Academic literature on the topic 'Western Christianity'

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Journal articles on the topic "Western Christianity"

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Joy Lawrence, Louise. "Sensing Western Christianity." Senses and Society 8, no. 3 (November 2013): 359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/174589313x13712175020712.

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Chia, Edmund Kee-Fook. "World Christianity in Dialogue with World Religions." Interreligious Studies and Intercultural Theology 1, no. 1 (March 27, 2017): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/isit.33162.

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Even if the study of Christianity’s interreligious and intercultural dialogues is associated with concerns found primarily in the non-Western worlds, the two forms of dialogues actually have their origins in the Western academy. For Christianity, interreligious dialogue is a response to the plurality of religions while intercultural dialogue responds to the cultural plurality within the Christian tradition itself. They are, respectively, Christianity’s engagement with what has come to be known as World Religions and Western Christianity’s engagement with what has come to be known as World Christianity. The present article looks at the genealogy of both these engagements and explores their implications for Christian theology, offering a glimpse into the different methods theologians employ today in apprehending the new situation.
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Wilfred, Felix. "Asia and Western Christianity." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 2, no. 3 (October 1989): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x8900200302.

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The focus in this article is on the set of factors which explain why it has been difficult for Asia to understand Western Christianity. Any authentic encounter of Western Christianity has to be also a deep encounter with the great religions - Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism - which shape the culture and worldview of the East. In particular, present Western theology must be more open in its scope and concern, seeking an existential dialogue with Asian religions and traditions.
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Thomey, Emily. "History of Western Christianity." Expository Times 119, no. 7 (April 2008): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00145246081190070702.

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Scheler, Max, and Alexander Malinkin. "On Eastern and Western Christianity." Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics V, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2587-8719-2021-1-216-236.

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Translation of: Scheler, M. 1986. “Über östliches und westliches Christentum” [in German]. In Schriften zur Soziologie und Weltanschauungslehre, vol. 6 of Gesammelte Werke, ed. by M.S. Frings, 99–115. 15 vols. Bonn: Bouvier Verlag Herbert Grundmann.
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Hawley, Susan, and Steven Kaplan. "Indigenous Responses to Western Christianity." Journal of Religion in Africa 28, no. 1 (February 1998): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1581830.

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Deeds, Susan M., and Stephen Kaplan. "Indigenous Responses to Western Christianity." Hispanic American Historical Review 76, no. 3 (August 1996): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517883.

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Etherington, Norman, and Steven Kaplan. "Indigenous Responses to Western Christianity." International Journal of African Historical Studies 29, no. 3 (1997): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/221389.

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Remele, Kurt. "Christianity and western therapeutic culture." European Legacy 1, no. 3 (May 1996): 1120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848779608579538.

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Hastings, Adrian. "Western Christianity Confronts Other Cultures." Studia Liturgica 20, no. 1 (March 1990): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003932079002000103.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Western Christianity"

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Motlani, Rishad Raffi. "Islam, euthanasia and Western Christianity : drawing on Western Christian thinking to develop an expanded Western Sunni Muslim perspective on euthanasia." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3480.

