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1
Szewczyk, Monika Iwona. "What people remember, but history does not see. Resettlement of Carpathian Roma during Operation Vistula." Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej 13 (November 3, 2023): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26774/wrhm.373.
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This article pertains to the resettlement of the Carpathian Roma during Operation Vistula and their successive relocation to the Western and Northern Territories of post war Poland. The story of their displacement is absent from narratives regarding the sub-deportation social landscape in post-1947 Poland, just as there is very little information about their subsequent resettlement in the present-day Podkarpackie Voivodeship.
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Łysoń, Piotr, Stanisław Radkowski, and Wacława Kraśniewska. "Perception and preservation of national heritage in historically conditioned regions." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 63, no. 11 (November 28, 2018): 56–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0724.
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The aim of the article is to present an author’s proposal to distinguish regions based on the analysis of historical borders (from the last 400 years, mainly the borders crossing Poland in the 19th and the 20th century) and to verify the hypothesis that those historical borders diversify our country in the sphere of perception and preservation of national heritage and in relation to the analysed social indicators. The study contains statistical data on the perception and preservation of national heritage generalised for the elaborated historically conditioned regions from the cyclic, multidimensional Social Cohesion Survey conducted by Statistics Poland in 2015. In addition, data on monuments of the National Heritage Board of Poland and population data based on National Official Register of the Territorial Division of the Country (TERYT) were also taken into account. The largest differences in relation to the country’s average values of the analysed indicators occurred in the western and northern territories of Poland, the Śląskie voivodship area in Poland before the World War II, as well as Galicia and the eastern part of Russian partition within the present borders of Poland — east of the Vistula, Narew and Pisa rivers.
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Szczepańska, Marta. "Asymilacja nazewnicza i oswajanie przestrzeni tzw. Ziem Odzyskanych w realiach powojennych na przykładzie rynków staromiejskich." Prace i Studia Geograficzne 68, no. 4 (2023): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48128/pisg/2023-68.4-04.
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This article concerns postwar changes of hodonyms and agoronyms in the area of old town markets of selected cities, in the context of adaptation processes of the allochthonous population. The analysis includes four voivodship cities in the area of the northern and western territories, known as the Recovered Territories (after the administrative division of Poland on June 28, 1946): Gdańsk, Olsztyn, Szczecin and Wrocław. The results of the comparative research are presented in descriptive, cartographic and tabular form. Based on them, it was concluded that the naming changes of the old town market squares were the result of naming assimilation (identified as a top-down process) and domestication of space (identified as a bottom-up process). Both processes contributed to an entirely new chapter in the history of cities in these lands, creating a semantic storyline construct that is unique in Poland and the world.
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Rak, Maciej. "Dialektologia wobec zmian językowych na polskiej wsi. Jak mogłoby wyglądać nowe spojrzenie?" ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 16 (December 29, 2021): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.16.15.
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The article concerns the linguistic situation in the Polish village and the need for a new approach in dialectological research. In the 21st century, Polish dialectology becomes a de facto subdiscipline of sociolinguistics. The disintegration of the dialects means that there is a need for new descriptive research in the area that was part of Poland before 1945. In the western and northern territories (until 1945 belonged to Germany), it seems justified to conduct sociolinguistic research taking into account the communicative communities.
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Drozd, Roman. "Fighting for Own Rights. The Lemkos in Rzeszów Voivodeship in the Years 1968–1972." Res Historica 56 (December 21, 2023): 1027–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.56.1027-1044.
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As a result of Operation „Vistula”, the Ukrainian population, including Lemkos, was dispersed in the Western and Northern Territories of Poland. The authorities assumed that they would have submitted to the rapid national assimilation there. However, the deported population aimed to return to their homeland and preserve their national identity. To this end, the representatives turned to the authorities with particular demands. Lemko activists in the Rzeszów Voivodeship were very active in this field. Taking advantage of the political crisis in Poland caused by the events of March 1968, they asserted constitutional rights and compensation for the harm done to the forcibly relocated population. These efforts resulted in failure because the authorities did not intend to change the current national policy of assimilation.
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Kolomyichuk, Oleksandr. "“I Had No Childhood”: A Trauma History of Deported Ukrainians from Western Boykivshchyna." Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jef-2023-0016.
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Abstract The article is devoted to the trauma history of Ukrainians from Western Boykivshchyna, part of the Boykivshchyna ethnographical region situated in modern Ukraine. Operation Vistula (1947–1950) was the forced resettlement of more than 150,000 Ukrainians and mixed Polish-Ukrainian families from the territory of Rzeszów, Lublin and Kraków provinces (Voivodeships) to the western and northern territories of Poland, leading to radical changes within this regional group. The article deals with the difficult experience of the resettlers not only in the context of psychological, but also cultural, trauma. According to the theory of Polish sociologist Piotr Sztompka, three main phases of cultural trauma induced by resettlement have been highlighted and are outlined as strategies to cope with trauma: contemporary resettlers’ preservation of native culture, religion and family tradition, and sharing memories of the past.
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Strauchold, Grzegorz. "The circumstances of the liquidation of the Ministry of Recovered Territories." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 287, no. 1 (April 15, 2015): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-142680.
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As a result of falsified legislative elections to the Sejm in early 1947. Communist Polish Workers’ Party received almost the full political power in Poland. Legally opposition, placed in the Polish Peasant Party and illegal, anti-communist political and military structures clearly weakened, were unable to influence the situation in the country. During 1947 and 1948 were promoted top-down thesis that had been successfully resolved all issues related to the integration so called Recovered Territories with the rest of the country. Incorporated in 1945 Eastern German territories.It was not true, but such views formed part of the fight against the Stalinist leadership of the PPR with the leader of the Communists‘national’Władysław Gomułka. During 1948,. his political position has been marginalized. As the leader of PPR and head of the Ministry of Recovered Territories had lost the ability to influence the situation in the western and northern regions.At the beginning of 1949. Ministry was closed despite the many unresolved lands new problems.
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Siemaszko, Karol. "Przestępstwa popełnione przez żołnierzy Armii Czerwonej na Środkowym Nadodrzu po zakończeniu II wojny światowej (1945–1946) w świetle repertoriów Prokuratury Sądu Okręgowego w Zielonej Górze." Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 21, no. 2 (2022): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2022.21.02.12.
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The western and northern territories of Poland (former German territory) were a troubled area in the few months after the end of the war. In the first post-war period, there were no stable power structures, including organs of justice and public order. The prevailing state of anarchy in this territory was the reason for an increase in crime. The perpetrators of crimes were not only civilian settlers but also Red Army soldiers stationed in the area. It should be emphasized that they often treated the territories of the western and northern territories as a conquered territory, and not as part of an allied state. The author presents the issue of post-war criminality in the Lubuskie Region (the so-called recovered territory), where the perpetrators were soldiers of the Red Army. This article was developed on the basis of the indexes of Prosecutor’s Office of the Regional Court in Zielona Góra from 1945-1946. The prosecutor’s office of the Regional Court in Zielona Góra, like the Regional Court in Zielona Góra, started its operation in the early autumn of 1945. Initially, the judiciary and public order authorities in the Lubuskie Region were struggling with personnel and organizational problems typical of the post-war period, therefore their effectiveness in prosecuting and preventing crime was relatively low. Moreover, it should be remembered that the Red Army soldiers were not subject to the jurisdiction of Polish courts and the prosecutor’s office. Cases concerning crimes committed by Soviet soldiers, registered by the prosecutor’s office in Zielona Góra, were transferred to the Military Prosecutor’s Office of the Red Army in Poznań.
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Konopska, Beata, and Teresa Bogacz. "Names on maps as an element of the discussion about relativism in the understanding of national identity (based on the example of western and northern Polish territories after 1945 and 1989)." Polish Cartographical Review 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcr-2017-0016.
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Abstract The article tackles the difficult problem of identity creation of new inhabitants of western and northern Poland after 1945 and of relativism in the understanding of national identity after 1989. One of the manifestations are geographical names, which are reflected on maps. The authors of the article looked at this difficult, historically unprecedented process of integration and identification of new inhabitants with the geographical space through the prism of maps, entering into the contemporary discussion about the transformations taking place in the understanding of national identity.
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Biskupska, Kamilla. "A beautiful flourish. The foundation story of Wroclaw (and Wroclaw residents)." tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs, no. 13 (2020) (December 30, 2020): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/tid.13.2020.03.
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In the article, I present the content and the context of the foundation story of Wroclaw – created after 1945 in one of the largest and most destroyed cities which joined Poland after World War II (Polish Western and Northern Territories). The analyzed empirical material consists of personal documents – statements of Wroclaw residents written and submitted in 1966 for the competition entitled: “What does the city of Wrocław mean to you”. The most important element of this story about the creation of the city is the figure of a pioneer, shaped in the image of a mythical hero. The features of pioneers (such as courage, uncompromising love for the city and openness to others) have become an important narrative co-creating the discourse about the city in the narratives of subsequent generations of Wroclaw residents.
