Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Welfarism'

This thesis examines industrial welfarism in Australia from 1890 to 1965. This period witnessed the gradual spread of the welfarism movement throughout Australian industry as employers sought ways to increase productivity and control in the face of external challenges. Once reaching its peak in the immediate post-War period, the welfarism movement was gradually subsumed as part of the increasing formalisation of personnel management. Waves of interest in welfare provision coincided with periods of labour shortage and/or labour militancy in Australia, indicating its dual role in the management of labour. Firstly, by offering benefits and services beyond that made necessary by the law or industrial awards, welfarism was designed to create a pool of good quality workers for management to draw from. Secondly, managers sought to enhance their control over these workers and their productive effort, using welfarism as a technique to build worker consent to managerial authority. This could be achieved through subtle methods aimed at boosting loyalty and morale, or through more direct programs designed to increase worker dependency on the company. In both ways, individual and collective worker resistance could be minimised, thereby reinforcing managerial prerogative. Despite its adoption by a variety of companies, a number of economic, political and institutional factors limited the extent of industrial welfarism in Australia. These include the small-scale of most enterprises prior to the Second World War, state involvement in the area of industrial relations and welfare provision, and the strength of organised labour. While the welfarism movement did not reach the heights experienced overseas, it nonetheless provided an important contribution to the development of formal labour management in Australia.

This thesis examines industrial welfarism in Australia from 1890 to 1965. This period witnessed the gradual spread of the welfarism movement throughout Australian industry as employers sought ways to increase productivity and control in the face of external challenges. Once reaching its peak in the immediate post-War period, the welfarism movement was gradually subsumed as part of the increasing formalisation of personnel management. Waves of interest in welfare provision coincided with periods of labour shortage and/or labour militancy in Australia, indicating its dual role in the management of labour. Firstly, by offering benefits and services beyond that made necessary by the law or industrial awards, welfarism was designed to create a pool of good quality workers for management to draw from. Secondly, managers sought to enhance their control over these workers and their productive effort, using welfarism as a technique to build worker consent to managerial authority. This could be achieved through subtle methods aimed at boosting loyalty and morale, or through more direct programs designed to increase worker dependency on the company. In both ways, individual and collective worker resistance could be minimised, thereby reinforcing managerial prerogative. Despite its adoption by a variety of companies, a number of economic, political and institutional factors limited the extent of industrial welfarism in Australia. These include the small-scale of most enterprises prior to the Second World War, state involvement in the area of industrial relations and welfare provision, and the strength of organised labour. While the welfarism movement did not reach the heights experienced overseas, it nonetheless provided an important contribution to the development of formal labour management in Australia.

This thesis investigates the history of labour management at David Jones, the major Australian retailer and manufacturer, between the years 1838 and 1958. This thesis examines the development of consent-based approach to labour management at David Jones, in particular the development of paternalism and welfarism. In doing so this thesis explores both general questions regarding the factors that influence why certain firms adopt a consent-based approach to labour management, as well as informing debates around the existence of nineteenth century paternalism and the origins of twentieth century welfarism. The historical material contained at the David Jones Archives and elsewhere reveals little evidence of paternalism as a deliberate management strategy. This brings into question the usefulness of paternalism as a concept in the historical study of Australian labour management. The inability to trace paternalism also undermines explanations of twentieth century welfarism premised on the pre-existence of nineteenth century paternalism. The historical materials, however, do note that twentieth century welfarism was a deliberate labour management strategy adopted by David Jones management. Welfarism, combined with systematic management and training, was initially adopted following the First World War to deal with the threat of industrial turmoil. However, in the 1930s, welfarism increasingly became a pro-active strategy designed to create skilled selling and raise the profile of the firm within the community. Further, welfarism at David Jones in the inter-war period was more than merely a new form of paternalism, somehow transformed by being in a larger, more bureaucratic setting or a result of employers confronted an increasingly feminised workforce. Welfarism at David Jones was a deliberate strategy, informed by overseas experiments, management consultants and the new science of psychology. Welfarism at David Jones continued into the post World War Two period. However, new forms of retailing, in particular self-service, undermined attempts to create skilled selling. Elements of welfarism remain at David Jones and continue to support the firm???s corporate image as a provider of high-quality customer service.

