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Academic literature on the topic 'Welfare state – OECD countries'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Welfare state – OECD countries"

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Yoon, Jungkeun. "Globalization and the Welfare State in Developing Countries." Business and Politics 11, no. 2 (August 2009): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1205.

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Most of the existing studies of the welfare state have dealt with OECD countries. Moreover, these studies have focused on government partisanship (left versus right), or institutional features under democracy, as primary causal variables. By providing four primary causal mechanisms (the power of popularly based parties, labor strength, democracy, and political instability) that are different from those of OECD countries, I answer the question of whether and why the efficiency or compensation hypothesis holds for developing countries. I show that either the efficiency or compensation thesis can hold for developing countries depending on the type of globalization with which popularly based governments interact.
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Yörük, Erdem, İbrahim Öker, and Gabriela Ramalho Tafoya. "The four global worlds of welfare capitalism: Institutional, neoliberal, populist and residual welfare state regimes." Journal of European Social Policy 32, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09589287211050520.

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What welfare state regimes are observed when the analysis is extended globally, empirically and theoretically? We introduce a novel perspective into the ‘welfare state regimes analyses’ – a perspective that brings developed and developing countries together and, as such, broadens the geographical, empirical and theoretical scope of the ‘welfare modelling business’. The expanding welfare regimes literature has suffered from several drawbacks: (i) it is radically slanted towards organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD) countries, (ii) the literature on non-OECD countries does not use genuine welfare policy variables and (iii) social assistance and healthcare programmes are not utilized as components of welfare state effort and generosity. To overcome these limitations, we employ advanced data reduction methods, exploit an original dataset ( https://glow.ku.edu.tr/ ) that we assembled from several international and domestic sources covering 52 emerging markets and OECD countries and present a welfare state regime structure as of the mid-2010s. Our analysis is based on genuine welfare policy variables that are theorized to capture welfare generosity and welfare efforts across five major policy domains: old-age pensions, sickness cash benefits, unemployment insurance, social assistance and healthcare. The sample of OECD countries and emerging market economies form four distinct welfare state regime clusters: institutional, neoliberal, populist and residual. We unveil the composition and performance of welfare state components in each welfare state regime family and develop politics-based working hypotheses about the formation of these regimes. Institutional welfare state regimes perform high in social security, healthcare and social assistance, while populist regimes perform moderately in social assistance and healthcare and moderate-to-high in social security. The neoliberal regime performs moderately in social assistance and healthcare, and it performs low in social security, and the residual regime performs low in all components. We then hypothesize that the relative political strengths of formal and informal working classes are key factors that shaped these welfare state regime typologies.
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NOËL, ALAIN. "The Politics of Minimum Income Protection in OECD Countries." Journal of Social Policy 48, no. 2 (June 6, 2018): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000351.

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AbstractMinimum income protection (MIP) determines the disposable income a person obtains when she has no market or social insurance income, few assets and no family support. This last-recourse income, usually social assistance benefits plus associated transfers, constitutes a significant indicator of a country's commitment to social justice. Yet, we know little about the politics of MIP, in part because welfare state scholars have focused on more encompassing social insurance programmes, and in part because of a lack of good comparative data. This article takes the measure of MIP adequacy in 18 OECD countries for the 1990–2010 period, for single, able-to-work individuals, tracks its comparative evolution, and proposes an explanation of its determinants, with a times-series cross-sectional model. The main positive determinant of adequacy is a generous welfare state; the main negative force is the importance of the public debt. Overall, the politics of MIP appears consistent with that of the welfare state.
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KWONHYEOKYONG and 신혜현. "Economic Constraints, Partisan Hegemony, and the Welfare State in OECD Countries." Korean Political Science Review 41, no. 3 (September 2007): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18854/kpsr.2007.41.3.006.

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Scruggs, Lyle, and James Allan. "Welfare-state decommodification in 18 OECD countries: a replication and revision." Journal of European Social Policy 16, no. 1 (February 2006): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928706059833.

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Boreham, Paul, Richard Hall, and Martin Leet. "Labour and Citizenship: The Development of Welfare State Regimes." Journal of Public Policy 16, no. 2 (May 1996): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00007364.