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Palamarchuk, M. A., D. V. Kirillov, and D. M. Shadrin. "New Data on Distribution of <i>Pleurotus abieticola</i> (<i>Pleurotaceae</i>, <i>Agaricales</i>, <i>Basidiomycota</i>) in Russia." Микология и фитопатология 57, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0026364823060065.
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Here, we present information about the findings of Pleurotus abieticola in the territory of the northeast of the European part of Russia and the western macroslope of the Northern Urals within the borders of the Komi Republic (Russia). P. abieticola is a rare species found in Europe (Czech Republic, Finland, Poland, Russia), Asia (China, Eastern Siberia, Far East, Korea) and North America (Alaska). In Russia, several locations are known in the Leningrad Region, Krasnoyarsk and Primorye Territories. Comparison of the ITS nucleotide sequences of several collected specimens of P. abieticola with the data deposited in the GenBank database showed 98.2–100% similarity with P. abieticola specimens from other parts of the range (Southern Siberia, Far East, China). The article presents a description of basidiomata, photographs of microstructures, clarified features of morpho-logy, and provides information on the distribution and ecology of this species.
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Szeliga, Marcin, and Katarzyna Gawryjołek-Szeliga. "Early Neolithic settlers on the border of the loess of Eastern Poland: new data from the Nałęczów Plateau." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 75, no. 2 (February 9, 2024): 65–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/75.2023.2.3409.
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This article is an interim presentation of the colonisation of the loess upland border of the western Lublin Regionby LBK societies. The main point of reference are materials discovered in Bogucin (Nałęczów Plateau) in 2011,which are currently the only homogenous Early Neolithic collection from this region. The results of the research indicate that the LBK settlement on the loess borderland started at least at the end of the 6th millennium BC, in the classical stage of the Music-Note phase (NII). It clearly intensified during its latest part (NIII), which was linked with the adaptation of the early-Želiezovce ornamentation style. The obtained data confirms the existence of at least two settlement micro-regions in the discussed period. They dynamically developed through intense and far-reaching interregional contacts and exchange of goods (especially flints and flint artefacts). The initial territories of the LBK societies inhabiting the analysed loess borderland were most probably the areas of the northern foreland of the Sandomierz Upland.
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KHAKHULA, Liubomyr. "WAR AS A MUSEUM NARRATIVE: IMAGE OF THE WORLD WAR II IN THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN TERRITORIES OF POLAND (EARLY XXI CENTURY)." Ukraine-Poland: Historical Heritage and Public Consciousness 15 (2022): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402//up.2022-15-161-173.
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Anisimov, M. Yu. "РОССИЙСКИЕ ПЛАНЫ УСИЛЕНИЯ РЕЧИ ПОСПОЛИТОЙ В 1746 г.: ПОЛЬСКАЯ МИССИЯ М. ЛИВЕНА И М.Н. ВОЛКОНСКОГО." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 2, no. 4 (2020): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2020-2-4-79-92.
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In 1746 in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the next seym (parliament) on which the Polish Royal Court decided to pass the decision on increase in the Polish army limited during Great Northern war had to be called. Strengthening of Prussia was one of the main reasons of emergence of this plan. It threatened with power annexation of the western Polish territories by Berlin. In St. Petersburg where Elizabeth Petrovna’s government was also anxious with growth of power of Prussia, decided to support the Polish plans and to turn Poland into the ally of Russia in anti-Prussian fi ght. For training of the Polish magnates and to clarifi cation of opportunities of the organization of the pro-Russian party, the Russian emissaries M. Liewen and M.N. Volkonsky were sent to Poland. On return to Russia emissaries reported that, despite fears of Prussia, Poles are not ready to take any steps provoking it, including increase in army. Also emissaries presented candidacies of the magnates capable to be active supporters of Russia. From now on the Russian Court, having refused the idea of strengthening of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, did not lose sight of an internal political situation in Poland any more and supported the infl uential group of princes Czartoryski’s which was guided by rapprochement with Russia.
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Michnevisch, L. "Specific of copyright law development in certain ukrainian territories in the interwar period of the 20th century." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 75 (March 22, 2023): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.75.1.5.
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The article is devoted to the characteristics of the legislative provision of copyright law in the lands of Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovyna, Bessarabia, and Transcarpathia in the interwar period of the 20th century. The thesis is substantiated that there was no single approach to copyright law regulation in these territories, just as there was no single system of legislation in the field of intellectual property because at that time these lands were in the legal field of Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia, and even earlier – the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires.
It was revealed that the legal regulation of copyright law protection in the interwar period was formed under the influence of European and national legal traditions. It was established that the Romanian legislation, which extended to the territory of Northern Bukovyna and Bessarabia, was based on conservative approaches, so the new law of Romania (1923) was based on the proprietary concept and gravitated to the Austro-Hungarian law-making practice of copyright law protection. The Czechoslovak copyright law (1926) was in effect in Transcarpathia, which, although the copyright laws of the Czech, Slovak, and Transcarpathian parts of the country were unified, was based on the Austrian copyright law of 1895. Whereas the situation in Eastern Galicia, which became part of Poland, was different. The Polish authorities followed the path of developing a qualitatively new, rather progressive law in the field of copyright law (1926). However, in all three cases, the legislator relied on international standards established in the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1886.
It was found that the positive trends in copyright law regulation were the distribution of conventional principles: the dual nature of copyright, the presumption of authorship, unity, and exclusivity of copyright law, mutual legal protection of the author's rights, and the immutability of the work.
It was concluded that the legislation on copyright law in the western regions corresponded to the international protection of copyright law and a high level of legal culture. This allowed the Ukrainian community of these territories to join legal values and to form respect for the author and his intellectual work much earlier than in other Ukrainian lands.
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Sacha, Magdalena Izabella. "INVISIBLE DESTINY? BORDERLANDS AND BORDERLANDERS AS THE TOPIC OF MUSEUM DISPLAYS AFTER 1989." Muzealnictwo 60 (August 7, 2019): 174–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3337.
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The question of presenting the heritage of the Borderlands and the life of its inhabitants in Polish museums after 1989 is tackled. The main focus of interest are displays perceived as: 1) visual and public form of knowledge transfer; 2) the way of overcoming the trauma of losing one’s native land; 3) tools for creating collective identity and 4) effects of the participation of Borderland circles in creating the display. The goal of the study is an overview of contemporary exhibitions dedicated to the Eastern Borderlands, and the experience of their loss as the result of WW II. Since the residents of the Borderlands were relocated to the ‘former German’ territories, the overview centres on the displays from the Western and Northern Territories. Apart from the local and national aspects, what matters is also the international dimension related to museum presentations of the ‘lost land’ and the fate of migrants. Therefore, the activity of Polish institutions is initially shown in the European context, through recalling the legal framework and working conditions of so called East German museums commemorating the ‘German East’ lost by Germany. The question of the reasons for the disproportion in the presentation of the topic between Poland and Germany is posed, while the to-date achievements of Polish museologists are presented.
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Godun, Cristina. "THE IMAGE OF UKRAINIANS IN POLES’ MENTALITY. A CASE STUDY BASED ON JOURNALIST PIOTR POGORZHELSKI’S BOOK “UKRAINIAN BORSCH”." Studia Linguistica, no. 14 (2019): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.14.91-106.
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The article aims at presenting the geopolitical, social and cultural image of Ukraine, seen through the eyes of the author, the Polish journalist Piotr Pogorzhelski, former Kiev correspondent of the National Radio Polonia. This imagological portrait, which carries us through the history and national stereotypes, means to bring Ukraine closer to Romanian readers. Despite the neighborhood and the presence of the Ukrainian community in Romania, Romanians don’t know their northern neighbours very well, older generations show preconceived ideas and a distorted historical memory. Piotr Pogorzhelski’s book, translated into Romanian and published in 2015 shortly after the dramatic events on the Maidan Nezalezhnosti, aims to raise public awareness and draw attention to the political and socio-cultural potential of Ukraine and the Ukrainians. The same goal pursues «The Ukrainian Borsch» in Poland, a country where Ukraine is a frequent topic of discussion in the press, because the connection between Poland and Ukraine has always been very strong, despite some historical difficulties. The majority of Poles treat Ukraine with a sense of deep affection due to family roots or nostalgia for the western territories of Ukraine, which once belonged to Poland. And yet, among the Poles who manifest openness and an increased interest in Ukraine, the image of this country and its inhabitants is due to narrow negative stereotypes. On the background of current political events and taking into the account the lack of knowledge about Ukraine in Romania, «The Ukrainian Borsch» seems to be an indispensable and appropriate tool for shaping the collective portrait of Ukrainians and contemporary Ukrainian society.