The aim of this dissertation has been to move away from a generalised overview of the growth of the Victorian railway system and to consider railway procedure through company influence on named railway personnel. The work is based on the concept of 'total reconstitution', but the linkage is between individuals found in the Kingston upon Thames Access Database, which has been compiled by the Centre for Local History Studies at Kingston University from census enumerators' returns, and the London & South Western Railway (L&SWR) primary sources found in The National Archives at Kew. The linkage is therefore better described as 'occupational reconstitution'. The resulting database of 657 railway employees, together with the family members of those who were 'household heads', provides a unique sample of nineteenth century railway personnel from which it has been possible to verify and refute previous assumptions and estimations regarding recruitment, household structure, fertility and persistence within the local railway employees. Within this 'knowable community' there were some who had been involved in railway accidents and given evidence at Board of Trade enquiries. It was found that the system of corporate management that emerged within the L&SWR after 1840, was potentially very powerful and contained a variety of expertise. This, together with an emphasis on economy, was a controlling influence on the lives of those who worked for the Company. Although the doctrine of 'common employment' was laid down as a rule of law in 1837, it was the railway managers who closed the door to 'vicarious liability' prior to The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1897. This was because the majority of those killed or injured during the nineteenth century were considered to have done so from their own misconduct or want of caution, not from the carelessness of other employees. Although most of the 'death' cases were covered by the 1897 Act, most railway workplace injuries remained outside the protection of this legislation. The Act only applied to employment 'on or in or about' a railway and most of the injuries to railway employees occurred through activities relating to heavy goods in yards and luggage in stations. Reading the L&SWR nineteenth century minute books it becomes obvious that there were two strategies running concurrently within the Company. The first, found within the L&SWR Traffic Minutes, was a form of 'paternalism' reminiscent of the eighteenth century. This started from the early period of the line and was maintained throughout the nineteenth century and beyond. Within this framework uniformed employees were expected to work protracted hours and the management were slow to implement measures to prevent workplace accidents. However the L&SWR Special Committee Minutes show the formation of many of the features of a modem business organisation. From the mid 1850s it is possible to find a board of directors with contacts, and managers with specialist knowledge, having access to actuaries, insurance companies and other railway companies' experience. This second strategy resulted in the emergence of carefully formulated structures and procedures, some of which were prototypes of twentieth century welfarism.

Aujourd’hui, la valeur symbolique de la notion de « sécurité » atteint un point tel que seule l’idée de s’y opposer nous apparaît instinctivement absurde. De plus en plus, la poursuite de la sécurité sert de justification à une diversité impressionnante de pratiques et de domaines de la vie sociale. Cette expansion récente du « langage de la sécurité » fait de la sécurité une notion fondamentalement polysémique et par le fait même, un concept de plus en plus élastique et récupérable politiquement par ceux qui voudraient en profiter. Dans un contexte où le pouvoir symbolique du langage de la sécurité est tel que le simple fait de l’invoquer dans la promotion d’une mesure politique suscite à tout le moins une ouverture hors du commun chez l’électorat, il devient crucial d’élucider et de comprendre ce qui est entendu et sous-entendu par ce qu’est la sécurité pour les acteurs politiques qui à la fois la promeuvent et témoignent de leur désir de l’accroître. S’inspirant des préceptes de l’outil analytique de la gouvernementalité, notre étude vise à identifier les philosophies qui guident plus spécifiquement les discours politiques canadiens dans les discussions menant à la mise en place de législations en matière de sécurité publique. Pour ce faire, nous réalisons une analyse qualitative comparative en prenant comme sources de données les verbatim de discussions, débats politiques et textes législatifs menant à la mise en place de quatre projets de loi fédéraux distincts, projets de loi dont les textes sont également analysés. Si le dénominateur commun entre les projets de loi renvoie au fait que chacun vise à accroître la sécurité du public, deux d’entre eux — le projet de loi C-14 (2014) portant sur la non-responsabilité criminelle ainsi que le projet de loi C-36 (2001) portant sur le terrorisme — concernent de plus près la sphère de la politique criminelle alors que les deux autres — le projet de loi C-36 (2010) portant sur la sécurité des produits de consommation et projet de loi C-12 (2000) portant sur la santé et la sécurité au travail — touchent plutôt celle de la santé publique. En comparant les résultats des analyses individuelles de chaque cas, l’objectif ultime est d’identifier, s’il y a lieu, des philosophies qui les traversent tous. À ce chapitre, notre analyse montre entre autres en quoi deux philosophies, soit celle de la « gestion préventive des risques » et celle de la « précaution » orientent considérablement les discours politiques dans chacun des terrains d’enquête étudiés. Partant de là, nous avançons l’idée que de fournir de la sécurité de nos jours équivaut surtout à gouverner le futur, c’est-à-dire prévenir non seulement sur base des savoirs relativement sûrs du présent, mais aussi sur base des pires projections de notre fertile imagination. En conclusion, nous situons cette idée de gouvernance du futur dans le contexte plus large de l’expansion du langage de la sécurité pour ensuite en soulever les pièges, surtout lorsque ces tendances sont laissées à elles-mêmes. Partant de là, nous dégageons certaines pistes de solution afin justement d’éviter ces pièges.