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ABSTRACTThis paper is concerned with the political determinants of the significantly different rates of welfare expenditure which characterise advanced capitalist countries. The research concentrates on the connections between the organization and mobilization of a key political actor pursing social wage benefits – the labour movement – and different levels across nations of welfare provision, including expenditure on health, social security consumption expenditure and social security transfers. The paper uses disaggregated, pooled time series data on welfare provision in 15 OECD countries, 1974–1988, to test the association between more comprehensive welfare state regimes and state structures that facilitate the intervention of organized labour movements in the policy process.
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Halla, Martin, Mario Lackner, and Johann Scharler. "Does the Welfare State Destroy the Family? Evidence from OECD Member Countries." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 118, no. 2 (December 3, 2015): 292–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12144.

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Jackson, Aaron L., David L. Ortmeyer, and Michael A. Quinn. "Are immigrants really attracted to the welfare state? Evidence from OECD countries." International Economics and Economic Policy 10, no. 4 (August 12, 2012): 491–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10368-012-0219-2.

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LYNCH, JULIA. "The Age-Orientation of Social Policy Regimes in OECD Countries." Journal of Social Policy 30, no. 3 (July 2001): 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279401006365.

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This article presents a series of measures of the extent to which social policies in twenty-one OECD countries are oriented towards the support of elderly (over 65 or in formal retirement) and non-elderly (under 65 and not retired) population groups. Employing breakdowns by age in spending on social insurance, education and health, tax expenditures on welfare substituting goods, and housing policy outcomes, this article shows that countries tend to demonstrate a consistent age-orientation across a variety of policy areas and instruments. After correcting for the demographic structure of the population, Greece, Japan, Italy, Spain and the United States have the most elderly-oriented social policy regimes, while the Netherlands, Ireland, Canada and the Nordic countries have a more age-neutral repertoire of social policies. In identifying the age-orientation of social policy as a dimension of distributive politics that is not captured by other welfare state typologies, this article suggests the need to develop new accounts of the development of welfare states that include the dimension of age.
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Park, Brandon Beomseob, and Jungsub Shin. "Do the welfare benefits weaken the economic vote? A cross-national analysis of the welfare state and economic voting." International Political Science Review 40, no. 1 (August 4, 2017): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512117716169.

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Comparative economic voting studies have found great instability in economic voting across countries and over time. In explaining this instability, we highlight the role of welfare systems because strong welfare protection attenuates voters’ incentives to base their vote on government economic performance. By analyzing 174 legislature elections in 31 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1980 to 2010 and by taking into account clarity of responsibility, we find that welfare protection weakens the linkage between macroeconomic outcomes and incumbent electoral fortunes. This result implies that strong welfare protection enables politicians to avoid blame for economic failures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Welfare state – OECD countries"

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Halla, Martin, Mario Lackner, and Johann Scharler. "Does the Welfare State Destroy the Family? Evidence from OECD Member Countries." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3822/1/wp150.pdf.

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We study the effect of the size of the welfare state on family outcomes in OECD member countries. Exploiting exogenous variation in public social spending, due to varying degrees of political fractionalization (i.e. the number of relevant parties involved in the legislative process), we show that an expansion in the welfare state increases the fertility, marriage, and divorce rates with a quantitatively stronger effect on the marriage rate. We conclude that the welfare state supports family formation. Nevertheless, we also find that the welfare state decouples marriage and fertility, and therefore, alters the organization of the family. (authors' abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Palme, Joakim. "Pension rights in welfare capitalism the development of old-age pensions in 18 OECD countries 1930 to 1986 /." Stockholm : Swedish Institute for Social Research, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/26763202.html.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Welfare state change in leading OECD countries the influence of post-industrial and global economic developments." Wiesbaden Gabler, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995018928/04.

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Zhang, Xiao Yun. "Promoting private pensions in China : a tax policy based on the experience of the OECD countries." Thesis, University of Bath, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250818.

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Jang, Ikhyun. "The distributive impact of new welfare policies in the context of old welfare institution : a multilevel analysis of income inequality across OECD countries." Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16768/.