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Machałek, Małgorzata. "No Chance of Success. State Agrarian Real Estate 1946–1949. A Contribution to the Research on the History of the State Agricultural Sector in Poland." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 250–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2021-0010.
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Abstract The years of activity of the PNZ (Państwowe Nieruchomości Ziemskie – State Agrarian Real Estate) fell into the period of post-war agricultural reconstruction and management of Recovered Territories. Initially, their main task was to prepare for the parceling out of large landed estates, which was important for the settlement campaign. The target task was to run specialized farms that would supply the entire agriculture with seed and breeding material. After the escape of S. Mikołajczyk, the communists changed the priorities of PNZ activity, which from then on were to deal with large-scale production, and above all, manage about 1,200 hectares of agricultural land. The vast majority of the area used by PNZ was located in the western and northern regions of the country. The best conditions existed in those areas for establishing a state sector in agriculture. In spite of many achievements, PNZ was liquidated because the communists wanted to get rid of the prewar staff of specialists, mostly landowners, from the enterprise. This decision was political in nature. State farms were then created to replace PNZ.
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Walczak, Karol. ""There is no store in Tarda again..." Some remarks on the functioning of rural communities in south-western Mazury on the example of Bartężek, Tarda and Winiec." Zeszyty Wiejskie 29 (December 5, 2023): 263–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1506-6541.29.11.
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This article describes the economic and socio-cultural transformations experienced in recent decades by the communities of three villages, Bartężek, Tarda and Winiec, located in the western part of the Warmia-Mazury province. The immediate cause of these changes was the political and economic transformations that took place in Poland after 1989. However, the aftermath of the specific, and often predominantly negative, effects of these transformations are seen in the contemporary history of the region and its inhabitants; in particular, the challenge faced by the newly forming Polish state to domesticate, incorporate and unite – both administratively and economically, as well as (most importantly!) symbolically and culturally – the areas of the so-called Recovered Territories with the rest of the country. The great experiment, which was the formation of a new and modern society (in intention) of the Northern and Western Territories, was not successful everywhere. The localities and their inhabitants featured in the work are examples of this. Objective factors, mostly unemployment and transportation exclusion, which afflicted and partly continue to afflict the residents since the early 1990s, overlapped with the lack of sufficiently strong social and cultural ties binding the group together and with the inhabited space. The result of this process was a rapid exodus (if not flight) of primarily young people in search of income and a new place to live. This exodus determined the social and cultural condition of the described villages today, and perhaps many similar ones in the region. The article, using ethnographic detail, reveals the backstage of the economic and social collapse of the villages mentioned and the communities that comprise them, and points to the socio-cultural and symbolic causes of this process.
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Postawa, Tomasz, and Anna Marchewka. "The first record of a maternity colony of Kuhl’s pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii (Chiroptera) in Poland." Theriologia Ukrainica 2021, no. 22 (December 30, 2021): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tu2210.
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For four decades, there have been changes in the ranges of many bat species in Europe, particularly shifts in their northern limits. This phenomenon is more spectacular for migratory species than sedentary ones, especially for representatives of the genera Pipistrellus and Hypsugo. Kuhl’s pipistrelle Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817) is the one of western Palaearctic bat species with conspicuous range expansion—in the last three decades, the species has rapidly expanded and colonised new territories both northwards and westwards. In Central Europe, two genetic lineages occur that are also quite different morphologically: P. kuhlii kuhlii (hereafter P. kuhlii) and P. kuhlii lepidus (hereafter P. lepidus). The contact zone between these two lineages passes through Hungary and Slovakia, although the real range of distinct lineages and/or morphotypes are still unclear. The first records of P. kuhlii from Poland (probably belonging to P. lepidus) come from Warszawa, central Poland (2004) and Zawiercie, southern Poland (2005): both specimens were males, found in December in buildings. Since then, there have been further reports of the presence of this species in Poland—occurring mostly in large cities along the valleys of large rivers such as the Wisła and Bug, from both periods of activity and hibernation. In subsequent years in Poland the occurrence of only P. lepidus has been confirmed, while P. kuhlii has been recorded from southern locations in the Carpathian Mountains in Slovakia. This paper describes the first record of this species from Poland, further indicating the existence of a maternity colony. In mid-July of 2020, a non-volant juvenile male was found in Kraków, Krowodrza district (50°04'11.7" N, 19°54'55.9" E). Initially poorly visible diagnostic features have become unambiguous with development and similar to those in P. kuhlii: narrow pale wing margin and orange penis colouration. After about two months in captivity, a mature individual capable of flying was released at the site where it was found. The presence of a maternity colony indicates that this species (i) has been part of the Polish fauna for several years, and (ii) its range in Poland possibly expands much further north.
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Wysocka-Fijorek, Emilia, Wojciech Gil, Piotr Gołos, and Ewelina Dobrowolska. "Who applies for afforestation subsidies? Analysis of the age of beneficiaries of the Rural Development Program from 2004–2018." Folia Forestalia Polonica 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2020-0027.
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AbstractIn Poland, the afforestation rate is slowing down from year to year. An analysis of the demographic structure of land owners suitable for afforestation may contribute to a better recognition of trends and needs in order to increase the effectiveness of National Programme for the Augmentation of Forest Cover implementation, and thus increase interest in RDP activities. The aim of the study was to verify whether interest in afforestation among farmers is the same across the country in different age groups.The data presented in the publication come from the resources of the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture (ARiMR). The data covered the years 2004–2018 and were sorted by: voivodships (16), age group of beneficiaries of subsidies (4 groups), year of submitting the application (15 years) and the number of applications submitted. Beneficiaries were divided into four age groups: up to 30 years old, 31–40 years old, 41–60 and older than 60 years.Interest in afforestation changed in the period after Poland’s accession to the European Union. In recent years, there has been a significant decrease in the number of applications for afforestation subsidies submitted. There are also significant differences between the voivodships in the number of applications submitted. Farmers from eastern and southern Poland are more active in submitting applications for afforestation, and will reduce the so-called Recovered Territories in the western, northern and north-eastern part of Poland. Most afforestation in the entire analysed period is carried out by farmers aged 41–60 years. In the initial period, more applications were submitted by farmers of age over 60 years. In recent years, however, young farmers, that is, up to 40 years, are more interested in afforestation, than other groups.To increase interest in afforestation, more support should be directed to young farmers who, as part of farm specialization, may receive additional incentives for afforestation of land that is less useful to them.
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Szymanowicz, Adam. "Cossacks in the service of the Third Reich." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 195, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0263.
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The origins of Cossacs probably date back to the 15th and 16th centuries. Cossacks appeared both in the south-eastern areas under the authority of the Commonwealth and in the south-west of Moscow. They played a significant role in the history of our country, fighting together with the Crown and Lithuanian armies in the wars against the Tatars, Turks, Moscow and Sweden. However, they also caused uprisings which seriously weakened the Commonwealth. In the 16th century, Cossack troops in the service of the rulers of Moscow were formed, used for conquests made by this country. Cossacks also suppressed uprisings and rebellions against tsarist authorities. During the civil war in Russia, a significant part of them sympathized with the Whites. After the Bolshevik occupation of the Cossack territories, there was repression compared by Lenin to the Vendée genocide during the French Revolution. Persecution also took place there during the collectivization and the Great Terror. Many Cossacks emigrated. Some of them in Germany, where they later began cooperation with the Nazis, especially after the Third Reich’s aggression against the USSR. After occupying the Cossack territories, the German authorities created local Cossack self-government structures. The first Cossack formations fighting on the Wehrmacht side also began to appear. During the war, tens of thousands of Cossacks who fought in German uniforms in the USSR, occupied Poland, Yugoslavia and northern Italy. They were used primarily to conduct anti-partisan activities. At the end of the war, the Cossacks tried to avoid Soviet captivity and surrender to the Western Allies’ troops. However, as a result of the British-Soviet agreement, they were handed over to the Soviet authorities, which condemned them to a tragic fate.
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Gryz, Ryszard. "Episkopat wobec integralności ziem polskich po II wojnie światowej. Wybrane problemy z najnowszej literatury i źródeł." UR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 16, no. 3 (2020): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/johass.2020.3.6.
