Journal articles on the topic 'West End Settlement'
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1
Buckland, P. C., T. Amorosi, L. K. Barlow, A. J. Dugmore, P. A. Mayewski, T. H. McGovern, A. E. J. Ogilvie, J. P. Sadler, and P. Skidmore. "Bioarchaeological and climatological evidence for the fate of Norse farmers in medieval Greenland." Antiquity 70, no. 267 (March 1996): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082910.
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Greenland, far north land of the Atlantic, has often been beyond the limit of European farming settlement. One of its Norse settlements, colonized just before AD 1000, is — astonishingly — not even at the southern tip, but a way up the west coast, the ‘Western Settlement’. Environmental studies show why its occupation came to an end within five centuries, leaving Greenland once more a place of Arctic-adapted hunters.
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Murphy, K., H. Mytum, L. Austin, A. E. Caseldine, C. J. Griffiths, A. Gwilt, P. Webster, and T. P. Young. "Iron Age Enclosed Settlements in West Wales." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 78 (2012): 263–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00027171.
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This paper presents the results of several years' research on late Iron Age enclosed settlements in west Wales. Geophysical survey was conducted on 21 sites and three of these, Troedyrhiw, Ffynnonwen, and Berry Hill, were part-excavated. Most sites examined were heavily plough-damaged, but results of the surveys and excavations demonstrated that substantial archaeological remains survive. Approximately 60 enclosed settlements lay in the core study area of southern Ceredigion (Cardiganshire), half of which were oval in shape and half rectangular. Both types contain suites of buildings seen in much of the British Iron Age – round-houses and 4-/6-post structures. Evidence from the excavations supports data from elsewhere in the region indicating that small oval enclosures appear in the landscape in the 2nd–1st centuriesbc, with rectangular enclosures constructed right at the end of the Iron Age. Dating is based almost entirely on radiocarbon determinations as, in common with other similar-aged sites in west Wales, artefacts are almost completely absent. It was not possible during excavation at Troedyrhiw to conclusively demonstrate late prehistoric use of the rectangular enclosed settlement, but a Roman pottery assemblage in the upper fills of the enclosure ditch coupled with a two phase entrance is interpreted as indicating Late Iron Age construction. More complex remains were revealed during excavations at Ffynnonwen, a circular enclosed settlement within a larger oval enclosure. Here, three round-houses, a 4- and 6-post structure and other remains were investigated and radiocarbon dated to the 8th–6th centuriesbcthrough to the early Romano-British period. Berry Hill, an inland promontory fort, appeared to be unfinished and abandoned. Radiocarbon determinations indicated a Late Bronze Age construction (10th–8th centuriesbc). The paper concludes with a consideration of a number of interpretive issues regarding settlement, enclosure, identity, and ways of living.
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Robert, Aline, Sylvain Soriano, Michel Rasse, Stephen Stokes, and Eric Huysecom. "FIRST CHRONO-CULTURAL REFERENCE FRAMEWORK FOR THE WEST AFRICAN PALEOLITHIC: NEW DATA FROM OUNJOUGOU, DOGON COUNTRY, MALI." Journal of African Archaeology 1, no. 2 (October 25, 2003): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10007.
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Evidences of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic human settlements in sub-Saharan West Africa are relatively uncommon, poorly or not even dated, and come from surface sites or secondary stratigraphic context. The discovery, within the international research programme Palaeoenvironment and human settlement in West Africa, of an impressive Pleistocene sedimentary sequence with numerous archaeological levels in the sector of Ounjougou (Dogon Country, Mali), is thus of great importance, insofar as it allows us to set up a first chrono-cultural reference framework for the West African Palaeolithic. Although the exact chronological position of a Lower Palaeolithic human settlement has yet to be specified, the recurrent Middle Palaeolithic occupation, between the end of marine isotope stage 5 and the beginning of stage 2, reveals an astonishing cultural diversity. This could indicate an important repopulating activity, following climatic and environmental changes during the Upper Pleistocene. Particularly, the appearance of the Levallois reduction technique in Sahelian West Africa, possibly prior to the emergence of the Saharan Aterian, leads us to reconsider the question of the origin of this reduction concept introduction in sub-Saharan West Africa. More generally, the Palaeolithic sequence in the sector of Ounjougou shows the intrusion of more southern and/or eastern cultural influences.
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Dickinson, Oliver. "R. Angus K. Smith, Mary K. Dabney, Evangelia Pappi, Sevasti Triantaphyllou and James C. Wright. Ayia Sotira. A Mycenaean chamber tomb cemetery in the Nemea Valley, Greece." Journal of Greek Archaeology 4 (January 1, 2019): 433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v4i.491.
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This volume publishes a group of 6 chamber tombs excavated at the south end of the Nemea valley, not much more than a kilometre to the north-west of the settlement of Tsoungiza, which itself lies a similar distance slightly to the north-west of the historical Sanctuary of Zeus, site of one of the four regular festivals of Panhellenic athletic contests. Tsoungiza was a long-lived settlement, originally founded in the Early Bronze Age but abandoned for much of the Middle Bronze Age and only resettled in the phase in which the foundations of Mycenaean civilisation were being laid.
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Krystall, Nathan. "The De-Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947-50." Journal of Palestine Studies 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2538281.
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This article describes the progressive depopulation of the Arab neighborhoods of West Jerusalem following the outbreak of the fighting in late 1947. By the time the State of Israel was proclaimed on 15 May 1948, West Jerusalem already had fallen to Zionist forces. Quoting from eyewitness accounts, the author recounts the widespread looting that followed the Arab evacuation and the settlement of Jewish immigrants and Israeli government officials in the Arab houses. By the end of 1949, all of West Jerusalem's Arab neighborhoods had been settled by Israelis.
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Petkovic, Sofija. "The Roman settlement on Gamzigrad prior to the imperial palace Felix Romuliana." Starinar, no. 61 (2011): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sta1161171p.
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The existance of the earlier Roman settlement which arose before the construction of Galerius? palace Felix Romuliana was confirmed by archaeological research. The traces of earlier buildings, constructed from the end of 2nd to the end of 3rd century, were discovered inside the fortified imperial residence: 1. three-naved building south from the ?Large temple?, 2. the building below the earlier southern tower of the East gate, 3. the large building beneath the Galerius? baths and 4. the building in front of the later southern tower of the West gate. Roman settlement from the 3rd century at Gamzigrad could be one of the mining - metallurgical and commercial centers (vici, civitas) in the Timok Valley.
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Tsvelykh, A. N., and V. M. Kucherenko. "Settlement dynamics of the Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina (Temm.) on the Crimean Peninsula." “Branta”: Transactions of the Azov-Black Sea Ornithological Station 2020, no. 23 (December 17, 2020): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/branta2020.23.017.
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The expansion of Oenanthe isabellina in Ukraine began at the end of 1950s - early 1960s. The Isabelline Wheatear settled along the coast of the Sea of Azov from east to west and appeared on the Crimean Peninsula later than in the regions located to the west of it. Since the late 1960s, this species has been nesting near the mouth of the Dnipro River which located in the west of the Crimean Peninsula. The nesting of Oenanthe isabellina was found in the northern part of the Crimean Peninsula in 1973. In the mid-1980s, the Isabelline Wheatear inhabited the northwestern coast of Crimea and appeared far in the east - on the Kerch Peninsula. In the southeastern part of the peninsula the range of the Wheatear reached the Black Sea coast by the end of the 1980s, when the species nesting was found near Feodosia. In the southeastern part of Crimea, the Isabelline Wheatear continued to settle along the Black Sea coast in a westerly direction in the 1990s: its nesting was found near Sudak. In the central Crimea, the species range reached the northern foothills of the Crimean Mountains at this time. The species expansion to the south slowed down by the beginning of the 2000s. In the western Crimea, the southernmost settlement of the Isabelline Wheatear was found near Evpatoria. In the northern foothills of the Crimean Mountains (Central Crimea), the range border has not changed. There were no significant changes in the southeastern Crimea during this period - in the 2000s, O. isabellina nested near Sudak as in the 1990s. The species expansion almost stopped in Crimea in the 2010s. The settling of the Isabelline Wheatear in the steppe regions of the southwestern Crimea did not occur, possibly due to the absence of little ground squirrel settlements, whose burrows birds usually use for nesting. The border of the O. isabellina range has moved southward on about 100 km for three decades - from the beginning of the 1970s to the beginning of the 2000s -, i.e. the settlement speed of the species in Crimea was about 3 km per year.
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Wantiez, Laurent, and Pierre Thollot. "Settlement, post-settlement mortality and growth of the damselfish Chromis fumea (Pisces: Pomacentridae) on two artificial reefs in New Caledonia (south-west Pacific ocean)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 6 (December 2000): 1111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400003180.
