Academic literature on the topic 'West central Vermont'

Metamorphosed mafic rocks from west-central Vermont crop out in tectonic slices of the Stowe Formation within the Rowe–Hawley Belt of New England. The rocks include greenstone and amphibolite, which are interpreted to have been basaltic flows and gabbroic intrusions, respectively. Even though the rocks have been metamorphosed to greenschist or amphibolite facies, their igneous origins can be deciphered through careful use of geochemistry. Three geochemical types have been identified. Type 1 and 2 samples have geochemical characteristics similar to those found in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), except that they have slightly elevated light rare-earth element (LREE) concentrations and are higher in Nb/Y ratios. Their Nb/Y ratios are similar to basalts found in Iceland and parts of the Afar region of the East African Rift. Types 1 and 2 are similar to metabasalts of the Caldwell and Maquereau formations in southern Quebec. The less-common type 3 samples have highly enriched LREE and are high in Nb/Y and Zr/Y ratios, similar to some alkali basalts from Afar and Iceland. Detailed analysis of the geochemistry suggests that greenstones and amphibolite from the Stowe Formation formed as basaltic eruptions during very late stages in rifting of the Rodinian continent that eventually led to formation of the Iapetus Ocean. This interpretation is consistent with tectonic models of the Vermont and Quebec Appalachians.

Abstract A description is provided for Stereocaulon dactylophyllum . Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Arctic Ocean (Greenland), Asia (Japan, Mongolia, Russia, Turkey), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal, Azores, Madeira), Australasia (Australia), Caribbean, (Guadeloupe, Martinique), Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua), Europe (Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), North America (Canada, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, France, Mexico, USA, Alaska, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin), South America (Argentina, Colombia)).

