associated with the first organisation in the region specifically devoted to issues of educational integrity; and Access to key researchers/speakers/professional developers to conduct seminars and training. The membership application form follows this Editorial. As in previous issues, Volume 4(2) brings together a range of scholars from around the world, each offering a unique perspective on the topic. Kay Fielden and Donald Joyce from Unitec in New Zealand, set the scene by offering an analysis of 125 papers on academic integrity by Australasian authors, published since 1998. Fielden and Joyce use a multi-stakeholder, multi-level theoretical framework to demonstrate that there was a dominant positivist mindset adopted by the authors in the sample, and that academic staff researchers provide the dominant stakeholder view, most often about student behaviour. It is perhaps not surprising, therefore, that the other three papers in the issue are all written by academic researchers and all deal with student behaviour. Amanda Maxwell, Guy Curtis and Lucia Vardanega from the University of Western Sydney in Australia, investigate the perceived seriousness and understanding of plagiarism by local and Asian international students studying at two Australian universities. Based on a sample of 267 undergraduate students from varying disciplinary backgrounds, and using self-report questionnaires, the study challenges commonly held assumptions about cultural differences. No distinction was found between the two groups in terms of perceived seriousness and understanding of plagiarism. This study confirms the findings from other research which indicates that most students demonstrate some difficulty understanding what constitutes plagiarism, and that an educative framework is needed for all students, regardless of cultural or linguistic background. Vidar Gynnild, from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and Patricia Gotschalk, from Michigan Technological University in Houghton, report on an institutional study of academic integrity based on reported incidents from 2001-2006, and a campus-wide survey administered in 2008. Although the findings demonstrated that academic dishonesty was widespread, 40% of the academic staff who responded to the survey stated that they had taken no steps to address a suspected breach of academic integrity, due to insufficient proof. Other key findings relating to student breaches of academic integrity indicated that there are cultural and gender differences, as well as differences between schools (disciplines) and levels of study. International students were over-represented in integrity charges, and the most frequent offence generally was collusion. Like many other researchers in the field, Gynnild and Gotschalk conclude that a holistic approach which balances the “punitive and educational aspects of policies” is both the challenge and the goal. The issue concludes with an insightful piece by Sarah Roberts-Cady from Fort Lewis College in Colorado. Roberts-Cady makes the case that while most colleges and universities have adopted two main strategies to address academic integrity – behaviour modification and character development – what is also needed is a program of instruction which teaches students to think critically about values. Roberts - Cady asserts that critical thinking is not only an important element of rationality, but integral to being a morally responsible person. Given the emphasis on critical thinking in higher education, Roberts-Cady concludes that "critical thinking about honesty" is where we need to direct our attention in our daily efforts to address issues of academic integrity. I trust you enjoy the current issue of the International Journal for Educational Integrity and encourage you to submit a paper for review, either through the automatic tracking system, or directly to me at tracey.bretag@unisa.edu.au. The next issue is scheduled to be published in April/May 2009. Tracey Bretag, Editor Reviewers for this issue: Patrick Baughan, City University, UK Mark Brimble, Griffith University, Australia Kate Chanock, La Trobe University, Australia Kathleen Gray, University of Melbourne, Australia Margaret Green, University of South Australia Heather Hancock, University of South Australia Sue Knight, University of South Australia Martin Lipscombe, University of the West of England, UK Helen Marsden, University of Canberra, Australia Stephen Marshall, Victorian University of Wellington, NZ