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Density and size of Chromis fumea (Pisces: Pomacentridae) were regularly monitored during 13 months (from August 1996 to August 1997), on two artificial reefs in New Caledonia (south-west Pacific ocean): a ship-wreck (CT2) just after scuttling, and an assemblage of iron boxes (Caissons) sunk more than 50 years ago. The settlement of C. fumea was first observed 20 August 1996 and lasted 20 days. At the beginning the recruits were 1 cm size-class fish and at the end 2 cm size-class. This major settlement phase was again observed one year later (September 1997). A second minor settlement phase occurred in December 1996 on CT2. Significant immigration of adults was also observed between November 1996 (6 cm) and April 1997 (7 cm), indicating that this species is capable of medium range migration (>50 m). Population size decreased by 87·8% between the settlement of juveniles and the first immigration phase of adults. The final density of the 1996 cohort was 10·5% of the initial input of recruits on CT2 and 19·3% on Caissons. Initial density of recruits was 3·4 times higher on CT2 than on Caissons, whereas density of juveniles was similar at the end of the survey, indicating that post-settlement mortality was greater on CT2. Chromis fumea von Bertalanffy growth models were similar on CT2 and Caissons. This short-lived species is characterized by an initial rapid growth phase (K>3·36 y−1), with the fish reaching 68·5% of L∞ in three months, and a second slower growth phase (1 cm in ten months).
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Ziegler, Amanda F., Lisa Hahn-Woernle, Brian Powell, and Craig R. Smith. "Larval Dispersal Modeling Suggests Limited Ecological Connectivity Between Fjords on the West Antarctic Peninsula." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 6 (July 3, 2020): 1369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa094.
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Synopsis Larval dispersal is a key process for community assembly and population maintenance in the marine environment, yet it is extremely difficult to measure at ecologically relevant spatio-temporal scales. We used a high-resolution hydrodynamic model and particle-tracking model to explore the dispersal of simulated larvae in a hydrographically complex region of fjords on the West Antarctic Peninsula. Modeled larvae represented two end members of dispersal potential observed in Antarctic benthos resulting from differing developmental periods and swimming behavior. For simulations of low dispersing larvae (pre-competency period = 8 days, settlement period = 15 days, swimming downward) self-recruitment within fjords was important, with no larval settlement occurring in adjacent fjords <50 km apart. For simulations of highly dispersing organisms (pre-competency period = 35–120 days, settlement period = 30–115 days, no swimming behavior), dispersal between fjords occurred when larvae were in the water column for at least 35 days, but settlement was rarely successful even for larvae spending up to 150 days in the plankton. The lack of ecological connectivity between fjords within a single spawning event suggests that these fjords harbor ecologically distinct populations in which self-recruitment may maintain populations, and genetic connectivity between fjords is likely achieved through stepping-stone dispersal. Export of larvae from natal fjord populations to the broader shelf region (>100 km distance) occurred within surface layers (<100 m depth) and was enhanced by episodic katabatic wind events that may be common in glaciomarine fjords worldwide.
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Hudec, Jozef, Veronica Dubcova, Lucia Hulkova, and Anna Wodzińska. "Tell el-Retaba (West): season 2019." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, no. 29/2 (December 31, 2020): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam29.2.04.
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Area 4 north of the Migdol was the focus of the 2019 season excavations. An apparent well from Phase G3 was discovered with some pottery sherds inside dating from the end of the Middle Kingdom. In the early Eighteenth Dynasty it was turned into a cemetery; seven tombs discovered this season provided the first evidence of suprapositioning of grave structures in this part of the burial ground. The outskirts of the Phase G settlement and cemetery may have been reached in the excavation. Mud-brick structures from Phase F3 were used for domestic and crafting activities. A battery of ovens continued to be excavated. Parts of Phase F2 architecture were excavated beside the Migdol and below the platform of Wall 2. Artifacts and raw materials indicated long-distance contacts. Metal objects (rings, needles) and arrowheads were also discovered. Phase D4 was represented by the remains of a transport route/walkway. Two silos and a fireplace enclosed by a wall dated to phase C.
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Hiscock, Keith, Sally Sharrock, James Highfield, and Deborah Snelling. "Colonization of an artificial reef in south-west England—ex-HMS ‘Scylla’." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409991457.
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An ex-Royal Navy frigate, HMS ‘Scylla’, was placed on the seabed in Whitsand Bay, south Cornwall on 27 March 2004. After five years, the reef supported a mature steel wreck community. The colonization of the reef showed wide fluctuations in species abundance in the first two years but, by 2006, most species that dominated or characterized the reef after five years had settled. Significant colonization events included settlement of barnacles, tubeworms and hydroids within a month and remarkably high settlements of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris and the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis in the first year together with starfish Asterias rubens, solitary sea squirts and ephemeral algae. The plumose anemone Metridium senile, a characteristic species of wrecks, arrived in late summer 2004 but the widely distributed dead man's fingers Alcyonium digitatum was not observed until spring 2005. Wrasse were slow to colonize the reef but were established in small numbers by the end of 2007. Sea fans, Eunicella verrucosa, were first observed in August 2007. The species count for the reef stood at 263 taxa by the end of March 2009. The inside of the reef remained poorly colonized even after five years. Areas coated with tributyltin (TBT) antifouling paint only had colonization where the paint had flaked-off or on non-toxic paint markings, but with some indication that colonization may be occurring by a very few species especially near to non-TBT areas. Many species characteristic of natural reefs had not settled and neither do they occur on older wrecks including branching axinellid sponges, some cushion sponges and the yellow cluster anemone Parazoanthus axinellae. The artificial reef developed a community that was distinctly different to nearby natural rock reefs and such artificial structures should not be considered as a replacement for damaged or destroyed natural habitats.
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Sbonias, Kostas, Iris Tzachili, Maya Efstathiou, Clairy Palyvou, Costas Athanasiou, Emeri Farinetti, and Dorina Moullou. "THE EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT AT KOIMISIS, THERASIA: PERIODS OF HABITATION AND ARCHITECTURE." Annual of the British School at Athens 115 (June 11, 2020): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245420000039.
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The study of the history of the first excavations on prehistoric Therasia in the nineteenth century, which were carried out in the context of contemporary scientific interest in the volcanic eruptions of Santorini, has led to the systematic archaeological investigation of the island from 2007 onwards. The intensive archaeological surface survey, the geological survey of the geological structure and palaeotopography of Therasia, and geophysical investigations, undertaken in conjunction with the ongoing excavation of the prehistoric settlement at the site of Panaghia Koimisis at the southern end of modern Therasia, have created the conditions for a more comprehensive approach to the archaeological landscape of the island. Based on the results from the excavation trenches in the south and south-east terraces of the Koimisis hill, which have been excavated down to the virgin soil, we present findings on the organisation, architecture and habitation phases of the Koimisis settlement. The site emerges as an important settlement located on the imposing hilltop rising on the west side of the pre-eruption Santorini caldera in the Early Bronze Age, with a long period of habitation to the end of the Middle Cycladic period, when it was definitively abandoned. The excavation of the settlement provides new information on its architecture and spatial organisation during the Early and Middle Bronze Age, completing the picture from Akrotiri, whose early phases are preserved in a piecemeal fashion under the buildings of the Late Cycladic town.
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Skorokhod, V. M. "VYPOVZIV — THE MILITARY, TRADE AND CRAFT CENTER IN LOW DESNA REGION." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 35, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 91–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.02.05.
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The materials of the excavations of Vypovziv Archaeological Complex of the late 9th—10th centuries which existed as one of the military, trade and handicraft points of the Low Desna region are analyzed in the paper. Also the chronology and functions in the region are determinated here.
Vypovziv is located on a narrow long cape that «creeps out» for 700 m into the flood plains of the Desna river near the village of Vypovziv, Kozelets district, Chernihiv region. It is placed between Chernihiv and Vyshgorod — on the route of the so-called «Monomakh Road» which connected the capital of Rus — Kyiv with the center of the largest principality on Desna river — Chernihiv. The site consists of a settlement, suburb and hem. The remains of wood and earth fortifications, twice burned during the 10th century, were explored on the site. Foundation pit of pithouse and remains of donjon of the 10th century have been discovered on the site.
Open settlement was located to the west of the site. The building of the same period was situated there. The peculiarity of building of Vypovziv settlement is the high concentration of constructions. Dwellings were built one above the other, sometimes in the same foundation pits. The end of the mass building of the site was reasoned by local fire synchronous with the destruction of the fortifications of the settlement which dates back to the middle of the 10th century. It is well traced by remains of burned-out buildings and allows to highlight the simultaneous constructions.
Vypovziv archaeological complex was formed in accordance with all Rus tendencies of development of the cities and settlements in the early phase of state formation. They arose at the end of the 9th — beginning of the 10th centuries as a result of active military, political and trade activity of the Rus people. Frequent finds of dishes, decorations, objects of everyday life in the cultural layer of the site and in the objects of the 10th century indicate the probability of the movement of small populations from the right bank of the Dnieper to the Low Desna region. It is possible that part of the population (representatives of the Luka-Raykovetsky culture) was used to settle in such points, possibly as slaves for sale in the markets of the East at the end of 9th — the beginning of 10th century.
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Podzuban, Elena V. "Diachronous Settlement on the Territory of the Turgay Trough." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 602–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.217.