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This thesis provides a quantitative investigation into the effect of new social policy instruments on income inequality. Income inequality has increased over recent decades in the developed world, and existing studies have shown that a high level of income inequality is related to many social problems such as low levels of social trust or high crime rates. The welfare state, which had played an important role in relieving poverty and income inequality, is now under pressure for reformation due to economic and sociological changes. Many new policy instruments have been introduced in the process of welfare reform, and this thesis focuses particularly on private pensions and an active labour market policy. Existing studies have examined the distributive outcome of these policy instruments but they have shown inconsistent results. In addition, the existing literature suffers from limitations, particularly in the failure to consider the interaction between new policy instruments and the pre-existing institutional design of the welfare state. The contribution of this study is to examine how new policy instruments affect income inequality by considering the interaction between new policy instruments and the institutional design of the traditional welfare state. Data are measured at country-level and consist of nineteen OECD countries between 1980 and 2010 (for the case of private pension), and twenty-one OECD countries between 1985 and 2010 (for the case of active labour market policy). The analysis is conducted mainly by multi-level analysis. Multi-level analysis can estimate the effect of time-invariant variables without unrealistic assumptions. The results suggest that an increase in private pensions (excluding mandatory private pension) is related to a decrease in income inequality among the elderly but that the impact is different according to the institutional design of the public pension system. An increase in private pensions is related to an increase in income inequality when the public pension has a low level of coverage and a high level of earnings-relatedness. In the case of an active labour market policy, the results suggest that an increase in spending on active labour market policy is related to a decrease in income inequality, but this relation goes in the opposite direction when the unemployment benefit is based on a targeted or flat-rate system. This thesis suggests that there is no trade-off between new policy instruments and the traditional welfare state if the traditional welfare state is well-designed.
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Wennemo, Irene. "Sharing the costs of children : studies on the development of family support in the OECD countries /." [Sweden : s.n.], 1994. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/23536.

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Buckley, Jennifer. "Participatory inequality and the welfare state preferences of the politically active : a study of four European countries." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/participatory-inequality-and-the-welfare-state-preferences-of-the-politically-active-a-study-of-four-european-countries(a96bff18-adee-4a12-a311-d5a738bf7611).html.

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Across Europe, the welfare state is a focus of social and political contention. Participating in the democratic process offers a means for the public to voice their preferences. However, not everyone participates in politics. Research shows that there are significant participatory inequalities as those with greater socioeconomic resources are more likely to participate in politics. In light of these participatory inequalities, this thesis examines the representativeness of the welfare state preferences of the politically active. The main hypothesis posits that, if less advantaged socioeconomic groups are less likely to participate in politics, the welfare state preferences of the politically active are unlikely to be representative. The thesis brings together the comparative study of participatory inequality and social differences in welfare state preferences to examine data from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2008-09 for Germany, Spain, Sweden and the UK. Latent Class Analysis examines how preferences about the welfare state vary within Europe. By grouping individuals, the analysis shows that within societies there are different views about what should be the responsibilities of government. Using the latent classes, and considering a range of political actions, multivariate regression models show how social inequality determines conflict over the welfare state and transforms into political inequality. The association between preferences and political activity is examined to establish the representativeness of participant preferences. Finally, models combining welfare state preferences, political activity and social position address how social inequality shapes the link between political activity and welfare state preferences. Based on survey data for four European countries, the thesis finds that the politically active are not always representative in their preferences; however, the preference bias of participation varies in direction across countries and forms of political participation. Participatory inequalities do lead to the under-representation of support for the welfare state among the politically active but not in all cases. Examining the social stratification of preferences and participation, the thesis suggests that cross-national variations in the representativeness of participants may result from how preferences and participation are socially stratified. For instance, significant participatory inequalities can occur in contexts where there is less contention over the welfare state. Conversely, contention over the welfare state can coincide with egalitarian patterns of political activity. A concluding proposition is that the factors inhibiting the political participation of the socio-economically disadvantaged may also cultivate weaker levels of support for the welfare state.
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Yen, Wei-Ting Yen. "Unstable Income and the Welfare State in Asia." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1533388469470047.

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Rovira, Torres Florencia. "Public Sector Employment and Support for the Welfare State : A multilevel assessment of 15 advanced capitalist countries." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-78879.