EnkehøjA settlement with Bell Beaker pottery and charred grainThree settlements from Late Neolithic times have been excavated within Herning Museum’s area of archaeological responsibility since 2004 Enkehøj, Sjællandsvej og Gilmosevej (fig. 1). At Enkehøj, several pits containing carbonised grain were found, as well as the remains of at least two two-aisled houses, one of which had a sunken floor (figs. 2 and 6). In addition to this, a thin culture layer was documented in the northeastern part of the excavation area which contained flint tools, including a fragment of a pressure-flaked dagger that had been re-used as a burin (fig. 3). Pit 37 contained about 200 ml of grain as well as several un-ornamented potsherds and a Bell Beaker-like vessel (fig. 4). Pit 288 did not have any carbonised grain but contained potsherds which date the pit to the Single Grave culture’s Bottom Grave period (fig. 5). Pits 304 and 327 probably formed parts of the construction of house 240 (fig. 6). Both the pits and the house contained carbonised grain. Furthermore, a polished flint axe with an outwardly flared edge was recovered, together with a large curved beaker and a small miniature pottery vessel (fig. 7). The sherds belonging to the large beaker were found scattered through the fill of both pit 304 and pit 327. The floor layer of house 240 contained very few potsherds, a fragment of a quernstone and a perforated axe (fig. 8). Below the sunken floor there was also a small pit containing processed grain. Pit 708 was located in the northern part of the investigated area. It contained almost 3.5 l of processed grain, sherds from several ornamented pottery vessels and a small, straight-walled beaker filled with grain (figs. 9-10).On the basis of the Bell Beaker-like vessel, the pits and the houses were dated to the early part of the Late Neolithic, 2400-2200 BC. The radiocarbon dates for carbonized barley grains are, however, more than 200 years later (table 1). This may be due to a delay in the Bell Beaker culture’s influence in the Central Jutish area relative to Northern Jutland with its rich flint deposits.The Late Neolithic grain from Enkehøj is the first large find in the Herning area of crop remains from the end of the Neo­lithic. The grain samples, comprising in total more than 16 l of processed grain, were collected from pits and postholes from the roof-bearing posts of two Late Neolithic longhouses. One of them, house 240, had a central depression, while the other, house 480, did not. In addition to the samples from the two houses, samples were also taken from three outdoor pits (pits 25, 37 and 708) on the site (fig. 11).Naked barley dominates in most of the samples but a quantity of emmer was also identified (fig. 12.2). Spelt was present in such small amounts that cultivation of this type cannot be established with certainty. Spelt was, however, cultivated in the area. This is apparent from the find from Gilmosevej where large amounts of carb­onised acorns were found in addition to a quantity of naked barley and spelt (fig. 16). This distribution of crop types from Enkehøj is in good agreement with the general picture of Danish agriculture extending from the Late Neolithic into the Bronze Age (see table 2).The occurrence of large quantities of carbonised plant remains at Enkehøj gives a broader impression of Late Neolithic ­agriculture than that normally available from archaeological finds. Archaeobotanical analysis of carbonised plant remains can reveal how arable fields were cultivated in practice. This can be done by comparing the relative abundance of grain, chaff and weed seeds. Differences in the frequency can be linked to differences in the treatment of the crops, both before, during and after harvest. However, it must be emphasised that a prehistoric arable field cannot be compared with either hist­orical or modern fields which had/have much more uniform conditions (fig. 13).Weeds appear only sporadically among the Enkehøj grain; the absence of weeds, together with the deficiency in the amount of chaff, straw etc., shows that the grain had been processed, i.e. threshed and cleaned. But the presence of seeds of various different species of knotgrass does reveal the height at which the Enkehøj cer­eals were harvested (fig. 14).The numbers of glume bases and grains of emmer are fairly similar. In contrast, there are virtually no barley rachis segments relative to the number of barley grains. This shows that emmer had been stored in the form of spikelets while the barley was stored as naked processed grains (fig. 15). This corresponds to earlier Danish investigations from this period, indicating that the glumes which, in the case of emmer, sit relatively firmly around the grains, were not removed from the grain until the latter was taken indoors, immediately before cooking. As the process of removing the glumes may have a negative effect on the grain’s subsequent germination capacity, and as the glumes also protect the grain against vermin and humi­dity, there are several good reasons for storing emmer in this particular way.With regard to doubts about finds of stored grain from outdoor pits there are several examples of grain being stored in two-aisled longhouses from the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age, both in houses with and without a sunken floor, as seen in the two houses at Enkehøj. Indications of storage are apparent at several places in houses, particularly in the eastern parts and in sunken areas. There is an example of grain storage in wooden containers below floor level from Petersborg West near Østbirk. A possible reason for the sunken areas in the two-aisled houses may have been to increase the free height below the roof and, thereby, the available storage capacity in certain areas within the houses. By constructing a floor above the sunken area it would have been possible to store crops both at and below floor level. However, the floors in the sunken areas were workplaces, indicating that there were ceilings here or storage on lofts under the roof in this part. A recently-excavated house site at Dalsgaard II has indented posts in the sunken part of the house – these may have supported a loft construction (fig. 17). Different types of crops were probably stored in different places. For example, seed corn may have been stored at or below floor level, as the constant smoke under the roof would have had a destructive effect on the subsequent germination capacities of the grain.Changes in crops during the Late Neolithic and adjacent periods are shown in table 2. A clear difference can be seen between the crop composition in the Late Neolithic and in the Early Bronze Age. Samples from the letter are characterised by naked barley, emmer and, in part, spelt, compared to the Single Grave period when naked barley clearly dominates relative to all other cereal/crop types. There are also features of the tools from the Single Grave period indicating the great importance of barley in this particular period. For example, Helle Juel Jensen has distinguished two types of blade sickle in period V of the Late Funnel Beaker culture and in the Single Grave period on the basis of different wear traces. One type of blade sickle normally has wear traces indicating the cutting the cereals low on the straw. The other type, in contrast, normally functioned as a tool to severe the ears from the straw (fig. 18).The transition to the cultivation of a larger number of cereal types may have been prompted by several factors. It has, for example, been suggested that there was a move towards the cultivation of more fertile areas in the Late Neolithic. As naked barley is a less demanding crop than wheat it is also possible that the increased cultivation of wheat characterises the beginning of systematic manuring. The ­earliest evidence of manuring in Denmark is from the Late Bronze Age at Bjerge in Thy, in an area where naked barley and emmer were cultivated, as was also the case at Enkehøj. Future investigations will hopefully reveal whether improvement of the soil in this way was a usual part of agriculture as early as the Late Neolithic.Tinna MøbjergHerning MuseumPeter Mose JensenPeter Hambro MikkelsenMoesgård Museum

