Relevant bibliographies by topics / Were language

Academic literature on the topic 'Were language'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Were language"

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Pavlović, Nataša. "What Were They Thinking?! Students’ Decision Making in L1 and L2 Translation Processes." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 23, no. 44 (October 23, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v23i44.97267.

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In spite of the ‘Golden Rule’ that translators should only work into their first language, translation into the second language (L2 translation) is a fact of life in settings involving languages of ‘limited diffusion’. Even in countries that use one of the traditionally ‘major’ languages, research into L2 translation and its training is becoming increasingly topical with the emergence of global translation markets and the worldwide dominance of English. This paper examines novice translators’ decision-making in video- and audio-recorded collaborative (group) translation processes in two directions: into the students’ first language (Croatian) and from that language into their second language (English). The study aims to identify and classify the different arguments the subjects use in deciding which of the tentative solutions to translation problems to use in the final version of their translation. It is hypothesised that similar arguments are used in both directions but with a different distribution. Only the former hypothesis is fully corroborated by the evidence from the verbal protocols.
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Larsson, Lars J. "Who Were the Konomihu?" International Journal of American Linguistics 53, no. 2 (April 1987): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/466054.

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Lucio-Villegas, Emilio. "The way we were." European Journal of Language Policy 15, no. 2 (October 12, 2023): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2023.9.

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One of the most significant accomplishments of the twentieth century – in Western societies – has been the achievement of basic literacy for almost the entire population. The past century also witnessed the development of some immensely powerful literacy methodologies, the well known of them drawn on by Paulo Freire. In this regard, I believe the need exists to reflect on the contributions to literacy development in the past century towards the new twenty-first-century scenario characterised by the great diversity in terms of language, digitalisation, migration, among other variables. What are those contributions? In this article, I wish to expand on the following aspects. Literacy, according to Freire, is about naming the world, not just words. It is also about how individuals organise their relationships and the processes involved in becoming a person, as emphasised by socio-cultural psychologists. Who are illiterate individuals? This question has gained prominence in recent times as the concept of literacy and the notion of being illiterate have undergone significant changes. Concepts such as the “culture of silence” and the ongoing need to live with others are important here. Finally, a further contribution is to consider that the teaching methodology needs to be consistent with people’s environment and should be meaningful to them.
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Kennedy, Chris. "’Wish you were here’: ‘little’ texts and language awareness1." Language Awareness 4, no. 3 (January 1995): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.1995.9959878.

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Sugiyanta. "PARENTS’ LANGUAGE ATTITUDES TOWARDS LANGUAGES AND MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGE LANGUAGE." Dialectical Literature and Educational Journal 5, no. 1 (July 4, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51714/dlejpancasakti.v5i1.13.pp.43-52.

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This current research is to explore parents’ language attitudes towards languages and maintenance of heritage language and to find out the efforts of maintaining heritage language and its supporting and inhibiting factors. In this research, a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were employed to collect data. There were 62 respondents, consisting of 37 males and 25 females coming from eleven provinces in Indonesia. Questionnaires were distributed to the respondents by both electronic and direct systems. Respondents were asked to fill in the questionnaires. Interviews were conducted to some respondents. The findings of this current research reveal that most parents show positive attitudes towards languages and the maintenance of heritage language. The results also indicate that there were some factors supporting the maintenance of heritage language, including parents’ attitudes and roles, community, school, family, daily practices, and culture. In addition, there were a number of factors inhibiting to the maintenance of heritage language such as parents’ attitudes and roles, community, school, family, external culture, and technological advancements. In terms of the efforts to maintain the heritage language, the results show that the language should be taught in the families and at schools, and should be used for social interactions and in traditional and ceremonial events.
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DeKeyser, Robert, and Terry Piper. "And Then There Were Two." Language 70, no. 3 (September 1994): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416523.

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Henryani, Silvi, Lili Perpisa, and Dian Noviani Syafar. "FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN SONGS ‘’IF I WERE A BOY’’ AND ‘’FIREWORK’’ AS LEARNING MATERIAL FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL." Teaching English as Foreign Language Literature and Linguistics 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/teflics.v2i2.3180.

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Figurative language is language which employs various figures of speech. This research discusses about figurative language in songs ‘’If I were a Boy’’ and ‘’Firework’’ as learning material for Senior High School. The purpose of this research is to find the contextual meaning and the types of figurative language used in Beyoncé and Katy Perry found in learning material for grade XI. The source of data was taken from the lyrics of Beyoncé and Katy Perry song. The research design used in this research is qualitative research with a document or content analysis as the research type. The research described types of figurative language and contextual meaning from Beyoncé and Katy Perry song. From the analysis, there were seven types of figurative languages: they were Simile, Personification, Hyperbole, Metaphor, Imagery, Onomatopoeia, and Alliteration. To supports the analysis, some types of figurative language and other related references were used. There were also some related theories about figurative language used to support the analysis. Based on the results of data analysis it was found that, there were 2 Metaphor, 2 Imagery, 6 Hyperbole, 5 Simile, 4 Alliteration,1 onomatopoeia, and 1 Personification. Then the type of figurative language were classified and analyzed. This research is highly expected to give contribution for the reader to know about figurative language clearly. It can help the reader know contextual meaning and speak English fluently. And it can also be expected to enrich new English vocabulary used in the daily conversation.
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Paradise, Ranjani K., Yoon Susan Choi, Linda Cundiff, Mursal Khaliif, Laura Nevill, Robert P. Marlin, Ffyona Patel, and Elisa Friedman. "The Language Services Documentation Tool: Documenting How Patient Language Needs Were Met During Clinical Encounters." Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 40, no. 11 (November 2014): 522—AP3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1553-7250(14)40067-9.