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The article presents selected issues concerning Polish Primates cardinal August Hlond and cardinal Stefan Wyszyński and other bishops’ engagement in the case of emergence and stabilisation of the Polish church administration on the Western and Northern Lands after World War II. It covers the most important stages in the chronology of events related to this topic (1945 – 1951 – 1956 – 1972). The most significant decisions were made in August 1945, when five apostolic administrations were created for the dioceses of Warmia and Gdańsk, Gorzów, Opole Silesia and Lower Silesia. In June 1972, after the Bundestag’s ratification of the border agreement between the Polish People's Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, the temporary nature of the Polish ecclesiastical structures on the so-called Recovered Territories came to an end. In his bull “Episcoporum Poloniae coetus”, Pope Paul VI liquidated apostolic administrations and created four new dioceses (Gorzów, Koszalin-Kołobrzeg, Szczecin-Kamieńsk and Opole). In the twenty-seven-year long process of stabilisation of the Polish ecclesiastical structures, the position of successive Popes and the Holy See was decisive. They were taking into account the views of the German and Polish episcopates and the state of Polish-German relations in the matter of the boundary line approval. The most active among the Polish hierarchy was Bishop Bolesław Kominek (apostolic administrator in Opole, archbishop of Wrocław, and cardinal). The basis of the article’s synthetic narrative is the selection of the latest Polish publications on state-church relations in Poland after the Second World War, and source editions. The personal notes of Primate Wyszyński – “Pro memoria”, pastoral letters of the Polish Episcopate, announcements of the Episcopal Conference of Poland, and official statements of bishops, among others, were used.
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Ciechorska-Kulesza, Karolina. "Wokół retrowersji i jakości życia. Dziedzictwo odbudowanego miasta w nowych kontekstach na przykładzie Elbląga." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 68, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2024.68.1.10.
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Elbląg is an example of a city in the Western and Northern Territories of Poland that was a German city before World War II, and in 1945, as a result of changes in state borders, became part of Poland. The aim of the article is to present the heritage of Elbląg in contemporary contexts. Treating heritage as a discursive area of social reality, the author shows the main topics of contemporary urban narratives (disputes, demands, discussions) in which heritage is revealed, thus pointing to its dissonances. She also answer questions about social and cultural functions, and about the meaning of the referenced elements of local heritage. One of the main themes and focal points of this heritage is the Old Town, still undergoing reconstruction from wartime destruction using the method of retroversion. This is provoking frequent discussion, and at the same time revealing tensions around the heritage on the axes of essentialism — constructivism, stability — change, and continuity — process. Increasingly, deliberations concerning the Old Town refer to demands related to the quality of life and environmental issues. Thus, green areas are becoming an element of urban heritage. The past and its material traces are an important starting point for discussion, often of a grassroots nature, on the development of the city. This is understood both broadly, in relation to the general vision of the city, and to specific tangible changes in space. Calling Elbląg a “consistently unfinished city,” or “a mock-up city,” touches on the issues of heritage and its social significance in various dimensions and scales of social reality. “Unfinished” therefore concerns not only the constant rebuilding of the city, but also the discussion on the heritage, and more broadly, on the idea of the city.
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Helmut Kury, Krzysztof Krajewski, and Joachim Obergefell-Fuchs. "Crime in Germany and Poland in the Period of Transformation (Selected aspects)." Archives of Criminology, no. XXII (July 7, 1996): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1996a.
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Among the negative side-effects of the fall of "Realsozialismus" in Central and Eastern Europe and the process of political, social and economic transformations initiated in 1989 there was a deterioration of internal safety in those countries. According to a popular opinion, this was manifested, among other things, by a growth - a rapid one in many instances - in the extent and intensity of crime, and also in negative changes of its structure which consisted in a particularly fast growth of tle most serious crime or emergence of its new and very dangerous forms, hitherto unknown in those countries. From this viewpoint, criminological literature in all those countries without exception has recently been presenting an extremely pessimistic picture of a growing threat of crime which can at any moment get out of control. As a consequence, fear of crime is growing in societies involved, and appeals can be heard more and more often from politicians that “law and order” be instituted. The present paper does not aim at negating either the growth of crime in post-Communist societies itself or the negative changes of the structure of crime. It is our aim first of all to compare the state of crime that follows from the two basic modern sources of information on this area, that is oflicial statistics of crime and victimization surveys, and to point to some related problems. The analysis is limited to two countries, Germany and Poland. Concerned in the former case is, of course, mainly analysis of phenomena found in the new federal lands of united Germany, that is the territory of former GDR, but also consequences of the union for the state of crime in Germany as a whole. One of the basic problems posed by analysis of extent, intensity and dynamics of reported crime, that is crime recorded in oflicial statistics in countries of Central and Eastern Europe, is reliability of statistical data from the period of “Realsozialismus” which serve as the point of departure of all comparisons. The growth in reported crime in the territory of former GDR has indeed been dramatic after 1990; yet the point of departure for comparisons involved here are GDR police statistics which showed the extent of reported crime as 10% of that in “old” FRG. Today, German criminologists agree that GDR crime statistics were regularly “improved” for ideological and political reasons, the real extent of crime being much higher there. Similar problems can be found in Poland where a rapid growth in reported crime took place only once in principle, that is in 1990. Later on, the extent of reported crime became stabilized at the new level “established” in 1990. It is highly improbable that the impact of social and economic reform on crime in Poland was limited to a “big bang” in 1990 and then ceased. Also here, we dealt rather with a specific statistical artifact and not with a single rapid growth in the extent of crime. What also speaks for this thesis is the fact that crime used to be “under-recorded” in police statistics in Poland as well through a policy of extremely selective reception by the police of information about offenses. Abandonment of this practice after 1989 resulted in a serious growth of recorded crime. Appraising the dynamics of reported crime in Central and Eastern Europe, one should also bear it in mind that the growth in crime there not necessarily followed the breakdown of “Realsozialismus”. In many countries, former USSR in particular, the growth in crime actually preceded change. Also in recent years, Central and East-European statistics have by no means been showing a constant and rapid growth in reported crime. There were rather fluctuations (if quite rapid at times), followed by a recent downward trend in some of the countries involved. Still another important problem is comparison of the extent of reported crime in post-Communist and in developed Western societies. Discussing the “flood” of crime in Central and Eastern Europe, one tends to forget that in most cases, the actual extent of crime in the region is still much lower than in most countries of Western Europe. Comparison of the situation in Germany and Poland may serve as an example here. I ulated. As far as possible, the state of crime in post-Communist societies should also be appraised on the basis of sources other than the official statistics. Helpful here can be first of all data from victimization surveys, alas still a rarity in Central and Eastern Europe. Yet basing on available data for Germany and Poland (chiefly from the International Crime Survey of 1992) it can be stated that victimization surveys show an extent of real crime much higher than the one that follows from official statistical data. This means a very high dark number of crime in Poland and elsewhere in the region, caused probably by the people’s very low tendency to report facts of victimization to the police. At any rate, from data on victimization it follows that the extent of real crime in Poland is higher as compared to Germany. This is not to say, though, that crime in Poland “breaks all the records”. With some exceptions concerning chiefly offenses against property such as theft and pickpocketing, Poland has an average extent of crime judging by European “standards'” in this respect. Basing on data from victimization surveys, also the territorial differentiation of the extent of crime in Germany and Poland can be analyzed. The basic problem in Germany is the noticeable difference between southern and northern lands, the latter having a much higher extent of crime, and also the process of the new lands “catching up” with or even “outstripping” the old ones in this respect during the last five years. Quite distinct regularities can also be found in Poland; some of them are known from earlier literature. Thus first of all, there is a noticeably higher extent of crime in Western and Northern Territories of Poland and a low extent in Wielkopolska region. It is interesting to correlate those regularities with selected demographic and socio-economic data on individual regions of the two countries. In Germany, unfavorable values of those indices found in the north of “old” FRG and in former GDR are rather explicitly correlated with a higher extent of crime. In Poland where territorial differentiation of the indices is less distinct, some regularities in this respect can nevertheless be found, too. At the samo time it seems, though, that the extent of crime in Poland is the highest in regions where, due to specific local features, the social costs of reform are the greatest and most painful.
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POLNIAK, Łukasz. "POLISH WAR MOVIES AS A CASE STUDY OF THE MYTH OF THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW STATEHOOD AS THE LEGITIMIST CATEGORY IN THE POLISH PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 160, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2964.
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This article attempts to reconstruct the mythology surrounding the beginnings of state-hood of the Polish People’s Republic after the Second World War. As the means of conveying political propaganda, myths were primarily propagated in the Polish war movies of the period 1956 through 1989. The myth pertaining to the origin of statehood aimed to legitimize the roots of the communist system in Poland. As such, it is the part of a broader mythology which had developed over centuries in the national consciousness, the “myth of Polish statehood. It was used by the communists as propaganda after the Second World War. Its other mythological components include: permanence, reference to tradition and nationalism. Its main elements are: the portraying of the beginning of statehood as a drama, the myth of the army as an institution and the myth of the soldier as a charismatic figure, the myth of Western and Northern territories and the myth of Bieszczady mountains as the new Polish Eastern Borderlands, the myth of the lost patriot hero, the myth of the folk hero and the myth of widespread support for the new state authorities in years 1944-1947. It is important to note the attempts to connect the nationalistic (anti-German and anti-Ukrainian) threads with the elements of military ethos. It appears that after 1956 the current socialist realism was replaced by the myths of the beginning and the military ethics.
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Kozera, Agnieszka, Małgorzata Dworakowska-Raj, and Aldona Standar. "Role of Local Investments in Creating Rural Development in Poland." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061748.