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The development and longevity of the welfare state is dependent on public support. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between public sector employment and popular support for the welfare state in comparative perspective. Welfare state attitudes represent the micro-foundation in many theories about links between welfare state organization and interest formation and the shaping of values, norms and levels of aspiration. Most studies seeking to explain differences in welfare state support use welfare state regime labels on countries as their independent variable. However, previous empirical research on comparative welfare state attitudes has found very mixed support using the regime typology approach. The present study takes a step forward in using comparative indicators of public sector employment and social protection, instead of regime labels. In previous research the role of public sector employment for welfare state attitudes has typically been given little attention. The main hypothesis is that public service employment positively influences aggregate levels of support towards the welfare state. Based on a multilevel-regression framework and drawing on ISSP comparative data from 2006 on individual level attitudes, this study demonstrates clear empirical support for this main hypothesis.
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Mattila, Johanna, and Maija Uusilehto. "Female leaders' perceptions of the barriers and facilitating factors of their career in gender-equal Nordic countries." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43981.

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Background – This paper examined the literature on the concept of the glass ceiling in the management field, with an emphasis on Finnish and Swedish female leaders' perceptions of the barriers and facilitating factors of their career. Purpose – The purpose of this thesis was to explore the factors that affect the career development of women in the context of Nordic countries, namely in Finland and Sweden. Furthermore, this thesis tried to understand the welfare state paradox better and how the women in Finland and Sweden perceive it. Lastly, the purpose of this study was to find out if there are any differences between the perceptions of these countries due to the societal and cultural differences. Method – Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 female leaders from different companies in Finland and in Sweden. The grounded analysis was used in the qualitative analysis of the coding. Conclusion – The research resulted that there are several barriers and facilitating factors that have affected the career of female leaders. Finnish and Swedish women highlighted their own individual factors such as motivation, self-esteem and courage as the major facilitating factor, and thereof lack of them a barrier. Based on this research, women’s perception of Nordic welfare policies is that they are beneficial to career development, providing an opportunity to focus on work more. Contrary to the expectations, there were relatively few differences in perceptions between Finnish and Swedish female leaders identified in this study. However, it seems that in Sweden the responsibilities about family are shared more equally and the overall social atmosphere is more encouraging for women's career success.
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Books on the topic "Welfare state – OECD countries"

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1.

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Wulfgramm, Melike, Tonia Bieber, and Stephan Leibfried, eds. Welfare State Transformations and Inequality in OECD Countries. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51184-3.

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The future of the welfare state: Crisis myths and crisis realities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries: The Influence of Post-Industrial and Global Economic Developments. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden, 2010.

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Palme, Joakim. Pension rights in welfare capitalism: The development of old-age pensions in 18 OECD countries 1930 to 1986. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Social Research, 1990.

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Third way reforms: Social democratic welfare states after the golden age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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The risk of social policy: The electoral consequences of welfare state retrenchment and social policy performance in OECD countries. New York: Routledge, 2011.

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Rothgang, Heinz, and Steffen Schneider, eds. State Transformations in OECD Countries. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137012425.

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Istance, David. Education and equity in OECD countries. Paris: OECD, 1997.

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Jocelyne, Rocourt, Moy Gerald, Vierk Katherine A, Schlundt Jørgen, Tiffin Richard, World Health Organization, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., eds. Foodborne disease in OECD countries: Present state and economic costs. Paris: OECD, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Welfare state – OECD countries"

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Worlds of Welfare Capitalism: Interlinking Welfare State and Production Regimes." In Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 25–37. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_3.

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Starke, Peter, and Herbert Obinger. "Pioneers of Paradigmatic Change? Welfare State Restructuring in Small Open Economies." In State Transformations in OECD Countries, 189–206. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137012425_10.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Theoretical Foundations of the Welfare State." In Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 11–24. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_2.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Historical Phases of Welfare State Development." In Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 41–48. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_4.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Methodological Issues in Comparative Welfare Capitalism Research." In Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 107–10. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_7.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Economic Globalization and the Contemporary Capitalist Welfare State." In Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 71–103. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_6.

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Wulfgramm, Melike, Tonia Bieber, and Stephan Leibfried. "Introduction: Welfare State Transformation and Inequality in OECD Countries." In Welfare State Transformations and Inequality in OECD Countries, 1–16. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51184-3_1.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Post-Industrial Challenges of the Contemporary Capitalist Welfare State." In Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 49–69. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_5.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "A Quantitative Study on the Determinants of Welfare Spending." In Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 111–49. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_8.

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Schustereder, Ingmar J. "Introduction." In Welfare State Change in Leading OECD Countries, 1–7. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-8622-1_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Welfare state – OECD countries"

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Algan, Neşe, Erhan İşcan, and Duygu Serin Oktay. "The Effect of Technology Spillovers on Income Distribution: An Application on OECD Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02294.