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The article introduces into the scholarship the collection of findings of prehistoric material culture obtained at Bestamak during the stationary studies of 2001 field season. The total area of the archaeological site is 260,000 m2. It was excavated by Turgay expedition in the 1980s. Bestamak settlement is situated on the Turgay trough connecting the West Siberian and Turan plains. In the west, the Turgay trough is bounded by the Trans-Ural Plateau; in the east — by the Kazakh upland and spurs of the Ulutau mountains. Natural and geographical features of Turgay trough allow for their cultural layers to mainly contain diachronous material, with Bestamak serving as an example. Due to this specificity, the collections of stone industry discovered in the monuments of the Turgay trough should be studied on the basis of technical and typological analysis, the main parameters of which being products of primary cleavage; morphological parameters of the plates, the size of plates and tools on the plates; percentage ratio of ingots and tools from plates and rock flakes; secondary processing methods; typological composition of tool kit. The composition of raw materials is used as an independent indicator. In the course of the research, the author concluded that the primary cleavage, nuclei “rejuvenation” and secondary processing of blanks were performed on the site of the settlement. Judging by the results of the technical and typological analysis, the stone industry was deposited from the end of the Mesolithic-the Early Neolithic to the Late Eneolithic. The Neolithic stone industries, starting from the early and late Eneolithic, are predominant at Bestamak. The presence of Mesolithic and Early Eneolithic stone industries on the site is just an assumption. Fragments of ceramics and metal products suggest that people stayed at Bestamak until Late Bronze.
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Peery, David, Piers Dixon, James Mackenzie, and Paul Sharman. "The origins of the settlements at Kelso and Peebles, Scottish Borders." Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports, no. 2 (2003): 1–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2003.2.1-160.
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This is a report on archaeological work in two of Scotland's less well-known medieval burghs of Kelso and Peebles. The excavations at Wester Kelso/Floors Castle established that the original medieval burgh of Kelso or Wester Kelso was much further west than previously believed, being situated well inside the present Castle policies. That early settlement at Wester Kelso appears to have been abandoned in the 14th or 15th centuries, at the same time that the royal burgh of Roxburgh was deserted, probably as a result of the English occupation of Roxburgh Castle. The other settlement of Easter Kelso, near the abbey, survived and expanded northwards from the abbey along Roxburgh Street. The finding of a possible building terrace in Phase 1 at 13–19 Roxburgh Street indicates that settlement along the southern end of that street could date to as early as the 13th or 14th centuries. Combining the archaeological, cartographic and documentary evidence, it seems clear that 'Easter' Kelso, now Kelso, had expanded from the market area around the abbey northwards towards the Floors estate by the early 18th century.
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Kennedy, David M., Beth V. Risdon, and Josephine LD Woods. "Holocene sea-level change and estuary infill in North West Nelson, central New Zealand." Holocene 32, no. 3 (November 21, 2021): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836211060489.
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The sedimentary sequences found within estuaries in the north west Nelson region of central New Zealand are investigated in order to quantify the timing of the end of the Post Glacial Marine Transgression. This region has been identified as being relatively stable in terms of vertical tectonic movement during the Holocene, but is yet to yield any reconstructions of eustatic sea level. In this study, we investigate the Holocene infill of a barrier estuary (Parapara Inlet) through sedimentological analysis and radiocarbon dating of 18 vibracores up to 4.2 m in length. It is found that the estuary infilled through a combination of lateral flood tide and fluvial delta progradation as well as vertical central basin infill. The central basin infilled at a consistent rate of 0.4 mm/year in both the mid (7.0–6.0 ka) and late-Holocene (2.5–1.5 ka). By the time of early human (Maori) settlement (c. 1 ka), the estuary surface was at low intertidal elevations with sediment being transported from the fluvial to tidal delta. A discernible change in sedimentation rates could not be associated with Maori settlement; however, infill rates increased to at least 12.5 mm/year in the past 150 years due hydraulic sluicing associated with mining. The sedimentary history of Parapara Inlet is compared to nearby Whanganui Inlet, d’Urville Island and Nelson to establish the character of regional Holocene sea level movement. It is found that relative sea level reached modern elevations between 8 and 7 ka in the region. The similarity between sea level curves for the end of the post glacial marine transgression (PMT) to other tectonically stable sites in northern New Zealand suggests that this curve can now be considered a true eustatic signal for the New Zealand archipelago.
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Droberjar, Eduard. "Marcomannic wars and new Roman period discoveries in Jevíčko (West Moravia/East Bohemia) / Markomanské války a nové římské objevy v Jevíčku (okr. Svitavy)." Archeologické rozhledy 72, no. 4 (March 15, 2021): 479–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2020.18.
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The paper deals with the issue of Roman archaeological finds and assemblage in the Malá Haná region in the context of substantial strong Germanic settlement activities that had or may have had connections to the period of Marcomannic wars. During the last decade of research in particular on sites near Jevíčko town in was possible to gain a lot of knowledge on the issues of settlement of the Early Roman period. In addition to Roman imports, related to trade activities, a whole range of artifacts (especially militaria) can be associated with the movement of the Roman army deep in the Barbaricum or directly with the northernmost Roman temporary camp near Jevíčko. The Malá Haná region thus becomes an important research area for a detailed interpretation of Roman-Germanic interactions at the end of the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
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Yurakova, Alena Yu, and Alexey G. Marochkin. "Stone Industries of Baraba “Flat-Bottomed Neolithic” Settlements." Archaeology and Ethnography 19, no. 7 (2020): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-176-190.
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Purpose. The article presents the results of a study of technological and morphological characteristics of stone tool collections from the Early Neolithic settlement assemblages of Barabinsk forest-steppe containing flat-bottomed ware – Avtodrom-2, Avtodrom-2/2, Staryi Moskovsky Trakt-5 settlements. The results of a mineralogical study of the raw materials has been used. The objects of all considered collections have been proven to be identical (lithic cores, flakes, blades, perforators, sandstone abrasives, polished axes; in the absence of primary flakes and arrow points). Similarities of three sites have been found in preferable raw material (silty sandstone and other metamorphic rocks, flint, opal) in primary technology (prismatic lithic core), big amount of microblades, predominance of regular end-scrapers made from flakes, big abrasives. Results. A difference in the predominant retouch location in a special work of blades: ventral (Avtodrom-2/2, SMT-5 – up to 60 %) and dorsal (Avtodrom-1 – 61 %). The specifics of the stone industries in Baraba Neolithic settlements with flat-bottomed ceramic ware can be clearly seen in comparison with local assemblages of Artynskaya culture (late Neolithic). In comparison with considered industries, Artynsksya culture (Avtodrom-2/1 settlement) preferred another type of raw material (gray silicified sandstone), bigger role of counterstrike knapping, larger blades, clear predominance of dorsal retouch in treatment of blade tools, and differences in object classification (series of arrow points, scrapers of occasional forms, knives on large blades, stone club knobs). Conclusion. The obtained results do not contradict the idea of cultural and chronological unity of all settlements in Barabinsk forest-steppe with flat-bottomed Neolithic ware. Comparative and typological analysis of stone industries of all Neolithic assemblages with flat-bottomed ceramic ware in the Ural-West Siberian region is still advantageous, yet an undeveloped approach taking into account their polemical cultural and chronological attribution.
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Gallagher, Mary E. "China's Workers Movement & the End of the Rapid-Growth Era." Daedalus 143, no. 2 (April 2014): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00274.
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China's rapid economic growth period was predicated on a development model that exploited the stark divide between its urban and rural citizens. As the workshop of the world, Chinese factories tapped the vast surplus labor of the countryside. Rural workers' expectations were low, but their desire for new employment opportunities was boundless and their numbers seemed limitless. Three decades later, these conditions have changed: workers' expectations are higher and their numbers are diminishing as the population ages. Labor disputes and strikes are endemic as the expectations and aspirations of workers outpace the nation's slowing growth rate. Compared to the anemic labor movements in the West, China's workers are emboldened, though they are still hampered by a repressive political environment and strict constraints on freedom of association. Conflict is spontaneous and settlement is ad-hoc. Like many authoritarian regimes, the Chinese Communist Party has difficulty committing to the institutionalization of labor conflict as it heightens the possibility of social empowerment. The state remains in charge, which also means that labor-capital conflict almost invariably metastasizes into a confrontation between workers and the state.
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Gallis, Kostas J. "A late neolithic foundation offering from Thessaly." Antiquity 59, no. 225 (March 1985): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00056532.
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The excavation at Platia Magoula Zarkou, a prehistoric settlement in Thessaly, 30 km west of Larisa, was undertaken to clarify the problem of the exact chronological and stratigraphic position of the black burnished pottery, characteristic of the Larisa culture, which has hitherto been accepted as dating to the end of the Late Neolithic. The author became involved with this problem when he found black pottery together with grey pottery of the Tsangli phase, of the beginning of the Late Neolithic, at the neolithic cremation cemetery of Platia Magoula Zarkou (Gallis, 1982, 109-11 ; English summary, 234). The problem of the exact stratigraphic position of this black ware has now been solved. The dating of the Larisa culture to the beginning of the Late Neolithic (to the Tsangli phase) has now been confirmed by this excavation, as well as another similar excavation at the prehistoric settlement of Makrychori 2, 13km north of Larisa. A report of the results of these two excavations is forthcoming in Praehistorische Zeitschrift.
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Qumba, Mmiselo Freedom. "ASSESSING AFRICAN REGIONAL INVESTMENT INSTRUMENTS AND INVESTOR–STATE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 70, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589320000457.