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In this thesis, I will examine various methods of argument used for and against euthanasia by Christian, Islamic and secular ethicists. Overall, this is intended to examine the role of faith-specific or tradition-specific assumptions and sources in shaping the stance on euthanasia that is taken by certain Western Christian thinkers and scholars in Islamic Medical Ethics. Following an initial overview of some of the central concerns of the thesis in the introduction (Chapter I), I will look at a range of select Western Christian perspectives (Chapter II) and certain Western and Eastern Islamic perspectives (Chapter III) on euthanasia. In these chapters, I will investigate how various sources are used by particular Western Christian and Islamic scholars to formulate their perspective for or against euthanasia. In Chapter IV, I will compare the approaches of these Western Christian and Islamic ethicists to determine points of overlap and distinction. Based on this comparison, it may be contended that the Western Christian literature on euthanasia is in some respects more developed than the Islamic literature. Chapter V will take account of some of the types of argument that are found in the Christian literature but for which there is at present no fully developed counterpart in Sunni Islamic literature. For example, the notion of respecting the elderly, as it specifically relates to opposing euthanasia, is discussed in the Western Christian ethics literature reviewed, but is not considered at least in Islamic Medical Ethics sources examined in this thesis. On this basis, Chapter V will offer an expanded Western Sunni Islamic perspective on euthanasia, which engages with strategies of argument drawn from the Western Christian literature, so providing a contribution to the literature in the developing discipline of Islamic medical ethics. The conclusion to the study will identify the possibilities and nature of dialogue on this issue between faiths, and between monotheistic and other ethical perspectives. So a secondary objective is to examine the possibility of convergence of thought among Christians and Muslims not just on medical ethical issues, but on a range of further issues from a Western point-of-view. In this way, the thesis also aims to make a broader contribution to interfaith dialogue as well as the study of method in ethics directed toward a Western audience.
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Ojo, Matthews Akintunde. "The growth of Campus Christianity and Charismatic Movements in western Nigeria." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327369.

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Costigan, Philip John, and n/a. "An Australian Man in Search of an Embodied Spirituality." Griffith University. School of Theology, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070201.115833.

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This thesis attempts to answer the question of how a framework for a contemporary Australian male spirituality might be formulated. It provides a theoretical base for constructing a spirituality for Australian men that would prove more relevant than the religious patriarchal framework that many men have traditionally experienced. The study makes use of the potentially positive impact on men's spirituality, and that of Australian men in particular, of three of the most significant revolutions affecting contemporary society - the feminist, environmental and embodiment movements. A critical examination is first made of the many strands of the contemporary Men's Movement and the spiritualities associated with them to gain an overall view of the state of men's spirituality today. From this overview, a new philosophical and religious stance is developed, spiritual virism. This may be defined as a sacred worldview by and for men, which, informed by feminist spiritual principles and perspectives, results in a range of redefined personal and collective spiritualities for men in relation to the Sacred. As a result, men are challenged to work actively for the deconstruction of religious patriarchy with a view to the liberation of both men and women. Spiritual virism, in turn, defines the methodology employed throughout the thesis. It is a critical analytical methodology drawn from the disciplines of academic spirituality and feminist theory. It entails the deconstruction of life-denying forms of patriarchal religious attitudes and the construction of more life-giving forms of spirituality. As experience is central in both spiritual and feminist research, personal texts, involving my own spiritual experience expressed in my paintings and in autobiographical commentaries on them, are the prime starting points in this analysis. Discursive discourse, involving more abstract methodology, follows. The deconstruction of the traditional patriarchal understanding of the Sacred in Western Christianity is undertaken first. The construction of more life-giving images of the Sacred, drawn from parallel paradigms in feminist thealogy and earth-based religion, follows. The results are that men may find a positive re-imaging of the Sacred in non-gendered forms such as the Source or the Great Cycle of Life, or in gendered forms such as the god, radically reinterpreted, and especially in the feminine Sacred, the Goddess. Evolving contemporary perceptions of the place of the environment in spirituality, such as ecofeminism, deep ecology, the new science and ecotheology, are employed to help construct more positive spiritual practices for men with respect to nature, the earth and the cosmos. This follows a deconstruction of traditional patriarchal understandings of them within society and Western Christianity. Insights such as the Sacred embodied in the unfolding cosmos, in the living earth and in the web of all life, lead men to a more contemplative, less exploitative attitude to the world around them. Thirdly, having deconstructed the traditional patriarchal attitude of Western Christianity to the male body, the positive impact of contemporary embodiment theory and practice on a spirituality for men is sought. Implications are drawn from feminist understandings of the sacrality of the female body, from Christian embodiment theology and from the practices of body-honouring religions. A more body/earth-centred spirituality, which is non-dualistic and respects the sacredness of the body and sexuality, emerges. A unified spiritual framework draws together and integrates the positive insights of each of these studies. In seeking the application of this generic male spirituality to the Australian context, this framework is brought into dialogue with contemporary approaches to Australian spirituality. The result is a way of formulating an Australian men's spirituality from the perspective of An Australian Man in Search of an Embodied Spirituality, the title of my thesis. This spirituality is rooted in the land of Australia, where the body of the Australian man is seen as sacred and embodied within the sacred body of the Australian land. A sacred Australian mythos is explored to personalise this embodiment. This images the masculine Sacred, the god, as embodied within the man, who both move within the all-encompassing female Sacred, the Goddess, embodied within the land of Australia.
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Costigan, Philip John. "An Australian Man in Search of an Embodied Spirituality." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367529.