La Valeur statistique de la vie humaine (VSVH) est un outil d’analyse économique, qui est définie comme la valeur qu’une personne est prête à payer (CAP) pour réduire le risque de mortalité ou de morbidité. L’intérêt d’un tel outil est d’estimer monétairement le bénéfice social d’un projet d’investissement destiné à réduire le risque, mais aussi d’établir un arbitrage entre plusieurs alternatives. Répondre à l’aléa moral dans un contexte de rareté des ressources est parfaitement adéquat avec la VSVH. Avec l’estimation des personnes de leurs capacités de paiement en fonction de leurs perceptions du risque et de leur niveau de revenu, les personnes sont positionnées comme les seules juges de la valeur de leurs vies. Parce que, les personnes déterminent librement les CAPs en fonction de leurs préférences personnelles et que ces préférences sont intégrées dans la détermination d’un choix social, la VSVH ne contredit pas le cadre normatif d’établissement d’une décision. Néanmoins, le welfarisme comme une source des méthodes d’estimation de la VSVH est en relation directe avec l’utilitarisme. Au final, la valeur estimée par la VSVH est de nature subjective. Dans le domaine de la santé, la VSVH doit dépasser le cadre subjectif d’une estimation pour répondre à l’éthique normative qui décrit la pratique médicale, notamment la prise en considération de l’autonomie personnelle, la notion personnelle de la bonne vie et la notion universelle de la personne. L’objectif de notre travail est de rechercher les arguments d’établissement d’une valeur de référence de la VSVH qui endosse un cadre normatif. Cela nécessite une analyse approfondie au sein de la théorie économique du bien-être
The value of statistical life (VSL) is an economic analytical tool, which is defined as the value that a person is ready to pay (WTP) in order to reduce the risk mortality or morbidity. The advantage of such a tool is to monetarily estimate the social benefit of an investment project which is made to reduce the risk, but also to establish an arbitrage between several alternatives. Respond to the moral hazard in a context pertaining to the scarcity of resources, which is perfectly in keeping with VSL. With people’s estimation on their willingness to pay, depending on how they perceive risks and their income level, people are positioned as the sole judges as for the value of their lives. Because people freely determine the WTP depending on their personal preferences and these preferences are included in order to determine a social choice. The value of statistical life doesn’t contradict the normative framework of establishing a decision. Nonetheless, welfarism which is a source of estimating methods of VSL is directly related to utilitarianism. Eventually, the estimated value by VSL is subjective nature. In the health sector, the VSL needs to surpass the subjective framework of an estimation in order to answer the normative ethic which describes the medical practice, especially by taking personal self-sufficiency into account but also the personal notion of a good life and the universal notion of the person. Researching establishing arguments of reference value pertaining to VSL which takes on a normative framework and this is objective when it comes to our work. This theoretically requires an in-depth analysis within the economic theory of well-being

The Social Construction of Human Beings and Other Animals investigates dominant socially-sedimented attitudes toward human-nonhuman relations. It seeks to examine routine practices that flow from such social constructions. Human attitudes toward other animals are socially constructed, institutionalised, widely internalised, and culturally transmitted across generations. Essentially, the thesis explores many elements of the social transmission of 'speciesism'. It is about how and why modem human societies exploit and harm other animals. Annually, billions of nonhuman animals are deliberately bred and eaten by human beings; experimented upon in biomedical and commercial laboratories; used as items of clothing; hunted; and utilised in various forms of human entertainment, such as circuses and rodeos. The moral and ethical attitudes that justify such treatment are predicated on centuries of philosophical, theological and social thought and practice. The thesis investigates how social attitudes constrain and shape thinking about other animals. Their status as 'sentient property', codified into law in 'developed' nations, is reflected and articulated within the powerful institution of animal welfarism. It further investigates the 'reception' and impact of a recently emergent 'second wave' animal advocacy that challenges orthodox views about humans and other animals. Morally, nonhumans are regarded as a great deal less important and valuable than all human beings, regardless of their respective capacities and interests of individuals concerned. This 'lesser-than' status has a devastating consequence that may serve to seriously harm the interests of human beings as well as (more obviously) nonhuman ones. This thesis seeks to demonstrate how 'dehumanisation processes' rely on a low moral regard for nonhuman life, expressed in acts of war, genocide, relations of gender and 'race', the commercial production of pornography, and other situations of human and nonhuman harm. Within an examination of the construction of the 'species barrier' and protective 'rights', the project also sets out to critically question whether the basic rights of many nonhuman animals can continue to be denied with any moral justification. It suggests that sociological analysis brings to issues vital understandings of the socially constructed nature of much of what is regarded as the 'just is' of human-nonhuman relations; and points to its continuing usefulness in examining how societies may react to new moral ideas, often within complex systems of knowledge denial and evasion.