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AbstractThis article examines the rejection of the International Investor–State dispute (ISDS) system across the African continent and its replacement with a range of domestic and regional alternatives. It assesses the advantages of the two principal options for African countries: retaining the current ISDS system, or using local courts and regional tribunals. To this end, the dispute resolution mechanisms proposed in the Pan-African Investment Code, the 2016 Southern African Development Community Finance and Investment Protocol, the SADC model BIT, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Economic Community of West African States and East African Community investment agreements and domestic approaches are critically examined. The argument is then advanced that African countries should not abandon ISDS because replacing it with isolated domestic or regional mechanisms does not reduce any of the risks. In particular, for foreign investors, the risk associated with the adjudication of investment disputes in potentially biased, politically influenced domestic courts may prove too high. African host nations, in turn, risk sending out the wrong message concerning their commitment to the protection of foreign investments. Instead of veering off course, perhaps the time has come for African States to display the political will to remain within the ISDS system and contribute to its reform from within.
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Oslisly, Richard, Ilham Bentaleb, Charly Favier, Michel Fontugne, Jean François Gillet, and Julie Morin-Rivat. "West Central African Peoples: Survey of Radiocarbon Dates over the Past 5000 Years." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003382220004830x.
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Tracing human history in west central Africa suffers from a scarcity of historical data and archaeological remains. In order to provide new insight into this problem, we reviewed 733 radiocarbon dates of archaeological sites from the end of the Late Stone Age, Neolithic Stage, and Early and Late Iron Age in Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Congo, and the western Democratic Republic of Congo. This review provides a spatiotemporal framework of human settlement in the forest biome. Beyond the well-known initial spread of Iron Age populations through central African forests from 2500 cal BP, it depicts the geographical patterns and links with the cultural evolution of the successive phases of human expansion from 5000 to 3000 cal BP and then from 3000 to 1600 cal BP, of the hinterland depopulation from 1350 to 860 cal BP, and of recolonization up to 500 cal BP.
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Lentz, Carola. "Of Hunters, Goats and Earth-Shrines: Settlement Histories and the Politics of Oral Tradition in Northern Ghana." History in Africa 27 (January 2000): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172113.
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The present paper deals with the settlement history of a West African agricultural society, that of the Dagara in present-day northwestern Ghana and southern Burkina Faso. In it, I shall be particularly interested in the appropriation of space, which is ritually legitimized through the acquisition of earth-shrines, and in the conflict-ridden relationships between the in-migrating Dagara and the Sisala, who were already settled in their new habitat. My primary concern, however, is not to examine the Dagara's expansion strategies or the history of interethnic conflicts as such, but their working out in disputed oral traditions. Using the example of the controversial settlement history of Nandom (see map 1), I wish to show how Africans, both today and in the colonial past, have used oral traditions in order to conduct politics. I shall discuss the methodological implications that this mutual constitution of oral traditions and political interests has for the reconstruction of settlement history and examine the possibilities of a thorough criticism of sources to detect core elements of the historical settlement process and appropriation of space as well as the presentday confrontations with history.Oral traditions have played an important role in research into African history and societies. This is because in many places it was European missionaries and colonial masters who first introduced literacy and writing, and because we have only a few written sources—sometimes none at all—for the period up to the end of the nineteenth century.
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Zaslove, Andrej. "Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type." European Review 16, no. 3 (July 2008): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798708000288.
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This article addresses the sudden and somewhat unexpected rise of populist parties in West, Central, and Eastern Europe. The first section highlights the core characteristics of populism through the construction of an ideal type. Subsequently, the focus is on the opportunity structures that give rise to populism, emphasizing the end of the post-war settlement, post-industrialism, the gradual erosion of party politics, and frustrations emanating from the consolidation of liberal democracy in Central and Eastern Europe. The final section examines three distinct forms of populism, focusing on radical-right populism (parties such as the French National Front, the Austrian Freedom Party), center-right populism (Forza Italia), and left populism (the German Party of Democratic Socialism).
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Górecki, Tomasz. "The utility ware assemblage from the hermitage inside tomb MMA 1152 in West Thebes: selected issues, provisional characteristic and research methodology." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 26, no. 1 (July 9, 2018): 749–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1812.
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The text concerns a pottery assemblage from one isolated site (a hermitage installed inside a Pharaonic tomb) in Sheikh Abd el-Gurna, inhabited by monks from the end of the 5th to the beginning of the 8th century. The specific nature of the place, that is, its isolation, rocky terrain and lack of clear stratigraphy, called for different research and documentation methods compared to those used on extensive settlement sites. Less attention was paid to taxonomic research in favor of observations regarding the function and importance of vessels in the everyday life of the monks living in the hermitage, a reconstruction of their dietary habits and the nature of the work that they did.
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Kafle, Dol Raj. "The Historical Development of Settlement by Aryan People in Terai of Nepal." Historical Journal 13, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v13i1.46211.
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This research article is related to the development of settlement by Aryan people in the Terai region of Nepal. Aryan people had entered the Terai region of Nepal during the Vedic period. In ancient times, various states were developed in the region of Nepal. The Mithila state of the Eastern Terai, the Ramgram state western part of the Gandaki River and the Kapilvastu state west of the present Butwal region were developed in before the Christian era. Most of the people in those states also migrated from India. Even in the middle Age, a state called Tirahoot or Doya was developed in the eastern Terai region of Nepal. Although this kingdom came to an end in the 14thcentury AD. After the conquest of the eastern Terai region by the Sen Dynasty the king of Palpa, the three kingdoms of Makwanpur, Chaudandi and Vijaypur remained in that region till the time of unification by Prithvi Narayan Shah, the king of Gorkha. After the unification of Nepal, the ancient and medieval independent Terai regions were automatically included in the Kingdom of Nepal. The article clarifies that there has been continuous settlement in the Terai region of Nepal from ancient period to the present.
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Pan, Bo, Dandan Zhao, Siduo Liu, and Wei Yu. "Study on the virtual reality evolution of modern settlements along Liaohe River." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 03031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123603031.
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At the end of Qing Dynasty, with the opening of Yingkou port, the economic exchanges between Northeast China and foreign countries were exported. The transportation of goods was more convenient by water than by land. Liaohe river has become an important road of trade transportation, At the same time, it has also become an important way to culture introduction. Therefore, there are nearly three times more ports along the Liaohe river than before. With each port as the core, gathering the resources of the region becomes the core of transportation. The agglomeration of transportation promotes the emergence of corresponding service facilities and the rapid development of economy. Among them, Tianzhuangtai, located in the southern edge of Panjin City, bordering Liaohe river in the East and Bohai Sea in the west, is a typical representative of these traditional settlements. It has entered a period of rapid development from a military important town to a trade center since ancient times. The following changes in the settlement space have also shown a trend of development against the tradition, and the evolution of a series of patterns is also the materialization of the special political, economic and cultural influence of the Northeast in modern times.
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Sienkiewicz Wilowska, Julia Anastazja. "Sytuacja edukacyjna, społeczna i ekonomiczna Żydówek w powiecie wałeckim (Prusy Zachodnie) w okresie od XVIII do początków XX wieku." Edukacja Międzykulturowa 1, no. 16 (June 30, 2022): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/em.2022.01.04.
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In this article, I analyze the functioning of women in Jewish communities in the Wałcz County (Kreis Deutsch Krone), which was part of West Prussia until the end of 1945. This area, located initially between West Prussia and Pomerania and later between several Prussian provinces, was particularly conducive to Jewish settlement. As a result, for example in Miroslawiec (Märkisch Friedland), located in the Wałcz district, at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the Jewish population constituted as much as 55%. So far, few publications have been written about the Jewish communities functioning in that area. The text is of a historical nature; in the course of its preparation, I have made use of archival materials, the Jewish press of the time, and I have also referred to Prussian legal regulations. As a result, I have analysed the economic, legal and, in particular, educational situation of Jewish women living in the area, taking into account two types of factors that conditioned it – religious orders and Prussian legislation. I also discuss the changes and their causes, to which the functioning of women in these communities was subjected in the period from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century, as well as the gradual assimilation of the Jewish population, progressing until World War II, which put an end to the presence of Jews in this area.
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Shevnina, I. V., and A. V. Logvin. "On the problem of identifying the Belkaragai type of the Neolithic ceramics in Turgai." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3(58) (September 15, 2022): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-58-3-1.