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Poland’s rural areas are characterised by a significant degree of development diversity, especially in the case of communes—the smallest territorial units. For development to take place, the entity responsible for its creation must incur the necessary investment expenditures. By implementing the public tasks assigned to them, communes are responsible for ensuring sustainable local development, which indirectly affects regional development and shapes the development of the entire country. Therefore, this article aims to assess the level and diversity of rural commune investment activities and their impact on the development of Poland’s rural areas. The empirical research conducted was aimed at verifying the following hypothesis: “The highest investment activity can be observed primarily in rural communes located in Eastern Poland”. The Regions of Eastern Poland are characterised by their peripheral location, both in the country and all of the EU. The research covered the 2007–2018 period due to a particular increase in local investment projects thanks to such factors as obtaining EU funding, as well as others. The research included one- and multidimensional analyses of the phenomenon examined with the use of the TOPSIS method to obtain the value of the synthetic measure of the rural commune investment activity level. The designated investment activity classes were the basis for the analysis of their links with their location within the macroregion, as well as their socio-economic status. The research has shown that the most pro-investment municipalities are located primarily in the Southern and Eastern Macroregions while those spending the least on investment projects are situated in the North-Western and Northern Macroregions. Thus, the research hypothesis put forth in the article has been confirmed. This delimitation is due to additional state resources being provided to the less developed eastern areas of Poland. Citizens living in these regions can not only take advantage of the funding provided as part of the Regional Operational Programmes, but also the Eastern Poland Programme dedicated to helping them.
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Juzala, Gustaw. "Folklore of Chadetsky Highlanders from Bukovyna." Problems of music ethnology 16 (December 29, 2021): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31318/2522-4212.2021.16.249653.
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The article is the first part of a work conceived by the author, dedicated to the folk musical traditions of the ethnic group of Poles who migrated from the western Beskyds more than 200 years ago (namely, from the vicinity of the city of Chadca, located on the Kisuca River, northern Slovakia) to the Romanian part of the Carpathians, called Bukovyna. The name of this ethnic group in Poland is gorali czadecki = Chadian gurals. Their descendants still live in several settlements of the Carpathian Bukovyna: the villages of Plesha, Solonetul Nou and Poiana Mikuli, located in the basin of the Humora River in the Suceava region of Romania.
The traditional culture of the Chadian highlanders, in particular their musical folklore, is still insufficiently studied by scientists. The material on which the ethnomusical part of the article is based was mainly collected by the author in the course of his own expeditionary research in these territories in the 2000s.
A significant part of the article is a summary of the history of the origin and migrations of this group, as well as ethnographic information about it. After all, complex and varied historical events (mainly the so-called «Volosh colonization», which began in the XII century: the resettlement of the Romanian-speaking population to the Carpathian region from the Northern Balkans, historical Transylvania and Moldova), as well as natural landscape living conditions – cattle breeding in high-mountain pastures) identified some of the features of their traditional musical culture.
The second section of the publication is a general overview of the main vocal genres of the Chadetsky gurals living in Bukovyna. A specific marker of the local singing repertoire is taidans (local name) – ritual (mostly wedding) or non-ritual (shepherd's) songs / choruses with verses 6 + 6 in a two-line stanza. Their texts are predominantly monostrophic, following in each performance in no particular order. The article examines the problematic aspects of the genre interpretation of these works: these are full-fledged songs or choruses, where words are more important.
Memorial songs (of a religious nature) and lamentation over the departed still occupy an important place in traditional life. The memories of older respondents keep archaic games held at night near the dead.
Christmas carols of various types, performed by different age groups of carol singers, are still an actively widespread genre: children, youth – the «young brotherhood» (with mummers), older men - the «old brotherhood». Also known is the children's ritual of sowing grain in houses on New Year's morning.
Information about song genres is presented in the context of their functioning in everyday life and rituals
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Chobal, Liudmyla, and Mariya Lalakulych. "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION OF THE BORDER REGIONS OF UKRAINE, ROMANIA, MOLDOVA AND SLOVAKIA." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-189-196.
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The purpose of the paper is to outline the legal framework for the development of Ukrainian- Moldovan, Ukrainian-Slovak and Ukrainian-Romanian transborder regions (TBR), in particular in the context of intergovernmental agreements, national legislation on issues of cross-border cooperation, agreements between local authorities and regional cross-border regulatory support. The international cooperation of the Western region of Ukraine from the side of the authorities is focused mainly on the western vector, on relations with Poland. In our view, such regional policy leads to increasing regional differences in the socio-economic development of the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions, in particular their northern and southern parts. The intensification of the cross-border cooperation with Romania will create promising conditions for the transformation of a number of southern regions of the Carpathian region into a zone of accelerated economic development. This can be done through the development of transport, tourism and recreation, finance, logistics infrastructure, which will increase the attractiveness of the territories. And for this it is necessary to create an economic climate in the southern districts of the region, which would help attract foreign investment, especially Romanian, possibly by creating special or free economic zones there. The region has significant untapped potential of the Ukrainian-Romanian interaction that can be harnessed. The Ukrainian-Slovak and Ukrainian-Moldovan cooperation should also be strengthened in the region, the latter especially for the purpose of the European integration of Ukraine and Moldova. To this end, the article outlines the regulatory framework for the development of the Ukrainian-Moldovan, Ukrainian-Slovak and Ukrainian-Romanian transborder regions, in particular in the context of interstate agreements, national legislation on cross-border cooperation, agreements between local authorities and regional transborder security. The article describes the current state of subregional cooperation within the transborder regions, identifies the problematic issues of such cooperation, as well as reveals its content through the lens of the Euroregional cooperation. Methodogy. The dialectical method of scientific knowledge, method of analysis and synthesis, comparative method, method of data generalization are used in the paper. Results of the research. A description of the current state of subregional cooperation within the framework of the TBR is given, the problems of such cooperation are revealed, and its content is revealed through the prism of Euroregional cooperation. The key international projects of the development of the transborder regions were identified and their content and significance were analyzed for the improvement of the ecological safety of TBR, their entrepreneurship development, activation of innovation activities, the development of the border infrastructure, deepening of cultural interaction, improvement of urban development, revival of trade and investment activity in the above-mentioned transborder regions. The perspective directions of development of these TBRs are determined.
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Kucharski, Wojciech. "WeSterN AND NOrtHerN LANDS." Studia Theologica Varsaviensia 56, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/stv.61.2.13.
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Primate Stefan Wyszyński engaged in a series of administrative and diplomatic activities related to the institution of the Polish Church organisation in the Western Lands. In the years 1948-1967 he exercised his authority over the Church in this area. He initially supervised apostolic administrators in Wrocław, Opole, Gorzów Wielkopolski, and in Olsztyn and Gdańsk, and after their removal in 1951 he sanctioned vicar capitulars elected by the state authority to preserved unity of the Church in Poland. In 1956 his attempts resulted in the restoration of the relevant bishops to their posts. In 1967 at his request the Pope Paul VI excluded the Church organisation in the Western Lands from the jurisdiction of Primate of Poland and subordinated it directly to the Holy See, instituting apostolic administrations there. primate repeatedly conducted negotiations with the Holy See in case of the institution of the Polish Church organisation in this area, which ended only after the ratification of the Polish-German treaty in 1972 by the announcement of the apostolic constitution Episcoporum Poloniae coetus. During the entire period Primate repeatedly visited archdiocese of Wrocław and supported the activities of the hierarchs governing this area, initially priest Karol Milik, and subsequently priest Kazimierz Lagosz and since 1956 bishop Bolesław Kominek. Primate Wyszyński repeatedly emphasised the rights of Poland to these lands in his speeches and sermons delivered in Wrocław. He proved that they resulted, on the one hand from their historical embeddedness in the Polish culture (he was referring to the relations of Silesia with Poland in the Piast period), and on the other hand he pointed to the re-Catholising mission of the Church in these lands. He also indicated that these lands are the peculiar compensation for the losses incurred by the Polish nation during the Second World War. He perceived the tasks of the Church in this area during the period of the stabilisation of the Polish Church administration as the Polish reason of state.
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Iaromenko, Sergey G., Olga V. Shykina, and Natalia V. Niecheva. "Wooden sacral architecture as an object of cultural tourism in Ukraine." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 4 (December 22, 2019): 661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111963.