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Ensuring a fair income distribution to increase social welfare is one of the main objectives of economic policies. With the acceleration of innovations in information and communication technology in the 20th century, the developments in technology have been characterized as the main reason for growth, welfare and productivity growth. However, rapid technological developments have revealed that significant changes in the dynamics of income inequalities occur at the same time. The growth in income inequality has increased significantly in many countries recently. Accordingly, the notion that the spread of technology has led to growth in income inequality has attracted attention in recent years. In the light of this information, the aim of the study is to reveal the impact of the spread of new technologies on income inequality and the factors underlying the income inequality dynamics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of technology spillovers on income inequality of selected OECD countries including Turkey using panel data analysis. The data for all countries obtained from the World Bank’s Development Indicators and OECD. Stat. The empirical conclusion indicated the effect of the technology spillovers on income inequality. This empirical finding contributed to promote the existing literature, and also draws main attention of policymakers. Because, knowing the factors underlying income inequality, which is seen as an important economic and social problem, is important in determining effective policies to ensure a more equitable income distribution.
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Haykır Hobikoğlu, Elif, and Ahmet İncekara. "A Comparative Analysis of Turkey’s and Other OECD Countries’ Decent Work Structures." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01603.

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This study examines all the efforts paid since the year 2000 for improving the working conditions of decent work which is a concept that has been in use by the International Labour Organization. A comparative analysis of Turkey's and other OECD counties' decent work structures is presented in our study which has been conducted by looking at such indicators as wages paid for labour, working conditions, social security rights, union rights, income security, annual leave durations, existence of social dialogue, labour participation rates, social assistance, social protections, the state of human development index.
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Koç, Özgür Emre. "Health Expenditures in Transition Economies within the Framework of Welfare State." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00957.

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Within the historical framework the public sector has attached a special importance at presenting health services which have priority in cultural and economic areas of society. Being healthy of each citizen in the society contributes to progress and development of the society. It is well known that one of the fields of activities of public sector is to increase welfare of its citizens. States are adopting policies within their own economic structure to realize social welfare. Particularly after II. World War, these policies have gained a new dimension with the developing understanding of welfare state. The concept of welfare state is based on active and comprehensive interferences of state to economy with the aim of providing social prosperity to its citizens with maximum advantage. The welfare state, with its institutionalizing structure, has been an important instrument for social politicises towards social services and combating against poverty. The fundamental chracter of a social welfare state is to present circumtances which enhance life conditions of each citizens and to provide full employment with expenses on social security, health and education. In this study it is aimed to analyze health expenditures of countries, known as transition economies and they are still in their transition period, within the framework of public services providing by a welfare state. A comparison will be made the data on health expenditures in developed economies and evaluating the results.
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Viglaski, Tom, Andrei Blahoianu, Bengt Lydell, and Jovica Riznic. "The OECD Pipe Failure Data Exchange Project: Validation of Canadian Data." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89176.

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Structural integrity of piping systems is important to plant safety and operability. Information on degradation and failure of piping components and systems is collected and evaluated by regulatory agencies, international organizations (e.g., OECD/NEA and IAEA) and industry organizations worldwide to establish systematic feedback to reactor regulation and research and development programs associated with non-destructive examination (NDE) technology, in-service inspection (ISI) programs, leak-before-break evaluations, risk-informed ISI, and probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) applications involving passive component reliability. In 2002, the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) has initiated an international pipe failure data collection and exchange project. The OECD Pipe Failure Data Exchange (OPDE) Project has been established to encourage multilateral co-operation in the collection and analysis of data relating to pipe failure events in commercial nuclear power plants. At present, the database contains 3644 records to which twelve participating countries contributed. This paper presents a brief description of the ODPE project objectives and work scope, as well as the Canadian contribution on data validation with respect to development and application of the pipe failure data collection on which OPDE is based. It gives a number of tables and figures that can be obtained from these records, with selected data ranging from a very broad (i.e. level of participation in the database from each member country), to very specific (i.e. plant operational state at time of pipe failure discovery for CANDU reactors).
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Lotorev, Evgeniy. "Social policy and constitutional legislation: comparative legal research experience." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practice. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02061-6-177-191.