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The settlement of Belkaragai 1 is located on the shore of a dry lake, 160 km south-west of the city of Kostanay (Kostanay Region, Northern Kazakhstan), at an altitude of 6 m from its bottom. The paper examines the materials of the settlement of Belkaragai 1, where it was possible to identify a new type of ceramics — Belkaragai. The purpose of this work is to determine the cultural and chronological affiliation of all archaeological materials obtained from site B of the settlement of Belkaragai 1. The settlement covers an area of about 15 hectares. Seve-ral accumulations of finds were recorded; one of them, designated as site B, attracted attention due to significant quantity of plates. An exploratory dig was set up; the total area of the excavation was 144 m². The analysis, synthesis, generalization, description, comparison, statistical methods, comparative typological method, and the method of analogies were used to distinguish the Belkaragai type of the Neolithic ceramics in Turgai. The raw feedstock and molding masses of the ceramic products were studied using binocular microscopy and petrographic analysis. The main feature of the Belkaragai type ceramics is the combination of the Eneolithic exterior of the vessels with the typical Mahanjar admixture of wool and animal hair in the composition of the clay dough. The Belkaragai type of ceramics accompanied a lamellar complex of stone tools, which is commensurable with the Mahanjar complex but has its own characteristics manifested in the width of the plates and composition of the tools. The peculiarities of the ceramics and flint industry allows placing chronologically the Belkaragai type of ceramics between the Mahanjar (Neolithic) and Tersek (Late Neolithic) antiquities. Besides, it should not go unnoticed that the Belkargai type may be genetically related to the Mahanjar Neolithic antiquities. As the result of the search for analogies to the Belkaragai type in the materials of other Turgai sites (the sites of Duzbay 3, Svetly Dzharkul, and the settlements of Bestamak and Buruktal 1), it was possible to identify pottery which, in terms of its main features, correlates well with the Belkaragai type. It is possible that the Belkaragai-type materials are not a local phenomenon, but have a wider character (at least within the Turgai trough). Most likely, this is a cultural phenomenon that reflects the processes that took place in Turgai at the end of the Neolithic period.
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Joseph, Philippe, and Kévine Baillard. "Some Elements of Knowledge on the Coastal Floristic Formations of Martinique (French West Indies)." Journal of Geography and Geology 9, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v9n2p39.
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From the middle of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century, the dynamics of land use in Martinique were accompanied by significant landscape transformation. The latter resulted from profound changes in the structural and functional organization of the vegetation. In the end, the history of this small tropical island is a permanent process of biocenonic changes. Despite the limited available data, it is likely that these were accompanied by disappearances of species. This specific diversity erosion mainly concerns the species in the last phases of ecosystemic evolution: particularly those of climax formations. In reality, the successive Antillean societies, formerly agrarian and today characterized by a strong presence of tertiary activities, led to a marked decline in pre-Columbian forests, which are supposed to be primitive. Many coastline forests were soon eliminated. Apart from the very marginal climatic forests protected by the foothills of the Pitons du Carbet and the Pelee Mountain, the secondary forest formations occupy small areas. Isolated in a herbaceous, shrubby and pre-forest vegetation, whose surface is being inexorably reduced due to human activities, they occupy zones that are unsuitable for agriculture, habitation and the various vital infrastructures: slopes, valley or gully bottoms, narrow ridges. The coastline, which was the main settlement location for the first Caribbean societies, is still home to most of the population and economic activities. It is characterized by species, physiognomies and phytocenoses typical of artificialized biotopes. Faced with an inexorable societal development, how can we preserve the floristic, ecosystemic and coastal landscape diversity specific to the patrimonial forest formations which have become natural monuments?
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Arief Syahroni, Muh, Arief Rachman Hakim, and Frans Simangunsong. "Bale Mediation As A Dispute Settlement Institution Outside The Court (Study On Bale Mediation, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara)." International Journal Of Community Service 2, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijcs.v2i4.153.
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The Supreme Court as the executor of judicial power has made various efforts to prevent these problems, including by increasing the number of justices from academics and other legal practitioners besides career judges, revamping the organization internally, empowering the oversight function to enforcing one roof for all matters. financial, organizational and administrative under the Supreme Court itself, but these efforts have not yet shown significant results. This condition certainly cannot be allowed to occur because it can trigger vigilante actions and can cause chaos in society. The solution to this problem is to develop alternative dispute resolution outside the court through non-formal channels, one of which is through mediation. Bale Mediasi is an institution that facilitates dispute resolution outside of court based on local wisdom, so that it can resolve various legal issues faced by the community without having to end up in court. The establishment of this institution is a form of government acknowledgment in providing protection, respect and empowerment for the existence of local wisdom through customary institutions in carrying out mediation functions, preventing and reducing conflicts or disputes in the community earlier, and holding dispute resolution in the community through mediation in order to create peaceful, orderly and harmonious atmosphere.
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Yuksel, Fethi Ahmet. "Archeogeophysical Studies in Archaeological Heritage Studies: the Case of Konya, Alaeddin Hill." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 126, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-4/2664-0686.34.
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Konya Province, one of the provinces with the largest surface area in Turkey, is located in the Central Anatolia Region, between 37°52' north latitude and 32°30' east longitude. Alaeddin Hill is located in the city center of Konya. The hill surrounding which is a mound has been exposed to intense construction and traffic. This structure, which is not a natural hill and has survived from ancient times, forms the historical core of Konya. Alaeddin Hill Mound; It is an archaeological settlement that yields finds dating back to the Bronze Age (4500-2000 BC). The mound is the inner castle settlement of the Anatolian Seljuk State and is one of the important natural and archaeological sites today. The mound contains all the settlement levels from the past to the present, from the Bronze Age to the end of the Ottoman Period. Important findings were unearthed during the archaeological excavations carried out in 1941 on the Alaeddin Hill Mound. Alaeddin Hill Natural and Archaeological Site, Alaeddin Mosque, Yarım Kümbet (Half Cupola), 2nd Kılıçarslan Tomb and Mansion constitute the inner castle of Medieval Konya. During the Seljuk conquest, the province of Konya was a small city within the walls surrounding the present Alaeddin Hill Mound. The 2nd Kılıçarslan Mansion Rescue Excavation was carried out in 2010. As a result of the archaeological excavations, the wall surrounding the ruins of the Palace extending in the east-west direction was unearthed to the west of the mansion. During the archaeological excavations, it was determined that the 2nd Kılıçarslan Mansion was not an independent structure on its own. It forms a unity with the walls extending to the east and west of the Alaeddin Mansion and the walls that cut these walls vertically to the south. Therefore, it suggests that this building complex is the remains of the Seljuk Palace. According to new findings and information found during archaeological excavations, Alaeddin Hill was built during the reign of Alaeddin II. Archaeological and geophysical studies have begun to fully uncover the wall surrounding the ruins of the palace located to the east of the Kilicharslan pavilion, the condition of the western facade of the pavilion, so that one can see the continuation of the remains of the inner fortress wall that runs east in front of the pavilion, to explain the integrity of the pavilion and the Seljuk Palace. With the integrated interpretation of magnetic (M) and geoelectric (ERT) methods from archaeogeophysical studies, anomalies belonging to the inner city wall remains, giving regular geometric forms, were visualized in two and three dimensions.
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Zahariade, Mihail, and Myrna K. Phelps. "Halmyris, a settlement and fort near the mouth of the Danube: interim report." Journal of Roman Archaeology 15 (2002): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400013921.
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Ancient Halmyris lies in the NW corner of the Dobrudja region in SE Romania. It liesc.2.5 km east of the village of Murighiol on a rocky promontory which is slightly higher than the surrounding marshes. This is at the E end of the Dunavat peninsula (known in antiquity asExtrema Scythiae Minoris: Jord., Get.266) and it is bordered by the Danube delta on the north and east, Razelm lake on the south, and the Tulcea hills on the west (fig. 1). The site was occupied continuously from at least the mid-first millennium B.C. up to the 7th c. A.D. The local environment, flora and fauna were favourable to settlement until as a result of natural causes the Danube became almost inaccessible; from that point on, the settlement became vulnerable to human and other natural events and eventually it became deserted.The site is known today as Bataraia or Cetatea. In the early 20th c. the locals still called it the Genoese stronghold (Geneviz-Kaleh). In antiquity it lay on the bank of the southern arm of the Danube called Peuce (now known as Sfantu Gheorghe). Today the southern arm of the Danube runs 2 km north of the site and it is connected to Lake Murighiol by the Periboina canal. Until 1983 there were two lakes,c.100 andc.200 m from the site, modern relics of the ancient course of the river. To the east lie the Dunavat hills and to the south is Dealul Cetatea (“fort hill”) (fig. 2).
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Bondarenko, Denys. "Two Half-Dugouts from Excavations on Berezan Island in 2020." Eminak, no. 3(35) (November 13, 2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2021.3(35).538.
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The main results of a study of two semi-dugouts found during the excavations of a residential block to the west of temenos of Berezan settlement in 2020 are analyzed in the paper. Special attention is paid to the description of the layout and construction features of the complexes, and the analysis of the remains of material culture from their filling. The chronology of buildings and their relationship with the evolution of the architectural character of archaic Borysthenes are determined.
Both half-dugouts are found in the courtyard area of one of the blocks of Berezan settlement dated to the third quarter of the 6th century BCE and, despite the earlier creation, they fully correspond to the spatial orientation of the constructions of this block and the entire street network of this area. Stratigraphic and planigraphic observations, as well as a detailed analysis of the ceramic complex from the filling of half-dugouts, allow us to link their origin with the arrival in Borysthenes of the ‘second’ wave of colonists around 540 BCE, for whom they served as temporary constructions until construction of permanent dwellings. However, in contrast to most similar complexes, the described half-dugouts continued to exist next to ground-based constructions and for a long time (probably until the end of the 6th century BCE) were apparently used as utility rooms.
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Wasik, Bogusz. "Golub Castle in the Middle Ages. Architecture and Construction Technique." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 304, no. 2 (July 20, 2019): 191–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134838.
