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Darity, William. "British Industry and the West Indies Plantations." Social Science History 14, no. 1 (1990): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320002068x.
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Is it not notorious to the whole World, that the Business of Planting in our British Colonies, as well as in the French, is carried on by the Labour of Negroes, imported thither from Africa? Are we not indebted to those valuable People, the Africans for our Sugars, Tobaccoes, Rice, Rum, and all other Plantation Produce? And the greater the Number of Negroes imported into our Colonies, from Africa, will not the Exportation of British Manufactures among the Africans be in Proportion, they being paid for in such Commodities only? The more likewise our Plantations abound in Negroes, will not more Land become cultivated, and both better and greater Variety of Plantation Commodities be produced? As those Trades are subservient to the Well Being and Prosperity of each other; so the more either flourishes or declines, the other must be necessarily affected; and the general Trade and Navigation of their Mother Country, will be proportionably benefited or injured. May we not therefore say, with equal Truth, as the French do in their before cited Memorial, that the general Navigation of Great Britain owes all its Encrease and Splendor to the Commerce of its American and African Colonies; and that it cannot be maintained and enlarged otherwise than from the constant Prosperity of both those branches, whose Interests are mutual and inseparable?[Postlethwayt 1968c: 6]The atlantic slave trade remains oddly invisible in the commentaries of historians who have specialized in the sources and causes of British industrialization in the late eighteenth century. This curiosity contrasts sharply with the perspective of eighteenth-century strategists who, on the eve of the industrial revolution, placed great stock in both the trade and the colonial plantations as vital instruments for British economic progress. Specifically, Joshua Gee and Malachy Postlethwayt, once described by the imperial historian Charles Ryle Fay (1934: 2–3) as Britain’s major “spokesmen” for the eighteenth century, both placed the importation of African slaves into the Americas at the core of their visions of the requirements for national expansion. Fay (ibid.: 3) also described both of them as “mercantilists hardening into a manufacturers’ imperialism.” For such a “manufacturers’ imperialism” to be a success, both Gee and Postlethwayt saw the need for extensive British participation in the trade in Africans and in the maintenance and development of the West Indies.
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PIETSCH, THEODORE W. "Charles Plumier (1646–1704) and his drawings of French and American fishes." Archives of Natural History 28, no. 1 (February 2001): 1–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2001.28.1.1.
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ABSTRACT: The ichthyological drawings of the French Minim friar Charles Plumier (1646–1704), resulting from his explorations along the coasts of Languedoc and Provence, in the French Alps, on the islands of Hyères, and during three expeditions to the West Indies between 1689 and 1697, are described, identified, and catalogued. A sketch of Plumier's life is given, along with an account of his publications and surviving manuscripts, a discussion of the sources for his knowledge of fishes, and the uses made of his fish drawings.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 78, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2004): 305–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002515.
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-Bill Maurer, Mimi Sheller, Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies. New York: Routledge, 2003. ix + 252 pp.-Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Richard Price ,The root of roots: Or, how Afro-American anthropology got its start. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press/University of Chicago Press, 2003. 91 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Holly Snyder, Paolo Bernardini ,The Jews and the expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. xv + 567 pp., Norman Fiering (eds)-Bridget Brereton, Seymour Drescher, The mighty experiment: Free labor versus slavery in British emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 307 pp.-Jean Besson, Kathleen E.A. Monteith ,Jamaica in slavery and freedom: History, heritage and culture. Kingston; University of the West Indies Press, 2002. xx + 391 pp., Glen Richards (eds)-Michaeline A. Crichlow, Jean Besson, Martha Brae's two histories: European expansion and Caribbean culture-building in Jamaica. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. xxxi + 393 pp.-Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Joseph C. Dorsey, Slave traffic in the age of abolition: Puerto Rico, West Africa, and the Non-Hispanic Caribbean, 1815-1859. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. xvii + 311 pp.-Arnold R. Highfield, Erik Gobel, A guide to sources for the history of the Danish West Indies (U.S. Virgin Islands), 1671-1917. Denmark: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2002. 350 pp.-Sue Peabody, David Patrick Geggus, Haitian revolutionary studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. xii + 334 pp.-Gerdès Fleurant, Elizabeth McAlister, Rara! Vodou, power, and performance in Haiti and its Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. xviii + 259 pp. and CD demo.-Michiel Baud, Ernesto Sagás ,The Dominican people: A documentary history. Princeton NJ: Marcus Wiener, 2003. xiii + 278 pp., Orlando Inoa (eds)-Samuel Martínez, Richard Lee Turits, Foundations of despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo regime, and modernity in Dominican history. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2003. x + 384 pp.-Eric Paul Roorda, Bernardo Vega, Almoina, Galíndez y otros crímenes de Trujillo en el extranjero. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 2001. 147 pp.''Diario de una misión en Washington. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 2002. 526 pp.-Gerben Nooteboom, Aspha Bijnaar, Kasmoni: Een spaartraditie in Suriname en Nederland. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 2002. 378 pp.-Dirk H.A. Kolff, Chan E.S. Choenni ,Hindostanen: Van Brits-Indische emigranten via Suriname tot burgers van Nederland. The Hague: Communicatiebureau Sampreshan, 2003. 224 pp., Kanta Sh. Adhin (eds)-Dirk H.A. Kolff, Sandew Hira, Het dagboek van Munshi Rahman Khan. The Hague: Amrit/Paramaribo: NSHI, 2003. x + 370 pp.-William H. Fisher, Neil L. Whitehead, Dark Shamans: Kanaimà and the poetics of violent death. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2002. 309 pp.-David Scott, A.J. Simoes da Silva, The luxury of nationalist despair: George Lamming's fiction as decolonizing project. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000. 217 pp.-Lyn Innes, Maria Cristina Fumagalli, The flight of the vernacular. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001. xvi + 303 pp.-Maria Cristina Fumagalli, Tobias Döring, Caribbean-English passages: Intertextuality in a postcolonial tradition. London: Routledge, 2002. xii + 236 pp.-A. James Arnold, Celia Britton, Race and the unconscious: Freudianism in French Caribbean thought. Oxford: Legenda, 2002. 115 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Dorothy E. Mosby, Place, language, and identity in Afro-Costa Rican literature. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003. xiii + 248 pp.-Stephen Steumpfle, Philip W. Scher, Carnival and the formation of a Caribbean transnation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. xvi + 215 pp.-Peter Manuel, Frances R. Aparicho ,Musical migrations: transnationalism and cultural hybridity in Latin/o America, Volume 1. With Maria Elena Cepeda. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 216 pp., Candida F. Jaquez (eds)-Jorge Pérez Rolón, Maya Roy, Cuban Music. London: Latin America Bureau/Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2002. ix + 246 pp.-Bettina M. Migge, Gary C. Fouse, The story of Papiamentu: A study in slavery and language. Lanham MD: University Press of America, 2002. x + 261 pp.-John M. McWhorter, Bettina Migge, Creole formation as language contact: the case of the Suriname creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003. xii + 151 pp.