The private higher education system has been facing many challenges in the history of its development, which was harshly handled by the different points of view of political regimes. The system in the general higher education system in all over the world has slowly and weakly improved. Until the 80s of the 20th century, the system revived and obviously developed thanks to the increasing educating demand although many countries were facing financial difficulties to support it. In Vietnam, the private higher education system appeared by 1975 in the south, but this model and the its regulations had been forgotten until the beginning of the 90s of 20th century. 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IntroductionThe 2009 American film Trash Humpers, directed by Harmony Korine, was released at a time when the hipster had become a ubiquitous concept, entering into the common vernacular of numerous cultures throughout the world, and gaining significant press, social media and academic attention (see Žižek; Arsel and Thompson; Greif et al.; Stahl; Ouellette; Reeve; Schiermer; Maly and Varis). Trash Humpers emerged soon after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis triggered Occupy movements in numerous cities, aided by social media platforms, reported on by blogs such as Gawker, and stylized by multi-national youth-subculture brands such as Vice, American Apparel, Urban Outfitters and a plethora of localised variants.Korine’s film, which is made to resemble found VHS footage of old-aged vandals, epitomises the ironic, retro stylizations and “counterculture-meets-kitsch” aesthetics so familiar to hipster culture. As a creative stereotype from 1940s and ‘50s jazz and beatnik subcultures, the hipster re-emerged in the twenty-first century as a negative embodiment of alternative culture in the age of the Internet. As well as plumbing the recent past for things not yet incorporated into contemporary marketing mechanisms, the hipster also signifies the blurring of irony and authenticity. Such “outsiderness as insiderness” postures can be regarded as a continuation of the marginality-from-the-centre logic of cool capitalism that emerged after World War Two. Particularly between 2007 and 2015, the post-postmodern concept of the hipster was a resonant cultural trope in Western and non-Western cultures alike, coinciding with the normalisation of the new digital terrain and the establishment of mobile social media as an integral aspect of many people’s daily lives. While Korine’s 79-minute feature could be thought of as following in the schlocky footsteps of the likes of Rob Zombie’s The Devil’s Rejects (2006), it is decidedly more arthouse, and more attuned to the influence of contemporary alternative media brands and independent film history alike – as if the love child of Jack Smith’s Flaming Creatures (1963) and Vice Video, the latter having been labelled as “devil-may-care hipsterism” (Carr). Upon release, Trash Humpers was described by Gene McHugh as “a mildly hip take on Jackass”; by Mike D’Angelo as “an empty hipster pose”; and by Aaron Hillis as either “the work of an insincere hipster or an eccentric provocateur”. Lacking any semblance of a conventional plot, Trash Humpers essentially revolves around four elderly-looking protagonists – three men and a woman – who document themselves with a low-quality video camera as they go about behaving badly in the suburbs of Nashville, Tennessee, where Korine still lives. They cackle eerily to themselves as they try to stave off boredom, masturbating frantically on rubbish bins, defecating and drinking alcohol in public, fellating foliage, smashing televisions, playing ten-pin bowling, lighting firecrackers and telling gay “hate” jokes to camera with no punchlines. In one purposefully undramatic scene half-way through the film, the humpers are shown in the aftermath of an attack on a man wearing a French maid’s outfit; he lies dead in a pool of blood on their kitchen floor with a hammer at his feet. The humpers are consummate “bad” performers in every sense of the term, and they are joined by a range of other, apparently lower-class, misfits with whom they stage tap dance routines and repetitively sing nursery-rhyme-styled raps such as: “make it, make it, don’t break it; make it, make it, don’t fake it; make it, make it, don’t take it”, which acts as a surrogate theme song for the film. Korine sometimes depicts his main characters on crutches or in a wheelchair, and a baby doll is never too far away from the action, as a silent and Surrealist witness to their weird, sinister and sometimes very funny exploits. The film cuts from scene to scene as if edited on a video recorder, utilising in-house VHS titling sequences, audio glitches and video static to create the sense that one is engaging voyeuristically with a found video document rather than a scripted movie. Mainstream AlternativesAs a viewer of Trash Humpers, one has to try hard to suspend disbelief if one is to see the humpers as genuine geriatric peeping Toms rather than as hipsters in old-man masks trying to be rebellious. However, as Korine’s earlier films such as Gummo (1997) attest, he clearly delights in blurring the line between failure and transcendence, or, in this case, between pretentious art-school bravado and authentic redneck ennui. As noted in a review by Jeannette Catsoulis, writing for the New York Times: “Much of this is just so much juvenile posturing, but every so often the screen freezes into something approximating beauty: a blurry, spaced-out, yellow-green