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Golub Castle has aroused the interest of researchers since the 19th century. In the 1960s, in connection with its planned reconstruction, architectural and archaeological research was carried out, the results of which, however, were not fully realised. In 1989, further archaeological surveys were carried out to verify the question of the earlier settlement. From the current research it can be concluded that there was no early medieval stronghold in the place of the later castle. However, there was settlement until the 11th century. The next traces derive only from the time when Golub was taken over by the Teutonic Knights in 1293. It can be concluded from the sources that they erected a temporary wooden watchtower, which was the seat of the procurator in 1304. It is uncertain whether it was situated in the same location as the castle, although perhaps it is associated with a layer of burning, documented under the high castle. It is also unclear whether the original moat and embankment, protecting the outer ward from the west, should be associated with this structure. Around 1305 a commandery was established in Golub and the construction of a brick castle began. This saw the employment of the old Culm measure and the geometric ad quadratum method. The four-wing convent house was built according to a homogeneous plan, but it was implemented in stages typical for this type of building in Prussia. First, a peripheral curtain wall was built, then the main and subsequent wings. Modifications were made during the process of construction, abandoning, among others, the building of the Bergfrid. From the west, the castle was protected by a walled moat and parcham. Initially the outer bailey was constructed of timber and earth, on a trapezoidal plan and protected by the aforementioned moat and embankment. It was not until around the mid-14th century that the brick perimeter of the outer ward with towers was built, expanding them to the west and southeast. Inside, there were farm buildings, known from modern sources and archaeological excavations. At the end of the 14th century, two cylindrical fire towers were built in front of the west facade of the convent house, and at the beginning of the 15th century, two houses were inserted between them. The last works carried out by the Teutonic Knights in the castle were related to its reconstruction after the war of 1422.
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Chevrier, Benoît, Laurent Lespez, Brice Lebrun, Aline Garnier, Chantal Tribolo, Michel Rasse, Guillaume Guérin, et al. "New data on settlement and environment at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa: Interdisciplinary investigation at Fatandi V, Eastern Senegal." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): e0243129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243129.
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The end of the Palaeolithic represents one of the least-known periods in the history of western Africa, both in terms of its chronology and the identification of cultural assemblages entities based on the typo-technical analyses of its industries. In this context, the site of Fatandi V offers new data to discuss the cultural pattern during the Late Stone Age in western Africa. Stratigraphic, taphonomical and sedimentological analyses show the succession of three sedimentary units. Several concentrations with rich lithic material were recognized. An in situ occupation, composed of bladelets, segments, and bladelet and flake cores, is confirmed while others concentrations of lithic materials have been more or less disturbed by erosion and pedogenic post-depositional processes. The sequence is well-dated from 12 convergent OSL dates. Thanks to the dating of the stratigraphic units and an OSL date from the layer (11,300–9,200 BCE [13.3–11.2 ka at 68%, 14.3–10.3 ka at 95%]), the artefacts are dated to the end of Pleistocene or Early Holocene. Palaeoenvironmental data suggest that the settlement took place within a mosaic environment and more precisely at the transition between the open landscape of savanna on the glacis and the plateau, and the increasingly densely-wooded alluvial corridor. These humid areas must have been particularly attractive during the dry season by virtue of their rich resources (raw materials, water, trees, and bushes). The Fatandi V site constitutes the first stratified site of the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in Senegal with both precise geochronological and palaeoenvironmental data. It complements perfectly the data already obtained in Mali and in the rest of western Africa, and thus constitutes a reference point for this period. In any case, the assemblage of Fatandi V, with its bladelets and segments and in the absence of ceramics and grinding material, fits with a cultural group using exclusively geometric armatures which strongly differs from another group characterized by the production of bifacial armatures, accompanied in its initial phase by ceramics (or stoneware) and grinding material.
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Grechko, D. S. "THE MAIN STAGES OF THE HISTORY OF POPULATION OF THE FOREST-STEPPE OF DNIEPER LEFT-BANK AREA IN THE MID-7th — EARLY 3rd CENTURY BC." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 41, no. 4 (September 3, 2021): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.04.02.
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The paper is devoted to the periodization of the ethnic and cultural history of population of the forest-steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area during the Scythian Age. The analysis of the whole set of data allows us to propose the following variant of reconstruction.
At the beginning of the Early Iron Age the great population movements took place at the territory of modern Ukraine resulting in a number transitions in the settlement pattern of both the steppe and forest-steppe regions. In the end of 9th century BC the peoples inhabited the Dnieper Left-bank region (Late Zrubna and Bondarikha cultures) left the area.
Before the invasion of «Zhabotyn» population from the Dnieper Right bank forest-steppe to the basin of the Middle Vorskla River in the last third of the 8th century BC here was extremely little population, probably represented by nomads of pre-Scythian period (the antiquities of Novocherkassk type). Except the Vorskla basin, only the barrows of nomadic people are known in the Dnieper-Donets forest-steppe.
During the first period (the mid-7th — first third of the 6th centuries BC) the stable agricultural population inhabited only the Middle Vorskla River basin. At that time semi-nomads occupied the territory of Psel and Vorskla basins. Farmers and semi-nomads created military and political union under the auspices of semi-nomads on this area.
During the transition period (military and political crisis in the mid-6th century BC) there was no desolation of North Pontic region. The change of the cultures has not been rapidly but it was gradually during the second — third quarters of the 6th century BC. The emergence of new group of nomads ca. mid-6th century BC in North Pontic region could provoke the wandering of the part of semi-nomads which dominated in this region in Early Scythian period. The appearance of new groups of nomads coincided with the settlement of the Forest-Steppe zone between Dnieper and Don rivers about the mid-6th century BC or it could be the reason for this process. It was accompanied by the building of new fortifications and the transformation of some settlements into hillforts. According to available data, the semi-nomadic aristocracy legalized the power of new rulers and joined them or was defeated in the Early Scythian period.
During the second period (third quarter of the 6th — first third of the 5th centuries BC) the ethnic and cultural history of the tribes of Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank region was close to the situation described by Herodotus (IV. 102, 118, 119). It was characterized by the independence of the local tribes from the steppe inhabitants. Bilsk settlement was founded exactly at that time. We have reason to believe that its construction was connected with the return from the West campaign of some part of the nomads (semi-nomads?) after their arriving from the Ciscaucasia (the Geloni, the Melanchaeni, etc.). Such reconstruction doesn`t exclude the assumption of some researchers (B. A. Shramko and others) that Bilsk settlement truly is the city of Gelonus mentioned by Herodotus. The tribal units of semi-nomads in the Eastern European Forest-Steppe (the Geloni, the Melanchaeni and others) which conquered the local agricultural population were still independent, significant force in the region after the settlement of North Pontic region by the Scythians at the last quarter of the 6th century BC. It’s fully correlated with information of «The Father of History». The peak of the development of the settlement systems in the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank and the exchange with the Hellenes is traced at the last quarter of 6th — the first third of 5th centuries BC. At this stage, the Steppes didn’t have a critical influence on the local tribes yet which were independent. The development of the ethnic and cultural situation in the Forest-Steppe zone was based on the changes that were the result of previous migrations. This period ended with the destabilization at the end of the first third of the 5th century BC.
The third period can be characterized as the existence of local tribes on the periphery of North Pontic Scythia (the end of the first third of the 5th — the beginning of the last quarter of the 4th centuries BC). The period since the acceptance of the power of the Royal Scythians till the final of the history of local tribes consists of two main stages in the context of Classical Scythia: 1) incorporation (the end of the first — second quarters of the 5th century BC) and mutually benefit relations (the second half of the 5th century BC — the turn of the 5th—4th centuries BC); 2) the beginning of the negativity and the crisis during the penetration of Steppe people into the Forest-Steppe (the turn of the 5th—4th centuries BC — the beginning of the last quarter of the 4th century BC). It was completed by the final of Scythia and termination of the funerals on all necropolises of the Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left Bank area.
During the fourth period the settled population still lived on some sites after the disappearance of the barrow of local aristocracy and after the final of Scythia (the late 4th — first third of the 3rd centuries BC). Basivka and Hlynsk settlements on Sula River still used by the local population which remained after the crisis of the end of the first third of the 3rd century BC.
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Pereira, Edgar. "An Instrumental Connection. Economic Diplomacy, International Arms Trade and Overseas Aspirations between Portugal and Sweden, 1640–80." Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies, no. 5 (January 1, 2022): 105–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/legatio.2021.05.
Full textAbstract:
This paper offers an Iberian perspective on Sweden’s ‘Age of Greatness’ by looking at the intersection of international politics and trade involving Portugal and Sweden after Portugal regained its independence from Spain at the end of 1640. Sweden’s exports of timber, naval stores, iron, copper, and weapons to Braganza Portugal are seen in the context of the Portuguese wars for overseas trade and colonial settlement against the Dutch Republic and the struggle for autonomy against Spain in its home turf. By revisiting the accounts of diplomatic actors, this contribution will discuss how Portugal turned to Sweden for diplomatic recognition and new consumption markets and carriers for its export sector. It will also be shown how Sweden stood to gain by adding a new customer to its military export sector and by tapping into Portugal’s colonial goods and salt, while at the same time it entertained the prospect of using the Portuguese offshoots in West Africa and the East Indies to further its ambitions in overseas trade.