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Chivallon, Christine. "Space and Identity in Martinique: Towards a New Reading of the Spatial History of the Peasantry." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13, no. 3 (June 1995): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d130289.
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Unlike research in the Anglophone West Indies, research in the French West Indies has only very recently developed the idea of the existence of a peasant social group in the plantation societies of Guadeloupe and Martinique. The fragility and instability of the collective identity in the French West Indies has served as a principal argument to support the view that the group is not a peasantry but a mere by-product of the plantation system. The idea of the absence of a real process of taking control of space or of a sort of intimate history with space occurs in some writings to explain this weakness of collective sense. Far from refuting the argument which firmly links the identity question to that of space, I shall reinforce it but in order to show that, on the contrary, there arc good grounds for affirming the existence, in the case of the peasant group in Martinique, of an original social experience in which space is strongly mobilised. In doing this, my intention is also to add weight to a theoretical point of view which shows the strength of the ties between space and identity, given that the peasant world in Martinique provides a paradigmatic example of the undeniable power of these ties.
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Cottias, Myriam. "Gender and republican citizenship in the French West Indies, 1848–1945." Slavery & Abolition 26, no. 2 (August 2005): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390500176400.
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Maher, Julianne. "Fishermen, farmers, traders: Language and economic history on St. Barthélemy, French West Indies." Language in Society 25, no. 3 (September 1996): 373–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500019217.
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ABSTRACTSt. Barthélemy, a small island in the northeastern Caribbean, is populated primarily by descendants of 17th century French settlers, and hosts seven language varieties. To explain the linguistic complexity of the island, this article reconstructs both its social history (using censuses, church records, and land registries) and its economic history, analyzing the effects of economic change on the island's population. The two offshoot communities on St. Thomas provide evidence of social fragmentation related to occupational differences. Functional explanations for St. Barth's linguistic diversity are inadequate; however, the social network theory of Milroy & Milroy 1992 proves useful in explaining the persistence of language differences in this small isolated community. (Social networks, life-modes, economic change, societal multilingualism, creole languages, French, West Indies, St. Barthélemy)
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Dial, Andrew. "Antoine Lavalette, Slave Murderer: A Forgotten Scandal of the French West Indies." Journal of Jesuit Studies 8, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-0801p003.
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Abstract The name Antoine Lavalette (1708–67) is infamous within the Society of Jesus. The superior of the Martinique mission in the mid-eighteenth century, he is known for triggering the 1764 expulsion from France. Less known is his torture to death of four enslaved men and women. The visitor sent to investigate Lavalette’s commercial activities, Jean-François de la Marche (1700–62), discovered these murders and reported them to Rome. This paper analyzes La Marche’s account of the atrocities within their Caribbean context. It demonstrates that Lavalette’s killings were within the established norms of the planter class. It further argues that his actions were part of the Society’s attempts to reconcile its religious calling with the gruesome realities of plantation slavery.
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Guibert, Jean-Sébastien, Franck Bigot, and Hélène Botcazou. "Overview of the Anémone Project (2015–2019), Les Saintes, Guadeloupe, French West Indies." Historical Archaeology 56, no. 1 (March 2022): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41636-021-00324-1.
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Viel, Jean-Francois, Yoann Mallet, Christina Raghoumandan, Philippe Quénel, Philippe Kadhel, Florence Rouget, and Luc Multigner. "Impact of Saharan dust episodes on preterm births in Guadeloupe (French West Indies)." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 5 (March 18, 2019): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105405.
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ObjectivesLarge amounts of mineral dust are transported from their African sources in the Saharan-Sahel region to the Caribbean Sea, generating peak exposures to particulate matter ≤10 µm (PM10). This study aimed to investigate the impact of Saharan dust episodes on preterm births in the Guadeloupe archipelago.MethodsThe study population consisted of 909 pregnant women who were enrolled in the TIMOUN mother-child cohort between 2004 and 2007. Desert dust episodes were assessed from PM10 concentrations recorded at the unique background air quality monitoring station located in Pointe-à-Pitre. For each woman, the daily PM10 concentrations were averaged over the entire pregnancy, and the proportion of days with intense dust episodes (≥55 µg PM10/m3) during pregnancy was calculated. Weighted logistic regression models adjusting for known individual sociomedical risk factors were used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for preterm birth.ResultsDuring pregnancy, the mean PM10 concentrations ranged from 13.17 to 34.92 µg/m3, whereas the proportion of intense dust events ranged from 0.00% to 19.41%. Increased adjusted ORs were found for both the mean PM10 concentrations and the proportion of intense dust events (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.81, and OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.98 per SD change, respectively). Restriction to spontaneous preterm births produced similar ORs but with wider 95% CIs.ConclusionConsidering the personal and social burden of this adverse pregnancy outcome, this finding is of importance for both healthcare workers and policy makers to provide necessary preventive measures.
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Kelly, Kenneth G. "Creole Cultures of the Caribbean: Historical Archaeology in the French West Indies." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 12, no. 4 (August 29, 2008): 388–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10761-008-0058-6.
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Eltis, David, and Clarence J. Munford. "The Black Ordeal of Slavery and Slave Trading in the French West Indies, 1625-1715." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 2 (May 1993): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517778.
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Eltis, David. "The Black Ordeal of Slavery and Slave Trading in the French West Indies, 1625-1715." Hispanic American Historical Review 73, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-73.2.316.
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Lloret, Emily, Céline Dessert, Heather L. Buss, Carine Chaduteau, Sylvain Huon, Patrick Alberic, and Marc F. Benedetti. "Sources of dissolved organic carbon in small volcanic mountainous tropical rivers, examples from Guadeloupe (French West Indies)." Geoderma 282 (November 2016): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.07.014.
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Pietsch, Theodore W. "Charles Plumier's “Manicou Caraibarum” (c. 1690): a previously unpublished description and drawing of the common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758." Archives of Natural History 38, no. 1 (April 2011): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2011.0006.
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A previously unpublished description and drawing of the common opossum, Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, made by French Minim friar Charles Plumier (1646–1704) during the first (1689–1690) of three voyages of exploration to the West Indies, are presented and compared with earlier depictions, especially that of Georg Marcgrave (1610–1644) in his Historiae rerum naturalium Brasiliae of 1648. Evidence is presented to emphasis the originality and scientific accuracy of Plumier's account.
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Bougerol, C. "Medical practices in the french west indies: Master and slave in the 17th and 18th centuries." History and Anthropology 2, no. 1 (March 1985): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1985.9960760.
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Cormack, William S. "Legitimate Authority in Revolution and War: The French Navy in the West Indies, 1789–1793." International History Review 18, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1996.9640734.