Ce travail de thèse aborde plusieurs questions relatives à la mesure du bien-être et au welfarisme, en s’inscrivant dans les domaines de l’éthique, de la philosophie de l’esprit et de la philosophie des sciences. Le concept de bien-être joue un rôle crucial pour un grand nombre de théories morales, à commencer par les théories welfaristes. Cela pose une série de questions liées à sa mesure, dans ses aspects métaphysiques aussi bien qu’épistémologiques. D'abord, puisque le bien-être doit être agrégé pour déterminer le niveau de bien-être collectif d’un état du monde, il doit avoir certaines propriétés quantitatives. Mais la seule quantifiabilité n'est pas suffisante pour rendre le bien-être pleinement mesurable : encore faut-il avoir accès à ces quantités de bien-être. Nous abordons ces questions épistémologiques par le biais de deux perspectives complémentaires. Premièrement, nous nous interrogeons sur l'accès épistémique du sujet à la dimension affective du bien-être, c’est-à-dire au plaisir et au déplaisir. Deuxièmement, dans la perspective d'une mise en pratique d'une éthique welfariste, nous portons notre attention sur des enjeux méthodologiques de la mesure du bien-être collectif
This dissertation deals with several topics around well-being measurement and welfarism, mostly in ethics, philosophy of mind and philosophy of science. The concept of well-being plays a crucial role in a variety of moral theories, including welfarist theories. This raises a series of questions about its measurement, both in its metaphysical and epistemological aspects. Since well-being has to be aggregated in order to determine the level of collective well-being, it must have some quantitative properties. However, full measurability requires to have an epistemic access to these quantitative properties. We address these epistemological questions from two complementary perspectives. First, we look at the kind of epistemic access that a subject has to the affective component of well-being, namely pleasure and displeasure. Second, we explore some methodological issues related to the measurement of collective wellbeing when a welfarist theory is put in practice

This study analyzes the three most recent pieces of Canadian immigration legislation: the Immigration Act of 1952, the Immigration Act of 1976, and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act of 2001 (herein referred to collectively as the documents). The intent is to contribute to the archaeology of immigration in Canadian Federal legislation, and more specifically, to the ways that the immigration applicant, immigrant, and the immigration process in Canada, have been constituted over time. This project uses a modified version of Jean Carabine’s (2001) method of Foucauldian discourse analysis to articulate the various meanings and potential effects that are produced in the documents. The work of Michel Foucault and the governmentality approach is then applied to make sense of these findings. Two main conclusions are generated. The first details how elements of state racism and bio-nationalism are apparent in all three acts, and must be regarded as complimentary to one another, as they co-exist and operate together on different planes. The second discusses a shift in the documents from a focus on welfare rationalities, to neo-liberal rationalities, using the example of the shifting portrayal of the immigrant (and immigration applicant) from someone with the potential to become a liability to the welfare state, to a neo-liberal subject.

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This study analyses the social assistance policy on its relationship with civil society organizations in the logic of the Unified System of Social Assistance (SUAS). The construction of new pillars for welfare policy in the country requires the effort of clarifying the strategic and relevant role of civil society organizations and, from these, the social assistance in the provision of social assistance benefits. From this evidence, it is necessary to consider not only their contributions but also their effective participation in building and consolidating the SUAS, especially regarding assurance of the public nature of social assistance services seeking to construct a public sphere of this policy management. With this assumption, it is argued that there is a transition to be established towards organization and development of social assistance services as a public policy, resulting in transformations ranging from the notion of such services to effective measures of the public power in order to bring to light the social needs and the reach and social impact of these benefits. The study is supported by a theoretical, historical and critical methodological axis, from the reading of national data produced by the National Social Assistance Secretariat, through the SUAS’ Census and descriptive analysis of the Electronic Form of Welfare Private Entities and services, programmes, projects and social assistance benefits. Reflections focus on the membership levels established by SUAS, whose upper level of relationship is given by the called SUAS Bond as an enabling process, focused on quality of service and the relationship that is established, therefore, with its providers
O presente estudo analisa a política de assistência social em sua relação com as organizações da sociedade civil na lógica do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS). A construção de novos pilares para a política de assistência social no País requer o esforço de esclarecer o papel estratégico e relevante das organizações da sociedade civil e, destas, as de assistência social na oferta de prestações socioassistenciais. A partir dessa constatação, há que se considerar, não apenas suas contribuições, mas também sua participação efetiva na construção e consolidação do SUAS, sobretudo no que se refere à afirmação do caráter público dos serviços socioassistenciais com vistas à construção de uma esfera pública de gestão desta política. Com esse pressuposto, defende-se que há uma transição a ser estabelecida no sentido da organização e do desenvolvimento dos serviços socioassistenciais enquanto política pública, implicando em transformações que vão desde a concepção desses serviços, até em medidas efetivas do Poder Público para tornar visível as necessidades sociais e o alcance e impacto social destas prestações. O estudo está sustentado sobre um eixo teórico, histórico e metodológico crítico, a partir da leitura dos dados nacionais produzidos pela Secretaria Nacional de Assistência Social, por meio do Censo SUAS e da Análise descritiva do banco de dados do Formulário Eletrônico das Entidades Privadas de Assistência Social e serviços, programas, projetos e benefícios socioassistenciais. As reflexões focalizam os níveis de pertencimento estabelecidos pelo SUAS, cujo patamar superior desta relação se dá a partir do chamado Vínculo SUAS como um processo capacitador, voltado à qualidade dos serviços e da relação que se estabelece, por consequência, com os seus prestadores