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Bertolini, Camilla, and Roberto Pastres. "Identifying knowledge gaps for successful restorative aquaculture of Ostrea edulis: a bibliometric analysis." Open Research Europe 1 (September 6, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14074.1.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Active restoration is necessary to enhance the recovery of Ostrea edulis reefs, which contribute to many ecosystem services. Restoration can be integrated within aquaculture practices, bringing positive environmental changes while maximising space utilisation. The restoration project MAREA (MAtchmaking Restoration Ecology and Aquaculture) aims to bring back O. edulis in the North-West Adriatic addressing the feasibility of its cultivation. Both successful restoration and sustainable aquaculture require a thorough understanding of the ecological needs, as the requirements of both activities (e.g. to maximise ecosystem services, seed production, settlement for maintaining population and for starting a new culture) need to be harmonized. Therefore, one of the preliminary activities before embarking on the pilot was the completion of a thorough literature review to identify research directions and gaps required for ‘restorative aquaculture’, aiming to gather the most up to date O. edulis knowledge on a global and local scale. Methods: Internet (Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar) and physical resources (libraries) were searched for all available global and local knowledge on O. edulis. Bibliometrix was used to identify the main research topics using keywords, titles and abstracts analyses. Studies were then manually screened and summarised to extract knowledge specific to restoration and aquaculture. Results: While restoration studies are recent, evidence for the loss of this species and potential causes (and solutions) have been discussed since the end of the 19th century. While diseases was a leading cause for reef loss, substratum limitation appears to be one of the leading limiting factors for both restoration and aquaculture of O. edulis, and was already mentioned in the early texts that were found. Conclusions: Information regarding the best materials, location and timing for larval settlement were collated in this review, and the focus of MAREA will be shifted to the crucial stage of settlement.
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Yangaki, Anastasia G. "A beekeeper’s kit of the First Byzantine period in Eleutherna (Crete)." Journal of Greek Archaeology 7 (November 23, 2022): 298–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/jga.v7i.1718.
Full textAbstract:
The site of ancient Eleutherna is located in the regional unit of Rethymnon, around 25 km away from the town of that name, in the region of Mylopotamos, northwest of Mount Ida. Hills characterise the archaeological zone of the site, deeply cut through by two streams, to the east and to the west. It is a naturally fortified site, blessed with rich vegetation. Systematic excavations in Eleutherna by the University of Crete began in 1985. The whole site was divided into three Sectors. The eastern and western sides of one of these hills, Pyrgi, have been excavated (Sectors I and III, respectively), as well as the hill of Pyrgi (Figure 1), itself, which corresponds to the acropolis, and the hill to west of Pyrgi, Nisi (Sector II). These two hills are oriented north-south. The former has a more pointed shape at the northern end, and consists of terraces that have an elevation of 320 to 380 m. There lies the Central Plateau of the Acropolis of Eleutherna. Thanks to the investigations, architectural remains from various eras have been revealed on the eastern and western sides, as well as on the end of each of these hills.
During the period from the 4th until at least the first half of the 8th century AD, forming part of the so-called First Byzantine period of the island, which is of interest to us, Eleutherna experienced great growth. Important architectural remains from a settlement of that period are mainly concentrated in the valley east of Pyrgi (Sector I) and on the hill of Pyrgi (Sector II).
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Nicolaides, Becky M., and James Zarsadiaz. "Design Assimilation in Suburbia." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 2 (August 3, 2016): 332–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215610773.
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Ethnic suburban settlement has shaped suburban landscapes in contrasting ways. On one end are ethnoburbs, where ethnic groups used spatial politics to assert their rights of ethnic expression in the landscape. On the other—less noticed—end are places where ethnic settlers arrived en masse, and their presence was scarcely visible. This article focuses on the latter, towns where ethnic suburbanites consented to existing design mores—what we term design assimilation. Using case studies from Asian American suburbs of the west and east San Gabriel Valley, we explore the history of places where Anglo design aesthetics persisted in the midst of profound demographic change. Multiple factors created and protected these landscapes, including stringent regulatory cultures of these suburbs, white political action, accommodations by builders, and Asian American consent. Asian suburbanites supported these landscapes for aesthetic, nostalgic, political, and economic reasons, including the belief that American landscape aesthetics conveyed a social distinction that positioned them above those around them—including other Asians in the ethnoburbs. Our work shows how suburban advantage has been reinforced by new waves of immigrant suburbanites, in ways that reflect the inequities and spatial expression of globalization itself. This work offers a new perspective on immigrant suburbanization and its interface with suburban “landscapes of privilege.”
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Pichkur, Ye V. "New data on flint processing of East Trypillia tribes of the Bug-Dnieper interfluve." VITA ANTIQUA, no. 13 (2021): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37098/va-2021-13-113-128.
Full textAbstract:
For the first time, materials of such settlements of the East Trypillia culture as Trostyanchyk, Onopriyivka І are published. Despite approximately the same quantitative ratio, even at first glance, the materials of these two leaflets differ significantly from each other. The Trostyanchyk complex is actually blade-type: blades prevail both among production waste and among the tool kit. Flakes and tools on them dominate in Onopriyivka. If the Trostyanchyk complex can be regarded as "classic" in terms of the tool kit: retouched blades, end-scrapers, sickle inserts, perforators on blades, etc., then the Onopriyivka complex looks more primitive: retouched flakes, notched tools and scrapers on flakes, and others. In Onopriyivka, unlike Trostyanchyk, finds of weapons are completely absent. Products from Onopriyivka are made mainly of local raw materials, while in Trostyanchyk there are approximately equal parts of products from local and imported raw materials, and products from local flint are made as carefully as products from Volyn flint. At the same time, in both cases we can confidently speak of the local nature of production. This is evidenced by both the use of local flint raw material and the specific items present in both collections. In Trostyanchyk, as already mentioned, a hammerstone was found, in Onopriyivka — core-like fragments and chips of modify of cores. Such differences can be explained by both territorial and chronological discrepancies. Onopriyivka I is earlier, refers to the end of stage ВІ, Trostyanchyk — to the end of stage ВІІ. Trostyanchyk is located on the Southern Bug, Onopriyivka — in the Bugo-Dnieper interfluve. Although, perhaps, this situation is explained by the unevenness of the study of these sites. In addition, materials from the Vladyslavchyk settlement are published for the first time. Based on their analysis, using analogies from related and synchronous sites, the author tried to identify the features of the East Trypillia lithic industry in the Bug-Dnieper rivers interfluve. As it turned out, at the modern level, the identification of such features is not possible. The materials of the East Trypillia culture of the region are, on the whole, more similar to the materials of the settlements of the West Trypillia culture, than to related sites on the Southern Bug. Keywords: East Trypillia culture, Kukutenʹ-Trypillya, production, flint processing, Bug-Dnieper interfluve
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Wanmi, N., M. H. Sulaiman, I. Gosomji, S. M. Maidawa, and N. Plang. "Study on the macrometry of gastrointestinal tract of wild west African Senegal parrot (Poicephalus senegalus versteri)." Anatomy Journal of Africa 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v6i3.163513.
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Parrots are ornamental birds that are found in the wild and those in domestication end up in animal units of schools and houses of the wealthy individuals. The wild African Senegal parrot population is at risk of extinction due to its high popularity with urban dweller. Despite their high popularity, there is scanty documentation of the anatomical features of its gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The Wild West African Senegal Parrots were caught around forested area of a farm settlement in Shika, Zaria, Kaduna state, in the Northern part of Nigeria. The mean body weight of the wild Senegal parrot was observed to be 120.50 ± 5.42 g. The mean weights of the GIT with content and without content were 18.01 ±4.80 g and 13.54 ± 5.51 g respectively which accounted for 12.95 % and 10.24 % of the total body mass. The mean weights (small and large intestines) were 2.10 ± 1.09 g and 0.70 ± 0.27 g. The caecum was not noticed and gall bladder had the least mean weight 0.17 ± 0.007 g. while the gizzard the highest of all mean weight 4.28 ± 2.25 g. The mean lengths (GIT, small and large intestines) were; 82. 61 ± 2.36 cm, 41.75 ± 2.97 cm and 18.06 ± 2.01 cm. The glandular area of the proventriculus was longer than the non glandular portion and the left liver was longer compared to the right 3.03 ± 1.53 cm. The ileum is the longest segment of the small intestine which constituted 22.90 ± 2.92 cm.Keywords: Macrometry, Gastrointestinal Tract, Senegal Parrots
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Brichler, Ségolène, Gisèle Lagathu, Mariama Abdou Chekaraou, Frédéric Le Gal, André Edouard, Paul Dény, Raymond Césaire, and Emmanuel Gordien. "African, Amerindian and European hepatitis B virus strains circulate on the Caribbean Island of Martinique." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 2318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.055459-0.
