Relevant bibliographies by topics / West Africa

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'West Africa'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "West Africa"

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Leissle, Kristy. "Invisible West Africa." Gastronomica 13, no. 3 (2013): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2013.13.3.22.

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With the rise of single origin chocolate—made with beans from one country, region, or plantation—today many bars name the source of their cocoa. Based on historical and statistical analyses, interviews with artisans, and examination of product packaging, this article discusses the limited visibility of West Africa among single origin bars. Although the region generates about 70% of cocoa traded on the world market, a comprehensive database of “premium bar chocolate” shows just 3.8% made with West African beans. This discrepancy is due to a complex imbrication of trade logistics, bean strain, and representational politics. U.S.-based artisans cite flavor limitations of the predominant Amelonado strain and difficulties procuring superior cocoa from the region. However, U.S. media representations of West Africa as a place of “trouble” (for example, of conflict, HIV/AIDS, and poverty), and especially allegations of slavery on Ivorian plantations, also make it difficult to source from West Africa. As product packaging often shows exotic and implicitly erotic origin sites, persistent negative stereotypes surrounding West Africa pose a challenge for quality-conscious makers committed to ethical sourcing.
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Coates, Oliver. "African American Journalists in World War II West Africa: The NNPA Commission Tour of 1944–1945." Journal of Asian and African Studies 57, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219096211054912.

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The National Negro Publishers Association (NNPA) Commission to West Africa in 1944–1945 represents a major episode in the history of World War II Africa, as well as in American–West Africa relations. Three African American reporters toured the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Liberia, and the Congo between November 1944 and February 1945, before returning to Washington, DC to report to President Roosevelt. They documented their tour in the pages of the Baltimore Afro-American, the Chicago Defender, and the Norfolk Journal and Guide. Their Americans’ visit had a significant impact in wartime West Africa and was widely documented in the African press. This article examines the NNPA tour geographically, before analyzing American reporters’ interactions with West Africans, and assessing African responses to the tour. Drawing on both African American and West African newspapers, it situates the NNPA tour within the history of World War II West Africa, and in terms of African print culture. It argues that the NNPA tour became the focus of West African hopes for future political, economic, and intellectual relations with African Americans, while revealing how the NNPA reporters engaged African audiences during their tour.
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Yoroms, Gani. "The State, Security, and Intervention beyond West Africa: examining the arc of instability and conflict on the continent of Africa." UNET JOSS: Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52042/unetjoss020102.

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Considering the tense moments of crises and conflicts which West Africa went through before the end of the Cold War, it was least expected that the post-cold-war era would unleash another moment of crisis—one that would be even more devastating to the entire continent. However, the end of the Cold War, and the events at the aftermath of 9/11, saw not only West Africa, but the entire African continent, immersed in a series of ongoing critical security paradoxes. This paper attempts to contribute to, and build upon, the insights of a key expert, Emmanuel Aning Kwesi, on the West Africa security conundrum as enunciated in the publication, “West Africa Security Perspectives: Kwesi Aning Explains,” published by the Danish Institute for International Studies. Emanuel Kwesi Aning, a Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Ghana, was tasked to explain how the West African subregion found itself smeared by critical security scenarios. Aning, in his discourse, focused on eight critical security challenges in the sub-region, including the weak nature of the state, the rise and existence of organised crime, illegal mining, climate change, demography and urbanization, armed robbery at sea and piracy, security, and intervention. This paper continues the dialogue with Kwesi Aning by summarizing the eight critical security paradoxes into three major areas: the character of the state, the nature of security, and the necessity for external intervention. This paper also goes beyond the West African scenario in which Professor Kwesi Aning situated his discourse and submits that this challenge is not only for West Africa, but for the entire continent.
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Bangura, Ahmed Sheikh. "Islam in West Africa." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 3 (October 1, 1997): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i3.2271.