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Mayer, Francine M., and Carolyn E. Fick. "Before and after emancipation: Slaves and free coloreds of Saint‐Barthélemy (French West Indies) in the 19th century∗." Scandinavian Journal of History 18, no. 4 (January 1993): 251–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468759308579261.
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Joseph, Philippe, and Kévine Baillard. "Some Elements of Knowledge on the Coastal Floristic Formations of Martinique (French West Indies)." Journal of Geography and Geology 9, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v9n2p39.
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From the middle of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century, the dynamics of land use in Martinique were accompanied by significant landscape transformation. The latter resulted from profound changes in the structural and functional organization of the vegetation. In the end, the history of this small tropical island is a permanent process of biocenonic changes. Despite the limited available data, it is likely that these were accompanied by disappearances of species. This specific diversity erosion mainly concerns the species in the last phases of ecosystemic evolution: particularly those of climax formations. In reality, the successive Antillean societies, formerly agrarian and today characterized by a strong presence of tertiary activities, led to a marked decline in pre-Columbian forests, which are supposed to be primitive. Many coastline forests were soon eliminated. Apart from the very marginal climatic forests protected by the foothills of the Pitons du Carbet and the Pelee Mountain, the secondary forest formations occupy small areas. Isolated in a herbaceous, shrubby and pre-forest vegetation, whose surface is being inexorably reduced due to human activities, they occupy zones that are unsuitable for agriculture, habitation and the various vital infrastructures: slopes, valley or gully bottoms, narrow ridges. The coastline, which was the main settlement location for the first Caribbean societies, is still home to most of the population and economic activities. It is characterized by species, physiognomies and phytocenoses typical of artificialized biotopes. Faced with an inexorable societal development, how can we preserve the floristic, ecosystemic and coastal landscape diversity specific to the patrimonial forest formations which have become natural monuments?
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Andersen, Astrid Nonbo. "Vore gamle tropekolonier..? – Tropekolonierne som danske erindringssteder." Slagmark - Tidsskrift for idéhistorie, no. 57 (March 9, 2018): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sl.v0i57.104664.
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The knowledge of the Danish colonial past has for a very long time played a minorrole in the general picture of Danish History in Denmark. Within the past 10-15years however the former Danish tropic colonies in the West Africa, East Indiaand the West Indies have attracted a growing number of Danish visitors in searchfor the colonial past. This has led to a number of renovation projects sponsoredby Danish agents in collaboration with the local authorities in the former tropiccolonies. This article takes its analytical starting point in the French HistorianPierre Nora’s notion of places of memory (lieux de mémoire) and deals with someof the problems of both a philosophical and political kind that spring from thesenew initiatives.
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Arnaud, Gael E., Yann Krien, Stéphane Abadie, Narcisse Zahibo, and Bernard Dudon. "How Would the Potential Collapse of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano in La Palma Canary Islands Impact the Guadeloupe Islands? Insights into the Consequences of Climate Change." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020056.
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Tsunamis are among the deadliest threats to coastal areas as reminded by the recent tragic events in the Indian Ocean in 2004 and in Japan in 2011. A large number of tropical islands are indeed exposed due to their proximity to potential tsunami sources in tectonic subduction zones. For these territories, assessing tsunamis’ impact is of major concern for early warning systems and management plans. The effectiveness of inundation predictions relies, among other things, on processes engaged at the scale of the local bathymetry and topography. As part of the project C3AF that aimed to study the consequences of climate change on the French West Indies, we used the numerical model SCHISM to simulate the propagation of several potential tsunamis as well as their impacts on the Guadeloupe islands (French West Indies). Working from the findings of the most recent studies, we used the simulations of four scenarios of collapse of the Cumbre Vieja volcano in La Palma, Canary islands. We then used FUNWAVE-TVD to simulate trans-Atlantic wave propagation until they reached the Guadeloupe archipelago where we used SCHISM to assess their final impact. Inundation is quantified for the whole archipelago and detailed for the most exposed areas. Finally, in a climate change perspective, inundation is compared for different sea levels and degrees of vegetation cover deterioration using modified friction coefficients. We then discuss the results showing that climate change-related factors would amplify the impact more in the case of smaller inundation along with model limitations and assumptions.
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Perignon, Marlène, Rozenn Gazan, Viola Lamani, Zoé Colombet, Caroline Mejean, Florent Vieux, and Nicole Darmon. "Which Dietary Changes to Achieve Nutritional Adequacy While Reducing Diet Cost in the French West Indies?" Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac059.023.
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Abstract Objectives The French West Indies are facing increasing rates of obesity and diet-related chronic diseases. Food prices are ∼30% higher in these territories compared with mainland France, while a large part of their populations is socioeconomically disadvantaged. Economic affordability of a healthy diet is a key issue in this region. Our objective was to identify dietary changes that would allow Guadeloupean and Martinican adults to achieve nutritional adequacy while reducing the cost of their diets. Methods Dietary intakes of 1061 adults were obtained from a cross-sectional survey (2013–2014) conducted on a representative sample of the Guadeloupean and Martinican populations. Diet cost was based on mean prices of 1357 foods compiled from a Martinican supermarket website. For each adult, optimized diets respecting all nutritional recommendations and with minimized departure from initial diet were designed with linear programming under 3 scenarios: 1) all nutritional constraints, 2) all nutritional constraints without exceeding initial diet cost, and 3) all nutritional constraints while reducing diet cost by 30%. Results When cost was not constrained, achieving nutritional adequacy while departing the least from individual food intakes induced an increase in cost for most adults (74%). When cost was not allowed to increase, achieving nutritional adequacy induced an increase in the consumption of fruit & vegetables, unrefined starches, dairy products (especially milk), eggs and vegetable fats, and a decrease in sweetened beverages (especially for < 30 y), refined starches, sweetened products, meat and fish. When a 30% reduction of cost was imposed, achieving nutritional adequacy induced the same types of dietary changes than with scenario 2, but modified their magnitude (and thus the effort for consumers), notably a smaller increase in vegetables (+7 vs. +86g/d) but a larger increase in dairy (+90 vs. +72 g/d) and starchy foods (+112 vs. +54 g/d), and a larger reduction in meat (−48 vs. −12 g/d). Increases in fruits (∼+80g/d) and unrefined starches (+127 g/d) and decrease in sweetened beverages (∼−100 g/d) were still observed. Conclusions Nutrition prevention programs promoting the affordable dietary changes identified in this study could help improve nutritional adequacy of the Guadeloupean and Martinican populations. Funding Sources French National Research Agency.
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Miller, Benjamin T., and Don K. Nakayama. "In Close Combat: Vice-Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson's Injuries in the Napoleonic Wars." American Surgeon 85, no. 11 (November 2019): 1304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481908501141.
