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Rajendran, K., A. Kitoh, J. Srinivasan, R. Mizuta, and R. Krishnan. "Monsoon circulation interaction with Western Ghats orography under changing climate." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 110, no. 4 (June 27, 2012): 555–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0690-2.
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Saranya, P., A. Krishnakumar, Nitesh Sinha, Sudhir Kumar, and K. Anoop Krishnan. "Isotopic signatures of moisture recycling and evaporation processes along the Western Ghats orography." Atmospheric Research 264 (December 2021): 105863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105863.
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TIWARI, M., and N. RAMANATHAN. "Effects of change in orientation and surface roughness of terrain oil thermally induced up slope flows in western Ghats: A numerical study." MAUSAM 46, no. 4 (January 2, 2022): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v46i4.3301.
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ABSTRACT. The effect of change in orientation and surface roughness of terrain on the daytime up slope flow is investigated using a 2-dimensional mesoscale model. A realistic orography profile of western ghat is chosen for the purpose. Twelve hour of integrations are performed starting from sunrise. The numerical simulation have shown that the intensity of up slope flows remained practically unaffected by change of orientation of terrain. However, increase in roughness length decreases the intensity of developed flows. For comparison purposes, the results of previous investigators are verified with a change in slope angles.
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Shige, Shoichi, Yuki Nakano, and Munehisa K. Yamamoto. "Role of Orography, Diurnal Cycle, and Intraseasonal Oscillation in Summer Monsoon Rainfall over the Western Ghats and Myanmar Coast." Journal of Climate 30, no. 23 (December 2017): 9365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0858.1.
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Rainfall over the coastal regions of western India [Western Ghats (WG)] and Myanmar [Arakan Yoma (AY)], two regions experiencing the heaviest rainfall during the Asian summer monsoon, is examined using a Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) dataset spanning 16 years. Rainfall maxima are identified on the upslope of the WG and the coastline of AY, in contrast to the offshore locations observed in previous studies. Continuous rain with slight nocturnal and afternoon–evening maxima occurs over the upslope of the WG, while an afternoon peak over the upslope and a morning peak just off the coast are found in AY, resulting in different locations of the rainfall maxima for the WG (upslope) and AY (coastline). Large rainfall amounts with small diurnal amplitudes are observed over the WG and AY under strong environmental flow perpendicular to the coastal mountains, and vice versa. Composite analysis of the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) shows that the rain anomaly over the WG slopes lags behind the northward-propagating major rainband. The cyclonic systems associated with the BSISO introduces a southwest wind anomaly behind the major rainband, enhancing the orographic rainfall over the WG, and resulting in the phase lag. This lag is not observed in the AY region where more closed cyclonic circulations occur. Diurnal variations in rainfall over the WG regions are smallest during the strongest BSISO rainfall anomaly phase.
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Mohanty, Shyama, Madhusmita Swain, Raghu Nadimpalli, K. K. Osuri, U. C. Mohanty, Pratiman Patel, and Dev Niyogi. "Meteorological Conditions of Extreme Heavy Rains over Coastal City Mumbai." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 62, no. 2 (February 2023): 191–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-21-0223.1.
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Abstract The city of Mumbai, India, frequently receives extreme rainfall (>204.5 mm day−1) during the summer monsoonal period (June–September), causing flash floods and other hazards. An assessment of the meteorological conditions that lead to these rain events is carried out for 15 previous cases from 1980 to 2020. The moisture source for such rain events over Mumbai is generally an offshore trough, a midtropospheric cyclone, or a Bay of Bengal depression. The analysis shows that almost all of the extreme rain events are associated with at least two of these conditions co-occurring. The presence of a narrow zone of high sea surface temperature approximately along the latitude of Mumbai over the Arabian Sea can favor mesoscale convergence and is observed at least 3 days before the event. Anomalous wind remotely supplying copious moisture from the Bay of Bengal adds to the intensity of the rain event. The presence of midtropospheric circulation and offshore trough, along with the orographic lifting of the moisture, give a unique meteorological setup to bring about highly localized catastrophic extreme rainfall events over Mumbai. The approach adopted in this study can be utilized for other such locales to develop location-specific guidance that can aid the local forecasting and emergency response communities. Further, it also provides promise for using data-driven/machine learning–based pattern analysis for developing warning triggers. Significance Statement We have identified the meteorological conditions that lead to extreme heavy rains over Mumbai, India. They are that 1) at least two of these rain-bearing systems, offshore trough, midtropospheric circulation, and Bay of Bengal depression moving north-northwestward are concurrently present, 2) an anomalous high SST gradient is present along the same latitude as Mumbai, and 3) the Western Ghats orography favors the rainfall extreme to be highly localized over Mumbai.