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SCURR, RUTH. "WHO WERE THE SANS-CULOTTES?" Modern Intellectual History 8, no. 2 (July 28, 2011): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244311000266.

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Who were the sans-culottes? What were their concerns and purposes? And what role did they play in the unfolding of events collectively known as the French Revolution? Michael Sonenscher first engaged directly with these questions in the 1980s (in an article for Social History 9 (1984), 303) when social historians were experimenting with the possibilities opened up by discourse analysis, and when the traditions of eighteenth-century civic, or republican, language seemed particularly exciting: The social history of the French Revolution owes much to the deepening insistence with which the discourse of the Revolution itself referred to, and postulated, necessary connections between everyday circumstances and public life. From Sieyes’ equation of aristocratic privilege with unproductive parasitism in 1788 to the Thermidorian caricature of the architects of the Terror as the dregs of society, the Revolution produced its own “social interpretation.” Sonenscher argued that while the identification of the figure of the sans-culotte with that of the artisan was “the achievement of the generation of historians—Richard Cobb, George Rudé and Albert Soboul—who reintroduced the popular movement into the historiography of the French Revolution”, there was always something problematic (or circular) in the underlying assumption that it was possible to equate the representation of artisan production found in the political language of the sans-culottes during the Revolution with what actually existed in the workshops of Paris or other towns of eighteenth-century France. Back in the 1980s what Sonenscher hoped was that a more accurate understanding of the actual dynamics of workshop production would produce “a better explanation of the meaning of the language of the sans-culottes”. His own expectation, as a social historian, was that the causality, in both explanatory and historical terms, would run from the social to the political sphere.
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Fesl, E. "Language Death and Language Maintenance: Action Needed to Save Aboriginal Languages." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 13, no. 5 (November 1985): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014061.

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Language death can occur naturally, and in different ways, or it can be caused by deliberate policy. This is how deliberate practices and policies brought it about in Australia. •Diverse linguistic groups of Aborigines were forced into small missions or reserves to live together; consequently languages that were numerically stronger squeezed the others out of use.•Anxious to ‘Christianise’ the Aborigines, missionaries enforced harsh penalties on users of Aboriginal languages, even to the point of snatching babies from their mothers and institutionalising them, so they would not hear their parental languages.•Aboriginal religious ceremonies were banned; initiations did not take place, and so liturgical, ceremonial and secret languages were unable to be passed on. As old people died, their languages died with them.•Assimilationist/integrationist policies were enforced which required Aborigines to attend schools where English-only was the medium of instruction.•Finally, denigration of the Aboriginal languages set the seal on their fate in Victoria (within forty years of white settlement, all Gippsland languages had become extinct), most of New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. Labelling the languages “rubbish”, “heathen jargon”, “primitive jibberish”, and so on, made Aboriginal people reluctant to use their normal means of communication.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Were language"

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De, Rosa Matteo. "If language were liquid. Proposta di traduzione di alcuni brani musicali della cantautrice Suzanne Vega." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21356/.

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L’elaborato si propone di analizzare una selezione di cinque brani musicali tratti dalla discografia della cantautrice statunitense Suzanne Vega, per poi tentarne una traduzione commentata dalla loro lingua originale, l’inglese, a quella italiana. Scopo di questo elaborato di tesi è quello di dimostrare come i brani musicali di Suzanne Vega, in puro stile cantautorale e folk, siano da considerarsi, dal punto di vista sia linguistico che contenutistico, a tutti gli effetti dei testi poetici, e che debbano essere maneggiati come tali al momento della traduzione. A una visione d’insieme sulla teoria della traduzione poetica e di brani musicali, è seguita una panoramica sulla vita e la produzione musicale, testuale e artistica della cantautrice. Si è passati dunque alla contestualizzazione e all’analisi dei testi originali, per poi arrivare alla traduzione vera e propria dei brani, e al successivo commento ragionato.
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Lima, Kalina Saraiva de. ""Love is Lak de Sea": Figurative Language in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2002. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0311102-144528/unrestricted/limak041902.pdf.

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Gustafsson, Ida. "The Barns Were Laiking near the Beck : A Study of Old Norse Origins in Colloquial English." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-21329.

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This is a small quantitative study with focus on colloquial English words with an Old Norse origin. The essay aims to study the history of the Viking invasion and its impact on the English language and to answer the question to what extent Old Norse has influenced modern English vocabulary. Also, the quantitative study aims to answer how well elderly British people are familiar with colloquial English words with Old Norse origins and their denotative meaning and also whether there is a difference in knowledge depending on where in Britain one lives. A quantitative questionnaire was designed to research elderly British people’s knowledge of fifteen different colloquial words with Old Norse origins and to see whether the respondents recognized the words and if they knew the words. This questionnaire was then sent to managers working for AgeUK. The managers in their turn distributed the questionnaire to elderly people in their municipality. The results indicate that the elderly people living in parts of Britain that were part of the Danelaw have a better understanding of the words researched. The research has also shown that different spellings of the words exist and that the denotative meaning of the words might differ depending on from where in Britain one originates.
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Weiss, Katherine. "‘…long before the stars were torn down...: The Music of Bob Dylan and Sam Shepard." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2271.