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This thesis attempts to answer the question of how a framework for a contemporary Australian male spirituality might be formulated. It provides a theoretical base for constructing a spirituality for Australian men that would prove more relevant than the religious patriarchal framework that many men have traditionally experienced. The study makes use of the potentially positive impact on men's spirituality, and that of Australian men in particular, of three of the most significant revolutions affecting contemporary society - the feminist, environmental and embodiment movements. A critical examination is first made of the many strands of the contemporary Men's Movement and the spiritualities associated with them to gain an overall view of the state of men's spirituality today. From this overview, a new philosophical and religious stance is developed, spiritual virism. This may be defined as a sacred worldview by and for men, which, informed by feminist spiritual principles and perspectives, results in a range of redefined personal and collective spiritualities for men in relation to the Sacred. As a result, men are challenged to work actively for the deconstruction of religious patriarchy with a view to the liberation of both men and women. Spiritual virism, in turn, defines the methodology employed throughout the thesis. It is a critical analytical methodology drawn from the disciplines of academic spirituality and feminist theory. It entails the deconstruction of life-denying forms of patriarchal religious attitudes and the construction of more life-giving forms of spirituality. As experience is central in both spiritual and feminist research, personal texts, involving my own spiritual experience expressed in my paintings and in autobiographical commentaries on them, are the prime starting points in this analysis. Discursive discourse, involving more abstract methodology, follows. The deconstruction of the traditional patriarchal understanding of the Sacred in Western Christianity is undertaken first. The construction of more life-giving images of the Sacred, drawn from parallel paradigms in feminist thealogy and earth-based religion, follows. The results are that men may find a positive re-imaging of the Sacred in non-gendered forms such as the Source or the Great Cycle of Life, or in gendered forms such as the god, radically reinterpreted, and especially in the feminine Sacred, the Goddess. Evolving contemporary perceptions of the place of the environment in spirituality, such as ecofeminism, deep ecology, the new science and ecotheology, are employed to help construct more positive spiritual practices for men with respect to nature, the earth and the cosmos. This follows a deconstruction of traditional patriarchal understandings of them within society and Western Christianity. Insights such as the Sacred embodied in the unfolding cosmos, in the living earth and in the web of all life, lead men to a more contemplative, less exploitative attitude to the world around them. Thirdly, having deconstructed the traditional patriarchal attitude of Western Christianity to the male body, the positive impact of contemporary embodiment theory and practice on a spirituality for men is sought. Implications are drawn from feminist understandings of the sacrality of the female body, from Christian embodiment theology and from the practices of body-honouring religions. A more body/earth-centred spirituality, which is non-dualistic and respects the sacredness of the body and sexuality, emerges. A unified spiritual framework draws together and integrates the positive insights of each of these studies. In seeking the application of this generic male spirituality to the Australian context, this framework is brought into dialogue with contemporary approaches to Australian spirituality. The result is a way of formulating an Australian men's spirituality from the perspective of An Australian Man in Search of an Embodied Spirituality, the title of my thesis. This spirituality is rooted in the land of Australia, where the body of the Australian man is seen as sacred and embodied within the sacred body of the Australian land. A sacred Australian mythos is explored to personalise this embodiment. This images the masculine Sacred, the god, as embodied within the man, who both move within the all-encompassing female Sacred, the Goddess, embodied within the land of Australia.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Theology
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Barbee, David. ""That we might be made God" themes of deification in western medieval Catholicism /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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Dureau, Christine May. "Mixed blessings Christianity and history in women's lives on Simbo, Western Solomon Islands /." Phd thesis, Australia : Macquarie University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/71278.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Macquarie University, School of Behavioural Sciences, 1994.
Bibliography: leaves 357-378.
Introduction -- MANDEGUSU -- Totoso kame rane - time long ago -- Totoso rodomo - time of darkness -- EDDYSTONE ISLAND -- Tataviti bule - pacification -- Totoso taqalo - time of light/cleanliness -- SIMBO -- Tinoa - lives -- Koburu - child -- Tinana - mother -- Vinarialava - marriage -- Rereko iviva - significant woman -- Qoele, tomate - aged woman, ancestor.
This thesis considers the ethnographic history of Simbo, a small island in the western Solomon Islands. The particular focus is upon the significance of conversion to Christianity and subsequent Christian practice, in shaping social and cultural issues and practices in the 1990s. Women's lives, in particular those aspects concerned with kinship, are the lens through which historical changes are viewed. By juxtaposing the structures suggested by indigenous lifecycle categories and the differentiation inherent in individual biographical material, I try to reflect the regularities and continuities within Simbo society as well as the variability and unpredictability of sociality at any given moment. At the same time, the mutability of structure is reflected in the transformed significance of institutions and ostensibly similar practices. -- The period under scrutiny is that between c. 1900-1990, which covers social practices and events from immediately prior to pacification and the Methodist Mission's establishment in the New Georgia Group in 1902 up until the present. I argue that since pacification, the progressive development of indigenous Christianity has been the major determinant of Simbo responses to the world system. This is not to argue that pacification represented the first intrusion of Europe or the beginning of social transformations. Constructions of indigenous societies as having been static entities before contact with Europe are critiqued. Pacification, after more than a century of contact with Europe, had revolutionary implications because of its significance from local worldviews, as much as for its demonstration of British political "legitimacy". -- Christianity, then, cannot be divorced from the reality of political and economic subordination throughout the twentieth century. Nor, however, can it be simpHstically treated as merely the ideological face of expanding capitalism. Following J. Comaroff and J.L. Comaroff, I treat the non-material aspects of social life as being as significant as the material. From its earliest days, the Methodist Mission both facilitated and hampered the interests of government and traders. But it is not only mission personnel who are important here. Simbo people have consistently shaped and deployed their own Christian frameworks. If they never resisted it, they have certainly transformed what was imposed on them ninety years ago from ideology to lived hegemony.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xxiii, 378 leaves ill. (some col.), maps
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Duffy, Eric. "God-talk in the media age, John Hick's theology of religions and western christianity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37795.pdf.