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Hoyos, Carlos D., and Peter J. Webster. "The Role of Intraseasonal Variability in the Nature of Asian Monsoon Precipitation." Journal of Climate 20, no. 17 (September 1, 2007): 4402–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4252.1.
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Abstract The structure of the mean precipitation of the south Asian monsoon is spatially complex. Embedded in a broad precipitation maximum extending eastward from 70°E to the northwest tropical Pacific Ocean are strong local maxima to the west of the Western Ghats mountain range of India, in Cambodia extending into the eastern China Sea, and over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal (BoB), where the strongest large-scale global maximum in precipitation is located. In general, the maximum precipitation occurs over the oceans and not over the land regions. Distinct temporal variability also exists with time scales ranging from days to decades. Neither the spatial nor temporal variability of the monsoon can be explained simply as the response to the cross-equatorial pressure gradient force between the continental regions of Asia and the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, as suggested in classical descriptions of the monsoon. Monthly (1979–2005) and daily (1997–present) rainfall estimates from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), 3-hourly (1998–present) rainfall estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager (TMI) estimates of sea surface temperature (SST), reanalysis products, and satellite-determined outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data were used as the basis of a detailed diagnostic study to explore the physical basis of the spatial and temporal nature of monsoon precipitation. Propagation characteristics of the monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs) and biweekly signals from the South China Sea, coupled with local and regional effects of orography and land–atmosphere feedbacks are found to modulate and determine the locations of the mean precipitation patterns. Long-term variability is found to be associated with remote climate forcing from phenomena such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but with an impact that changes interdecadally, producing incoherent responses of regional rainfall. A proportion of the interannual modulation of monsoon rainfall is found to be the direct result of the cumulative effect of rainfall variability on intraseasonal (25–80 day) time scales over the Indian Ocean. MISOs are shown to be the main modulator of weather events and encompass most synoptic activity. Composite analysis shows that the cyclonic system associated with the northward propagation of a MISO event from the equatorial Indian Ocean tends to drive moist air toward the Burma mountain range and, in so doing, enhances rainfall considerably in the northeast corner of the bay, explaining much of the observed summer maximum oriented parallel to the mountains. Similar interplay occurs to the west of the Ghats. While orography does not seem to play a defining role in MISO evolution in any part of the basin, it directly influences the cumulative MISO-associated rainfall, thus defining the observed mean seasonal pattern. This is an important conclusion since it suggests that in order for the climate models to reproduce the observed seasonal monsoon rainfall structure, MISO activity needs to be well simulated and sharp mountain ranges well represented.
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Huo, Yiling, William Richard Peltier, and Deepak Chandan. "Mid-Holocene monsoons in South and Southeast Asia: dynamically downscaled simulations and the influence of the Green Sahara." Climate of the Past 17, no. 4 (August 5, 2021): 1645–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1645-2021.