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Weiss, Katherine. ""... Long Before the Stars Were Torn down...": Sam Shepard and Bob Dylan's "Brownsville Girl"." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2301.

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Excerpt: In 1975, Bob Dylan invited Sam Shepard, the young playwright who had ignited the Off-Broadway and London theatre scene, to go on tour with him in order to write scenes and dialogue for a film of the Rolling Thunder Revue.
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Rich, Katherine Ann. "Between the Camera and the Gun: The Problem of Epistemic Violence in Their Eyes Were Watching God." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3008.

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Since the 75th anniversary of the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane in 2003, a growing number of journalists and historians writing about the disaster have incorporated Zora Neale Hurston's 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God as part of the official historical record of the hurricane. These writers often border on depicting Their Eyes as the authentic experience of black migrant workers impacted by the hurricane and subsequent flood. Within the novel itself, however, Hurston theorizes on the potential epistemic violence that occurs when a piece of evidence—a photograph, fallen body, or verbal artifact—is used to judge a person. Without a person's ability to use self-representation to give an "understandin'" (7) to go along with the evidence, snapshots or textual evidence threaten to violently separate people from their prior knowledge of themselves. By offering the historical context of photographs of African Americans in the Post-Reconstruction South, I argue that Janie experiences this epistemic violence as a young girl when seeing a photograph of herself initiates her into the racial hierarchy of the South. A few decades later, while on trial for shooting her husband Tea Cake, Janie again faces epistemic violence when the evidence of Tea Cake's body is used to judge her and her marriage; however, by giving an understandin' to go along with the evidence through self-representation, Janie is able to clarify that which other forms of evidence distort and is able to go free. Modern texts appropriating Their Eyes run the risk of enacting epistemic violence on the victims of the hurricane, the novel, and history itself when they present the novel as the complete or authentic perspective of the migrant workers in the hurricane. By properly situating the novel as a historical text that offers a particular narrative of the hurricane rather than the complete or authentic experience of the victims, modern writers can honor Hurston's literary achievement without robbing the actual victims of the hurricane of their voice.
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Hannah, Kathleen. "He was a Glance from God: Mythic Analogues for Tea Cake Woods in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God." TopSCHOLAR®, 1992. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2420.

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The use of myth in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God has been touched on by a few critics, but the wealth of Hurston's knowledge of different cultures offers readers a number of stories and tales from which to draw possible analogues to her characters. In fact, readers can trace Greek, Roman, Norse, Babylonian, Egyptian, African and African-American mythic elements in her character Tea Cake Woods. Hurston uses these analogues to enrich the characterization and to posit her theories of love and happiness in the modern age.
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Cochran, Kimberly Giles. ""Ah Ain't Brought Home a Thing but Mahself": Cultural and Folk Heroism in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God and Ellen Douglas' Can't Quit You, Baby." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_theses/64.

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In scholarship discussing Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie’s self-realization is central to her identity, and many scholars view and discuss her as a cultural hero. But her success is conditional on circumstance rather than composition of character, a fact this essay explores through a careful comparison between Janie and Tweet, a character from Ellen Douglas’ Can’t Quit You, Baby; specifically, while Janie ultimately succeeds in her world—even while confronting gender oppression—she improbably avoids the additional, crippling subjugation of racial prejudice that Tweet endures. Through this and a discussion of definitions and Hurston’s work as a folklorist/writer, I attempt to show that Janie can be more effectively described as a folk hero, a title that: (1) accurately identifies her functions in her fictional society and in literary fiction and (2) satisfies Hurston’s goals in the novel while also accurately reflecting Janie’s journey to self fulfillment.
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Cochran, Lessie Lue. "Comparative effects of direct instruction on the language acquisition of preschool (three to five year old) children prenatally exposed to controlled substances (Cocaine/crack) or children who were low birth weight but not prenatally exposed /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487777901659925.

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Vikström, Niclas. "“[E]en strict offensive och defensive alliance” and “the danger this King and the 2 Queens were in” : News Reporting in Early Modern Swedish and English Diplomatic Correspondence." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-147378.

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The study of early cross-linguistic diplomatic epistolography was first introduced in Brownlees' (2012) comparative study of Italian and English personal newsletters. Given the field’s young age and the strong need for both further research and the retrieving of new, untranscribed and unanalysed data, the present study set out to help move this field forward by examining, at both a textual superstructure and semantic macrostructural level, two sets of unchartered diplomatic newsletters which representatives at foreign courts despatched back to their respective home countries. The first set of original manuscripts comprises periodical newsletters which Baron Christer Bonde, the Swedish ambassador-extraordinary to England, wrote to Charles X, King of Sweden, between 1655-6, whereas the second set consists of letters sent in 1680 by John Robinson, England’s chargé d’affaires in Sweden, to Sir Leoline Jenkins, Secretary of State for the Northern Department of England. The analysis has shown that whereas the textual superstructures of the two diplomats’ correspondences remain similarly robust, the instantiating semantic macrostructures display not only stylistic and compositional, but also narrative, variation.
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Books on the topic "Were language"

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Shaskan, Trisha Speed. If you were alliteration. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2008.

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ill, Gray Sara, ed. If you were a prefix. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2008.

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Aboff, Marcie. If you were a suffix. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2008.