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The relevance of the problem under study is due to the issues that arise in the process of attempts to build a welfare state; the current situation in the Russian Federation at the present stage of the development of statehood and social phenomena, as well as the difficulties that arise in the regulatory regulation of these groups of public relations. In this regard, this article is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of the issues of the formation of the social state that arise when trying to resolve them by the national legislator. The leading approach to the study of this problem is a comparative legal analysis of the European and domestic experience of building a social security system and the impact of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights on it. The article summarizes the problematic issues related to the search for the optimal domestic model of social security, as well as the doctrinal approach to the topic under consideration.
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Nakamura, Hideo, Tadashi Watanabe, Takeshi Takeda, Hideaki Asaka, Masaya Kondo, Yu Maruyama, Iwao Ohtsu, and Mitsuhiro Suzuki. "RELAP5/MOD3 Code Verification Through PWR Pressure Vessel Small Break LOCA Tests in OECD/NEA ROSA Project." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48615.

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The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) started OECD/NEA ROSA Project in 2005 to resolve issues in the thermal-hydraulic analyses relevant to LWR safety through the experiments of ROSA/LSTF in JAEA. More than 17 organizations from 14 NEA member countries have joined the Project. The ROSA Project intends to focus on the validation of simulation models and methods for complex phenomena that may occur during DBEs and beyond-DBE transients. Twelve experiments are to be conducted in the six types. By utilizing the obtained data, the predictability of codes is validated. Nine experiments have been performed so far in the ROSA Project to date. The results of two out of these experiments; PV top and bottom small-break (SB) LOCA simulations are studied here, through comparisons with the results from pre-test and post-test analyses by using the RELAP5/MOD3.2 code as a typical and well-utilized/improved best estimate (BE) code. The experimental conditions were defined based on the pre-test (blind) analysis. The comparison with the experiment results may clearly indicate a state of the art of the code to deal with relevant reactor accidents. The code predictive capability was verified further through the post-test analysis. The obtained issues in the utilization of the RELAP5 code are summarized as well as the outline of the ROSA Project.
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Durusoy, Serap. "Destructive mid- and long-term Side Effect of the Crisis: Rising Protectionism." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00636.

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Finance based crisis with its effect felt in the second quarter of 2007 has acquired global characteristics, and taken held of many countries. Global crisis not only has worn down constructive opinions regarding global capitalism, which played an important role in shaping the 20 th, but it has also discredited market economies. Thus, in many countries, including the United States of America, public rescue package implementations have lead to more desirable state interventions.On the other hand, economic activities in the global arena following the crisis slowed down and it became more difficult for financial structures to exist, and reduction in global trade movements were observed.This situation has lead for countries to include protective policies against the crisis as well. In study, protective studies will be addresssed, which wear down the globalization acting as a descriptive property of both experimental and normative reality in the definition of the process we are currently experiencing. As the economic problems gradually increase, the kind of shapes trade constrictions and protective instincts illustrate themselves and possible results of this will be examined on a country basis (EURASİAN, USA, EU, OECD). Expecially, it will be examined whether protectionism is the right solition policy against the crisis on not, and then the degree of the effect of this policy in the drop experienced in the recent months in international trade will be addressed. Lastly, the type of measurements taken in the international arena regarding protectionism and suficiently of the measurements will be assessed.
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Göktepe, Hülya. "Competition Policy and Competition Law in Turkey and Russia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00690.

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Competition law provides the formation and protection of free competition. Modern market economy is the basis of the principle of free competition. Free competition provides an effective utilization of resources, price goes down, saving to reduce costs, find new technologies and their use in production. Desired markets, although a perfect competition market, because of market failures rather than the ideal situation monopolies, cartels can occur. At this stage, competition policies become important because they provide an efficient resource allocation, and constitutes an important element in raising the level of social welfare. Competition law is state intervention tool in order to establish and maintain free competition in the economy. Competition laws is seen as the constitution of the economy. In Russia, first competition authority was created in 1990 and the Law “On Competiton and Ristriction of Monopolistic Activity on Goods Markets” passed in 1991. After the OECD Peer Rewiew Report on Russia’s Competition Policy and Law, competition authority was abolished, new Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS) established in 2004. Also new competition law passed in 2006. In Turkey, competition law passed in 1994, Turkish Competiton Authority was established in 1997. The aim of this study is to analyze competition law rules is implemented in Turkey and Russia. Also Examples of decisions issued by the Turkish competition authority and FAS Russia will be presented.
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VITUNSKIENĖ, Vlada, Vilija ALEKNEVIČIENĖ, Neringa RAMANAUSKĖ, Astrida MICEIKIENE, Jonas ČAPLIKAS, Virginija KARGYTĖ, Daiva MAKUTĖNIENĖ, and Darius JAZEPČIKAS. "GLOBAL, EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL DRIVERS OF LITHUANIAN BIOECONOMY STRATEGY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.162.