landscape, as alien as an ancient photograph”. Korine has made a career out of generating this wavering uncertainty in his work, polarising audiences with a mix of critical, cinema-verité styles and cynical exploitations. His work has consistently revelled in ethical ambiguities, creating environments where teenagers take Ritalin for kicks, kill cats, wage war with their families and engage in acts of sexual deviancy – all of which are depicted with a photographer’s eye for the uncanny.The elusive and contradictory aspects of Korine’s work – at once ugly and beautiful, abstract and commercial, pessimistic and nostalgic – are evident not just in films such as Gummo, Julien Donkey Boy (1999) and Mister Lonely (2007) but also in his screenplay for Kids (1995), his performance-like appearances on The Tonight Show with David Letterman (1993-2015) and in publications such as A Crackup at the Race Riots (1998) and Pass the Bitch Chicken (2001). As well as these outputs, Korine is also a painter who is represented by Gagosian Gallery – one of the world’s leading art galleries – and he has directed numerous music videos, documentaries and commercials throughout his career. More than just update of the traditional figure of the auteur, Korine, instead, resembles a contemporary media artist whose avant-garde and grotesque treatments of Americana permeate almost everything he does. Korine wrote the screenplay for Kids when he was just 19, and subsequently built his reputation on the paradoxical mainstreaming of alternative culture in the 1990s. This is exemplified by the establishment of music and film genres such “alternative” and “independent”; the popularity of the slacker ethos attributed to Generation X; the increased visibility of alternative press zines; the birth of grunge in fashion and music; and the coining of “cool hunting” – a bottom-up market research phenomenon that aimed to discover new trends in urban subcultures for the purpose of mass marketing. Key to “alternative culture”, and its related categories such as “indie” and “arthouse”, is the idea of evoking artistic authenticity while covertly maintaining a parasitic relationship with the mainstream. As Holly Kruse notes in her account of the indie music scenes of the 1990s, which gained tremendous popularity in the wake of grunge bands such as Nirvana: without dominant, mainstream musics against which to react, independent music cannot be independent. Its existence depends upon dominant music structures and practices against which to define itself. Indie music has therefore been continually engaged in an economic and ideological struggle in which its ‘outsider’ status is re-examined, re-defined, and re-articulated to sets of musical practices. (Kruse 149)Alternative culture follows a similar, highly contentious, logic, appearing as a nebulous, authentic and artistic “other” whose exponents risk being entirely defined by the mainstream markets they profess to oppose. Kids was directed by the artist cum indie-director Larry Clark, who discovered Korine riding his skateboard with a group of friends in New York’s Washington Square in the early 1990s, before commissioning him to write a script. The then subcultural community of skating – which gained prominence in the 1990s amidst the increased visibility of “alternative sports” – provides an important backdrop to the film, which documents a group of disaffected New York teenagers at a time of the Aids crisis in America. Korine has been active in promoting the DIY ethos, creativity and anti-authoritarian branding of skate culture since this time – an industry that, in its attempts to maintain a non-mainstream profile while also being highly branded, has become emblematic of the category of “alternative culture”. Korine has undertaken commercial projects with an array skate-wear brands, but he is particularly associated with Supreme, a so-called “guerrilla fashion” label originating in 1994 that credits Clark and other 1990s indie darlings, and Korine cohorts, Chloë Sevigny and Terry Richardson, as former models and collaborators (Williams). The company is well known for its designer skateboard decks, its collaborations with prominent contemporary visual artists, its hip-hop branding and “inscrutable” web videos. It is also well known for its limited runs of new clothing lines, which help to stoke demand through one-offs – blending street-wear accessibility with the restricted-market and anti-authoritarian sensibility of avant-garde art.Of course, “alternative culture” poses a notorious conundrum for analysis, involving highly subjective demarcations of “mainstream” from “subversive” culture, not to mention “genuine subversion” from mere “corporate alternatives”. As Pierre Bourdieu has argued, the roots of alternative culture lie in the Western tradition of the avant-garde and the “aesthetic gaze” that developed in the nineteenth century (Field 36). In analysing the modernist notion of advanced cultural practice – where art is presented as an alternative to bourgeois