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Carveley, Kenneth Cyril. "Ecclesiological Docetism : in early and medieval dissent and heresy in eastern and western Christianity." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/624/.

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In the context of the continuity of Christology into ecclesiology, this thesis investigates the implications of a Docetic Christology and its consequences in the life of the church. Against the background of the development of orthodoxy and heresy in earliest Christianity it indicates a docetic Christological/ecclesiological parallel found in the Gnostic dualist tradition, countered by the catholic one of a growing orthodoxy, and the continuing influences and implications in Alexandrian theology. It notes in this setting the implicit docetic tendency in 'heretical' thought to undermine salvation history (t'eilsgeschichte), as well as the element of timeliness which could separate orthodoxy from heresy. It proceeds by looking at the exegesis of the New Testament and the Fathers of the church which indicates a Christological/ecclesiological continuity. From this context it examines the understanding of Christ as tradition and Christ as corporate which continues into the Middle Ages. It illustrates further, how concepts such as martyrdom and suffering bear an implicit relationship to Christology and ecclesiology. In considering the views of medieval movements in the context of more orthodox understandings of their age, it explores the continuity of themes found in them from early heresy, particularly dualism and its effects. It notes in particular the role of Platonism in theological interpretation, and considers the place of the establishment of the church in the legitimising of a Christological/ ecclesiological view. These themes and concepts combine to demonstrate the implications of dokesis within an alternative understanding of the church, with the rejection of an incarnational theology, and the development of new criteria for Christian life. In this respect it questions how the immediacy of mystical and spiritual experience relates to ecclesiology. Taking into account the appeal to primitivism as a motive for reform which undermined the medieval synthesis and its doctrine of society, it reviews the late medieval concept of the invisible church, which prepared the way for the Reformation. In this setting it examines the recurring themes which appear, and concludes by outlining the implications of ecclesiological docesis for the church of today.
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Storm, Ingrid. "Secular Christianity as national identity : religion, nationality and attitudes to immigration in Western Europe." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/secular-christianity-as-national-identity-religion-nationality-and-attitudes-to-immigration-in-western-europe(c424a9c7-70aa-404a-8f18-c12dbe8f3213).html.