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Healy, Nick. If you were a period. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2009.

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Sara, Gray, ed. If you were an apostrophe. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2009.

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Blaisdell, Molly. If you were a comma. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2009.

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Blaisdell, Molly. If you were quotation marks. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2009.

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Dahl, Michael. If you were a noun. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2006.

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Dahl, Michael. If you were a verb. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2006.

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Dahl, Michael. If you were an adjective. Minneapolis, Minn: Picture Window Books, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Were language"

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Nolasco, Rob. "If I Were You …" In Mastering English as a Foreign Language, 185–93. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20872-2_19.

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Hennebry-Leung, Mairin, and Xuesong (Andy) Gao. "All languages were created equal, and yet …" In Language Learning Motivation in a Multilingual Chinese Context, 45–59. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003025122-4.

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Bostoen, Koen, and Joseph Koni Muluwa. "Chapter 10. Were the first Bantu speakers south of the rainforest farmers?" In Language Dispersal Beyond Farming, 235–58. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.215.10bos.

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Meaney, Tamsin, Tony Trinick, and Uenuku Fairhall. "“Māori were Traditional Explorers”: Māori Pedagogical Practices." In Collaborating to Meet Language Challenges in Indigenous Mathematics Classrooms, 225–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1994-1_11.

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García-Alcaraz, Estela, and Juana M. Liceras. "Chapter 11. The narrative abilities of Spanish monolinguals and Spanish–Catalan bilinguals with Prader–Willi syndrome." In Language Acquisition in Romance Languages, 253–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpa.18.11gar.

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This study investigates the narrative abilities of seven Spanish monolinguals and six Spanish – Catalan bilinguals with Prader–Willi syndrome. All participants were asked to narrate A boy, a dog, and a frog (Mayer, 1967) in Spanish. Additionally, bilinguals were also asked to narrate Frog, where are you? (Mayer, 1969) in Catalan. Both narrative corpora were analyzed according to their macrostructure (Narrative Scoring System) and microstructure (Mean Length per Utterance and Type-Token Ratio measures). Monolinguals and bilinguals showed similar macrostructural abilities as well as comparable morphosyntactic language development; however, a positive effect of bilingualism was detected when evaluating participants’ lexical variability. Bilingual speakers showed comparable narrative abilities in both Spanish and Catalan.
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Barón, Júlia. "Chapter 13. A task-supported language approach to teaching L2 pragmatics." In Language Learning & Language Teaching, 319–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.58.13bar.

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The aim of the present study is to explore the effects of a Task-Supported Language Teaching approach on second/foreign language (L2) pragmatic performance. The participants were 35 English as a Foreign Language learners with a C1 proficiency level, enrolled in a summer intensive language course. Three ‘podcast’ topic-related units were designed and incorporated into the classroom syllabus. First, students were introduced to the topic through input and metapragmatic explanations on ways of agreeing/disagreeing and showing interest that activated their schemata. Second, students were asked to work in pairs and create three podcasts. The findings show that the podcast tasks seemed to provide learners with a meaningful context so as to use the pragmatic strategies presented in the metapragmatic explanations, which were used consistently throughout the podcasts.
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Ohsuga, Setsuo. "How Were Intelligence and Language Created in Human Brain." In Brain Informatics, 9–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04954-5_9.

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Madeira, Ana, Alexandra Fiéis, and Joana Teixeira. "Chapter 1. Anaphora resolution in L2 European Portuguese." In Language Acquisition in Romance Languages, 12–33. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpa.18.01mad.

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This study investigates the interpretation of subject pronouns in L1 Italian – L2 European Portuguese, considering animacy effects and the position of the antecedent. Participants were 25 adult EP native speakers, 25 upper-intermediate, 25 advanced, and 19 near-native Italian adult learners of L2 EP. They were administered two multiple-choice tasks (speeded and untimed) with a 2 x 2 design crossing the following variables: animacy of the matrix object (animate vs. inanimate) and type of embedded pronominal subject (overt vs. null). Results indicate that L2 learners show problems only in the areas where the L1 and the L2 differ, namely: the resolution of overt subjects in the presence of [−animate] object antecedent and the resolution of null subjects. Learners’ performance in these areas remains unstable even at the near-native level. These findings challenge the ideas that only overt subjects are persistently problematic in L2 acquisition and that the L1 plays a minor role in anaphora resolution.
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Aguilar-Mediavilla, Eva, Alberto Sánchez Pedroche, Lucía Buil-Legaz, Josep A. Pérez-Castelló, and Daniel Adrover-Roig. "Chapter 12. Code-switching and code-mixing in bilingual Spanish–Catalan children with and without Developmental Language Disorder." In Language Acquisition in Romance Languages, 283–305. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bpa.18.12san.

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This study focuses on a specific bilingual context to study code-switching and code-mixing in Spanish-Catalan simultaneous bilingual children with and without language difficulties with similar exposure to these close languages. We aimed to know whether children with DLD showed different code-switching and code-mixing patterns compared to children without language difficulties and explored the role of some variables that could affect their use, such as the language spoken by their parents and children’s ages. Fifteen Spanish-Catalan bilingual children with DLD and their age controls were followed from 8 to 12 years of age. Children were audio-recorded while they produced an oral narrative task in the language chosen by the child. Results indicated that children whose parents spoke both languages at home also use more code-mixing at 12 than parents that only spoke one language. Besides bilingual children with DLD showed more code-switching only at an earlier age (i.e., 8) but not more code-mixing than their age-matched peers. We discuss these results considering several explanaitions.
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Takahashi, Satomi. "Chapter 8. Task motivation effects on L2 pragmatics." In Language Learning & Language Teaching, 191–213. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.58.08tak.