academic taste and to the common realm of cultural commodities – Bourdieu proposed a distinction between two types of “fields”, or logics of cultural production. Alternative culture follows what Bourdieu called “the field of restricted production”, which adheres to “art for art’s sake” ideals, where audiences are targeted as if like-minded peers (Field 50). In contrast, the “field of large-scale production” reflects the commercial imperatives of mainstream culture, in which goods are produced for the general public at large. The latter field of large-scale production tends to service pre-established markets, operating in response to public demand. Furthermore, whereas success in the field of restricted production is often indirect, and latent – involving artists who create niche markets without making any concessions to those markets – success in the field of large-scale production is typically more immediate and quantifiable (Field 39). Here we can see that central to the branding of “alternative culture” is the perceived refusal to conform to popular taste and the logic of capitalism more generally is. As Supreme founder James Jebbia stated about his brand in a rare interview: “The less known the better” (Williams). On this, Bourdieu states that, in the field of restricted production, the fundamental principles of all ordinary economies are inversed to create a “loser wins” scenario (Field 39). Profit and cultural esteem become detrimental attributes in this context, potentially tainting the integrity and marginalisation on which alternative products depend. As one ironic hipster t-shirt puts it: “Nothing is any good if other people like it” (Diesel Sweeties).Trash HipstersIn abandoning linear narrative for rough assemblages of vignettes – or “moments” – recorded with an unsteady handheld camera, Trash Humpers positions itself in ironic opposition to mainstream filmmaking, refusing the narrative arcs and unwritten rules of Hollywood film, save for its opening and closing credits. Given Korine’s much publicized appreciation of cinema pioneers, we can understand Trash Humpers as paying homage to independent and DIY film history, including Jack Smith’s Flaming Creatures, William Eggleston’s Stranded in Canton (1973), Andy Warhol’s and Paul Morrissey’s Lonesome Cowboys (1967) and Trash (1970), and John Waters’s Pink Flamingos (1972), all of which jubilantly embraced the “bad” aesthetic of home movies. Posed as fantasized substitutions for mainstream movie-making, such works were also underwritten by the legitimacy of camp as a form of counter-culture critique, blurring parody and documentary to give voice to an array of non-mainstream and counter-cultural identities. The employment of camp in postmodern culture became known not merely as an aesthetic subversion of cultural mores but also as “a gesture of self-legitimation” (Derrida 290), its “failed seriousness” regarded as a critical response to the specific historical problem of being a “culturally over-saturated” subject (Sontag 288).The significant difference between Korine’s film and those of his 1970s-era forbears is precisely the attention he pays to the formal aspects of his medium, revelling in analogue editing glitches to the point of fetishism, in some cases lasting as long as the scenes themselves. Consciously working out-of-step with the media of his day, Trash Humpers in imbued with nostalgia from its very beginning. Whereas Smith, Eggleston, Warhol, Morrissey and Waters blurred fantasy and documentary in ways that raised the social and political identities of their subjects, Korine seems much more interested in “trash” as an aesthetic trope. In following this interest, he rightfully pays homage to the tropes of queer cinema, however, he conveniently leaves behind their underlying commentaries about (hetero-) normative culture. A sequence where the trash humpers visit a whorehouse and amuse themselves by smoking cigars and slapping the ample bottoms of prostitutes in G-strings confirms the heterosexual tenor of the film, which is reiterated throughout by numerous deadpan gay jokes and slurs.Trash Humpers can be understood precisely in terms of Korine’s desire to maintain the aesthetic imperatives of alternative culture, where formal experimentation and the subverting of mainstream genres can provide a certain amount of freedom from explicated meaning, and, in particular, from socio-political commentary. Bourdieu rightly points out how the pleasures of the aesthetic gaze often manifest themselves curiously as form of “deferred pleasure” (353) or “pleasure without enjoyment” (495), which corresponds to Immanuel Kant’s notion of the disinterested nature of aesthetic judgement. Aesthetic dispositions posed in the negative – as in the avant-garde artists who mined primitive and ugly cultural stereotypes – typically use as reference points “facile” or “vulgar” (393) working-class tropes that refer negatively to sensuous pleasure as their major criterion of judgment. For Bourdieu, the pleasures provided