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1

SALA, CRISTIAN. "TREE STABILITY ANALYSIS: EXPERIMENTAL PULLING TESTS AND ANALYTICAL INTERPRETATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/325901.

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Negli ultimi anni la società ha aumentato la considerazione dell'importanza del verde per la tutela del pianeta e per la salute delle persone. Nelle aree urbane, in particolare, la presenza di alberi aumenta notevolmente la qualità della vita dei cittadini sotto vari aspetti, ad esempio aumentando l'ombreggiamento e abbassando le temperature estive, riducendo gli inquinanti nell'aria, diminuendo lo stress e migliorando l'umore delle persone, ecc. Tuttavia, gli alberi possono subire rotture biomeccaniche per ragioni meteorologiche, fitopatologiche e antropiche, provocando notevoli danni a cose e persone. Esistono, quindi, diversi metodi per valutare la stabilità degli alberi che possono consentire di prevederne la caduta ed evitare possibili danni, ma la materia è molto complessa e, allo stato attuale delle conoscenze, queste tipologie di valutazioni presentano alcuni limiti. Negli ultimi anni il metodo principale utilizzato per valutare la stabilità delle radici di un albero è il SIM - Static Integrated Method (pulling test), perché spesso è l'unico conosciuto e attualmente non esistono altri metodi alternativi con la stessa affidabilità e ripetibilità, sebbene questo abbia alcune limitazioni, così come gli altri metodi. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato, quindi, quello di cercare di migliorare il metodo di valutazione della stabilità radicale degli alberi, avvalendosi dell'esperienza lavorativa della società Agro Service, specializzata nella valutazione della stabilità degli alberi per clienti pubblici e privati. Innanzitutto, per migliorare la valutazione della stabilità radicale è necessario osservare diverse prove di trazione (pulling test) e analizzarne i risultati. Quindi, con la collaborazione della società Agro Service, dall'anno 2017 al 2020 sono state effettuate quasi cento prove di trazione da utilizzare per questa ricerca. In questo lasso di tempo sono state realizzate altre prove di trazione, ma i relativi risultati non sono stati presi in considerazione per questo studio perché la qualità dei dati non era sufficientemente elevata. Tutte le prove di trazione sono state eseguite con strumenti FAKOPP, che hanno permesso di raccogliere più punti della curva di ribaltamento in rapporto fra la rotazione della zolla radicale e la forza applicata. Dopo la normale fase di trazione fino alla rotazione di 0,2 °, come previsto dal metodo SIM, alcune prove sono state registrate anche nella successiva fase di scarico, per analizzare il comportamento del sistema albero-radici-suolo. Nelle 11 diverse località in cui vengono effettuati i test in Lombardia e Liguria, sono stati prelevati 18 campioni di terreno per conoscere la granulometria di questi siti e la sua possibile influenza nell'ottenimento dei risultati delle prove. Dall'osservazione delle caratteristiche dei dati dei test di trazione e delle anomalie matematiche del metodo tradizionale, è stata proposta criticamente un'equazione interpretativa più generale rispetto al classico approccio di Wessolly, al fine di migliorare la valutazione della stabilità radicale degli alberi, aumentando così la sicurezza nei luoghi pubblici e la possibilità di preservare gli alberi monumentali. Successivamente questa nuova equazione proposta è stata validata da alcuni test di trazione sperimentali, consistenti in prove in scala reale, sia tradizionali sia fino allo sradicamento dell'albero, e prove in scala ridotta. Infine viene riportato un lavoro sull'incremento della sicurezza di un albero con un approccio deterministico, svolto dallo stesso gruppo di lavoro di questo studio. Nonostante questo approccio possa essere riproposto solo per alberi di particolare pregio, ovvero alberi monumentali, per la sua complessità e per i suoi costi eccessivi, questo lavoro è risultato importante per iniziare ad approfondire il problema della stabilità degli alberi e per iniziare a sviluppare i successivi studi esposti in questa tesi.
In recent years, society has increased the consideration of the importance of green areas for the protection of the planet and the health of people. In urban areas, in particular, the presence of trees significantly increases the quality of life of citizens under various aspects, i.e. greater shading and reduction of summer temperatures, reduction of pollutants in the air, reduction of stress and improvement of people's mood, etc. However, trees can suffer biomechanical breakages for meteorological, phytopathological and anthropic reasons, causing considerable damage to things and people. There are, therefore, different methods for evaluating the stability of trees that can make it possible to predict their fall and avoid damage, but the matter is very complex and, in the current state of knowledge, these evaluations have some limitations. In the last years the main method used to value the root stability of a tree is the SIM – Static Integrated Method (pulling test), because it’s often the only one known and currently there’re not other alternative methods with the same reliability and repeatability, although it has some limitations as other methods. The purpose of this work was, therefore, to try to improve the method of evaluating the root stability of trees, taking advantage of the work experience of the Agro Service society, specialized in tree stability evaluation for public and private customers. First of all, to improve root stability evaluation is necessary to observe several pulling tests and analyze their results. So, with the cooperation of Agro Service society, almost one hundred pulling tests are carried out since year 2017 to 2020 to be used for this research. More other pulling tests are carried out in this time frame, but relative results are not considered for this study because the data quality isn’t enough high. All the pulling tests are performed with FAKOPP instruments, that allowed to collect several points of the fitting overturning curve between root plate rotation and applied force. After the ordinary pulling phase until the rotation of 0,2°, as expected by the SIM, some of them are also recorded during the following unload phase, to analyze the behavior of tree-roots-soil system. In the 11 different places where tests are carried out around Lombardy and Liguria regions, 18 soil samples are picked up to know the granulometry of these sites and its possible influence in pulling test results. By the observation of the pulling tests data features and the mathematical anomalies of the ordinary method, a more general interpretative equation has been proposed critically compared to the classical Wessolly approach, in order to improve the evaluation of the root stability of the trees, increasing the public safety and the possibility to preserve monumental trees. So this new proposed equation has been validated by some experimental pulling tests, consisting in real scale tests, traditional ones and until failure of the tree, and scale tests. Finally, a work on increasing the safety of a tree with a deterministic approach is reported, wich was carried out by the same working group of this study. In spite of this approach can only be re-proposed for trees of particular value, i.e. monumental trees, due to its complexity and its excessive costs, this work was important to begin to deepen the topic of tree stability and from it we started to develop the following studies exposed in this thesis.
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2