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Born in Norfolk, England, on September 29, 1758, Horatio Nelson was the sixth of eleven children in a working-class family. With the help of his uncle, Maurice Suckling, a captain in the Royal Navy, Nelson began his naval career as a 13-year-old midshipman on the British battleship Raisonnable. His courage and leadership in the battle marked him for promotion, and he rose quickly from midshipman to admiral, serving in the West Indies, East Indies, North America, Europe, and even the Arctic. As his rank ascended, Nelson's consistent strategy was close engagement, an approach that led to success in combat but placed him in direct danger. Thus, Britain's greatest warrior was also her most famous patient: Nelson suffered more injuries and underwent more operations than any other flag officer in Royal Navy history. His career reached a climax off Cape Trafalgar, where he not only led the Royal Navy to victory over the combined French and Spanish fleets but also met his own death.
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Agmon, Danna. "Historical Gaps and Non-existent Sources: The Case of the Chaudrie Court in French India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 63, no. 4 (October 2021): 979–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417521000311.
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AbstractThis article develops a typology of historical and archival gaps—physical, historiographical, and epistemological—to consider how non-existent sources are central to understanding colonial law and governance. It does so by examining the institutional and archival history of a court known as the Chaudrie in the French colony of Pondichéry in India in the eighteenth century, and integrating problems that are specific to the study of legal history—questions pertaining to jurisdiction, codification, evidence, and sovereignty—with issues all historians face regarding power and the making of archives. Under French rule, Pondichéry was home to multiple judicial institutions, administered by officials of the French East Indies Company. These included the Chaudrie court, which existed at least from 1700 to 1827 as a forum where French judges were meant to dispense justice according to local Tamil modes of dispute resolution. However, records of this court prior to 1766 have not survived. By drawing on both contemporaneous mentions of the Chaudrie and later accounts of its workings, this study centers missing or phantom sources, severed from the body of the archive by political, judicial, and bureaucratic decisions. It argues that the Chaudrie was a court where jurisdiction was decoupled from sovereignty, and this was the reason it did not generate a state-managed and preserved archive of court records for itself until the 1760s. The Chaudrie’s early history makes visible a relationship between law and its archive that is paralleled by approaches to colonial governance in early modern French Empire.
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Aldrich, Robert. "The Decolonisation of the Pacific Islands." Itinerario 24, no. 3-4 (November 2000): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300014558.
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At the end of the Second World War, the islands of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia were all under foreign control. The Netherlands retained West New Guinea even while control of the rest of the Dutch East Indies slipped away, while on the other side of the South Pacific, Chile held Easter Island. Pitcairn, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Fiji and the Solomon Islands comprised Britain's Oceanic empire, in addition to informal overlordship of Tonga. France claimed New Caledonia, the French Establishments in Oceania (soon renamed French Polynesia) and Wallis and Futuna. The New Hebrides remained an Anglo-French condominium; Britain, Australia and New Zealand jointly administered Nauru. The United States' territories included older possessions – the Hawaiian islands, American Samoa and Guam – and the former Japanese colonies of the Northern Marianas, Mar-shall Islands and Caroline Islands administered as a United Nations trust territory. Australia controlled Papua and New Guinea (PNG), as well as islands in the Torres Strait and Norfolk Island; New Zealand had Western Samoa, the Cook Islands, Niue and Tokelau. No island group in Oceania, other than New Zealand, was independent.
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Marronage. "Marronage is Resistance Against the Colonizer’s Construction of History." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling 8, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v7i2.118484.
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The contribution is an intervention into the book Kolonierne i Vestindien [The Colonies in the West Indies] (1980) by Danish historian Ove Hornby. Pointing to the limitations and biases of Hornby's account of the St. Croix Fireburn labor revolt of 1878, the contribution is an implicit critique of the way archival sources have been put to use within the discipline of history writing in attempts to delegitimise anti-colonial resistance. It is with some ambivalence that we have chosen to also include an English translation of the Hornby text as well as our annotations, and thereby reproduce the very language we are critiquing. However, these translations have been important in order to ensure greater accessibility to a USVI readership.
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POINTIER, J. P., B. DELAY, J. L. TOFFART, M. LEFÈVRE, and R. ROMERO-ALVAREZ. "LIFE HISTORY TRAITS OF THREE MORPHS OF MELANOIDES TUBERCULATA (GASTROPODA: THIARIDAE), AN INVADING SNAIL IN THE FRENCH WEST INDIES." Journal of Molluscan Studies 58, no. 4 (1992): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/58.4.415.
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Chrystèle, Verati, Yves Mazabraud, Jean-Marc Lardeaux, Michel Corsini, Dorian Schneider, Emile Voitus, and Fabienne Zami. "Tectonic evolution of Les Saintes archipelago (Guadeloupe, French West Indies): relation with the Lesser Antilles arc system." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 187, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.187.1.3.
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Abstract In this paper, we provide the first structural map of Les Saintes archipelago (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles). The finite strain pattern displays four families of fault systems characterized by their statistical structural orientations: N000-N020, N050-N070, N090-N110 and N130-N140 trending fault systems. Our onshore results thus underline a fault network much more complex than the one depicted by the previous offshore geophysical investigations around Les Saintes archipelago, which show only N120-N150 trending system. According to the available K-Ar dating of the volcanic rocks and the relative chronology of the faults defined in the field, we determine the deformation history in Les Saintes islands since the last 3 Ma. The four highlighted trending fault systems are already active since the Pliocene and are consistent with the present-day extensional tectonics in the Guadeloupe archipelago compatible with the reactivation of inherited structures at the active arc scale. We interpret the tectonic evolution of Les Saintes islands as the result of interplay between subduction of aseismic ridges (Tiburon and Barracuda ridges) and oblique convergence. Furthermore, we recognized an exhumed geothermal paleo-system in Terre-de-Haut island which is a good analogue of the present-day active Bouillante geothermal system. Its duration is estimated at 400 k.y. during the Pliocene.
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Edwards, Erica Johnson. "William S. Cormack. Patriots, Royalists, and Terrorists in the West Indies: The French Revolution in Martinique and Guadeloupe, 1789–1802." American Historical Review 125, no. 4 (October 2020): 1473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz1223.
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Pietsch, Theodore W. "Charles Plumier’s anatomical drawings and description of the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus (1694–1697)." Archives of Natural History 49, no. 1 (April 2022): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2022.0764.
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French Minim friar Charles Plumier (1646−1704), craftsman, illustrator, and engraver, but best known for his work as a botanist, devoted the better part of his life to collecting and illustrating plants and animals. Observations made along the coasts of Languedoc and Provence, in the French Alps, on the islands of Hyères in the western Mediterranean, and during three expeditions to the West Indies between 1687 and 1697, provided the foundation for an enormous body of iconographic material extant in the collections of the Bibliothèque centrale du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. His anatomical drawings and description of the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807 , made while at Saint Domingue (present-day Haiti) during his last voyage (1694−1697), are described and reproduced. Comparisons with earlier, contemporary, and later accounts, especially those of Joseph Guichard Duverney (1648–1730), Thomas Goüye (1650–1725), Hans Sloane (1660−1753), and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider (1750–1822), are presented, as well as evidence of the originality and scientific accuracy of Plumier’s account.