by the aesthetic gaze in such instances are not sensual pleasures so much as the pleasures of social distinction – signifying the author’s distance from taste as a form of gratification. Here, it is easy to see how the orgiastic central characters in Trash Humpers might be employed by Korine for a similar end-result. As noted by Jeremiah Kipp in a review of the film: “You don't ‘like’ a movie like Trash Humpers, but I’m very happy such films exist”. Propelled by aesthetic, rather than by social, questions of value, those that “get” the obscure works of alternative culture have a tendency to legitimize them on the basis of the high-degree of formal analysis skills they require. For Bourdieu, this obscures the fact that one’s aesthetic “‘eye’ is a product of history reproduced by education” – a privileged mode of looking, estranged from those unfamiliar with the internal logic of decoding presupposed by the very notion of “aesthetic enjoyment” (2).The rhetorical priority of alternative culture is, in Bourdieu’s terms, the “autonomous” perfection of the form rather than the “heteronomous” attempt to monopolise on it (Field 40). However, such distinctions are, in actuality, more nuanced than Bourdieu sometimes assumed. This is especially true in the context of global digital culture, which makes explicit how the same cultural signs can have vastly different meanings and motivations across different social contexts. This has arguably resulted in the destabilisation of prescriptive analyses of cultural taste, and has contributed to recent “post-critical” advances, in which academics such as Bruno Latour and Rita Felski advocate for cultural analyses and practices that promote relationality and attachment rather than suspicious (critical) dispositions towards marginal and popular subjects alike. Latour’s call for a move away from the “sledge hammer” of critique applies as much to cultural practice as it does to written analysis. Rather than maintaining hierarchical oppositions between authentic versus inauthentic taste, Latour understands culture – and the material world more generally – as having agency alongside, and with, that of the social world.Hipsters with No AlternativeIf, as Karl Spracklen suggests, alternativism is thought of “as a political project of resistance to capitalism, with communicative oppositionality as its defining feature” (254), it is clear that there has been a progressive waning in relevance of the category of “alternative culture” in the age of the Internet, which coincides with the triumph of so-called “neoliberal individualism” (258). To this end, Korine has lost some of his artistic credibility over the course of the 2000s. If viewed negatively, icons of 1990s alternative culture such as Korine can be seen as merely exploiting Dada-like techniques of mimetic exacerbation and symbolic détournement for the purpose of alternative, “arty” branding rather than pertaining to a counter-hegemonic cultural movement (Foster 31). It is within this context of heightened scepticism surrounding alternative culture that the hipster stereotype emerged in cultures throughout the world, as if a contested symbol of the aesthetic gaze in an era of neoliberal identity politics. Whatever the psychological motivations underpinning one’s use of the term, to call someone a hipster is typically to point out that their distinctive alternative or “arty” status appears overstated; their creative decisions considered as if a type of bathos. For detractors of alternative cultural producers such as Korine, he is trying too hard to be different, using the stylised codes of “alternative” to conceal what is essentially his cultural and political immaturity. The hipster – who is rarely ever self-identified – re-emerged in the 2000s to operate as a scapegoat for inauthentic markers of alternative culture, associated with men and women who appear to embrace Realpolitik, sincerity and authentic expressions of identity while remaining tethered to irony, autonomous aesthetics and self-design. Perhaps the real irony of the hipster is the pervasiveness of irony in contemporary culture. R. J Magill Jnr. has argued that “a certain cultural bitterness legitimated through trenchant disbelief” (xi) has come to define the dominant mode of political engagement in many societies since the early 2000s, in response to mass digital information, twenty-four-hour news cycles, and the climate of suspicion produced by information about terrorism threats. He analyses the prominence of political irony in American TV shows including The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Simpsons, South Park, The Chappelle Show and The Colbert Report but he also notes its pervasiveness as a twenty-first-century worldview – a distancing that “paradoxically and secretly preserves the ideals of sincerity, honesty and authenticity by momentarily belying its own appearance” (x). Crucially, then, the utterance “hipster” has come to signify instances when irony and aesthetic distance are perceived to have