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In political and popular discourse about immigration and integration, Europe is referred to as both fundamentally secular and fundamentally Christian depending on the context. Even if only a minority of the population in many Western European countries actually practise their religion, many continue to identify with Christianity as cultural tradition, without the beliefs and practice one would normally associate with a religious identity. Few empirical studies have analysed the relationship between religious and national identities in modern Europe. Using a combination of qualitative interviews and quantitative survey research with data from the International Social Survey Programme 2008 in Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark and Ireland, this thesis explores how religious affiliation, belief and practice are associated with anti-immigration attitudes and regarding Christianity as important for nationality. Factor analysis is used to explore different dimensions of national identity and how they relate to religious conceptions of the nation, and multivariate regression models address how experiencing immigration as a threat to national identity is associated with Christian affiliation and practice. The main finding is that Christian identification is positively associated with seeing immigration as a threat to national identity, whereas churchgoing is negatively associated with anti-immigration attitudes. There are two identifiable mechanisms that explain this finding. Firstly, 'Christian' can signify national cultural heritage or white ethnicity rather than faith. Hence those who identify as Christian, however loosely, are on average more likely to be nationalist or xenophobic. Secondly, since churchgoers will be more sympathetic to religion in general they also tend to be less negative towards Muslims and other religious minorities. The findings are contextualised through the use of qualitative interviews and comparative analysis of countries, addressing both the external influences and internal experiences that contribute to specific associations.
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Kuhn, Marko. "Prophetic Christianity in Western Kenya political, cultural and theological aspects of African independent churches." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2007. http://d-nb.info/986562130/04.

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Books on the topic "Western Christianity"

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Steven, Kaplan, ed. Indigenous responses to western Christianity. New York: New York University Press, 1995.

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Eastern Orthodox Christianity: A western perspective. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Books, 1994.

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Belle, Richard La. Western Christianity: History of the Catholic Church. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown ROA Pub. Media, 1989.

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Giuseppe, Alberigo, Beozzo Oscar, and Zyablitsev Georgy, eds. The Holy Russian Church and Western Christianity. London: SCM Press, 1996.

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Lindberg, Carter. Love: A brief history through western Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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Love: A brief history through western Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008.

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1932-, Neusner Jacob, ed. Religious foundations of Western civilization: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2005.

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Ulrichsen, Kristian. Western reflections on Islam. London: Gulf Centre for Strategic Studies, 2007.

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Rubin, Miri. Christianity in Western Europe c. 1100-c. 1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Mother tongue theologies: Poets, novelists, non-Western Christianity. Eugene, Or: Pickwick Publications, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Western Christianity"

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Spaemann, Robert. "Christianity and Western Philosophy." In Human Dignity and Human Cloning, 47–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6174-1_5.

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Hunt, Stephen J. "Challenges to Western Christianity." In Religion in Western Society, 96–120. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-09604-3_7.

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Smart, Ninian. "Christianity and Nationalism." In Religion and the Western Mind, 69–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08772-3_4.

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Cooper, Michael. "Early Western-Style Paintings in Japan." In Japan and Christianity, 30–45. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24360-0_3.

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Mombo, Esther Moraa, and Aloo Osotsi Mojola. "Death Rituals in Western Kenya." In World Christianity and Covid-19, 285–301. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12570-6_20.