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Budiman, Hary Ganjar, Gregorius Andika Ariwibowo, Nanang Saptono, Endang Widyastuti, and Indah Asikin Nurani. "From panchuran to waterleiding: clean water solutions in Colonial Bandung, West Java, Dutch East Indies (1898‒1934)." History of science and technology 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 174–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2023-13-1-174-200.
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This study examines clean water management in Bandung, West Java, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), from the late 19th Century to the early 20th Century. This study focuses on how the human community has modified the physical water unit, including technology, management skills, and social and environmental priorities. Historical methods were applied to investigate the topic, including heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. Most of the data in this study were collected from primary sources in the form of archives, and official documents Department of Public Works and Bandung Municipality Government published in the late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. The results showed that indigenous people in Bandung, the Sundanese, manage springs and rivers based on local knowledge, harmonizing simple technology with nature and belief. They used panchuran, a channel made of bamboo strips, to drain water from the springs. While Europeans initially relied on dug wells for daily water needs in the late 19th Century. However, concerns over epidemics and rapid population growth in the early 20th Century led to more well-planned, professional water management supported by science and technology-based infrastructure. The Bandung municipality government mobilized engineers and scientists to research new water sources and build clean water infrastructure. By the 1930s, they could build artesian wells, waterleiding networks, reservoirs, filtration systems, and clean water public facilities. Bandung municipality government exploited clean water resources that expanded from urban to mountainous areas north of Bandung. The municipality government recognized that clean water resources needed to be explored and capitalized. Two clean water services were available in Bandung: a pipeline service that delivered water directly to households and accessible public facilities. Indigenous people in Kampongs used public facilities, while Europeans used paid pipeline services.
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Jones, Adam. "Semper Aliquid Veteris: Printed Sources for the History of the Ivory and Gold Coasts, 1500–1750." Journal of African History 27, no. 2 (July 1986): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700036653.
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Since completing my Ph.D. under John Fage in 1979 I have been working on critical editions of German, Dutch and French sources for the seventeenth-century history of West Africa. Many of these have been used uncritically, especially in the last twenty years. In my view it is wrong to cite such sources at all until one has at least attempted to establish the relationship between them. If one compares the whole corpus, one discovers a host of plagiarisms and other forms of interborrowing. At least half the Europeans who wrote about West Africa between 1500 and 1750 are known to have read the works of other authors. Using two chronological lists of publications which described the Ivory and Gold Coasts in this period, I seek to show that only a few can be regarded as purely ‘primary’ sources – mostly the ones which are least often cited.
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Barber, Sarah. ""Not worth one Groat": The Status, Gentility and Credit of Lawrence and Sarah Crabb of Antigua." Journal of Early American History 1, no. 1 (2011): 26–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187707011x556886.
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AbstractThis article recreates the lives of two settlers in Antigua between the years 1690 and 1740. As such, it is a key addition to the paltry number of studies of the island of Antigua and the other Leeward Islands of the West Indies. It takes as its base point the study of the Antigua settler elite identified by Richard Sheridan in his article, now forty years old, which constructed the institutional systems of landholding, taxation, customs and the Slave Trade which produced so-called Plantation Society. In the years preceding this, however, life for everyone concerned in the West Indies was uncertain and insecure. is was as much the case for those at the top of the socio-political ladder, such as island governors and Crown viceroys, as for relatively modest settlers, such as the subjects of this essay, Lawrence and Sarah Crabb. For all of those who were incorporated into the 18thcentury Plantocracy, many more were sacrificed in the struggles of early capitalism, buoyed up not by the level of 'credit' that they were accorded, but by the levels of debt they carried. The construction of a social history of modest settlers is made possible through the survival of documents which were kept by the Crabb's agent, George Moore, and which he would subsequently use in a Chancery case against his late friend's widow. These manuscripts have not been used before, except for occasional references to the legal precedents established by the case, Moore v. Meynell, and, given the paucity and patchiness of manuscript survivals for the Caribbean in the seventeenth century, show what can be reconstructed from otherwise overlooked sources. The result is a study of the measurement of a person's worth, and the increasing elision of God and Mammon in gauging credit, value and trust. In the case of the Crabbs, particularly because Lawrence was himself a man of little initial wealth who clawed his way up through his own ingenuity and his wife's family's West Indian estates, we are able to demonstrate how the language of credit and worthiness applied not only to men of business and politics but also to women.
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Kleiser, R. Grant. "An Empire of Free Ports: British Commercial Imperialism in the 1766 Free Port Act." Journal of British Studies 60, no. 2 (April 2021): 334–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2020.250.
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AbstractThe Free Port Act of 1766 was an important reform in British political economy during the so-called imperial crisis between the Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) and the American Revolution (1775–1783). In an explicit break from the letter if not the spirit of the Navigation Acts, the act opened six British ports in the West Indies (two in Dominica and four in Jamaica) to foreign merchants trading in a highly regulated number of goods subject to various duties. Largely understudied, this legislation has been characterized in most previous work on the subject as a fundamental break from British mercantile policies and meant to benefit North American colonial merchants. This article proposes a different interpretation. Based on the wider context of other imperial free port models, the loss of conquests such as French Guadeloupe and Martinique and Spanish Havana in the 1763 Paris Peace Treaty, a postwar downturn in Anglo-Spanish trade, and convincing testimonies by merchants and colonial observers, policy makers in London conceived of free ports primarily as a means of extending Britain's commercial empire. The free port system was designed to ruin the rival Dutch trade economically and shackle Spanish and French colonists to Britain's mercantile, manufacturing, and slaving economies. The reform marks a key moment in the evolution of British free trade imperial designs that became prevalent in the nineteenth century and beyond.
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Favez, Olivier, Samuël Weber, Jean-Eudes Petit, Laurent Y. Alleman, Alexandre Albinet, Véronique Riffault, Benjamin Chazeau, et al. "Overview of the French Operational Network for In Situ Observation of PM Chemical Composition and Sources in Urban Environments (CARA Program)." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020207.
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The CARA program has been running since 2008 by the French reference laboratory for air quality monitoring (LCSQA) and the regional monitoring networks, to gain better knowledge—at a national level—on particulate matter (PM) chemistry and its diverse origins in urban environments. It results in strong collaborations with international-level academic partners for state-of-the-art, straightforward, and robust results and methodologies within operational air quality stakeholders (and subsequently, decision makers). Here, we illustrate some of the main outputs obtained over the last decade, thanks to this program, regarding methodological aspects (both in terms of measurement techniques and data treatment procedures) as well as acquired knowledge on the predominant PM sources. Offline and online methods are used following well-suited quality assurance and quality control procedures, notably including inter-laboratory comparison exercises. Source apportionment studies are conducted using various receptor modeling approaches. Overall, the results presented herewith underline the major influences of residential wood burning (during the cold period) and road transport emissions (exhaust and non-exhaust ones, all throughout the year), as well as substantial contributions of mineral dust and primary biogenic particles (mostly during the warm period). Long-range transport phenomena, e.g., advection of secondary inorganic aerosols from the European continental sector and of Saharan dust into the French West Indies, are also discussed in this paper. Finally, we briefly address the use of stable isotope measurements (δ15N) and of various organic molecular markers for a better understanding of the origins of ammonium and of the different organic aerosol fractions, respectively.