Extra-welfarist measures are recommended, by decision-makers, for use in economic evaluations. Hence they are commonly used to value outcomes in chronic conditions with episodic symptoms, such as menorrhagia. In menorrhagia, a woman’s perceived change in quality-of-life (QoL) is the measure of treatment success and consequently, the primary clinical and economic outcome is change in QoL. This thesis presents findings of a comparison between welfarist and extra-welfarist approaches to valuing outcomes in menorrhagia, and aims to determine the value of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) compared to usual medical treatment for menorrhagia. Findings from the systematic review demonstrated concerns that extra-welfarist measures may be unsuitable in menorrhagia due to their narrow health-related focus and that results depend on the timing of assessment, given the condition’s episodic nature. The economic evaluation alongside the ECLIPSE trial showed that the extra-welfarist measures, EQ-5D and SF-6D, provide contrasting cost-effectiveness decisions. The welfarist willingness-to-pay (WTP) was shown to capture important aspects of wellbeing that are not captured by these extra-welfarist measures. Similar to SF-6D, the economic evaluation using WTP presented evidence against the use of the decision-maker recommended EQ-5D. It is argued that each measure provides information that should be considered by decision-makers when allocating healthcare resources.

A tese investiga o apoio a egressos do sistema penitenciário no Brasil, a partir do estudo das produções legislativas, das políticas públicas e da criação de programas de apoio, surgidos no país, a partir da década de 1990. Seu foco principal de análise recai sobre a atuação e o papel dos programas de apoio nas trajetórias de vida de egressos. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento das iniciativas nacionais, pesquisa em profundidade em programas públicos (Agentes da Liberdade, no Rio de Janeiro-RJ e Programa de Acompanhamento Social, em Porto Alegre-RS) e da sociedade civil (FAESP em Porto Alegre-RS e Pró-Egresso em Maringá-PR) e uma análise das trajetórias de vida e do impacto do apoio na visão dos egressos. A metodologia de pesquisa incluiu analise legislativa, de políticas públicas, visita aos programas com realização de pesquisas documental e entrevistas. O referencial teórico foi constituído por abordagens de políticas públicas, sociais e penais - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajetórias de vida, capital social, esperanças e oportunidades - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); impactos do aprisionamento: disciplinamento, prisionização e estigma - Foucault (1996a, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); e inclusão/exclusão - redes sociais, religião e trabalho - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (2001). Nosso estudo parte da análise sobre a inserção, no Brasil, dos modelos de welfarismo penal - política criminal vigente nos países centrais na época dos Estados de Bem-Estar Social - e de Estado penal - política criminal surgida com a crise deste modelo estatal. Os programas de apoio investigados em profundidade revelam-se, à luz das teorias das políticas públicas e sociais, espaços de mediação para pequenas conquistas: acesso à cidadania formal, acesso aos meios de sobrevivência, como alimentação, transporte e vestuário, e à saúde. Em menor escala, as iniciativas permitem a inserção educacional e no trabalho, a partir de escassas e precárias, mas importantes concessões. Com relação aos egressos, suas trajetórias de vida revelam a existência de baixos níveis de capital econômico e cultural, responsáveis, na busca de sobrevivência, dinheiro fácil, aventura ou por fatalidade, pelo ingresso na criminalidade. Marcados pela experiência prisional e suas conseqüências, como a prisionização e o estigma, os egressos têm nos programas de apoio um local de construção de sociabilidade e de visibilidade. Neste aspecto, outros elementos são responsáveis por ampliar as esperanças e oportunidades dos egressos, como a formação de redes, a conversão religiosa e o acesso ao trabalho. Por fim, a passagem por programas de apoio implica em ganhos e frustrações. A temporariedade da condição de egresso, somada à temporariedade das próprias iniciativas, embora não permita inclusões sociais em sentido pleno, resulta em manutenções longe do crime e na redução do peso da condição de homens infames.
The present paper aims at studying the support granted to ex-convicts of the Brazilian penitentiary system based on legislative productions, public policies and programs from the 90´s onwards. It focuses mainly on the performance and role of support programs in relation to the life trajectory of ex-convicts. In order to accomplish such goal, national initiatives, public (Agentes da Liberdade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ and Programa de Acompanhamento Social, Porto Alegre, RS) and civil society programs (FAESP, Porto Alegre, RS, and Pro-Egresso, Maringá, Paraná) were deeply researched. Also, the life trajectory and the impact of support programs were analyzed from the viewpoint of ex-convicts. The research methodology comprised legislative and public policy analysis, and visits to programs so as to research documents and conduct interviews. The theoretical referential was based on public, social and criminal policies - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajectories of life, social capital, hopes and opportunities - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); imprisonment impacts: discipline, prisionization and stigma - Foucault (1996, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); and inclusion/exclusion - social networks, religion and work - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (1999). This study also highlights the insertion of the Penal Welfarism model in Brazil, which was the criminal policy adopted by the central countries at the time of the Welfare State and the Penal Sate - such criminal policy rose during the crisis of the Welfare State model. In the light of public and social theories, the support programs examined showed mediation spaces to the rising of small victories: access to formal citizenship, food, means of transportation, clothing and health. Although in a smaller scale, the initiatives also granted educational and work insertion. Notwithstanding, the life trajectories of ex-convicts reveal the existence of low economic and cultural capital levels which, in the struggle for survival, may lead to crime. Once entering the prison system and experiencing its consequences such as prisioning and stigma, the ex-convicts rely on the support programs to help rebuild their sociability and visibility. Moreover, there are other elements responsible for broadening the hope and opportunities of such people, for instance, the formation of social networks, religious conversion and work access. On the other hand, attending a support program involves victories and frustrations. Furthermore, the stigma of being an ex-convict and the temporality of initiatives might not bring full social inclusion, but they certainly help keep these people from committing crimes and help lessen the stigma of infamous men.