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Scientific article deals with the topic of wooden sacral architecture of Ukraine, which is the object of cultural tourism. The study of tourist resources, including cultural and historical ones, has a significant theoretical background among Ukrainian and foreign scholars. This topic is related to the study of architecture, peculiarities of construction of wooden structures, their spread in the territory of Ukraine and Ukrainian ethnic territories, which are beyond the limits of modern borders. Insights in the field of cultural heritage studies is very significant as well as the assessment of their uniqueness, geography of tourism, economic and social sciences that are related to the field of tourism. Definition of the cultural tourism, the concept of «heritage product» is related to the tourism marketing, as well as mechanisms of product management and ways of promoting cultural heritage sites for tourists attraction. This scientific article is based on the researches of experts, who study sacral architecture monuments, their classification, geography of distribution and regionalization, which are the basis for evaluating various aspects of buildings appearance. It is important to develop cultural tourism in regions, where tourist activity is in low condition. In the territory of Ukraine, there are objects of wooden church architecture that are included to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These structures are located on the territory of Ukraine and Poland. Objects of wooden sacral architecture are mainly located on the Carpathian foothills, Galicia and Polissia territory. The smallest number of these structures you can find in the south, where wooden architecture is predominantly located in the remote areas and belong to the Podilska and Naddnipryanska schools of temple building. There are some differences between the geography of extension of the objects of wooden temple building and index of domestic tourism for leisure and recreation purposes. Thus, objects of wooden architecture as sites of cultural tourism are concentrated in the western and in the northern regions of Ukraine, while the biggest amount of domestic tourists prevails in Kiev city, as well as in Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Odesa region. The main activity on the Black Sea coast is recreation, medical and wellness tourism, or medical tourism on the resorts of the South. However, areas of the north of Odesa and Kherson regions, remain presidial. Combining tours to the north of Odesa region and rest on the banks of the Southern Bug River with active types of tourism and recreation will be promising thing. Lack of marketing activities is a significant impediment for promotion of the cultural tourism product in southern Ukraine. Also, the question of upgrading the infrastructure for tourism needs: transport system, hospitality facilities, remains unsolved. This region is perspective for the development of peripheral and rural areas and is a driver of economic growth.
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Rozhko, Ihor, and Iryna Koinova. "Physical-geographical characteristics of Lemkivshchyna." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography 53 (December 18, 2019): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2019.53.10679.
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The article presents the physical-geographical characteristics of the Lemkos’ ethnic territory, the farthest western ethnographic group of Ukrainians who have long inhabited the slopes of the Carpathians Eastern Beskids. Lemkivshchyna is located on both slopes of the Carpathian Beskids between the Borzhava and San rivers in the east and Poprad and Dunajec in the west, located in three countries. The total area is about 9 000 km2. Lemkivschyna occupies the largest area within the mountainous part of South-Eastern Poland (48 %), less in the mountainous part of north-eastern Slovakia (41 %), the least in the Trans¬carpathian region of Ukraine (11 %). Most of the territory of Lemkivshchyna is located in the Carpathian lowlands of the Eastern Beskids. Only some peaks have a height of more than 1 000 m. The highest peak is Tarnitsa (1 346 m a.s.l.) on the Bukovo Berdo ridge. Lemkivshchyna is located in the temperate climate zone of Europe, which is formed under the influence of the western transfer of the Atlantic air masses. In addition, the climatic characteristics are influenced by the terrain, altitude, exposure of the slopes, the direction of extension of the mountain valleys. The territory of Lemkivshchyna lies on the Main European Watershed. The rivers that originate in the northern macro-slope of the Low Beskid are tributaries of the Vistula (the Baltic Sea basin). The rivers of the southern macro-slope are tributaries of the Tisza River, which flows into the Danube (the Black Sea basin). The largest river in the Lemky region is the San (444 km in length). Another tributary of the Vistula is the Vislok (165 km). The mountain rivers that originate on the southern slopes of the Low Beskid River flow in a meridional direction to the south and belong to the Tisza basin. The largest among them are Gorand (286 km), Poprad (169 km), Laborets (129 km), Ondava (112 km in length). The rivers of Lemkivshchyna are characterized by mixed food dominated by snow. Boundaries are observed in winter and during the dry season in summer. Floods can occur at any time of the year during heavy rainfall. The mountain-forest soils of Lemkivshchyna are formed on flysch rocks under beech and fir forests. Soils of low power (up to 75 cm), often stony, characterized by high acidity, poor in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron. Mountain-meadow soils were formed in the subalpine meadows. The processes of accumulation of peat and organic material are observed on the watersheds and sites of poor runoff. The geographical location of Lemkivshchyna causes the vertical extent of the vegetation cover, which differs from the other mountain ranges of the Carpathians. Belt of deciduous forests, rising to an altitude of 1 156 m. is mainly represented with beech forests. The belt of the Polonynian subalpine meadows that developed under the influence of a long pasture farm is above the beech forests. About 1 000 species of vascular plants, more than 600 species of mosses and lichens, and many algae and fungi have been found in the Lemky region. A modern feature of the vegetation cover of Lemkivshchyna is the natural regeneration of forests, which occurred after the expulsion of the ethnic population from these territories. More than 200 species of vertebrates have been found in the Lemky region. Key words: Lemkivshchyna, physical and geographical conditions, relief of the Eastern Beskids, hydrography, vegetation.
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Bělka, T., and D. Horal. "Numbers and distribution of eagles in the Czech Republic: reason for optimism." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-108-110.
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At present, four eagle species are regular breeders in the Czech Republic: White-Tailed Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila [Clanga] pomarina), and Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). There is also a historical record of confirmed breeding of Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila [Clanga] clanga) in 1847 in the region of Eastern Bohemia. At present, this species is only a rare visitor on autumn and spring passage. White-Tailed Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) has re-colonized the country since the mid-1980s, after approx. one hundred years absence as a breeder. The recolonization started at two separate areas: South Bohemia, with birds coming mainly from German and Poland source population, and South Moravia, with birds coming from Pannonia, i.e. mainly from Hungary. Later the species occupied nearly the whole area of suitable habitats. The population is still increasing and currently reaches ca. 160–180 breeding pairs. Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) has bred in the Check Republic for the first time in 1998 (there is one unconfirmed note about its breeding also in 1930s). Since then, the population is slowly growing, similarly as the whole Pannonian population (with source populations mainly in Hungary and Eastern Slovakia). So far, the breeding is limited to Pannonian region of the country (i.e. south-eastern part) but the first pairs have spread north and west during the last years. 23 territorial pairs were monitored in 2023. The Lesser Spotted Eagle (LSE, Aquila [Clanga] pomarina) was never an abundant species in the Czech Republic. Scarce population existed especially in submountainous regions and in the mountains throughout the CR. The last breeding pairs were documented at the end of 1980’s and the beginning of 1990’s in Šumava Mts. After more than 20 years, breeding of LSE was surprisingly confirmed in western Bohemia. Since 2012, one pair breeds there regularly. In 2018, a small new population was discovered in the north of Morava region and currently three pairs breed there. Since 2020, another pair breeds in eastern Bohemia. Presently, two pairs breed in this region but we presume that another 1–2 breeding pairs could be hiding in this region. Therefore, in 2023 we estimate the breeding population of the LSE in the Czech Republic as 6–8 pairs. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) started to breed in Northern Moravia (NE part of the country) in 2013 (similarly as White-Tailed Sea Eagle after more than one hundred years of absence), partly as a result of re-introduction project carried out during 2006–2017 (27 birds originating from Slovakia were released). Along with the growing population size and range expansion in the neighbouring Slovakia, there are now min 5–6 occupied territories in Czech Republic. Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is a regular passage migrant (both spring and autumn), with some birds oversummering and very rarely also wintering. Historical data about its regular breeding in 19th or even early 20th century are not fully confirmed. Several breeding attempts were recorded also during the last 20 years. These included nest building but the clutch was never laid. Short-Toed Snake Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) is a very rare visitor in the Czech Republic, but the number of observations seems to increase rapidly during the last 10 years. With the increasing population in Hungary and possibly also Slovakia, its breeding cannot be excluded in the near future.
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Rudnicki, Roman, Mirosław Biczkowski, Łukasz Wiśniewski, Paweł Wiśniewski, Stanisław Bielski, and Renata Marks-Bielska. "Towards Green Agriculture and Sustainable Development: Pro-Environmental Activity of Farms under the Common Agricultural Policy." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041770.