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Samper, A., X. Quidelleur, J. C. Komorowski, P. Lahitte, and G. Boudon. "Effusive history of the Grande Découverte Volcanic Complex, southern Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) from new K–Ar Cassignol–Gillot ages." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 187, no. 1-2 (October 2009): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.016.
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Lounissi, Carine. "The Impact of the American Revolution on French Anticolonial and Antislavery Views in the 1780s." Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 22, no. 1 (January 2024): 126–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eam.2024.a920462.
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Abstract: The American Revolution happened as Raynal and Diderot were working on the third edition of their monumental Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies . Beyond this bestseller of the 1770s and 1780s, many lesser-known authors started to consider the impact of the American Revolution on the issue of colonies and empires. Among them were journalists and essayists who lived in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. The American Revolution appeared to them, as well as to other French cosmopolitan writers of the same generation and profile, as the starting point of a liberation of the whole American continent from European imperial rule and potentially from the slave trade and slavery. The gradual abolition of slavery in Northern American States was seen as a logical consequence of the American Revolution. However, the writers who thought about the consequences of the American Revolution in terms of decolonization were not the same as those who engaged in a thorough reflection on slavery, a debate in which more well-known figures, like Condorcet and Brissot, played a key role.
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Akinyeye, Yomi. "The Air Factor in West Africa's Colonial Defence 1920–1945: A Neglected Theme." Itinerario 25, no. 1 (March 2001): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300005544.
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The colonial military history of British and French West Africa has received copious attention from historians and soldiers. The role of the region in the two world wars has also been discussed in one way or the other. However, in the discussion of West Africa's colonial military history and the role of the colonies in the two world wars, hardly any reference is made to the air factor. While discussions of colonial military history concentrate on infantry and naval exploits, those on the role of the colonies in the world wars concentrate on their importance as sources of raw materials and manpower for British and French war efforts in other theatres of the wars. The wrong impressions thus given are that the air factor was alien to West Africa's colonial defence and that the region was largely outside the strategic manoeuvres of the two world wars. This is understandable in that the Maxim gun and the gunboat had largely been responsible for the conquest and policing of West Africa. Moreover, while infantry and naval warfare had been the mode of combat in all societies from time immemorial the air as a factor of warfare is largely a phenomenon of the twentieth century. Lastly, strategists in British West Africa ignored the air factor for a very long time because of its capital intensity.
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McDonald, Archie. "Wexler, Westward Expansion - An Eyewitness History, Riley, A Place To Grow - Women In The American West." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 18, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.18.1.45-46.
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Westward Expansion is a part of the Eyewitness History series of Facts on File Press intended as a chronicle of "significant historical events or periods." Volumes in the series present numerous excerpts from a variety of sources, including memoirs, diaries, letters, newspaper articles, official documents-you name it. This volume in the series joins other entries that deal with the French Revolution and Napoleon, the Civil War and Reconstruction, World War I, Women's Suffrage, America's Gilded Age, and Vietnam.
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Köstlbauer, Josef. "A “Moors’ Lovefeast” and Masked Enslavement in the Eighteenth-Century Moravian Church." Journal of Global Slavery 8, no. 2-3 (October 26, 2023): 178–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00802010.
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Abstract This article analyzes context and circumstances of an event described as a “Moors’ lovefeast,” which took place in the Moravian Church settlement of Herrnhaag in December 1742. Several of the “Moors” in attendance hailed from the West Indies, others from North America and Africa. Likewise present were a Malabar, a Tatar, and a German Sinto. Adding to the cosmopolitan luster of the Herrnhaag congregation, their presence broadcasted a powerful message of missionary success and eschatological expectation. Some of these men, women, and children were or had been enslaved, but the prestige bestowed on these so-called “Moors” contributed to masking their enslavement. A close reading of the available sources shows how contemporary practices of enslavement fed into Moravians’ methods of representing missionary success as well as their unique spirituality and eschatological vision.
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Muojama, Olisa Godson. "The Staff Question in German Plantations in the British Cameroons during World War II: The Employment of Staff from Jamaica and Malaya." European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (May 5, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejsocial.2023.3.3.397.
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Unlike the British and French territories in West Africa, the German territories of Cameroons and Togoland witnessed massive investment in plantations. These properties were taken over by the British and French during the First World War, 1914-1918. In the interwar years, 1919-1939, a good number of them were purchased and repossessed by the Germans who returned to West Africa after the war. Thus, the internment of German subjects in the Cameroons under the British mandate during the Second World War, 1939-1945, had implications for these German plantations. Earlier studies on the history of Cameroons and on the impact of World War II on West Africa have omitted this phenomenon. This paper is, therefore, designed to examine the staff question in the management of the German plantations in the British sphere of the Cameroons during the Second World War. Primary archival sources provided data for this historical reconstruction. It is a contribution to knowledge in the areas of impact of the global conflict on the periphery economy.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 82, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2008): 113–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002468.