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This paper contributes to the comprehensive approach for sustainable and balanced development of bioeconomy as a cross-cutting economic sector and focuses on the drivers of Lithuanian bioeconomy strategy. Lithuanian bioeconomy strategy development can be motivated by country’s specialization and, compared with other EU member states, strong performance in terms of recent growth in all biomass production and fully bio-based manufacturing sectors. However, Lithuanian bioeconomy strategy depends not only on the current state and trends of its subsectors, but also on the drivers that will be forcing and shaping them in the future. The authors decomposed these drivers into global, European and national. Using content analysis of the EU, OECD and European countries’ legal acts, global drivers such as depletion of natural resources, growing population, increasing environmental pressures and climate change were identified. Applying content analysis of the EU and European countries’ bioeconomy strategies and analysis of case studies of good practices in European countries and regions, the following drivers at European level were identified: common EU bioeconomy policy, strategy and action plan; assurance of biomass availability and sustainability, as well as efficient biomass value chain; the need to strengthen markets and competitiveness of the bioeconomy subsectors; the necessity of close cooperation among all stakeholders, namely politicians, business people, scientists and the public; the need of the development of new technologies and processes, especially industrial biotechnology. The research revealed that the bioeconomy development in Lithuania has been regulated and promoted through certain sectoral policies: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, energy, environment (including waste management), scientific research, innovation and biotechnology development. In the future, the cross-sectoral links and interactions in the Lithuanian bioeconomy will increase due to the scarce biomass, applying the cascading principle in the biomass refinement, transition towards circular economy, and the development and implementation of innovations.
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Urdarević, Bojan. "U SUSRET NOVOM ZAKONU O SOCIJALNOM PREDUZETNIŠTVU." In XVIII Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xviiimajsko.633u.

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Social entrepreneurship is based on the ethical, humane principles of mutual solidarity and responsibility towards those social groups that are unable to enter a social game on their own, dominated by harsh market criteria. The concept of social entrepreneurship and social economy in many countries is still perceived as a generator of economic development, but also as a tool for solving social problems and high unemployment rates of marginalized groups. It is imperative that states create a favourable legal and strategic framework that includes civil society organisations in performing public interest tasks at the national and local level and supporting the development of new and innovative social welfare providers, thus contributing to better fulfillment of the state social policy goals. On 04 April, the Republic of Serbia adopted the Law on Social Entrepreneurship, which for the first time comprehensively regulates the area of social entrepreneurship and encourages its further development.
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Reports on the topic "Welfare state – OECD countries"

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Milican, Juliet. Mapping Best Practice Guidelines in working with Civil Society Organisations. Institute of Development Studies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.092.

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This report sets out to map the different guidance documents available on how to work most effectively with civil society in the delivery of international aid in ways that deepen democracy and advance the rights of marginalised or excluded groups. It includes a review of guidelines published by other key international development funders and implementors written for their own teams, an overview of guidance provided for DAC members within OECD countries and policy papers on cooperation between the state and CSOs. It looks primarily at documents produced in the last ten years, between 2011 and 2021 and includes those related to cooperation on specific issues (such as drugs policy or human rights, as well as those that deal with specific countries or regions (such as Europe or the MENA region). The majority of documents identified are written by government aid departments (eg USAID, Norad) but there are one or two produced by umbrella civil society organisations (such as Bond) or international legal think tanks (such as ICNL, the International Centre for Not for Profit Law). There was a remarkable consistency between the issues Millican addressed in the different documents although their size and length varied between outline guidance on 2 – 3 pages and a comprehensive (62 page) overview that included definitions of civil society, range of organisations, reasons for collaborating, mechanisms for financing, monitoring and ensuring accountability and challenges in and guidance on the ways in which donors might work with CSOs.
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Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.

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International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.
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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand, and Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Edited by Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.

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It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."
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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.

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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
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