been taken too far, generating the most disdain from those for whom irony, aesthetic discernment and cultural connoisseurship still provide much-needed moments of disconnection from capitalist cultures drowning in commercial hyperbole and grave news hype. Korine himself has acknowledged that Spring Breakers (2013) – his follow-up feature film to Trash Humpers – was created in response to the notion that “alternative culture”, once a legitimate challenge to mainstream taste, had lost its oppositional power with the decentralization of digital culture. He states that he made Spring Breakers at a moment “when there’s no such thing as high or low, it’s all been exploded. There is no underground or above-ground, there’s nothing that’s alternative. We’re at a point of post-everything, so it’s all about finding the spirit inside, and the logic, and making your own connections” (Hawker). In this context, we can understand Trash Humpers as the last of the Korine films to be branded with the authenticity of alternative culture. In Spring Breakers Korine moved from the gritty low-fi sensibility of his previous films and adopted a more digital, light-filled and pastel-coloured palette. Focussing more conventionally on plot than ever before, Spring Breakers follows four college girls who hold up a restaurant in order to fund their spring break vacation. Critic Michael Chaiken noted that the film marks a shift in Korine’s career, from the alternative stylings of the pre-Internet generation to “the cultural heirs [of] the doomed protagonists of Kids: nineties babies, who grew up with the Internet, whose sensibilities have been shaped by the sweeping technological changes that have taken place in the interval between the Clinton and Obama eras” (33).By the end of the 2000s, an entire generation came of age having not experienced a time when the obscure films, music or art of the past took more effort to track down. Having been a key participant in the branding of alternative culture, Korine is in a good position to recall a different, pre-YouTube time – when cultural discernment was still caught up in the authenticity of artistic identity, and when one’s cultural tastes could still operate with a certain amount of freedom from sociological scrutiny. Such ideas seem a long way away from today’s cultural environments, which have been shaped not only by digital media’s promotion of cultural interconnection and mass information, but also by social media’s emphasis on mobilization and ethical awareness. ConclusionI should reiterate here that is not Korine’s lack of seriousness, or irony, alone that marks Trash Humpers as a response to the scepticism surrounding alternative culture symbolised by the figure of the hipster. It is, rather, that Korine’s mock-documentary about juvenile geriatrics works too hard to obscure its implicit social commentary, appearing driven to condemn contemporary capitalism’s exploitations of youthfulness only to divert such “uncool” critical commentaries through unsubtle formal distractions, visual poetics and “bad boy” avant-garde signifiers of authenticity. Before being bludgeoned to death, the unnamed man in the French maid’s outfit recites a poem on a bridge amidst a barrage of fire crackers let off by a nearby humper in a wheelchair. Although easily overlooked, it could, in fact, be a pivotal scene in the film. Spoken with mock high-art pretentions, the final lines of the poem are: So what? Why, I ask, why? Why castigate these creatures whose angelic features are bumping and grinding on trash? Are they not spawned by our greed? Are they not our true seed? Are they not what we’ve bought for our cash? We’ve created this lot, of the ooze and the rot, deliberately and unabashed. Whose orgiastic elation and one mission in creation is to savagely fornicate TRASH!Here, the character’s warning of capitalist overabundance is drowned out by the (aesthetic) shocks of the fire crackers, just as the stereotypical hipster’s ethical ideals are drowned out by their aesthetic excess. The scene also functions as a metaphor for the humpers themselves, whose elderly masks – embodiments of nostalgia – temporarily suspend their real socio-political identities for the sake of role-play. It is in this sense that Trash Humpers is too enamoured with its own artifices – including its anonymous “boys club” mentality – to suggest anything other than the aesthetic distance that has come to mark the failings of the “alternative culture” category. In such instances, alternative taste appears as a rhetorical posture, with Korine asking us to gawk knowingly at the hedonistic and destructive pleasures pursued by the humpers while factoring in, and accepting, our likely disapproval.ReferencesArsel, Zeynep, and Craig J. Thompson. “Demythologizing Consumption Practices: How Consumers Protect Their Field-Dependent Identity Investments from Devaluing Marketplace Myths.” Journal of Consumer Research 37.5 (2011): 791-806.Bourdieu, Pierre. 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