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David Scott; Conscripts of Modernity: The Tragedy of Colonial Enlightenment (Shalina Puri)Rebecca J. Scott; Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery (Olivia Maria Gomes da Cunha)Patrick Bellegarde-Smith (ed.); Fragments of Bone: Neo-African Religions in a New World (Dianne M. Stewart)Londa Schiebinger; Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World (J.D. La Fleur)F. Abiola Irele, Simon Gikandi (eds.);The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature (A. James Arnold)Sean X. Goudie; Creole America: The West Indies and the Formation of Literature and Culture in the New Republic (J. Bradford Anderson)Doris Garraway; The Libertine Colony: Creolization in the Early French Caribbean (Charles Forsdick)Adélékè Adéèkó; The Slave’s Rebellion: Fiction, History, Orature (Owen Robinson)J. Brooks Bouson; Jamaica Kincaid: Writing Memory, Writing Back to the Mother (Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert)Gary Wilder; The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars (Nick Nesbitt)Fernando Picó; History of Puerto Rico: A Panorama of its People (Francisco A. Scarano)Peter E. Siegel (ed.); Ancient Borinquen: Archaeology and Ethnohistory of Native Puerto Rico (William F. Keegan) Magali Roy-Féquière; Women, Creole Identity, and Intellectual Life in Early Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico (Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel)Katherine E. Browne; Creole Economics: Caribbean Cunning under the French Flag (David Beriss)Louis A. Pérez, Jr; To Die in Cuba: Suicide and Society (Matt D. Childs)John Lawrence Tone; War and Genocide in Cuba, 1895-1898 (Gillian McGillivray)Frank Argote-Freyre; Fulgencio Batista: From Revolutionary to Strongman (Javier Figueroa-De Cárdenas)Juanita de Barros, Audra Diptee, David V. Trotman (eds.); Beyond Fragmentation: Perspectives on Caribbean History (Bernard Moitt)Matthew Mulcahy; Hurricanes and Society in the British Greater Caribbean, 1624-1783 (Bonham C. Richardson)Michaeline A. Crichlow; Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development (Christine Chivallon)Peta Gay Jensen; The Last Colonials: The Story of Two European Families in Jamaica (Karl Watson)Marc Tardieu; Les Antillais à Paris: D’hier à aujourd’hui (David Beriss)Rhonda D. Frederick; “Colón Man a Come”: Mythographies of Panamá Canal Migration (Michael L. Conniff)James Robertson; Gone is the Ancient Glory: Spanish Town, Jamaica, 1534-2000 (Philip D. Morgan)Philippe R. Girard; Paradise Lost: Haiti’s Tumultuous Journey from Pearl of the Caribbean to Third World Hotspot (Carolle Charles)Michael Deibert; Notes from the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti (Carolle Charles)Ellen de Vries; Suriname na de binnenlandse oorlog (Aspha E. Bijnaar)In: New West Indian Guide/ Nieuwe West-Indische Gids no. 82 (2008), no: 1-2, Leiden
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Cooper, Frederick. "‘Our Strike’: Equality, Anticolonial Politics and the 1947–48 Railway Strike in French West Africa." Journal of African History 37, no. 1 (March 1996): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700034800.
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This essay is both a reinterpretation of the place of the French West African railway strike in labor history and part of an exploration of its effects on politics and political memory. This vast strike needs to be studied in railway depots from Senegal to the Ivory Coast. Historians need both to engage the fictional version of the strike in Ousmanne Sembene'sGod's Bits of Woodand avoid being caught up in it. Interviews in the key railway and union town of Thiès, Senegal, suggest that strike veterans want to distinguish an experience they regard as their own from the novelist's portrayal. They accept the heroic vision of the strike, but offer different interpretations of its relationship to family and community and suggest that its political implications include co-optation and betrayal as much as anticolonial solidarity. Interviews complement the reports of police spies as sources for the historian. The central irony of the strike is that it was sustained on the basis of railwaymen's integration into local communities but that its central demand took railwaymen into a professionally defined, nonracial category of railwayman. The strike thus needs to be situated in relation to French efforts to define a new imperialism for the post-war era and the government's inability to control the implications of its own actions and rhetoric. Negotiating with a new, young, politically aware railway union leadership in 1946 and 1947, officials were unwilling to defend the old racial wage scales, accepted in principle thecadre uniquedemanded by the union, but fought over the question of power – who was to decide the details that would give such a cadre meaning? The article analyzes the tension between the principles of nonracial equality and African community among the railwaymen and that between colonial power and notions of assimilation and development within the government. It examines the extent to which the strike remained a railway strike or spilled over into a wider and longer term question of proletarian solidarity and anticolonial mobilization.
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Abedini, Amin, Vincent Roumy, Séverine Mahieux, Murielle Biabiany, Annie Standaert-Vitse, Céline Rivière, Sevser Sahpaz, François Bailleul, Christel Neut, and Thierry Hennebelle. "Rosmarinic Acid and Its Methyl Ester as Antimicrobial Components of the Hydromethanolic Extract ofHyptis atrorubensPoit. (Lamiaceae)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/604536.
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Primary biological examination of four extracts of the leaves and stems ofHyptis atrorubensPoit. (Lamiaceae), a plant species used as an antimicrobial agent in Guadeloupe, allowed us to select the hydromethanolic extract of the stems for further studies. It was tested against 46 microorganismsin vitro. It was active against 29 microorganisms. The best antibacterial activity was found against bacteria, mostly Gram-positive ones. Bioautography enabled the isolation and identification of four antibacterial compounds from this plant: rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate, isoquercetin, and hyperoside. The MIC and MBC values of these compounds and their combinations were determined against eight pathogenic bacteria. The best inhibitory and bactericidal activity was found for methyl rosmarinate (0.3 mg/mL). Nevertheless, the bactericidal power of rosmarinic acid was much faster in the time kill study. Synergistic effects were found when combining the active compounds. Finally, the inhibitory effects of the compounds were evaluated on the bacterial growth phases at two different temperatures. Our study demonstrated for the first time antimicrobial activity ofHyptis atrorubenswith identification of the active compounds. It supports its traditional use in French West Indies. Although its active compounds need to be further evaluatedin vivo, this work emphasizes plants as potent sources of new antimicrobial agents when resistance to antibiotics increases dramatically.
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Obaid, Mayson Najem, and Mariam Alwai Fahed. "Civilizational Development in Andalusia in the Writings of Orientalists in the French Orientalist School Gustave Le Bon as A Model." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 11 (July 9, 2024): 3399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/5zvn4g07.
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This study intends to present the cultural development in Andalusia and indicates the most prominent writings of French Orientalists regarding this civilization, as well as their appreciation for Arab culture. In this sense, the French Orientalist Gustave Le Bon is a role model. Among the most well-known philosophers in the West, he has shown justice to the Arab people and Islamic culture. This research therefore centers on his writings, which are full of references to the contributions that Arabs and the Arab Islamic nation have made to the West. He wrote the important work "La Civilisation des Arabes" ("The Civilization of the Arabs"), which offers insightful details on Arab civilization, and he accepted that Muslims were the ones who brought civilization to Europe. Additionally, the study seeks to expose the genuine character of Western Orientalists by differentiating between those who are sympathetic to Arab Muslims and those who are hostile to both Islam and Arabs. It demonstrates how the Arabs taught the West about civilization and advancement in many spheres of life.There are three sections to the research. The history, growth, and current status of the French Orientalist School are covered in the first section. The biography, writings, and methods of French Orientalist Gustave Le Bon are the main subjects of the second half. The final segment looks at Andalusia's cultural evolution.In writing this research, I have relied on both Arab and foreign sources, and I hope it will meet the reader's approval.
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Elezovic, D. M. "The role of Dmitry Kantemir’s writings for the Western educational historiography (a case study of the manuscript “The History of Turkey” of the 18th century)." Rusin, no. 63 (2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/63/3.