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Islam in West Africa is a collection of nineteen essays written by NehemiaLevtzion between 1963 and 1993. The book is divided into five sections. dealingwith different facets of the history and sociology of Islam in West Africa.The first section focuses on the patterns, characteristics, and agents of thespread of Islam. The author offers an approach to the study of the process of thatIslamization in West Africa that compares pattems of Islamizacion in medievalMali and Songhay to patterns in the Volta basin from the seventeenth to thenineteenth centuries. He also assesses the complex roles played by Africanchiefs and kings and slavery in the spread of Islam.Section two focuses on the subject of lslam and West African politics fromthe medieval period to the early nineteenth century. Levtzion identifies twotrend in African Islam: accommodation and militancy. Islam's early acceptancein West African societies was aided by the fact that Islam was initially seen asa supplement, and not as a substitute, to existing religious systems. Levtzionanalyzes the dynamics of Islam in African states as accommodation gave wayin time to tensions between the ruling authorities and Islamic scholars, callingfor a radical restructuring of the stare according to Islamic ideals. The tensionsbetween the Muslim clerics of Timbuktu and the medieval Songhay rulers. andthe ultimately adversarial relationship between Uthman dan Fodio and the Gobirleadership in eighteenth-century Hausaland, are singled out for sustained analysis ...
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Ibironke, Olabode. "West Africa." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 56, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219894211045891.

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BAH, ALHAJI M. S. "WEST AFRICA." African Security Review 14, no. 2 (January 2005): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2005.9627357.

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"West Africa." iabi 43, no. 3-4 (December 2013): 40–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iab.2013.014.

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"West Africa." iabi 42, no. 3-4 (December 2012): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iab-2012-0014.

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"West Africa." iabi 42, no. 1-2 (December 2012): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iab-2012-0004.

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"West Africa." International African Bibliography 44, no. 3-4 (December 19, 2014): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iab.2014.014.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "West Africa"

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Shiu, Janice. "Relationship Between West African monsoon precipitation characteristics and maize yields across Sub-Saharan West Africa." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127147.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 27-32).
Sub-Saharan Africa faces significant challenges to its food security in the coming decades as climate change and rapid population growth strains its agricultural systems. In a region where crops are near exclusively rainfed, precipitation from the West African Monsoon (WAM) plays a significant role in the region's food production. This study aims to add to the limited literature on the relationship between country-level maize yields and the WAM, particularly through the use of high resolution precipitation estimates to characterize the spatiotemporal variability of the monsoon. Multi-year annual precipitation characteristics of the monsoon such as total precipitation, number of non-precipitating days, and timing were derived and aggregated across the maize growing regions of West African countries. Aggregated precipitation metrics were linearly regressed against country-level maize yields that have undergone timeseries analysis to remove trends occurring independently of the WAM. The metrics most correlated with maize yields while maintaining statistically significant slopes were the minimum of total precipitation, standard deviation of the number of non-precipitating days, and the minimum monsoon end date. The strong positive correlations of the minimum of total precipitation and minimum monsoon end date metrics suggest that the worst performing areas in terms of total precipitation and monsoon end date drive down annual country-level maize yields. The positive correlation found using the standard deviation of the number of non-precipitating days is uninterpretable as an instance of Simpson's paradox, as the opposite relationship is discovered in analyses using individual countries. These results show the efficacy of analyzing maize yields against satellite mapped precipitation characteristics of the WAM.
by Janice Shiu.
S.B.
S.B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
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Davis, Glenda. "A sociolinguistic inquiry into wax-dyed cloth names in Togo and Côte d'Ivoire /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79837.

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According to Domowitz (1992), the Agni women of Cote d'Ivoire assign proverbs and aphorisms as names to wax-dyed cloth. Women then use the imagery and associated proverbs behind cloth names to send non-verbal messages they would otherwise be unable to express publicly. The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to investigate wax-dyed cloth names including their underlying meanings and uses given by women in Cote d'Ivoire and Togo; and second, to investigate how these names are acquired in French by women who have no formal education. Qualitative results revealed that women in these two countries are very motivated to learn cloth names. New undocumented names and their underlying meanings were also found. Some of these meanings were found to be educational; others are used to maintain status or to clarify power relationships. At the same time, quantitative results indicated that knowledge and use of cloth names in both communities studied is in decline.
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Gyau-Boakye, Philip. "Filling gaps in hydrological runoff data series in West-Africa = Ergänzung lückenhafter Abflussreihen in West-Afrika /." Bochum : Ruhr-Univ, 1993. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=006430220&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Tulloch, Owan Carl. "Industrial development in West Africa : policies and progress in the economic community of West African states." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70182.

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Rankin, John. "Healing the African Body: British Medicine in West Africa, 1800-1860." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/0826220541.