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Growing environmental and climate problems in the contemporary world necessitate the search for efficient solutions, including changes in agriculture, which has been reflected in the new package of reforms of the EU climate policy, called the European Green Deal (the EGD). Agriculture and rural areas play an essential role in the attainment of the EGD goals, and one of the prerequisites for an effective implementation of the EGD assumptions is to recognize the mechanism underlying the activity of agricultural farms in the scope of pro-environmental measures implemented under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This article presents an endeavour to make a multidimensional evaluation of the spatial diversification in such activities, using Polish farms as an example. Compared to other EU member states, Poland is a country where agriculture remains a substantial sector in the national economy. This research is based on data from several institutions, including the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA), responsible for the allocation of funds from the EU budget and for providing support to the development of agriculture and rural areas. The level and structure of the absorption of funds from the CAP underwent analysis, including three pro-environmental measures of the Rural Development Programme: organic farming (OF), agri-environment climate measure (AECM), and afforestation and creation of forest areas (ACFA). In order to achieve a holistic approach to these measures, an innovative analytical model was developed. It can be applied to analyses on a regional, national, and European level, and it is based on several novel indicators, as well as advanced statistical and spatial analyses. The research demonstrates that the pro-environment activities of farmers are characterized by a significant geographical diversity. The most active in soliciting payments from the CAP were agricultural farms with a high level of pro-environment internal characteristics of agriculture (IPEAF = 30.1%, with national average = 11.6%). With regard to anthropogenic determinants, relatively higher values of the IPEAF indicator were found in the municipalities with a lower level of socio-economic development (12.1%) and those located in northern and western Poland, within the borders of the former Prussian Partition (18.6%), characterised by higher farming culture. The research results imply that the effectiveness of the up-to-date solutions needs to be improved, also by taking into consideration the endogenous conditions and potential of individual territorial units. The research results also prove the expediency of implementing the European Green Deal. Conducting an analysis of the pro-environmental activity of farms, taking into account both the applications of the current CAP financial perspective and those resulting from follow-up activities regarding the previous perspective, is an innovative approach to the issue.
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Kuzyarin, Oleksandr. "Catalogue of Asplenium septentrionale (L.) (Tracheophyta, Polypodiopsida, Aspleniaseae) specimens deposited in the State Museum of Natural History NASU, Lviv, Ukraine." Catalogue of the digitized collections, deposited in the State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 2 (May 1, 2024): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/cdcsmnh.2024.22.
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The detailed analysis of origin of the Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. specimens, deposited in the main collection of vascular plants’ herbarium in the SMNH NASU, has been carried out. Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. – northern spleenwort – is a perennial fern of the genus Asplenium, the family Aspleniaceae, a Holarctic petrophilous species with a disjunctive Eurasian-North American natural range (Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Western Siberia, Mongolia, Himalayas, Far East, North America). Its localities are confined to petrophilic communities, mainly on granite outcrops devoid of calcium (rock crevices, rocky slopes, landslides, boulders, shady spruce forests, etc.), and the species rises to the upper mountain belt. In Ukraine, this species occurs within the Carpathians, the Crimea, Steppe (Prydniprovska and Azov uplands, Donetsk Ridge) and Forest-Steppe (Volynska and Prydniprovska uplands) zones, Polissya (occasionally in Volynske and Zhytomyrske Polissya). Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. has been included into the official lists of regionally rare plants in many regions of Ukraine (Dnipropetrovska, Donetska, Zhytomyrska, Zaporizka, Ivano-Frankivska, Kyivska, Kirovohradska, Luhanska, Rivnenska, Chernivetska provinces and the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea). The main collection of the Herbarium of Vascular Plants in the SMNH NASU contains 26 herbarium specimens of A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm., all being included into the electronic database "Biodiversity of Ukraine" (http://dc.smnh.org/) and digitized. The geography of the herbarium collections of A. septentrionale (L.) Hoffm., besides the modern territory of Ukraine (Dnipropetrovska (1901), Donetska (1939, 1947, 1965, 1966), Zhytomyrska (1949), Zakarpatska (1948, 1957, 1961, 1969), Ivano-Frankivska (1967), Kirovohradska (1900), Rivnenska (1948) provinces and the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea (1900)), has been represented also by the territories of Poland (1905), Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Romania (1905), Finland (1898) and the Russian Federation (North Ossetia, 1898). In descending order of the number of collected herbarium specimens with the participation of 16 collectors, the following series has been formed: Slobodian M. (3 herbarium specimens), Vainagii I. (2), Voloshchak E. (2), Hanieshyn S. (2), Lazebna A. (2), Malynovskyi K. (2), Zinger M. (2), Berko J. (1), Golde K. (1), Kotov M, Karnaukh E. (1), Markovych V. (1), Melnychuk V. (1), Rheman A. (1), Stoyko S. (1), Finn V. (1), Khrzhyzhanovskyi V., Lazebna A. (1), Shokhin V. (1). The chronology of the herbarium collections covers the period from 1898 to 1969. The earliest specimens (second half of the 19th century) were collected in Finland (V. Shokhin collection) and North Ossetia (V. Markovych collection). This article was written with the support of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine, call 2022.01 «Science for the Recovery of Ukraine in the War and Post-War Periods» the project 2022.01/0013 «Digitization of natural history collections damaged as a result of hostilities and related factors: development of protocols and implementation on the basis of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine». The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine and are the sole responsibility of the State Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine.
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Kashtanova, Olga S. "Language policy in the field of education in the western provinces of Russia and the Kingdom of Poland in the nineteenth century." Central-European Studies 2019, no. 2 (11) (2020): 180–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0877.2019.2.8.
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Language policy in the field of education in the western provinces of Russia and the Kingdom of Poland in the nineteenth centuryThe article is devoted to the language policy of the Russian government in the field of education in the western provinces of Russia and the Kingdom of Poland in the nineteenth century. In territories with a predominantly Polish cultural element, teaching in the first third of the nineteenth century was conducted in Polish. The purpose of this work is to trace the change in attitude of the ruling spheres towards the system of Polish education. Language policy in the western outskirts of the Russian Empire went through several stages: from tolerance in the first third of the nineteenth century, to the Depolonisation of education in the western provinces in the 1830s, and the complete Russification of education after 1863, not only in the Russian territories, but also in the Kingdom of Poland. In this process, the uprisings of 1830-1831 and 1863-1864 certainly played an important, although not decisive, role. It seems that, to one degree or another, the Depolonisation of education in the western provinces would still have been carried out but would have taken place more gradually. The Russian government saw their task in integrating education in the western provinces into the all-Russian system; for this purpose, it was important to reduce contact between the territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that were under Russian rule and strengthen their ties with the empire. For the same reason, there would probably have been a gradual introduction of the Russian language into the curriculum of educational institutions and the clerical work of state institutions in the Kingdom of Poland.
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Dermendzhieva, Stella, and Tamara Draganova. "CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE GEOGRAPHY TRAINING OF THE COUNTRIES IN THE BULGARIAN SCHOOL." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3402555d.
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This article explores geography training for the countries in high school, first high school and second high school stage. Content - analysis, conceptual and situational analysis, place and themes, meaning and role, goals and expected results, vertical relationships and activities, number of school hours and new concepts, geographical algorithm for characterization of the country and principles of study, and other methodologies - didactic segments, have been tracked.Didactic models of country training in compulsory and profiled preparation have been made up. Network dependencies and intra-disciplinary synthesis between the studied countries, typical representatives of the region between primary and secondary education for compulsory and profiled preparation, are revealed.Country training covers grades V, VI, VII, IX, X and XI in compulsory and profiled preparation.The educational reform in Bulgaria since 2016 has enacted in geography and economics curricula in all classes of compulsory preparation, with the article focusing on the connection and integration between compulsory and profiled geography preparation of the countries. The processes of expanding, upgrading and deepening the educational content for geography training of the countries by classes, stages and degrees of education are explored.Contemporary trends in the development of geographical science are reflected in the curricula content of profiled geography and economics preparation.Country geography training and territorial differentiation by region in the world are part of modular training 4.The curricula regulates the countries of study by applying the traditional geographical algorithm to characterize a country: geographical location and borders; geopolitical influence in the region and the world; natural resource potential; geo - demographic processes; urban development and urbanization; economic development.Characterization of selected countries in the region is constructed regionally - territorial and typological principle in XI class: Northern Europe (Sweden), Western Europe (United Kingdom), Southern Europe (Spain), Central Europe (Poland), Eastern Europe (Ukraine), Central Asia (Kazakhstan), Far East (Indonesia), Middle East (Iran), Middle East (Israel). Profile training in XI grade promotes the development of students' abilities to reason, discuss, comment and evaluate different ideas and concepts independently, which extends the geographical culture of understanding and reasonable activity in the geographical space.The geography and economics training of the profiled preparation are set out the current and contemporary trends of geographical development - regionalization, ecologization, economization, technology, socialization.The curricula determines the training in regional geography, focusing on the formation of students' skills for: expressing critical thinking, analyzing information from different sources, developing a scientific thesis, choosing contemporary behaviors and exhibiting active citizenship, discussing the basic intra-regional problems, mapping of sub-regions, analyzing information from different sources, developing a scientific question or solving a geographic case.
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Marples, David R. "The Soviet Collectivization of Western Ukraine, 1948-1949." Nationalities Papers 13, no. 1 (1985): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998508408009.
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Western Ukraine comprises those areas of Ukraine annexed by the Soviet Union after September 1939. They are (1) Galicia, made up of the Soviet oblasts of Lviv, Stanislav (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Drohobych (now part of Lviv oblast) and Ternopil; (2) Volynia, made up of Rivne and Volyn oblasts; (3) Bukovyna (Chernivtsi oblast); and (4) Transcarpathia (Zakarpatska oblast). In the interwar period, the Galician and Volynian territories were governed by Poland, Chernivtsi was part of Romania and Transcarpathia was ruled by Czechoslovakia. Whereas the former areas were all annexed by the USSR after the invasion of Eastern Poland in 1939, Transcarpathia became part of the Soviet Union only in June 1945.