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Diptera: Tephritidae. Attacks apple, hawthorn (Crataegus), Prunus, pear. Information is given on the geographical distribution in North America, Canada, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, USA, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachussets, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Central America, Mexico.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Hylobius pales (Herbst). Coleoptera: Curculionidae. Hosts: Pinus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin), Central America and Caribbean (Puerto Rico).

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew). Diptera: Tephritidae (Eastern cherry fruit fly, North American cherry fruit fly). Attacks Prunus cerasus, P. avium and sometimes P. serotina and P. mahaleb. Information is given on the geographical distribution in North America, Canada, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, USA, Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Central America, Mexico.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Gymnosporangium clavipes (Cooke & Peck) Cooke & Peck Fungi: Basidiomycota: Uredinales Hosts: Apple (Malus domestica[Malus pumila]), quince (Cydonia oblonga), Juniperus, Crataegus and Amelanchier. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Guatemala.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Epilachna varivestis Mulsant Coleoptera: Coccinellidae Attacks Phaseolus spp., soyabean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Japan, Honshu, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras.

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Urocystis agropyri (Preuss) Schröter. Hosts: Wheat (Triticum and other Poaceae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Asia, Afghanistan, China, Henan, Shandong, north Jiangsu, Anhui, India, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, USSR, southern SSR, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, central Asia, Kavkaz, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Europe, Britain, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR, Baltic states, Russia, Ukraine, Novaya Zemlya, North America, Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Greenland, Mexico, USA, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachussetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Central America & West Indies, Guatemala, South America, Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela.

On Wednesday morning September 21, 1795, only a year after he was appointed president of Yale College, forty-four-year-old Timothy Dwight began the first of his thirteen excursions through New England and upstate New York. On six of his thirteen trips, he traveled through the Connecticut Valley, a valley he was familiar with since childhood and was linked to by both family and sentiment. The Connecticut River Valley was changing, as Dwight made his several trips through it. It was transformed under the impact of human activity. Increasingly, mill dams and factory villages were being built along the river and its tributaries. Technology, science, and the market were restructuring the way people were interacting with their environment. The land became less wild. That “civilizing” of nature, as Dwight called it, began first on the alluvial soils of the lower and central valley in the eighteenth century and then spread north and up into the hill country in the early years of the nineteenth century. By the end of the fifth decade of the nineteenth century, this new world had pretty much taken shape, and valley residents began to take stock of the changes that had occurred. Dwight began this process of accounting at the beginning stages of that transformation. And it was in the Connecticut River Valley that the changes made the biggest impact on him. At the center of the Connecticut Valley runs New England’s largest waterway. The Connecticut River flows south some four hundred miles from a series of small lakes in the swampy district of northern New Hampshire on the Canadian border. It eventually spills into Long Island Sound at Saybrook, Connecticut. To the west and east of the river are mountain ranges, the Housatonic and Green Mountains to the west and the White Mountains to the east. In northern New Hampshire and Vermont, the river travels through a narrow and rough mountain valley. As the river moves south into central Vermont and New Hampshire, the valley widens, particularly on the river’s western shore, and is intersected with tributary rivers and valleys.