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This timely book explores the troubled intertwining of religion, medicine, empire, and race relations in the early nineteenth century. John Rankin analyzes the British use of medicine in West Africa as a tool to usher in a “softer” form of imperialism, considers how British colonial officials, missionaries, and doctors regarded Africans, and explores the impact of race classification on colonial constructs. Rankin goes beyond contemporary medical theory, examining the practice of medicine in colonial Africa as Britons dealt with the challenges of providing health care to their civilian employees, African soldiers, and the increasing numbers of freed slaves in the general population, even while the imperialists themselves were threatened by a lack of British doctors and western medicines. As Rankin writes, “The medical system sought to not only heal Africans but to ‘uplift’ them and make them more amenable to colonial control . . . Colonialism starts in the mind and can be pushed on the other solely through ideological pressure.”
https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1089/thumbnail.jpg
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Mero, Samantha A. "Language diversity in Guinea, West Africa." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000868.

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Cliff-Eribo, Kennedy O. "Adverse drug reactions in West Africa." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31289/.

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Adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports of countries varies due to differences in the prevalence of diseases and hence the types of drugs used. ADRs are a major health and economic burden worldwide. National health authorities monitor the safety of medicines to protect consumers from the hazards of drugs. ADR databases are also maintained from where reports are regularly evaluated to detect signals of new ADRs and determine the increase of those already known. A review of paediatric and general population studies conducted on ADRs from national ADR databases was carried out. The majority of studies identified were from countries in Europe and North America, and only one study on the general population was conducted from the Ethiopian ADR database in Africa. No paediatric study was identified in Africa. Skin reactions associated with antiretroviral drugs were the most frequent ADRs in the study conducted from the Ethiopian ADR database. Anti-infective agents, mostly vaccines, were mostly associated with the ADRs in children in Europe and Latin America, and drugs used for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) were implicated with the ADRs reported for children in North America. The ADR databases of Ghana and Nigeria were analysed to evaluate the ADRs reported for children and adults. The fatalities reported and the associated drugs in the two databases were also evaluated. The ADR reporting rates for children and the general population in Ghana and Nigeria were lower than the corresponding rates observed in the review. The majority of the ADRs in Nigerian adults were reported for antiretroviral drugs, and most of those who died suffered Stevens Johnson syndrome with antimalarials as the suspect drugs. ADRs reported for Nigerian children were mainly skin reactions associated with antibiotics. Most of the reported fatalities resulted from renal failure, linked with suspected contaminated teething mixtures. Antimalarials and anthelmintics were mostly associated with the ADRs in Ghanaian adults. Most of the reported fatalities resulted from Stevens Johnson syndrome. ADRs in Ghanaian children were mostly associated with vaccines. The majority of the reported deaths resulted from unknown causes linked with antimalarials.
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Lutz, Alexandra. "Groundwater resource sustainability in West Africa." abstract only (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3275835.

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Al-Hajri, Yasir Khalfan. "Quantifying cenozoic epeirogeny of West Africa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614239.

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Watkins, Gillian M. "The predictability of precipitation in West Africa." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427219.

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Books on the topic "West Africa"

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David, Else, ed. West Africa. 4th ed. Melbourne, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications, 1999.

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Rob, Bowden, ed. West Africa. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1998.

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Currie, Stephen. West Africa. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books, 2005.

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Storm, Michael. West Africa. London: BBC Educational, 1990.

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1962-, Fitzpatrick Mary, ed. West Africa. 5th ed. Melbourne, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2002.

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(Firm), Lonely Planet Publications, ed. West Africa. 7th ed. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2009.

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Anthony, Ham, ed. West Africa. Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet Publications, 2006.

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Beyan, Amos J. African American Settlements in West Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403979193.

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Schwab, Peter. Designing West Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403978769.

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International, Geocenter. Africa, North West. Berlin: RV Reise-und Verkehrsverlag, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "West Africa"

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Brooke-Smith, Robin. "West Africa." In The Scramble for Africa, 22–37. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08995-6_3.

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Nwachuku, Daisy N. "West Africa." In The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Practical Theology, 515–24. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444345742.ch49.

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Owusu, Kofi. "West Africa." In The Commonwealth Novel Since 1960, 147–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-64112-3_11.

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Herman, Joanna S., and Peter L. Chiodini. "West Africa." In Infectious Diseases: A Geographic Guide, 128–38. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119971641.ch10.

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Rönnbäck, Klas, and Oskar Broberg. "West Africa." In Capital and Colonialism, 175–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19711-7_9.

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Yang, Bin. "West Africa." In Cowrie Shells and Cowrie Money, 160–203. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge approaches to history ; 25: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429489587-7.

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Maiga, Boubacar, and Patrick Ayeh-Kumi. "West Africa." In Infectious Diseases, 154–66. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119085751.ch12.

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Califano, Glaudia, and David Spinks. "West Africa." In Adopting Agile Across Borders, 319–31. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6948-0_17.