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The article uses a case study of the manuscript The History of Turkey written by an anonymous author in French in the 18th century and kept in the Bern City Library archives, to discuss West European writers’ evaluation of Dmitry Kantemir’s works. Dmitry Kantemir was not only a prominent political leader and diplomat, but also one of the most educated people in Eastern Europe of his time. When living in Constantinople, he attended a theological school, then studied history, philosophy, literature, art, theology, and ancient languages (he knew eight languages). Highly regarded in Russia, his writings attracted attention in the West and were used as sources by European historians. As an outstanding scientist and diplomat in Eastern Europe, Dmitry Kantemir earned the recognition of his Western European contemporaries as well as historians of later periods, who highly appreciated his works. This article analyses one historical plot, which has not been in the focus of scholarly studies so far: Kantemir’s History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire is mentioned as one of the main sources in the manuscript The History of Turkey and repeatedly quoted there.
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Bigon, Liora. "A History of Urban Planning and Infectious Diseases: Colonial Senegal in the Early Twentieth Century." Urban Studies Research 2012 (February 21, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/589758.
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This paper deals with the spatial implications of the French sanitary policies in early colonial urban Senegal. It focuses on the French politics of residential segregation following the outbreak of the bubonic plague in Dakar in 1914, and their precedents in Saint Louis. These policies can be conceived as most dramatic, resulting in a displacement of a considerable portion of the indigenous population, who did not want or could not afford to build à l’européen, to the margins of the colonial city. Aspects of residential segregation are analysed here through the perspective of cultural history and history of colonial planning and architecture, in contrast to the existing literature on this topic. The latter dilates on the statutory policies of the colonial authorities facing the 1914 plague in Dakar, the plague's sociopolitical implications, and the colonial politics of public health there. In the light of relevant historiography, and a variety of secondary and primary sources, this paper exposes the contradictions that were inherent in the French colonial regime in West Africa. These contradictions were wisely used by the African agency, so that such a seemingly urgent segregationist project was actually never accomplished.
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Leclerc, Frédérique, and Nathalie Feuillet. "Quaternary coral reef complexes as powerful markers of long-term subsidence related to deep processes at subduction zones: Insights from Les Saintes (Guadeloupe, French West Indies)." Geosphere 15, no. 4 (June 5, 2019): 983–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02069.1.
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Abstract Geodetic measurements reveal modern rates of tectonic deformation along subduction zones, but the kinematics of long-term deformation are typically poorly constrained. We explore the use of submarine coral reefs as a record of long-term coastal vertical motion in order to determine deformation rate and discuss its origins. The Lesser Antilles arc results from the subduction of the American plates beneath the Caribbean plate and undergoes regional vertical deformation. Uplifted reefs along forearc islands are markers of the interplay between tectonics and sea-level variations since the late Pleistocene. We compared results from a numerical model of reef-island profile development to high-resolution marine geophysical measurements of Les Saintes reef plateau (Guadeloupe, French West Indies), a ∼20-km-wide, 250-m-thick submerged platform that lies at 45 m below sea level along the volcanic arc, to constrain its vertical deformation history. Models explore different scenarios over wide parameter domains including start time, basement morphology, sea level variations, reef growth rate, subaerial erosion rate, and vertical motion history. The major features of the plateau (its depth, internal structure, unusual double-barrier) is only reproduced in a context of subsidence, with a constant rate of −0.3 to −0.45 mm/yr since the late Pleistocene, or in a context of increasing subsidence, presently of ∼–0.2 mm/yr. Discussed in the framework of the forearc vertical deformation history, this result indicates subsidence is promoted by local faulting, volcanic, and deep subduction processes. Coseismic deformation accumulation could be a mechanism by which deformation builds up in the long-term. We show that subduction can drive long-term subsidence of a volcanic arc, and demonstrate that submarine reefs are powerful markers of long-term vertical motion.
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Martin, Phyllis M. "Contesting Clothes in Colonial Brazzaville." Journal of African History 35, no. 3 (November 1994): 401–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700026773.
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The significance of dress in mediating social relations was deeply rooted in the Central African experience. In pre-colonial times, clothing, jewellery and insignia conveyed identity, status, values and a sense of occasion. Those with access to European trade cloth and second-hand clothes integrated them into their dress. Central Africans had a strong sense of the “politics of costume” long before new sources and ideas of clothing arrived with colonialism.Brazzaville, the capital of French Equatorial Africa, then became the scene of opportunity, experimentation and choice. Foreign workers from West Africa, the French Antilles and the Central African coastal regions pioneered new styles which were quickly appropriated and adapted by other townspeople. Europeans, in their attire, also seemed to confirm the importance of dress and were a model for those who considered themselves évolués. In handing out clothing, European employers and missionaries had their own agenda, which was rejected by many townspeople as an autonomous fashion sense developed in Bacongo and Poto-Poto, the African districts of Brazzaville. With an entrenched monetary economy, cloth and clothing became widely available to all with cash. Styles, costs and values became issues of contention. Clothing not only symbolized change but became a vehicle for change.In the late colonial period, the sources allow a deeper understanding of the relationship of dress to controversial social issues. Clothing became an arena for contesting and asserting class, gender and generational roles.
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Nuralia, Lia. "Artefak Kolonial Perkebunan Panglejar, Maswati, Rajamandala Masa Hindia Belanda: Arti dan Arah Sejarah." PANALUNGTIK 3, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24164/pnk.v3i1.35.
Full textAbstract:
Colonial plantation artifacts are an important cultural in the history of plantation at Bandung, West Java. What and how the plantation artifacts are the main problem in this paper. the purpose of this paper is to explain the colonial plantation artifacts in the form of inscriptions and old maps of the garden. The method used is a desk research on archeological research reports, books, and the internet. The data sources obtained are the inscription of the establishment of the old Panglejar tea factory in the IHT Building, the inscription of the establishment of the Administrator of Maswati Plantation house in the Pusdiklat Building, and the old map of the Rajamandala P lantation in the Office of Rajamandala Afdeling 1 of Panglejar Platation. The three colonial artifacts give special meaning to the continuity of plantation history since the days of the Dutch East Indies until now, as well as showing directions to search for and find historical information through colonial archival research and information from interviews with relevant informants at the present time.
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Daniel, Yvonne, Jacques Elion, Bichr Allaf, Catherine Badens, Marelle Bouva, Ian Brincat, Elena Cela, et al. "Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease in Europe." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns5010015.
Full textAbstract:
The history of newborn screening (NBS) for sickle cell disease (SCD) in Europe goes back almost 40 years. However, most European countries have not established it to date. The European screening map is surprisingly heterogenous. The first countries to introduce sickle cell screening on a national scale were France and England. The French West Indies started to screen their newborns for SCD as early as 1983/84. To this day, all countries of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have added SCD as a target disease to their NBS programs. The Netherlands, Spain and Malta also have national programs. Belgium screens regionally in the Brussels and Liège regions, Ireland has been running a pilot for many years that has become quasi-official. However, the Belgian and Irish programs are not publicly funded. Italy and Germany have completed several pilot studies but are still in the preparatory phase of national NBS programs for SCD, although both countries have well-established concepts for metabolic and endocrine disorders. This article will give a brief overview of the situation in Europe and put a focus on the programs of the two pioneers of the continent, England and France.