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Noticing target pragmatic features in the input does not necessarily lead to learning, as evidenced by Takahashi (2013, 2015). By focusing on aware learners, this study explored the extent to which Japanese English language learners’ task motivation affects their awareness of English bi-clausal request forms in implicit intervention and their subsequent learning outcomes. Data from the awareness tasks and learning assessment measures were analysed in the framework of provision (noticing + learning) versus non-provision (noticing only) learners. The results indicated that the target forms were most likely to be learned by those who maintained their mastery goals regarding the target forms and adequate motivational intensity throughout the multiple tasks.
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Conference papers on the topic "Were language"

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Kell, Stephen. "Some were meant for C: the endurance of an unmanageable language." In SPLASH '17: Conference on Systems, Programming, Languages, and Applications: Software for Humanity. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3133850.3133867.

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EDWARDES, MARTIN. "WHAT WERE WE TALKING ABOUT? EXCHANGING SOCIAL MODELS AS A ROUTE TO LANGUAGE." In EVOLANG 10. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814603638_0006.

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ABAZOĞLU, Muhammet. "CAUSES OF ARABIC LANGUAGE STUDIES AND STAGES OF LANGUAGE STUDIES IN THE CLASSICAL PERIOD." In III. International Congress of Humanities and Educational Research. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ijhercongress3-4.

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Language is defined as the sounds that people use to express their purposes, and this objective definition is accepted as the main definition of language from past to present. From this point of view, it can be said that language studies date back to ancient times. It is stated that the roots of Arabic language studies go back to ancient times and are considered to be one of the most rooted language studies. One of the biggest reasons for this is undoubtedly that the Arabic language is the language of Islam and the Qur'an rather than being specific to the Arabs. Although Arabic is one of the most common languages in the world, it has been the language that attracts great attention and respect by all Muslims. As a matter of fact, all living languages in the world have had certain criteria and have existed within the framework of certain rules in accordance with the essence of that language. These rules were put forward with the aim of preserving and maintaining the language and were based on teaching it for generations. These rules, which were taken as a basis, were also in the field of grammar. As a language that has taken its place among the important languages in the world, Arabic has continued its existence for centuries from past to present. The linguists who made the first language studies made the biggest contribution in this process. In this study, the reasons for the birth of grammar, namely Nahv, which forms the basis of language studies for Arabic, the founder of this field and its development stages in the classical period will be discussed
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Mabokela, Ronny. "Phone Clustering Methods for Multilingual Language Identification." In 9th International Conference on Natural Language Processing (NLP 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101421.

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This paper proposes phoneme clustering methods for multilingual language identification (LID) on a mixed-language corpus. A one-pass multilingual automated speech recognition (ASR) system converts spoken utterances into occurrences of phone sequences. Hidden Markov models were employed to train multilingual acoustic models that handle multiple languages within an utterance. Two phoneme clustering methods were explored to derive the most appropriate phoneme similarities between the target languages. Ultimately a supervised machine learning technique was employed to learn the language transition of the phonotactic information and engage the support vector machine (SVM) models to classify phoneme occurrences. The system performance was evaluated on mixed-language speech corpus for two South African languages (Sepedi and English) using the phone error rate (PER) and LID classification accuracy separately. We show that multilingual ASR which fed directly to the LID system has a direct impact on LID accuracy. Our proposed system has achieved an acceptable phone recognition and classification accuracy in mixed-language speech and monolingual speech (i.e. either Sepedi or English). Data-driven, and knowledge-driven phoneme clustering methods improve ASR and LID for code-switched speech. The data-driven method obtained the PER of 5.1% and LID classification accuracy of 94.5% when the acoustic models are trained with 64 Gaussian mixtures per state.
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Romová, Hana, and Tomáš Římský. "Innovative approach to language testing." In Nové trendy profesijnej prípravy v Ozbrojených silách. Akadémia ozbrojených síl generála Milana Rastislava Štefánika, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52651/ntpp.b.2022.9788080406301.125-134.

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This article with the title Innovative Approach to Language Testing deals with a new approach to language testing at the Department of Languages. It focuses on establishing an item bank with individual subtests with the same specification and construction for full-time and combined studies. The language level is based on The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages – specialist vocabulary level B2. The comparison of percentage success rate of full-time and part-time students was followed. The main objective of data collection was supported by information technology. The tests were administered in all types of study and the output of percentage success rate of respondents was found out as well as the possible dependency between the percentage success rate of the groups.
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Melai, Zeckqualine, and Alvy Rigar. "Moribund Language Documentation and Preservation: A Preliminary Study on the Punan Language." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.6-6.