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Conroy, J. Patrick. "Christianity, The Foundation of Western Culture." In Intellectual Leadership in Education, 17–31. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4635-1_2.

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Abe, Masao, and William R. LaFleur. "Self-Awakening and Faith — Zen and Christianity." In Zen and Western Thought, 186–202. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06994-1_9.

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Guglielmi, Marco. "Orthodox Christianity in a Western Catholic Country." In Global Eastern Orthodoxy, 219–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28687-3_11.

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Herzog, Dagmar. "Abortion, Christianity, Disability: Western Europe, 1960s–1970s." In Sexual Revolutions, 249–63. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137321466_15.

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Shepherd, Carol A. "A Conspiracy of Silence: Bisexuality and Christianity." In Bisexuality and the Western Christian Church, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94679-5_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Western Christianity"

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Rykova, M. M. "The Problem of Death in Western Christianity." In Scientific dialogue: Questions of philosophy, sociology, history, political science. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-01-05-2019-02.

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Pop, Ioan-Nicolae. "Names of rhetoricians in the field of religion." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/65.

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This study is aimed at interpreting names and naming in relation to the founders of Christianity and to investigate theological figures who are a part of the cultural-spiritual heritage of the Primordial Church, by carrying out a biographical incursion into their lives. The saints described in this paper built Christianity by means of perfect synergy between fact and word, as their names have continued to exist across the centuries. In the present paper, we propose an inventory of some of the most important names of all time and their analysis from the perspective of onomastics. Thus, Eastern and Western Christianity meet through the common saints who act as patrons of their spirituality, testifying over the centuries to the fact that while the present may divide us, the past unites us. Christian rhetoricians enrich the word and the Church through their life and work, as vehicles through which creative grace is manifested. The corpus was taken from specialized studies, such as dictionaries of theology, biographies of saints, onomastic dictionaries. Methodologically, the paper employs precepts from the following fields: onomastics, theology, anthroponymy, cultural anthropology, the history of churches, rhetoric.
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Capes, David B. "TOLERANCE IN THE THEOLOGY AND THOUGHT OF A. J. CONYERS AND FETHULLAH GÜLEN (EXTENDED ABSTRACT)." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/fbvr3629.