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Abstract. Proxy records suggest that the Northern Hemisphere during the mid-Holocene (MH), to be assumed herein to correspond to 6000 years ago, was generally warmer than today during summer and colder in the winter due to the enhanced seasonal contrast in the amount of solar radiation reaching the top of the atmosphere. The complex orography of both South and Southeast Asia (SA and SEA), which includes the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the north and the Western Ghats mountains along the west coast of India in the south, renders the regional climate complex and the simulation of the intensity and spatial variability of the MH summer monsoon technically challenging. In order to more accurately capture important regional features of the monsoon system in these regions, we have completed a series of regional climate simulations using a coupled modeling system to dynamically downscale MH global simulations. This regional coupled modeling system consists of the University of Toronto version of the Community Climate System Model version 4 (UofT-CCSM4), the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model, and the 3D Coastal and Regional Ocean Community model (CROCO). In the global model, we have taken care to incorporate Green Sahara (GS) boundary conditions in order to compare with standard MH simulations and to capture interactions between the GS and the monsoon circulations in India and SEA. Comparison of simulated and reconstructed climates suggest that the dynamically downscaled simulations produce significantly more realistic anomalies in the Asian monsoon than the global climate model, although they both continue to underestimate the inferred changes in precipitation based upon reconstructions using climate proxy information. Monsoon precipitation over SA and SEA is also greatly influenced by the inclusion of a GS, with a large increase particularly being predicted over northern SA and SEA, and a lengthening of the monsoon season. Data–model comparisons with downscaled simulations outperform those with the coarser global model, highlighting the crucial role of downscaling in paleo data–model comparison.
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Zhang, Gang, and Ronald B. Smith. "Numerical Study of Physical Processes Controlling Summer Precipitation over the Western Ghats Region." Journal of Climate 31, no. 8 (March 20, 2018): 3099–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0002.1.
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Abstract Summer precipitation over the Western Ghats and its adjacent Arabian Sea is an important component of the Indian monsoon. To advance understanding of the physical processes controlling this regional precipitation, a series of high-resolution convection-permitting simulations were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Convection simulated in the WRF Model agrees with TRMM and MODIS satellite estimates. Sensitivity simulations are conducted, by altering topography, latent heating, and sea surface temperature (SST), to quantify the effects of different physical forcing factors. It is helpful to put India’s west coast rainfall systems into three categories with different causes and characteristics. 1) Offshore rainfall is controlled by incoming convective available potential energy (CAPE), the entrainment of midtropospheric dry layer in the monsoon westerlies, and the latent heat flux and SST of the Arabian Sea. It is not triggered by the Western Ghats. When offshore convection is present, it reduces both CAPE and the downwind coastal rainfall. Strong (weak) offshore rainfall is associated with high (low) SSTs in the Arabian Sea, suggested by both observations and sensitivity simulations. 2) Coastal convective rainfall is forced by the coastline roughness, diurnal heating, and the Western Ghats topography. This localized convective rainfall ends abruptly beyond the Western Ghats, producing a rain shadow to the east of the mountains. This deep convection with mixed phase microphysics is the biggest overall rain producer. 3) Orographic stratiform warm rain and drizzle dominate the local precipitation on the crest of the Western Ghats.
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Sarun, S., P. Vineetha, Rajesh Reghunath, A. M. Sheela, and R. Anil Kumar. "Post landslide Investigation of Shallow Landslide: A case study from the Southern Western Ghats, India." Disaster Advances 14, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/147da5221.
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Many mountainous regions in the tropics witnessed extreme orographic rainfall episodes in the recent past. The portions of the Western Ghats that fall on the Kerala state also experienced extreme climatic conditions in floods and landslides in 2018 and 2019. More than a thousand small and large landslides occurred during that period in the State's Western Ghats regions. The landslide at Kavalapara in the Malappuram district in 2019 is at the top in the state regarding the causalities, financial loss, and spatial spread. This study is based on a comprehensive field investigation at the Kavalappara landslide site and we developed a detailed landslide susceptibility map with the local community's involvement. The massive landslide covers 0.34 Sq.km (34 hectares) triggered by the unprecedented monsoon rainfall coupled with unsustainable agricultural practices. The area's risk zones have been identified and spatially mapped with the help of a detailed field investigation using Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing technology. The output of the study can be used for the policymakers and planners working in landslide-prone areas.
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MOHAPATRA, M. "Relative contribution of synoptic systems to monsoon rainfall over Orissa." MAUSAM 58, no. 1 (November 26, 2021): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i1.1125.