A partir de l’articulation entre le bien-être comparable inter-personnellement et l’équité basée sur la séparation des personnes, la thèse présente un cadre théorique dans lequel les préférences éthiques sont représentées par des fonctions de bien-être social additivement séparables. Nous avons deux objectifs ; en décelant les jugements distributifs nécessairement sous-tendus par les fonctions qui respectent des principes de transferts de revenus, le premier objectif est d’offrir des critères de comparaison entre ces fonctions et celles qui respectent les principes de transferts d’utilité (fonctions prioritaristes). Le second objectif est d’exposer la pluralité des jugements distributifs et des degrés d’adhésion qu’ils peuvent susciter. A ces fins, il faut postuler la comparabilité de l’utilité et des valeurs éthiques (utilités transformées). Cette comparabilité à deux niveaux est postulée lorsque les ratios d’utilité entre ménages aux besoins différents sont supposés comparables. Dans ce cadre, les fonctions de bien-être social qui respectent le principe de transferts de revenus de Pigou-Dalton ne sont pas forcément prioritaristes. De plus, les fonctions défendent potentiellement deux définitions du degré d’adhésion à l’aversion aux inégalités. Premièrement, une fonction qui tolère une perte d’utilité totale plus grande afin de réduire les inégalités est dite plus averse aux inégalités. Cette définition est caractérisée par les principes de transferts proportionnels qui s’adaptent bien à la comparabilité en ratios d’utilité. Deuxièmement, le degré d’adhésion est présenté par l’aversion plus forte aux inégalités entre les moins bien lotis. Les hypothèses informationnelles entravent l’exposé des degrés d’adhésion selon la seconde définition, elles limitent aussi les jugements distributifs. En passant outre, nous étudions les interactions entre un nombre quelconque de principes de transferts d’utilité et de revenus définis de manière récursive. Enfin, quatre jugements distributifs sont caractérisés par le respect et/ou le non-respect d’un ensemble de principes de transferts. La disposition à négliger l’évolution de bien-être d’une fraction donnée de la population au profit de l’évolution de bien-être d’une minorité d’individus représente le degré d’adhésion à l’un de ces jugements
From the linkage between interpersonally comparable well-being and equity based on the separateness of persons, the Ph. D. dissertation introduces a theoretical framework in which ethical preferences are represented by additively separable social welfare functions. The thesis has two goals ; by exhibiting distributive judgments necessarily embodied by the functions that fulfil income transfer principles, the first aim is to provide comparison cirteria between these functions and those that fulfill utility transfer principles (prioritarian functions). The second aim is to expose a plurality of distributive judgments and of degrees of adhesion they can rise. For such purposes, interpersonal comparability of utility as well as that of ethical values (transformed utilities) are needed. This two-level comparability is granted when inter-household utility ratios are supposed to be comparable. In this framework, the social welfare functions satisfying the Pigou-Dalton principle of income transfer are not necessarily prioritarian. Moreover, the functions potentially support two meanings of adhesion for inequality aversion. First, if a function is willing to endorse a inequality-reducing transfer entailing a greater loss in the transferred benefit to be socially desirable, then it is more inequality averse. This definition is characterized by proportional transfer principles well-adapted to ratio-scale comparability of utility. Second, the degree of adhesion for inequality aversion is presented as a downside inequality aversion. Informational hypothesis rule out parts of the exposition of the plurality of degrees, they put limits to distributive judgments too. By going beyond that, the Ph. D. dissertation studies the interplay between any number of income and utility transfer principles all defined recursively. Finally, four distributive judgments are characterized by the fulfilment and/or non-fulfilment of a set of transfer principles. The willingness to neglect the welfare evolution of a given proportion of population to take into account that of a minority represents the degree of adhesion for one of those judgments