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Harcourt, Freda. "West Africa." In Handbook for History Teachers, 960–62. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032163840-160.

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Bird, Eric C. F. "West Africa." In The World’s Coasts: Online, 1141–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48369-6_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "West Africa"

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Forristall, George Z., Kevin Ewans, Michel Olagnon, and Marc Prevosto. "The West Africa Swell Project (WASP)." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11264.

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The responses of floating systems are sensitive to the detailed shape of the swell portion of the wave spectrum. Knowledge of swell is particularly important for sites off West Africa. The West Africa Swell Project (WASP JIP) was formed to analyze the available data on West African swell. Measurements were obtained from Shell, Ifremer, Chevron and Marathon. Hindcast data came from Oceanweather and the NOAA Wavewatch model. Sites ranging from Nigeria to Namibia were considered. Modeling the dispersion of swell over long distances indicates that the resulting power spectrum will have a triangular or lognormal shape. Sampling variability makes it difficult to distinguish between those shapes or Jonswap or Gaussian forms, but lognormal spectra generally provided good fits. The models also indicate that the width of the spectrum in both frequency and direction should be inversely related to the peak frequency. Fits to the measurements established detailed relationships for each location. Calculating the response of single degree of freedom oscillators to the measured and hindcast spectra produces response spectra which give the maximum response as a function of natural period and damping. Extreme values of system response can be calculated from the response spectra. The largest responses come from uni-modal spectra, and design spectra can be estimated by inflating them.
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Tribout, C., D. Emery, P. Weber, and R. Kaper. "Float-Overs Offshore West Africa." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/19073-ms.

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Olagnon, Michel, Kevin Ewans, George Forristall, and Marc Prevosto. "West Africa Swell Spectral Shapes." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11228.

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Wave spectra measured at sites off West Africa are dominated by the constant presence of one or several swell wave systems. The West Africa Swell Project (WASP JIP) was carried out to propose and assess parametric models for the shapes of the swell components. Bias, variability, and dispersion of estimates are affected by the length/stationarity compromise of the record lengths and the window-tapering used to reduce their variability. In particular, shapes with sharp angles are strongly smoothed, for instance a triangular peak would appear round and reduced by 15 to 25% with rectangular or Tuckey windowing. Models that consider each wave system individually, and an arbitrary number of those, were preferred to global ones. Partitioning of directional spectra is thus a prerequisite, and needs to be tuned taking account some prior knowledge of the swell characteristics. Triangular, log-normal, Gaussian and Glenn-Jonswap shapes were considered. Sampling variability makes it difficult to distinguish between those shapes as far as swells are concerned. The models also indicate that the width of the spectrum in frequency should be inversely proportional to the peak frequency. Directional spreading width shows a similar trend. Fits to the measurements established proportionality factors for each location.
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Bui, T. N., J. Gonsalez Dunia, and R. Labourdette. "Organizing Heterogeneities in Turbidites: a Key Factor in Dynamic Modelling." In Subsurface Challenges in West Africa - First EAGE West Africa Workshop 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131770.

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E. Cool, T., J. Guzman, and A. Ghosh. "Neocomian-Barremian Tectonostratigraphy and Trapping Mechanisms in the Pre-Salt Synrift Interval of the Gabon South Basin." In Subsurface Challenges in West Africa - First EAGE West Africa Workshop 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131771.

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O'Connor, S. A., R. E. Swarbrick, B. Pindar, O. S. Ogunkoya, O. Lucas, F. Odesanya, J. Asedegbega, et al. "Regional Pressure Studies in the Niger Delta – their Role in Safe, Cost Effective Well Planning and the Generation of New Exploration Opportunities." In Subsurface Challenges in West Africa - First EAGE West Africa Workshop 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131772.

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Jones, I. "A Practical Review of Migration Issues and Solutions." In Subsurface Challenges in West Africa - First EAGE West Africa Workshop 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131773.

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Hoelker, A. "Subsalt PSTM Imaging Accuracy Related to Velocity-adaptive Pseudo Datum in Primary Static Corrections. A Gabon Onshore Example." In Subsurface Challenges in West Africa - First EAGE West Africa Workshop 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131774.

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Letki, L. P., H. Ben-Hadj-Ali, and P. Desegaulx. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Final Seismic Depth Image Using Structural Uncertainty Analysis - Case Study Offshore Nigeria." In Subsurface Challenges in West Africa - First EAGE West Africa Workshop 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131775.