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This study focuses on the Punan language in Punan Bah, Belaga, Sarawak. The Punan language is a language spoken by the Punan people, one of the minority ethnic groups in Sarawak. This study is a preliminary study of the language and acts as an early step in the effort to document and preserve the language. This preliminary study is pivotal in preventing teh language from falling into an endangered phase or becoming moribund. This study also aims to resolve confusion over some terms used to refer to the Punan ethnicity and Punan language. This study was conducted as field-oriented research. The respondents were selected based on several criteria and were native speakers of the Punan language, aged forty and above, and living in the Punan Bah area. Data were collected through interviews and voice recordings. The data include the history and the background of the Punan ethnicity. The outcome of the study shows that the Punan language and ethnicity are different from the Penan language and ethnicity, and these ethnicities belong to two different categories with their own respective identities. From historical and background aspects, the Punan language is spoken in eight long houses, namely Punan Pandan, Punan Jelalong, Punan Mina, Punan Meluyou, Punan Bah, Punan Biau, Punan Sama and Punan Kakus. From a linguistics aspect, it is found that the Punan language has four main variations; daily spoken language, ukiet (folklore), u'a and setuo. Hence, this study will explore the diversity of indigenous languages in Sarawak.
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Wirza, Yanty. "Bahasa Indonesia, Ethnic Languages and English: Perceptions on Indonesian Language Policy and Planning." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.16-8.

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Language policy and planning in Indonesia have been geared toward strengthening the national language Bahasa Indonesia and the preserving of hundreds of ethnic languages to strengthen its citizens’ linguistic identity in the mid of the pervasive English influences especially to the young generations. The study examines perceptions regarding the competitive nature of Bahasa Indonesia, ethnic languages, and English in contemporary multilingual Indonesia. Utilizing text analysis from two social media Facebook and Whatsapp users who were highly experienced and qualified language teachers and lecturers, the study revealed that the posts demonstrated discussions over language policy issues regarding Bahasa Indonesia and the preservation of ethnic language as well as the concerns over the need for greater access and exposure of English that had been limited due to recent government policies. The users seemed highly cognizant of the importance of strengthening and preserving the national and ethnic languages, but were disappointed by the lack of consistency in the implementation of these. The users were also captivated by the purchasing power English has to offer for their students. The users perceived that the government’s decision to reduce English instructional hours in the curriculum were highly politically charged and counterproductive to the nation’s advancement.
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Remnev, N. V. "NATIVE LANGUAGE IDENTIFICATION FOR RUSSIAN USING ERRORS TYPES." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-1123-1133.

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The task of recognizing the author’s native (Native Language Identification—NLI) language based on a texts, written in a language that is non-native to the author—is the task of automatically recognizing native language (L1). The NLI task was studied in detail for the English language, and two shared tasks were conducted in 2013 and 2017, where TOEFL English essays and essay samples were used as data. There is also a small number of works where the NLI problem was solved for other languages. The NLI problem was investigated for Russian by Ladygina (2017) and Remnev (2019). This paper discusses the use of well-established approaches in the NLI Shared Task 2013 and 2017 competitions to solve the problem of recognizing the author’s native language, as well as to recognize the type of speaker—learners of Russian or Heritage Russian speakers. Native language identification task is also solved based on the types of errors specific to different languages. This study is data-driven and is possible thanks to the Russian Learner Corpus developed by the Higher School of Economics (HSE) Learner Russian Research Group on the basis of which experiments are being conducted.
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Lafourcade, Mathieu, Alain Joubert, and Nathalie Le Brun. "If mice were reptiles, then reptiles could be mammals or How to detect errors in the JeuxDeMots lexical network?" In RANLP 2017 - Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing Meet Deep Learning. Incoma Ltd. Shoumen, Bulgaria, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/978-954-452-049-6_056.

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Borgia, Carola. "Language contacts and deonyms in contemporary journalistic Italian language." In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/47.

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This paper focuses its attention on the presence of deonyms – in this case, new words derived from the surnames of foreign heads of state – in presentday journalistic Italian language. The research was conducted by analyzing the historical archive of two of the most relevant newspapers in Italy: la Repubblica and La Stampa. The purpose is to emphasize the main different semantic nuances of the words consisting of politicians’ surnames and Italian suffixes and to demonstrate the language contacts between Italian and other languages. As it can easily be guessed, most of the words investigated in this study were derived from names of American presidents as a result of the influence of American politics on the Italian system.
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Reports on the topic "Were language"

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Foged, Mette, and Cynthia van der Werf. Access to Language Training and the Local Integration of Refugees. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004897.

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This paper examines whether language classes raises refugees' language proficiency and improves their socio-economic integration. Our identification strategy leverages the opening, closing, and gradual expansion of local language training centers in Denmark, as well as the quasi-random assignment of the refugees to locations with varying proximity to a language training center. First, we show that refugees' distance from the assigned language training center is as good as random conditional on initial placement. Second, we show that a one-hour decrease in commuting time increases total hours of class attended by 46 to 71. Third, we use this novel identification strategy to show that 100 additional hours of language class increases fluency in the Danish language by 8-9 percent, post-language training human capital acquisition by 11-13 percent and improve the integration of the refugees in the communities where they were initially placed, as measured by the lower exit rates from those same communities and an almost 70 percent reduction in mobility to the largest, most immigrant-dense cities in Denmark.
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PARSHUTKINA, T., O. BERKU, and T. KALENTSOVA. FORMATION OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONTEXTUAL APPROACH IN HIGHER DOMESTIC FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN THE 1970-1980S OF THE XX CENTURY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2021-12-4-2-59-66.