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ABSTRACT. The low/depression over northwest (NW) Bay of Bengal is the largest contributor to seasonal monsoon rainfall over all stations in Orissa and Orissa as a whole. The Low Pressure Systems (LPS) and cyclonic circulation (cycir) extending upto 500 hPa level over NW Bay of Bengal alone contribute about 22% to the seasonal monsoon rainfall through about 12 days. The monsoon trough without any significant embedded systems over Orissa and adjoining regions contributes about 28% to seasonal rainfall through about 55 days. All types of LPS including low, depression and cyclonic storm yield maximum rainfall in their left forward (southwest) sectors. The maximum rainfall belt lies more southward due to a depression compared to that due to a low. The spatial distribution of rainfall due to cycir is less systematic. The interaction due to Eastern Ghat plays a significant role in spatial distribution of rainfall over western and eastern sides of the Eastern Ghat due to monsoon lows and depressions over Orissa and adjoining Bay and land regions. The orographic interaction due to Eastern Ghat with the cycirs over Orissa and adjoining Bay and land regions is significantly less leading to no significant difference in spatial distribution of rainfall over eastern and western sides of the Eastern Ghat.
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DURAI, V. R., S. K. ROY BHOWMIK, and B. MUKHOPADHYAY. "Evaluation of Indian summer monsoon rainfall features using TRMM and KALPANA-1 satellite derived precipitation and rain gauge observation." MAUSAM 61, no. 3 (November 27, 2021): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v61i3.835.
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The study provides a concise and synthesized documentation of the current level of skill of the satellite (3B42RT, 3B42V-6, KALPANA-1) products over Indian regions based on the data gathered during the summer monsoon seasons of 2006, 2007 and 2008. The inter-comparison of satellite products with the rain gauge observations suggests that the TRMM 3B42V6 product could distinctly capture characteristic features of the summer monsoon, such as north–south oriented belt of heavy rainfall along the Western Ghats with sharp gradient of rainfall between the west coast heavy rain region and the rain shadow region to the east, pockets of heavy rainfall along the location of monsoon trough, over the east central parts of the country, over north-east India, along the foothills of Himalayas and over the north Bay of Bengal. The KALPANA-1 and 3B42RT products reproduce only the broadest features of mean monsoon seasonal rainfall. The near real-time products 3B42RT and KALPANA-1 underestimate the orographic heavy rainfall along the Western Ghats of India. The precipitation estimates from TRMM 3B42V6 product, when accumulated over the whole season, could reproduce the observed pattern. However, the TRMM 3B42RT and KALPANA-1 estimates are comparatively lower than the observed rainfall over most parts of the country during the season. Inter comparison reveals that the TRMM 3B42V6 product showed better skill in estimating the daily and seasonal mean rainfall over all India and also over four homogeneous regions of India.
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Shige, Shoichi, and Christian D. Kummerow. "Precipitation-Top Heights of Heavy Orographic Rainfall in the Asian Monsoon Region." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 8 (July 13, 2016): 3009–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0271.1.
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Abstract Over coastal mountain ranges of the Asian monsoon region, heavy orographic rainfall is frequently associated with low precipitation-top heights (PTHs). This leads to conspicuous underestimation of rainfall using microwave radiometer algorithms, which conventionally assume that heavy rainfall is associated with high PTHs. Although topographically forced upward motion is important for rainfall occurrence, it does not fully constrain precipitation profiles in this region. This paper focuses on the thermodynamic characteristics of the atmosphere that determine PTHs in tropical coastal mountains of Asia (Western Ghats, Arakan Yoma, Bilauktaung, Cardamom, Annam Range, and the Philippines). PTHs of heavy orographic rainfall generally decrease with enhanced low- and midlevel relative humidity, especially during the summer monsoon. In contrast, PTHs over the Annam Range of the Indochina Peninsula increase with enhanced low-level and midlevel relative humidity during the transition from boreal summer to winter monsoon, demonstrating that convection depth is not simply a function of humidity. Instead, PTHs of heavy orographic rainfall decreased with increasing low-level stability for all monsoon regions considered in this study, as well as the Annam Range during the transition from boreal summer to winter monsoon. Therefore, low-level static stability, which inhibits cloud growth and promotes cloud detrainment, appears to be the most important parameter in determining PTHs of heavy rainfall in the Asian monsoon region.