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In his book The Long Truce (Spence Publishing, 2001) the late A. J. Conyers argues that tolerance, as practiced in western democracies, is not a public virtue; it is a political strat- egy employed to establish power and guarantee profits. Tolerance, of course, seemed to be a reasonable response to the religious wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but tolerance based upon indifference to all values except political power and materialism relegated ultimate questions of meaning to private life. Conyers offers another model for tolerance based upon values and resources already resident in pre-Reformation Christianity. In this paper, we consider Conyer’s case against the modern, secular form of tolerance and its current practice. We examine his attempt to reclaim the practice of Christian tolerance based upon humility, hospitality and the “powerful fact” of the incarnation. Furthermore, we bring the late Conyers into dialog with Fethullah Gülen, a Muslim scholar, prolific writer and the source of inspiration for a transnational civil society movement. We explore how both Conyers and Gülen interpret their scriptures in order to fashion a theology and politi- cal ideology conducive to peaceful co-existence. Finally, because Gülen’s identity has been formed within the Sufi tradition, we reflect on the spiritual resources within Sufi spirituality that make dialog and toleration key values for him. Conyers locates various values, practices and convictions in the Christian message that pave the way for authentic toleration. These include humility, trust, reconciliation, the interrelat- edness of all things, the paradox of power--that is, that strength is found in weakness and greatness in service—hope, the inherent goodness of creation, and interfaith dialog. Conyers refers to this latter practice as developing “the listening heart” and “the open soul.” In his writings and oral addresses, Gülen prefers the term hoshgoru (literally, “good view”) to “tolerance.” Conceptually, the former term indicates actions of the heart and the mind that include empathy, inquisitiveness, reflection, consideration of the dialog partner’s context, and respect for their positions. The term “tolerance” does not capture the notion of hoshgoru. Elsewhere, Gülen finds even the concept of hoshgoru insufficient, and employs terms with more depth in interfaith relations, such as respect and an appreciation of the positions of your dialog partner. The resources Gülen references in the context of dialog and empathic acceptance include the Qur’an, the prophetic tradition, especially lives of the companions of the Prophet, the works of great Muslim scholars and Sufi masters, and finally, the history of Islamic civilization. Among his Qur’anic references, Gülen alludes to verses that tell the believers to represent hu- mility, peace and security, trustworthiness, compassion and forgiveness (The Qur’an, 25:63, 25:72, 28:55, 45:14, 17:84), to avoid armed conflicts and prefer peace (4:128), to maintain cordial relationships with the “people of the book,” and to avoid argumentation (29:46). But perhaps the most important references of Gülen with respect to interfaith relations are his readings of those verses that allow Muslims to fight others. Gülen positions these verses in historical context to point out one by one that their applicability is conditioned upon active hostility. In other words, in Gülen’s view, nowhere in the Qur’an does God allow fighting based on differences of faith. An important factor for Gülen’s embracing views of empathic acceptance and respect is his view of the inherent value of the human. Gülen’s message is essentially that every human person exists as a piece of art created by the Compassionate God, reflecting aspects of His compassion. He highlights love as the raison d’etre of the universe. “Love is the very reason of existence, and the most important bond among beings,” Gülen comments. A failure to approach fellow humans with love, therefore, implies a deficiency in our love of God and of those who are beloved to God. The lack of love for fellow human beings implies a lack of respect for this monumental work of art by God. Ultimately, to remain indifferent to the conditions and suffering of fellow human beings implies indifference to God himself. While advocating love of human beings as a pillar of human relations, Gülen maintains a balance. He distinguishes between the love of fellow human beings and our attitude toward some of their qualities or actions. Our love for a human being who inflicts suffering upon others does not mean that we remain silent toward his violent actions. On the contrary, our very love for that human being as a human being, as well as our love of those who suffer, necessitate that we participate actively in the elimination of suffering. In the end we argue that strong resonances are found in the notion of authentic toleration based on humility advocated by Conyers and the notion of hoshgoru in the writings of Gülen.
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Reports on the topic "Western Christianity"

1

Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Nicholas Morieson. Civilizational Populism Around the World. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0012.

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This article addresses an issue of growing political importance: the global rise of civilizational populism. From Western Europe to India and Pakistan, and from Indonesia to the Americas, populists are increasingly linking national belonging with civilizational identity—and at times to the belief that the world is divided into religion-based civilizations, some of which are doomed to clash with one another. As part of this process, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity have all been commandeered by populist parties and movements, each adept at using the power of religion—in different ways and drawing on different aspects of religion—to define the boundary of concepts such as people, nation, and civilization.
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2

Siebert, Rudolf J., and Michael R. Ott. Catholicism and the Frankfurt School. Association Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53099/ntkd4301.

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The paper traces the development from the medieval, traditional union, through the modern disunion, toward a possible post-modern reunion of the sacred and the profane. It concentrates on the modern disunion and conflict between the religious and the secular, revelation and enlightenment, faith and autonomous reason in the Western world and beyond. It deals specifically with Christianity and the modern age, particularly liberalism, socialism and fascism of the 2Oth and the 21st centuries. The problematic inclination of Western Catholicism toward fascism, motivated by the fear of and hate against socialism and communism in the 20th century, and toward exclusive, authoritarian, and totalitarian populism and identitarianism in the 21st. century, is analyzed, compared and critiqued. Solutions to the problem are suggested on the basis of the Critical Theory of Religion and Society, derived from the Critical Theory of Society of the Frankfurt School. The critical theory and praxis should help to reconcile the culture wars which are continually produced by the modern antagonism between the religious and the secular, and to prepare the way toward post-modern, alternative Future III - the freedom of All on the basis of the collective appropriation of collective surplus value. Distribution and recognition problems are equally taken seriously.
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