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The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of the foundations of the contextual approach in foreign language education as the most important scientific foundation of modern pedagogy. In the historical path of development of this approach, the authors distinguish the 1970-1980s of the XX century, since its main structural characteristics were formed during this period. The article concludes that the structuring of the contextual approach in teaching foreign languages in higher education was caused by the need to create a professional context in the conditions of educational activity. To this end, researchers and methodologists used the pedagogical and methodological tools of the contextual approach.
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Bando, Rosangela, Florencia López Bóo, and Xia Li. Sex-Differences in Language and Socio-emotional Skills in Early Childhood. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011759.

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This study explores sex differences in language and socio-emotional skills. It focuses on children 7 months old to 6 years old in Chile in 2012 and Nicaragua in 2013. A focus on young children allowed for ruling out a set of environmental and identity effects to explain the gap. Females had an advantage in both countries and both dimensions. Males in Chile scored at -0.13 standard deviations (SD) in language in the distribution of females. In addition, males scored at -0.20 SD in socio-emotional skills. The gaps in Nicaragua were not statistically different to those in Chile. Thus geographical and cultural variation across the two countries did not affect the gap. Within countries, variation in family characteristics, parenting practices and health investments did not explain the gap either. These findings shed light on the role of biological and environmental factors to explain sex gaps. The identification of the role of these factors is necessary to inform policy.
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Marra de Artiñano, Ignacio, Franco Riottini Depetris, and Christian Volpe Martincus. Automatic Product Classification in International Trade: Machine Learning and Large Language Models. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005012.

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Accurately classifying products is essential in international trade. Virtually all countries categorize products into tariff lines using the Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature for both statistical and duty collection purposes. In this paper, we apply and assess several different algorithms to automatically classify products based on text descriptions. To do so, we use agricultural product descriptions from several public agencies, including customs authorities and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We find that while traditional machine learning (ML) models tend to perform well within the dataset in which they were trained, their precision drops dramatically when implemented outside of it. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) such as GPT 3.5 show a consistently good performance across all datasets, with accuracy rates ranging between 60% and 90% depending on HS aggregation levels. Our analysis highlights the valuable role that artificial intelligence (AI) can play in facilitating product classification at scale and, more generally, in enhancing the categorization of unstructured data.
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García Marrugo, Alexandra I., Katherine Olston, Josh Aarts, Dashiell Moore, and Syed Kaliyadan. SCANA: Supporting students’ academic language development at The University of Sydney. Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Student Services Association, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30688/janzssa.2023-2-01.

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In 2021, the Learning Hub at The University of Sydney launched the Student Communication and Needs Analysis (SCANA). This program of support consists of a screening language task and associated support interventions in first year units of study (UoS). The self-marking online screening tool developed by the Language Testing Research Centre at The University of Melbourne classifies students into three bands, with Band 1 identifying students at risk of academic failure due to insufficient language proficiency. All students in selected UoS are encouraged to take SCANA and offered academic language support according to their needs. Students identified in Band 1 are advised to attend discipline-specific support targeting the language issues associated with written assignments. These students are also informed about other offerings, such as one-on-one consultations, generic academic workshops, peer-facilitated programs, and self-access resources. Students in Bands 2 and 3 are also offered options according to their level. The results from Semester 1 2022 showed that students identified in Band 1 who attended at least two support workshops obtained, on average, 12 more points in their final grade and were up to five times less likely to fail than those in Band 1 who did not attend any workshops. These promising results have motivated faculty to expand the program from seven UoS in 2021 to 32 UoS in 2023.
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Hertelendi, Marianna, Oulaya Belguenani, Azzeddine Cherfi, Ilya Folitar, Gabor Kollar, and Berna Degirmenci Polack. Protocol for a systematic literature review of efficacy and safety of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE in adults with inoperable or metastatic somatostatin receptor-positive pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas, bronchial and unknown origin neuroendocrine tumors, and medullary thyroid carcinoma. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0030.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to identify and summarize the use of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE as a treatment for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of non-gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) origin to understand evolving clinical practice. Condition being studied: Adults (as defined by the authors) with any of the following inoperable or metastatic SSTR-positive NETs: PPGL, thymic NET, bronchial NET, NET of unknown primary origin, or MTC. Efficacy and safety outcomes were analyzed. Eligibility criteria: Search included studies published up to May 13, 2021. No geographic, language, or age restrictions were applied in the search, but only English-language publications reporting studies in adults were selected for inclusion. Studies that included multiple NET types were only included if the results and baseline characteristics were provided for individual NETs. Studies that included both pediatric and adult patients were retained, if it was possible to extract data for adults only.
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Гарлицька, Т. С. Substandard Vocabulary in the System of Urban Communication. Криворізький державний педагогічний університет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3912.