Pour développer une " économie autrichienne du bien-être ", deux voies existent. La première s'inspire des études antérieures à ce sujet. Malgré les nombreuses imprécisions méthodologiques de l'analyse orthodoxe du bien-être, il transparaît une grille méthodologique dont les Autrichiens peuvent directement s'inspirer. KIRZNER, dont le critère de coordination tente de concilier les principes orthodoxes et autrichiens, suit ce cheminement. Dans la seconde voie, le théoricien ignore totalement ce qui a été écrit auparavant, et démarre son raisonnement directement du paradigme autrichien (autonome et souverain). ROTHBARD s'inscrit dans cette logique de rupture avec sa préférence démontrée d'obédience praxéologique. Dans tous les cas, l'économie autrichienne n'est pas l'économie orthodoxe, et l'approche autrichienne du bien-être ne satisfait pas les canons de l'économie du bien-être orthodoxe. Le bien-être autrichien revêt une acception inédite : si les résultats importent peu, la compréhension du processus (par lequel la connaissance s'acquiert) qui mène à ces résultats est essentielle. Pour cette raison, l'équivalent autrichien du bien-être orthodoxe peut être baptisé " good way economics "
To develop an " Austrian Welfare Economics ", two ways are possible. First, economists can draw their inspiration from what has been written before. Even if the Orthodox Welfare Economics has some methodological weaknesses, a general methodological framework is followed by mainstream welfare theoreticians. Austrians can draw their inspiration from this framework. KIRZNER follows this way when he tries to conciliate Mainstream and Austrian principles to elaborate his Coordination Criterion. Second, economists ignore all what has been made before, and directly start from the (autonomous and independent) Austrian Paradigm. ROTHBARD follows this rupture with his Demonstrated Preference inspired from Misesian Praxeology. In both cases, Austrian Economics is not Orthodox Economics, and Austrian Welfare Economics does not seem like Mainstream Welfare Economics. The "Austrian Welfare" has an original meaning: concrete results as optima or maxima are not important; but, the understanding of the process (through which people acquire knowledge to reach their purposes) that leads to these results is essential. This is why the Austrian equivalent to Welfare Economics can be called "Good Ways Economics"

This study takes its starting point in the problematic relationship between skills and welfare policies. It poses Sweden’s vocational education and training (VET) as a case which has seen the kind of tripartite efforts that might help us better understand the dynamics underlying a highly developed mixture of social citizenship and efficiency. To better approach this case the study also seeks to combine the theoretical insights provided by the Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) and Power Resources Theory (PRT) schools of thought, capitalizing on an ability to see “both sides of the coin” that such a combination may entail. But to avoid the presumptions that have formed around notions of stable “models” or “worlds”, the study also takes an inductive stance, forming a dialectic strategy that leans heavily on the work of historical institutionalism. Thus a general research question is posed: how can we explain the developments of Sweden's VET as an arena for welfare policies - during the period 1946-1991 - by combining an inductive approach with the insights gained from the theoretical frameworks represented by PRT and VoC? The study proceeds by tracing developments in Sweden’s VET during two sub-periods, taking into account both ideological and business-interest concerns. The aim is first to establish an account of “how” the institutions changed over time. The subsequent analysis brings back the theoretical framework to provide explanations. The study arrives at a number of conclusions: it first of all finds that Sweden’s school-based VET of 1971 itself rested on a firm “cross-class settlement”, which persisted through the reforms of 1991. But when seen as an arena for welfare policies, the foundation appears much weaker: while the reforms of 1971 were influenced by an ambitious welfare policy agenda, the ensuing changes arguably rolled back some of the comprehensiveness and universality previously associated with the labor movement’s education policy. Two underlying hypotheses are presented that focus on the strategic role played by “general skills”: the first hypothesis is that organized capital’s reliance on large firms played an important role in weakening its position vis-a-vis labor, thanks to its dependence on the kind of widely diffused general skills that the labor movement had strategic access to. The second hypothesis is that the same reliance on general skills created difficulties for the Social Democratic Party to create a new cross-class settlement, as circumstances changed. The conclusion suggests further studying the area of general skills as a power resource itself in a comparative perspective.

Présentée par Sen comme un prolongement naturel de l'intérêt de Rawls (1971) pour les biens premiers, l'approche par les capabilités apparaît dans le cadre d'une discussion de philosophie morale sur l'égalité. Il la mobilise et l'approfondit ensuite lors de l'exploration de sujets plus empiriques dans le cadre cette fois de l'économie du développement. Bien que cette approche soit souvent considérée comme un dépassement de la théorie rawlsienne de la justice, l'approche par les capabilités de Sen est délibérément laissée incomplète et ne constitue pas à proprement parler une théorie de la justice. Les travaux de Sen trouvent leurs racines et leur motivation dans l'économie du bien-être, et plus spécialement dans son dernier avatar, la théorie du choix social. Nous souhaitons montrer que Sen a élaboré l'approche par les capabilités comme une approche du choix social visant à dépasser le "théorème d'impossibilité" d'Arrow (1950, 1951). Elle offre un nouveau souffle à l'économie normative en proposant une grille de lecture totalement émancipée de la philosophie utilitariste, et de ses vestiges qualifiés par Sen de "welfarisme"
Introduced by Sen as a natural extension of Rawl's concern with primary goods, the capability approach appears in the context of a moral debate about equality. It is then used and developed while exploring more empirical subjects in the context of development economics. Although the approach is often considered as an improvement of the Rawlsian theory of justice, Sen has deliberately left it incomplete. Thus it is not, strictly speaking, a theory of justice. Sen's work is rooted in welfare economics, and more precisely in its last avatar, social choice theory. This thesis shows that Sen's capability approach has been refined as a social choice approach aiming to overcome Arrow's "impossibility theorem". It offers a new life to normative economics, as representing a framework of thought totally emancipated from utilitarianism, and its vestige — welfarism