Toland, Alexandra R. [Verfasser], Gerd Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Scholten. "Soil art : transdisciplinary approaches to soil protection / Alexandra Regan Toland. Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek ; Thomas Scholten. Betreuer: Gerd Wessolek." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077040199/34.

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3

Toland, Alexandra Regan Verfasser], Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Scholten. "Soil art : transdisciplinary approaches to soil protection / Alexandra Regan Toland. Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek ; Thomas Scholten. Betreuer: Gerd Wessolek." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077040199/34.

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4

Abel, Stefan [Verfasser], Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek, and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Böttcher. "Building rubble composed soils : contamination status and sulfate release / Stefan Abel. Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek ; Jürgen Böttcher. Betreuer: Gerd Wessolek." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107658800X/34.

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5

Sauer, Axel [Verfasser], Jochen [Akademischer Betreuer] Schanze, and Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek. "Methodik zur flächendifferenzierten Analyse und Bewertung von stofflichen Hochwasserrisiken / Axel Sauer. Gutachter: Jochen Schanze ; Gerd Wessolek. Betreuer: Jochen Schanze ; Gerd Wessolek." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1068445963/34.

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6

Russ, Alexander [Verfasser], Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek, and Winfried [Akademischer Betreuer] Riek. "Regionalisierung des Wasser- und Kohlenstoffhaushalts für die Waldfläche Brandenburgs / Alexander Russ. Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek ; Winfried Riek. Betreuer: Gerd Wessolek ; Winfried Riek." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076082289/34.

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7

Werkenthin, Moritz [Verfasser], Björn [Akademischer Betreuer] Kluge, Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek, and Patricia [Akademischer Betreuer] Göbel. "Assessment of metal contamination and retention capacity of highway embankment soils / Moritz Werkenthin. Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek ; Patricia Göbel. Betreuer: Björn Kluge ; Gerd Wessolek." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072146452/34.