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Tawde, Sayli A., and Charu Singh. "Investigation of orographic features influencing spatial distribution of rainfall over the Western Ghats of India using satellite data." International Journal of Climatology 35, no. 9 (September 18, 2014): 2280–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4146.
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KUMAR, NARESH, NASEEM AHMAD, S. K. ROY BHOWMIK, and H. R. HATWAR. "Wave drag by two-dimensional mountain lee waves." MAUSAM 57, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v57i4.498.
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A linear hydrostatic model of a stably stratified air-stream flow over a two-dimensional orographic barrier is considered assuming wind increases linearly with height and stability is constant. Analytical expressions for mountain drags and momentum fluxes are obtained for Assam-Burma hills as well as Western Ghats of India. The general expression for mountain drag also obtained for both the ridges of Assam-Burma hills.
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Pai, D. S., M. Rajeevan, O. P. Sreejith, B. Mukhopadhyay, and N. S. Satbha. "Development of a new high spatial resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) long period (1901-2010) daily gridded rainfall data set over India and its comparison with existing data sets over the region." MAUSAM 65, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v65i1.851.
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ABSTRACT. The study discusses development of a new daily gridded rainfall data set (IMD4) at a high spatial resolution (0.25° × 0.25°, latitude × longitude) covering a longer period of 110 years (1901-2010) over the Indian main land. A comparison of IMD4 with 4 other existing daily gridded rainfall data sets of different spatial resolutions and time periods has also been discussed. For preparing the new gridded data, daily rainfall records from 6955 rain gauge stations in India were used, highest number of stations used by any studies so far for such a purpose. The gridded data set was developed after making quality control of basic rain-gauge stations. The comparison of IMD4 with other data sets suggested that the climatological and variability features of rainfall over India derived from IMD4 were comparable with the existing gridded daily rainfall data sets. In addition, the spatial rainfall distribution like heavy rainfall areas in the orographic regions of the west coast and over northeast, low rainfall in the lee ward side of the Western Ghats etc. were more realistic and better presented in IMD4 due to its higher spatial resolution and to the higher density of rainfall stations used for its development.
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DAS, ANANDA K., P. K. KUNDU, S. K. ROY BHOWMIK, and M. RATHEE. "Verification of real-time WRF-ARW forecast in IMD during monsoon 2010." MAUSAM 67, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 333–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i2.1301.
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Performance of the mesoscale model WRF-ARW has been evaluated for whole monsoon season of 2011. The real-time model forecasts are generated day to day in India meteorological Department for short-range weather prediction over the Indian region. Verification of rainfall forecasts has been carried out against observed rainfall analysis whereas for all other meteorological parameters verification analysis which was generated using WRFDA assimilation system. Traditional continuous scores and categorical skill scores are computed over seven different zones in India in the verification of rainfall. For other parameters (upper-air as well as surface), continuous scores are evaluated with temporal and spatial features during whole season.
The forecast errors of meteorological parameters other than rainfall are analyzed to portray the model efficiency in maintaining monsoon features in large scale along with localized pattern. In the study, time series of errors throughout the season also has been maneuvered to evaluate model forecasts during diverse phases of monsoon. Categorical scores suggest the model forecasts are reliable up to moderate rainfall category for all seven zones. But, rainfall areas with rainfall above 35.5 mm per day associated with migrated weather system from Indian seas could not be predicted as the model displaces them in the forecast. The verification for a whole monsoon season has shown that the model has capability to predict orographic rainfall for the interactive areas with low level monsoon flow over Western Ghats. The model efficiency are in general brought out for a single monsoon season and errors characteristics are discussed for further improvement which could not perceived during real-time use of the model.