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The article is devoted to substandard elements which are considered as one of the components in the system of urban forms of communication. The Object of our research is substandard vocabulary, the Subject is structural characteristics of the modern city language, the Purpose of the study is to define the main types of substandard vocabulary and their role in the system of urban communication. The theoretical base of our research includes the scientific works of native and foreign linguists, which are devoted to urban linguistics (B. Larin, M. Makovskyi, V. Labov, T. Yerofeieva, L. Pederson, R. McDavid, O. Horbach, L. Stavytska, Y. Stepanov, S. Martos). Different lexical and phraseological units, taken from the Ukrainian, Russian and American Dictionaries of slang and jargon, serve as the material of our research. The main components of the city language include literary language, territorial dialects, different intermediate transitional types, which are used in the colloquial everyday communication but do not have territorial limited character, and social dialects. The structural characteristics, proposed in the article, demonstrate the variety and correlation of different subsystems of the city language. Today peripheral elements play the main role in the city communication. They are also called substandard, non-codified, marginal, non-literary elements or the jargon styles of communication. Among substandard elements of the city language the most important are social dialects, which include such subsystems as argot, jargon and slang. The origin, functioning and characteristics of each subsystem are studied on the material of linguistic literature of different countries. It is also ascertained that argot is the oldest form of sociolects, jargon divides into corporative and professional ones, in the structure of slangy words there are common and special slang. Besides, we can speak about sociolectosentrism of the native linguistics and linguemosentrism of the English tradition of slang nomination. Except social dialects, the important structural elements of the city language are also intermediate transitional types, which include koine, colloquialisms, interdialect, surzhyk, pidgin and creole. Surzhyk can be attributed to the same type of language formations as pidgin and creole because these types of oral speech were created mostly by means of the units mixing of the obtruded language of the parent state with the elements of the native languages.
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Filmer, Deon. Long-Lived Consequences of Rapid Scale-Up? The Case of Free Primary Education in Six Sub-Saharan African Countries. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/128.

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Across six Sub-Saharan African countries, grade 4 students of teachers who were hired after a free primary education reform perform worse, on average, on language and math tests—statistically significantly so in language—than students of teachers who were hired before the reform. Teachers who were hired just after the reform also perform worse, on average, on tests of subject content knowledge than those hired before the reform. The results are sensitive to the time frames considered in the analysis, and aggregate results mask substantial variation across countries—gaps are large and significant in some countries but negligible in others. Analysis of teacher demographic and education characteristics—including education level or teacher certification—as well as teacher classroom-level behaviors reveals few systematic differences associated with being hired pre- or post-reform.
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Pavlyuk, Іhor. HUMANІTARІAN CONTROVERSY ІN THE WESTERN UKRAІNІAN PRESS DURІNG THE PERІOD BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12139.

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The artіcle hіghlіghts the humanіtarіan polemіcs іn the Western Ukraіnіan press іn the іnterwar (1920-30s) perіod іn three aspects: the polemіcs of Ukraіnіan-language magazіnes among themselves, the polemіcs of the Ukraіnіan-language press wіth the Polіsh and Russіan press, the place of the Ukraіnіan press іnvolved іn the polemіcs іn the colonіal and global cultural – іnformatіonal contexts, іts representatіve relatіons wіth the judіcіal, executіve and legіslatіve authorіtіes іn the process of changes іn the socіal and polіtіcal atmosphere іn thіs tіme-space. The purpose of thіs artіcle іs to hіghlіght the humanіtarіan polemіcs іn the Western Ukraіnіan press іn the іnterwar (1920-30s) perіod іn three aspects: the polemіcs of Ukraіnіan magazіnes among themselves, the polemіcs of the Ukraіnіan press wіth the Polіsh and Russіan press, the Ukraіnіan press іn the global cultural and іnformatіonal context; dіfferentіatіon of polemіcal publіcatіons accordіng to genre-thematіc affіlіatіon to the socіo-polіtіcal dіscourse of the struggle of іdeas, symbols, sіgns, іmages, the struggle of relіgіous doctrіnes through the medіatіon of Ukraіnіan-centrіc іnformatіon (press) flows, whіch іn turn were fought by the then colonіal, іn partіcular Polіsh, polіtіcal power, subjectіng theіr censorshіp, confіscatіon, closure, harassment of edіtors and journalіsts. The basіc feature of іnter-magazіne relatіons of varіous Ukraіnіan and Ukraіnіan-language magazіnes of the іnterwar perіod was polemіcs, the topіcs of whіch were: polіtіcs (antі-Polіsh, pro-Polіsh, respectіvely – antі-Russіan, pro-Russіan); relіgіon (language of worshіp, hіerarchіcal subordіnatіon of the church); culture (problems of language, theatrіcal productіons, etc.); school busіness; cooperatіon; the sіtuatіon of the peasantry. That іs, all spheres of socіal lіfe, the representatіves of whіch were the mіrrors of magazіnes, patented by us for research іn thіs (spherіcal) structure: cooperatіve press, relіgіous press, etc. At the same tіme, the magazіnes that were publіshed іn the tіme-space determіned by us dіd not only “quarrel” wіth each other, but also often supported each other, prіntіng letters of support, advertіsіng each other durіng subscrіptіon campaіgns, takіng joіnt partіcіpatіon іn court hearіngs, etc. Keywords: controversy; press; colonіal dіscourse; confіscate; censorshіp.
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Zhao, Qing, and Lili Zhou. Culture, sex, and their combined impact on self-report empathy—Meta-analyses. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0172.

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Condition being studied: The current meta-analysis covers empirical investigations of self-report empathy (evaluated using the EQ and the IRI scales) based on different populations. Studies with general populations and physical/mental clinical populations were included. Both cross-cultural and non-cross-cultural studies (studies based on a single cultural background) were considered. Eligibility criteria: We restricted our current meta-analysis to studies that satisfied all of the following criteria: (1) studies evaluated participants’ self-report empathy using the EQ or the IRI; (2) studies reported the EQ and IRI version (i.e., scale item number and language); (3) studies reported the EQ and IRI total or subscale scores (e.g., mean and SD) based on the overall sample or both sex groups separately. (4) studies reported participants’ cultural backgrounds (e.g., country of origin, nationality, ethnicity, and language).
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