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8

Timm, Anne [Verfasser], Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek, Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Jekel, Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Nehls, Bettina [Akademischer Betreuer] Dettmann, Gerd [Gutachter] Wessolek, Markus [Gutachter] Weiler, and Patricia [Gutachter] Göbel. "Water and heat transport of paved surfaces / Anne Timm ; Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek, Markus Weiler, Patricia Göbel ; Gerd Wessolek, Martin Jekel, Thomas Nehls, Bettina Dettmann." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1189206307/34.

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9

Krause, Camilo Björn [Verfasser], Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek, Gerd [Gutachter] Wessolek, Wilfried [Gutachter] Pestemer, and Dieter [Gutachter] Felgentreu. "Potential of bioreactors for attenuation of herbicides and nitrate in drainage waters / Björn Krause Camilo ; Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek, Wilfried Pestemer, Dieter Felgentreu ; Betreuer: Gerd Wessolek." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1156273773/34.

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10

Hölscher, Marie-Therese [Verfasser], Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek, Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Nehls, Gerd [Gutachter] Wessolek, Christoph [Gutachter] Thomas, and Eva Nora [Gutachter] Paton. "Quantification of cooling effects and water demand of urban facade greenings / Marie-Therese Hölscher ; Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek, Christoph Thomas, Eva Nora Paton ; Gerd Wessolek, Thomas Nehls." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1169210457/34.

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11

Diallo, Al Hassane [Verfasser], and Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek. "Methods to Determine Preferential Flow in Water Repellent Urban Soils / Al Hassane Diallo. Betreuer: Gerd Wessolek." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1016533551/34.

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12

Rim, Yong-Nam [Verfasser], and Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek. "Analyzing Runoff Dynamics of Paved Soil Surface Using Weighable Lysimeters / Yong-Nam Rim. Betreuer: Gerd Wessolek." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1014756839/34.

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13

Wessollek, Christine [Verfasser], Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Csaplovics, Benjamin [Akademischer Betreuer] Davy, and Ralf [Akademischer Betreuer] Donner. "Nutzung hochauflösender Fernerkundungsdaten zur Parametergewinnung für Wasserhaushaltsmodellierungen in Stadtgebieten / Christine Wessollek. Gutachter: Elmar Csaplovics ; Benjamin Davy ; Ralf Donner. Betreuer: Elmar Csaplovics." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1068154349/34.

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14

Bonsch, Markus [Verfasser], Alexander [Akademischer Betreuer] Popp, Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerten, and Gerd [Akademischer Betreuer] Wessolek. "Land and water for agriculture : future prospects and trade-offs / Markus Bonsch. Betreuer: Alexander Popp. Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer ; Dieter Gerten ; Gerd Wessolek." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077557396/34.

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15

Schonsky, Horst Georg [Verfasser], Andre [Akademischer Betreuer] Peters, Gerd [Gutachter] Wessolek, and Jörg [Gutachter] Bachmann. "Energy and water fluxes at the soil atmosphere interface of water repellent soils / Horst Georg Schonsky ; Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek, Jörg Bachmann ; Betreuer: Andre Peters." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1156272963/34.

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16

Blasch, Gerald [Verfasser], Sibylle [Akademischer Betreuer] Itzerott, Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] Kaufmann, Gerd [Gutachter] Wessolek, Hermann [Gutachter] Kaufmann, and Birgit [Gutachter] Kleinschmit. "Multitemporal soil pattern analysis for organic matter estimation at croplands using multispectral satellite data / Gerald Blasch ; Gutachter: Gerd Wessolek, Hermann Kaufmann, Birgit Kleinschmit ; Sibylle Itzerott, Hermann Kaufmann." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156273188/34.

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17

Kreiselmeier, Janis Leonhard [Verfasser], Karl-Heinz [Gutachter] Feger, Kai [Gutachter] Schwärzel, and Gerd [Gutachter] Wessolek. "Temporal changes in the soil pore size distribution and variability of soil hydraulic properties under long-term conventional and conservation tillage / Janis Leonhard Kreiselmeier ; Gutachter: Karl-Heinz Feger, Kai Schwärzel, Gerd Wessolek." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1231917113/34.

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