碩士
國立臺北大學
經濟學系
104
This study utilizes the Panel Data Analysis to 37 commercial banks in Taiwan for the period of 2008/6-2015/6 to analyze the impacts of Basel III on bank competition and consumer welfares. Capital adequacy ratio, Tier 1 capital ratio, and common equity ratio are used to represent bank capital adequacy. Other than capital adequacy variables, net worth ratio, ROA, cash ratio, bank assets, number of ATM, and overdue ratio are considered in a Nested Logit model with an instrumental variable estimation technique. Results show that Basel III does have positive impact on bank capital adequacy. While the interest rate on deposits and bank assets have significantly positive impacts on depositors’ utilities, common stock ratio has a significantly negative impact on depositors’ utilities. As expected, interest rate on loans and the overdue ratio have significantly negative impact on borrowers’ utilities. Capital adequacy ratio and net worth ratio have negative impacts on borrowers’ utilities. After the Basel III regulation, the competitiveness of the deposit and loan markets of Taiwan banking industry has slightly decreased but not significant. Depositors’ welfares are slightly decreased in the short run and are not significant in the long run. Borrowers’ welfares are moderately lower after Basel III regulation.

碩士
國立臺北大學
社會學系
103
The main purpose of this research investigates the evolution of the factors for authorized agencie of children and youths welfares influence. By the construction of a dedicated authorized agencie, we will discuss the attitudes towards children and teenagers government welfare changes and acquire the conclusions and recommendations. We will explore the method for the study of literature. With children and youth welfare system evolution, we will find the reason that the government establishes authorized agencie, dedicated and development. We will focus on the institutional and organizational ecology theory and understand the environmental factors that influence the development of the organization. The research found because demographic changes lead to changes in welfare policies. Therefore, the government will formulate relevant laws to implement the relevant welfare measures and configure the related human resources. Under the influence of political factors results in local government organizations have similarities, but retain some form distinct business division. Based on research findings, provide the required local needs welfare of children and adolescents, enrich human and personnel budget, improve social welfare and professional autonomy, the establishment of community social welfare centers and other social welfare services suggestions.

Les années 1990 ont vu la notoriété et les ressources consacrées à la microfinance connaître un essor important. Au fur et à mesure du développement du secteur s'intensifie également la tension entre les défenseurs de deux approches de la microfinance qui entrevoient le futur du domaine de façon antagonique. Cette tension culmine vers la fin des années 1990 en un débat théorique féroce. Deux visions, la vision welfariste et la vision institutionnaliste s'affrontent sur ce terrain, chacune défendant leur vision de ce que devraient être les priorités et le rôle des institutions de microfinance bien qu'elles partagent le même objectif de base: celui de réduire la pauvreté. Au-delà des nombreux aspects techniques abordés par les deux camps, un examen de la littérature permet de constater que les deux approches ont comme point de départ des conceptions très différentes du développement et s'adressent à deux problèmes distincts. Dans un cas, on s'attaque à un échec des marchés en servant les besoins d'emprunts des «marginalement» pauvres, dans l'autre on tente de briser certaines barrières qui emprisonnent les plus défavorisés dans leur situation. Les deux approches impliquent des méthodes d'interventions très différentes et produisent des résultats contrastés. L'étude du secteur argentin de la microfinance et une analyse comparative d'institutions de microfinance représentatives des deux courants confirment les conclusions tirées lors d'une revue de la littérature et représentent l'occasion d'illustrer à l'aide d'exemples très concrets les implications des choix d'orientation qui s'offrent aux institutions de microfinance comme aux bailleurs de fonds. Elles permettent également de remettre les arguments des deux camps en perspective afin de clarifier le débat entre deux courants qui proposent, malgré une apparente unicité, des services adaptés à des «clientèles» très dissemblables. ______________________________________________________________________________

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)
Over the past fifteen years, the South African government has extended various land, labour and social rights to farm workers, ranging from provisions of basic labour rights in 1993 to the minimum wage in 2003. Literature suggests that social relations on commercial farms do not remain static in the context of policy changes. This thesis sets out to understand the ways in which social relations have or have not changed, on one commercial farm in Limpopo province, South Africa, and to establish factors that impede or promote such change as well as the consequences for farm workers’ daily lives. Drawing from the interpretive and critical social science philosophical perspectives, the thesis adopts a qualitative research methodology that takes into consideration the experiences and perceptions of farm workers, farm managers, the farm owner and key informants from government institutions and civil society. At a theoretical level the study is informed by four paradigms namely: the materialist perspective; the total institution thesis; paternalism; and structuration theory. It considers three overlapping conceptual models of understanding relations between farm owners and farm workers namely the welfarist, workerist and transformative models. The paper argues that, in the past decade, the extension of farm labour and tenure laws to the farm sector has eroded the welfarist relations between the farm owner and farm workers. There is now a rise in workerist relations in a context of unequal power relations tilted in favour of the farm employer. The thesis concludes that in order to adequately understand land, labour and social relations, one has to consider the politics of land ownership as well as the politics of agricultural capitalist employment.