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Ten Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, as well as numerous subgenotypes, have been described in well-characterized ethnogeographical populations. Martinique has been at a crossroads between Africa, Europe, India and the Americas because of the slave trade (17th–19th centuries), followed by an important immigration of Indian and West African workers. In this work, we aimed to study the molecular epidemiology of HBV infection in Martinique according to this unique settlement pattern. To that end, blood samples from 86 consecutive HBV-infected patients from the main hospitals of the island, were retrospectively analysed. Direct sequencing of the pre-S1 or pre-C-C region or complete genome sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analyses were performed. HBV genotypes were: HBV/A1 (68.6 %), HBV/A2 (10.5 %), HBV/D, mainly HBV/D3 and HBV/D4 (8.1 %), HBV/F (3.5 %), and also HBV/E (2.3 %), two strains isolated from two West-African patients. Moreover, 74 % of the HBeAg-negative strains harboured classical pre-C-C mutations, and most HBV/A1 strains also containing specific mutations. Finally, various patterns of deletion mutants in pre-S and pre-C-C regions were found. In conclusion, our findings point to historical and migration-related issues in HBV-genotype distribution suggesting that HBV/A1, but not HBV/E, was imported from Africa during the slave trade, and further supporting the hypothesis that HBV/E has emerged recently in West Africa (<150 years). Potential origins of ‘European’ HBV/A2 and HBV/D3, ‘Amerindian’ HBV/F, and HBV/D4 strains are also discussed. Such HBV genetic diversity, beyond its epidemiological interest, may have a clinical impact on the natural history of HBV infection in Martinique.
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Tankersley, Kenneth Barnett, Nicholas P. Dunning, Lewis A. Owen, and Janine Sparks. "GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE OLDEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE (7800–7900 cal BP) IN THE WEST INDIES, BANWARI TRACE, TRINIDAD." Latin American Antiquity 29, no. 4 (September 21, 2018): 681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2018.49.
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Banwari Trace, a well-stratified shell midden located in southeastern Trinidad, provides the oldest known archaeological evidence of human settlement in the West Indies and has been crucial to our understanding of the initial peopling of the greater Caribbean region. Detailed excavation profile descriptions, soil and faunal analyses, accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, and stable carbon isotope analyses provide an accurate chronology and paleoenvironmental framework for the natural and anthropogenic depositional history of this significant archaeological site. Our findings support the recognition of three Middle Holocene strata at Banwari Trace, which represent significant periods of midden deposition and environmental change at: ~7800–7900 cal BP (Level 3); ~6900–7400 cal BP (Level 2); and ~5500–6200 cal BP (Level 1). Stable carbon isotope analyses show the landscape was dominated by C3vegetation throughout the Middle Holocene with a possible drying episode near the end of the Middle Holocene climatic optimum. Cedrosan potsherds discovered in the uppermost 25 cm (Level 0) suggest that a Late Holocene radiocarbon age of ~2770–2200 cal BP for charcoal from this stratum is valid and possibly contemporary with an apparently intrusive human burial recovered in 1971 at a depth of ~20 cm.
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Davtyan, V., and N. Margaryan. "Transport Communications in the South Caucasus after the War in Nagorno-Karabakh." Russia and New States of Eurasia, no. 1 (2022): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2022-1-123-135.
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The article deals with the main problems of unblocking transport communications in the South Caucasus after the end of the Second Karabakh War. The main actors and beneficiaries of the unblocking are identified with the definition of their national transport interests. The role of Russia in the settlement of the conflict, as well as in the formation of a new geopolitical architecture in the South Caucasus is determined. Various scenarios of transport unblocking in the region are analyzed in the context of the formation of two international transport and logistics corridors – North–South and East–West. Prospects and possibilities of integration of the South Caucasus countries into the indicated corridors are considered. It is shown that the unblocking process is currently fragmented, since the main scenarios for its implementation are built only on the prospects for restoring transport links in certain directions, which does not allow to speak now about the ongoing policy of a comprehensive unblocking of communications in the region. The main problems of using the existing transport arteries, in particular, the international highway Goris–Kapan, are studied.
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Wallace, Melissa Marie. "Hybridization at the Neutral Iroquoian Walker Site (AgHa-9)." NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 22 (November 11, 2014): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v22i1.21.
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This article is written with the intention of exploring the types of approaches used to study Indigenous and European contact, using the Iroquoian Neutral culture as an example. The Neutral, a northern Iroquoian group, were similar overall culturally to other Northern Iroquoian groups in Ontario. Their settlement in the first half of the 17th century is believed to have been focused in what is now Southern Ontario, from the north of Lake Erie, to the west of LakeOntario (Noble 1984:4). Based on their placement in southern Ontario between other Indigenous groups, they were in an excellent position for trade. In an attempt to understand the ways in which Indigenous people incorporated European material culture, a new concept, hybridization, is proposed. Hybridization, like syncretism, is the incorporation of European materials into Indigenous society by creating what would be considered ‘traditional’ forms of artifacts. By utilizing this kind of analysis, it is possible to incorporate Indigenous agency, without using out-dated methods that assume acculturation as the ultimate end to culture contact.
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Bozo, Frédéric. "“I Feel More Comfortable with You”: France, the Soviet Union, and German Reunification." Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 3 (July 2015): 116–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00563.
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This article explores the interactions between French and Soviet leaders at the end of the Cold War when they were confronted by German reunification. This important dimension of the events of 1989–1990 has been largely neglected up to now. Although allegations of Franco-Soviet collusion against German reunification have long been widespread, the evidence presented here from declassified French, Soviet, and West German sources shows that the two countries in fact failed to cooperate to shape the modalities and outcome of these processes despite the close relationship that by then prevailed between French President François Mitterrand and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Although for decades Paris and Moscow had shared the objective of avoiding a disruptive settlement of the German question, and although both leaders were initially deeply troubled by the pace of events, they did not agree about the fundamental issue of German self-determination and did not share an understanding of the international conditions required for German reunification. Even more critically, they had different visions of the transformation of the European security system that should accompany it.
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Togbévi, Quentin Fiacre, and Luc Ollivier Sintondji. "Hydrological response to land use and land cover changes in a tropical West African catchment (Couffo, Benin)." AIMS Geosciences 7, no. 3 (2021): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/geosci.2021021.
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<abstract> <p>This study evaluated the impact of land use and land cover changes on the water balance of the Couffo catchment (Benin) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). To that end, soil, land uses, hydro-meteorological data including rainfall, temperatures (maximum and minimum), wind speed, solar radiation, relative humidity and discharge data were used as main inputs. To assess the impact of land uses on the catchment water balance, three different land uses (2000, 2006 and 2011) were used. Results showed that from 2000 to 2011, croplands and fallows increased by 34% while the shrub and grass savannahs decreased respectively by 34 and 24%. In addition, agroforestry and gallery forest decreased by 63% and 58% respectively while a rapid increase in settlement. The study outcome suggested that the SWAT provided satisfactory results for discharge with R<sup>2</sup>, NSE, KGE and absolute percent of bias (absPBIAS) ranged between (0.7–0.9), (0.6–0.9). (0.6–0.9) and (5.3–34) respectively. Moreover, the evaluation of land use and land cover changes on the catchment water balance resulted in an increase in annual surface water and water yield, while the groundwater and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) have decreased. Findings of this study may be a great contribution to water resource management in the Couffo catchment. This may contribute to better allocate water for the actual catchment population demand without dampening those of the future generation.</p> </abstract>
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Karo, Špela. "Archaeological traces of Ancient Hungarians in Slovenian territory." Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu 54, no. 1 (2021): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52064/vamz.54.1.18.
Full textAbstract:
Only a few artefacts that can be related to the presence of ancient Hungarians in the territory of present-day Slovenia have been discovered so far. These finds encompass items of equestrian equipment, as well as weapons, and a single item of attire set or jewellery: iron stirrups of various forms, parts of belt sets and straps, a chain with heart-shaped pendants, arrowheads and possibly the remains of an arrow quiver. They originate from various types of findspot: hilltop sites, settlements, cemeteries and a river. The prevailing type, however, is hilltops (Gradišče above Trebenče, Ljubična above Zbelovska Gora, Gradišče above Bašelj, Veliki Gradec near Drežnica, and Zidani Gaber above Mihovo). In the majority of cases the finds were discovered with metal detectors and therefore come without precise location data or stratigraphic contexts. Iron stirrups discovered at Tabor, above Tomaj, and in the Ljubljanica river, as well as a belt buckle from Zgornji Breg, in Ptuj, are also chance finds. In rare cases, finds of ancient- Hungarian character have been discovered in systematically-investigated sites, such as Ajdna above Potoki, Tonovcov Grad near Kobarid, and Pristava in Bled. Arrowheads from debris or charred layers in these settlements likely testify to ancient-Hungarian invaders. Ancient-Hungarian burials in Slovenian territory have not been unambiguously confirmed yet. Only two graves of the Ptuj Castle cemetery have been purportedly ascribed to them. The artefacts collected from Slovenian sites have been studied predominantly from the typological perspective and dated on the basis of comparable sites and artefacts from neighbouring regions, especially from graves in the Carpathian Basin. Their presence at Slovenian sites can be explained by frequent incursions of ancient Hungarians to the West between the end of the 9th century and the middle of the 10th, which also crossed the territory of present-day Slovenia and are reported in historical sources. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that some of these items came to the findspots as a consequence of more peaceful contacts with ancient Hungarians whose area of settlement was not too far away.