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Levin, Dov. "Arrests and Deportations of Latvian Jews by the USSR During the Second World WAR." Nationalities Papers 16, no. 1 (1988): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998808408068.
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Mass deportations of native populations (Jews included) from territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40 in amicable division of spoils with Nazi Germany and its allies had everywhere the same historical background and followed roughly the same procedure. Territories in question included the states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in their entirety, parts of Finland, nearly one-half of pre-1939 Poland, and the formerly Romanian regions of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
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Szydłowska, Joanna. "Nie tylko do szuflady. Maria Dąbrowska o Ziemiach Zachodnich po 1945 roku." Ruch Literacki 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ruch-2014-0008.
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Abstract This article attempts to trace and characterize Maria Dąbrowska’s interest in the so-called Western Territories, ie. the eastern provinces of the German Reich handed over to Poland in 1945 as part of the post-war settlement. The analysis, based on the text of her Diaries, tries to establish the relative size and importance of her references to the WT, identify their themes and their contemporary social, political and cultural contexts. The article also examines Dąbrowska’s more or less explicit judgments of the policies of Poland’s postwar communist government with regard to the Western Territories
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VISLOBOKOV, NIKOLAY A., NORIYUKI ТANAKA, LEONID V. AVERYANOV, HIEP TIEN NGUYEN, MAXIM S. NURALIEV, and ANDREY N. KUZNETSOV. "Tupistra khangii (Asparagaceae), a new species from northern Vietnam." Phytotaxa 175, no. 5 (August 15, 2014): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.175.5.8.
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Andreyenkov, Oleg V., Natalya G. Andreyenkova, Igor F. Zhimulev, Irina N. Bogomolova, Yuri S. Ravkin, Sergey M. Tsybulin, Yulia O. Kashinskaya, and Dmitriy A. Shtol. "Northern Hawk Owl invasions in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia." Raptors Conservation, no. 40 (2020): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2020-40-116-124.
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The article presents data on the invasions of the hawk owl (Surnia ulula) into the forest-steppe of Western Siberia on the territory of the Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions, Altai Krai and Krasnoyarsk Krai territories.
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Fałtynowicz, Wiesław, and Jolanta Miądlikowska. "Materials to the lichen flora of the Western Pomerania (northern Poland)." Acta Mycologica 26, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1990.012.
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Prakas, Petras, Dalius Butkauskas, Laima Balčiauskienė, and Linas Balčiauskas. "Low Genetic Variability of the Tundra Vole in Lithuania." Animals 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2024): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14020270.
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The distribution and spread of the tundra vole (Alexandromys oeconomus) in Lithuania have been documented over the last 70 years, but the genetic diversity of the species has not been studied. In this study, we examined A. oeconomus trapped in three sites in northern and western Lithuania using mtDNA sequence analysis of the cytb and control region. The western and northern sites are separated by anthropogenic landscape barriers. The western site is subject to regular spring flooding. Phylogenetic analyses of the studied individuals placed them in the Central European phylogroup, suggesting that Lithuanian A. oeconomus originated from northeastern Poland. In Lithuania, the genetic diversity of A. oeconomus at both mtDNA loci was relatively low (Hd < 0.6, π < 0.002) compared to that found in other European samples (Hd = 0.833–0.958; π = 0.00402–0.01552). Individuals analyzed in Lithuania were genetically different from samples collected in Poland and Northern Europe (ΦST > 0.15, p < 0.05). The genetic divergence between the western and northern samples of A. oeconomus in Lithuania, together with the low genetic variability among the voles studied, provides new insights into the phylogeography of the species and the influence of barriers on the colonization of the country.
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Shahinyan, Arsen. "Northern Territories of the Sasanian Atropatene and the Arab Azerbaijan." Iran and the Caucasus 20, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20160203.
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This paper reviews the administrative and political map of South-Eastern Caucasus and North-Western Iran under the Sasanian (227–651 A.D.), Umayyad (661–750 A.D.), and early ‘Abbasid (750–1258 A.D.) domination based on the Classical Armenian, Arabic and Persian primary sources. It is an attempt to specify and describe the northern territories of Atropatene-Azerbaijan in the 3rd–9th centuries.
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Service, Hugo. "The Imagined Ethno-Racial Border and the Expulsion of Jews from Western Poland, 1939-41*." German History 38, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 414–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghaa017.
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Abstract Although the ‘Jewish question’ had always figured prominently in Nazi ideology and long-term objectives, the population policy to which Nazi German leaders and officials gave priority in practice in 1939–1941 was the relocation of ethnic-German ‘resettlers’ to annexed western Poland. Christopher Browning and other historians have argued that while in autumn and winter 1939 the Nazi leadership appeared to view the comprehensive removal of Jews from Germany’s ‘incorporated eastern territories’ as a high priority, because they did not prioritize it in practice, it did not happen. This article shows that this interpretation does not fully reflect events. A detailed case study of the expulsion of Jewish residents from east to west within the province of Silesia’s incorporated territory in May–June 1940 demonstrates that for Nazi German elites an ethno-racial boundary ran down the middle of the incorporated territories, north to south, and west of that boundary the comprehensive removal of Jews was prioritized in practice and very nearly realized.
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Urbanczyk, Zbigniew. "Northern Europe's most important bat hibernation site." Oryx 24, no. 1 (January 1990): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300034542.
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In western Poland an underground fortification dating from the 1930s is the winter quarters for the largest aggregation of hibernating bats in northern Europe. Although a major threat has been averted, the bats remain vulnerable to disturbance. The author has been studying these animals since the mid-1970s and, with others, has been pressing for improved protection.
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Franz, Maciej. "Spór o przynależność państwową Małopolski Wschodniej (1919–1923)." Textus et Studia, no. 1(33) (December 29, 2023): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/tes.09101.
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After the end of World War I, the struggle for post-war order in Europe began. The collapse of the superpowers: Germany, Austro-Hungary and Tsarist Russia, allowed the creation of many countries in Central Europe. Every nation wanted to have its own state. This led to the emergence of political and military conflicts over disputed territories. One of such territories was Eastern Lesser Poland, which, after fighting with the Bolsheviks and Ukrainians, was occupied by the nascent Poland. The Ukrainians put forward their claims to this territory and their own state. Own interests, including the protection of the occupied Transcarpathian Ruthenia, were pursued by the newly established Czechoslovakia. The Western powers in the League of Nations supported various solutions. The dispute lasted until the beginning of 1923 and was one of the last chords in the construction of the Versailles order in Europe.
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Mizianty, Marta. "Biosystematic studies on Dactylis L. 2. Original research. 2.1. Morphological differentiation and occurrence of representatives of the genus Dactylis in Poland. 2.1.2. Distribution of Dactylis glomerata subsp. slovenica (Dom.) Dom. in Poland and adjacent regions." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 57, no. 4 (2014): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1988.057.
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This paper presents the results of analysis of herbarium materials from Poland, Czechoslovakia, the USSR, East Germany and belonging to the author, as well as data from literature dealing with the distribution of <em>D. glomerata</em> subsp. <em>slovenica</em> (Dom.) Dom. in Poland and adjacent regions. It was found that D.g. subsp. <em>slovenica</em> occurs in 33 localities (30 herbarium and 3 literature) in Poland. The distribution of this subspecies is presented for the first time for Poland. All the localities of D.g. subsp. <em>slovenica</em> were found in the mountainous parts of Poland (Sudety Mts. and the Carpathians). In territories adjacent to Poland, D.g. subsp. <em>slovenica</em> was found in the Czech Massif and in many stands in the Western and Eastern Carpathians and also in Roztocze Upland.
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Vialiki, Anatol. "ПЕРЕДАЧА АРХИВНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ ПОЛЬСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ ИЗ БССР В ПОЛЬШУ В 1955 – НАЧАЛЕ 1960-Х ГГ." Studia Interkulturowe Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, no. 15 (December 1, 2022): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3143.si.2021-15.1.
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Wars, revolutions, and social conflicts always influence the cultural values of any state. From the occupied territories, cultural values, including archival documents, pass under the jurisdiction of the state in whose territory they are located. Archival documents of Polish origin were more than once under the jurisdiction of the Soviet Union. In the mid-1950s, the Polish government asked the USSR government to return to Poland documentary materials relating to the history of Poland. This issue was considered, and the government of the USSR allowed the partial transfer of archives to the Polish Republic. The transfer of archival documents was directly connected with Belarus since its western territory at various times was part of the Polish state. From 1955 to 1963, documents relating to the history of Poland were transferred to Poland from the archives of Belarus.