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Phadtare, Jayesh A., Jennifer K. Fletcher, Andrew N. Ross, Andrew G. Turner, Reinhard K. H. Schiemann, and Helen L. Burns. "Unravelling the Mechanism of Summer Monsoon Rainfall Modes over the West Coast of India using Model Simulations." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, August 4, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.4550.
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A transition from a predominantly offshore to an onshore rainfall phase over the west coast of India was simulated using three one‐way nested domains with 12‐, 4‐, and 1.33‐km horizontal grid spacing in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The mechanism of offshore‐onshore rainfall oscillation and the orographic effects of the Western Ghats are studied. A convective parameterization scheme was employed only in the 12‐km domain. A trough extending offshore from the west coast facilitates offshore rainfall. This trough is absent during the onshore phase, and rainfall occurs over the coast mainly via orographic uplift by the Western Ghats. The model overestimates rainfall over the Western Ghats at all resolutions as it consistently underestimates the boundary layer stratification along the coast. Weaker stratification weakens the blocking effect of the Western Ghats, resulting in anomalous deep convection and rainfall over its windward slopes. The 4‐ and 1.33‐km domains simulate the offshore‐to‐onshore transition of rainfall but fail to capture a sufficient contrast in rainfall between land and sea compared to observations. The 12‐km domain produces light rainfall, anchored along the coast, throughout the simulation period, and hence gravely underestimates the offshore rainfall. The offshore rainfall persisted in the 4‐ and 1.33‐km domains in a sensitivity experiment in which the Western Ghats were flattened. This suggests that orographic effects do not significantly influence offshore rainfall. In another experiment, the convective parameterization scheme in the 12‐km domain was turned off. This experiment simulated the offshore and onshore rainfall phases correctly to some extent but the rainfall intensity was unrealistically high. Thus, a model with a horizontal grid spacing of O(∼ 1 km), in which convection evolves explicitly, is desired for simulating the west coast rainfall variations. However, improvements in the representation of boundary layer processes are needed to capture the land‐sea contrast.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Murali Krishna, U. V., Subrata Kumar Das, K. N. Uma, Abhishek Kumar Jha, and G. Pandithurai. "Dynamical links of convective storms associated with tropospheric biennial oscillation in the Indian monsoon regime." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (July 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15772-9.
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AbstractTropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO) is characterized by a tendency for a relatively stronger monsoon to be followed by a relatively weaker one (positive) or vice-versa (negative). This study examines the distribution of different convective systems occurring during TBO phases over the Indian monsoon region. During negative TBO phase, convection is preferential over the Arabian Sea (AS), whereas during positive TBO phase, it is favoured over the land areas and Bay of Bengal (BoB). The isolated shallow convection (ISC) is dominated over the AS and Indian west coast during negative TBO years. A relatively stable environment (statically) capped with drier mid-troposphere results in abundant ISC over the AS. Broad stratiform rain (BSR) dominates over the central and east coast of India, BoB and Myanmar coast during positive TBO years and wide convective core (WCC) are present along the orographic regions, i.e., Myanmar coast and Western Ghats during negative TBO phase. The anomalous easterlies induced by the upper-ocean temperature gradient interact with the mean monsoon winds during positive TBO to provide pathways for developing BSR echoes. The deep-wide convection (DWC) are higher along the Himalayan foothills during positive TBO years. The moist low-level flow from the AS is trapped by dry mid-level flow from high latitudes, resulting in orographic lifting along the Himalayan foothills and form DWC.
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K., Venkata Subrahmanyam, and Kishore Kumar Karanam. "Diurnal Evolution of Orographic Precipitating Clouds over the Southernmost part of the Western Ghats of India during Summer and Winter Monsoons." International Journal of Climatology, March 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.7635.
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Chakravarty, Kaustav, N. Arun, Praful Yadav, Rupali Bhangale, P. Murugavel, Vijay P. Kanawade, J. Mohmmad, K. S. Hosalikar, and G. Pandithurai. "Characteristics of precipitation microphysics during Tropical Cyclone Nisarga (2020) as observed over the orographic region of Western Ghats in the Indian sub-continent." Atmospheric Research, September 2021, 105861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105861.
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