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Colla, A., J. E. Bain, A. N. Christensen, D. Cameron, and H. Cornelius. "Improved Imaging of Complex Salt Structures in Gabon from Integration of Seismic and Airborne Gravity Gradiometry." In Subsurface Challenges in West Africa - First EAGE West Africa Workshop 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131776.

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Reports on the topic "West Africa"

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Leatherwood, David G. Peacekeeping in West Africa. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403469.

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Jegede, Ayodele, Abu Conteh, Khoudia Sow, Mariam Boyon, Catherin Grant, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Melissa Leach. SSHAP West Africa Hub: Health Emergency Cycles and Social Context in West Africa. Institute of Development Studies, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.023.

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The SSHAP West Africa Hub brings together academics, humanitarian responders and public health practitioners primarily working in Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone to explore socio-political and historical issues shaping crises, with the intention of enhancing national and humanitarian programmes seeking to reach vulnerable groups. In this landscape paper, we aim to summarise the contextual factors that shape health emergencies and responses to health emergencies in the West Africa region (termed ‘health emergency cycles’). Drawing on examples from Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone, we explore the interrelationship of disease outbreaks with socio-cultural, economic and political contexts, and we address issues of response governance and local capacity within national health systems. We demonstrate how different emergencies are interconnected and related to long-term stressors in the region, arguing for a less siloed approach to response. Whilst we recognise the vast heterogeneity in the region, we draw on thematic commonalities that speak to wider regional issues. We conclude with some social science priorities for responding to crises.
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Martin, Matthew, Jo Walker, Kwesi W. Obeng, and Christian Hallum. The West Africa Inequality Crisis: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Development Finance International, Oxfam, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8045.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed and worsened the depth of inequality in West Africa. It has pushed millions into poverty. There is no end in sight due to the obscene global vaccine inequality, which means that less than 4% of West Africans had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 as at September 2021, compared with 52% in the United States and 57% in the European Union. In 2021, when COVID-19 infections are rising in West Africa, the critical support health and socioeconomic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 are being rolled back and replaced with austerity. Many governments are following advice from the IMF and World Bank, reminiscent of the severe cuts in spending imposed under the structural adjustment policies of the 1980s and 1990s. However, as this paper argues, the pandemic offers West African governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to invest heavily in inequality-busting policies by boosting public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), making tax systems more progressive, and tackling joblessness and precarious work. This report uses the Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index (CRII) framework devised by Oxfam and Development Finance International to assess the policies of West African governments. Visit the CRI Index website to learn more: www.inequalityindex.org.
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4

Vanderkooy, A., Roos Verstraeten, Ampa Dogui Diatta, Loty Diop, and Mariama Touré. Nutrition policy in West Africa. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133655.

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Easterly, William. Can the West Save Africa? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14363.

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Raji, Rafiq. Africa Current Issues - Climate Change and Conflict in West Africa. Nanyang Business School, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32655/africacurrentissues.2019.06.

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Sagna, Insa. Enhancing Peacekeeping Capabilities in West Africa. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada432301.

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Mulangu, Francis. Africa Current Issues - Africa’s Chronic Power Problems: West Africa Power Pool could be a Game-changer. Nanyang Business School, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32655/africacurrentissues.2019.10.

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Foyet, Metolo Foyet. Youth Leadership and Governance in West Africa. West Africa Civil Society Institute (WACSI), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15868/socialsector.38374.

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Sopein-Mann, Oluwafunmike, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Medicines Regulation in West Africa: Current State and Opportu-nities. Purdue University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317443.

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Ndomondo-Sigonda et al. (2017) observed that there is scarcity of information on human resources (person-nel devoted to regulation of medicines) in the domain of medicines regulation in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The published information on medicines regulation by the National Medicines Regulatory Authorities (NMRAs) in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region are no longer current and consistent with the current realities in the NMRAs. In order to reveal this occurrence, show the trends that exist over the years and make appropriate recommendations, data were collected and compared from 2005, 2010 and 2017 research reports on seven regulatory features of the fifteen Members States of ECOWAS. The re-sults show that there was missing information per regulatory feature and country. There was also an overall increasing trend in the number of NMRAs in the region that showed progress with respect to the measured regulatory features - Autonomy (Authority and Legal form), Marketing Authorization), GMP inspection, Quality Control, Quality Management System, Information Management System and Harmonization and International cooperation. People of Africa have a valuable story to tell as it relates to medicines regulation. This report is written by a West African from the perspective of a West African involved in the study and practice of medi-cines regulation by the NMRAs in the ECOWAS.
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