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1
LÓPEZ-SANTANA, MARIELY, and ROSSELLA MOYER. "Decentralising the Active Welfare State: The Relevance of Intergovernmental Structures in Italy and Spain." Journal of Social Policy 41, no. 4 (July 4, 2012): 769–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279412000335.
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AbstractThis article contributes to the literatures on the governance of activation and the territorial structure of the welfare state by drawing attention to the institutional designs of active welfare states and the architectures of decentralisation, as well as to their manifestations and implications. With the end of capturing dissimilar intergovernmental models of activation, this paper develops a framework of ‘centre–regional’ relations, which we apply to the cases of Italy and Spain – two countries that have devolved active labour market policy powers to their regions but have organised power-sharing structures very differently. The findings suggest that when it comes to active welfare states, horizontal arrangements are linked to salient institutional variations across the territory. By contrast, hierarchical structures, which are characterised by a dominant role of central level governments, are linked to higher levels of cohesion. These findings are relevant as they expose the manifestations and implications of distinct decentralisation models on activation regimes, welfare states, as well as on welfare clients.
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Perocco, Fabio, and Francesco Della Puppa. "The Racialized Welfare Discourse on Refugees and Asylum Seekers: The Example of “Scroungers” in Italy." Social Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020059.
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The rise of anti-immigrant racism over the past two decades has taken place through multiple mechanisms and processes, including the resurgence of welfare racism, which has been re-functionalized towards refugees and asylum seekers. As a key weapon of today’s sovereignism and white supremacism, the “return” of welfare racism is intrinsic to the rise of neo-liberal racism and is an integral part of a global process of erosion of social rights, weakening of social citizenship, and dismantling of the welfare state. Welfare racism—a combination of racial discrimination in the welfare system and racialized welfare discourse—operates through discriminatory laws and measures related to social benefits and through public discourses depicting refugees, immigrants, and people of color as parasites and scroungers sponging off the welfare state. The resurgence of welfare racism in the last decade has seen the specific spread of welfare racism against refugees and asylum seekers as part of the dual war on asylum and on the welfare state. This article examines the ideological-discursive dimension of welfare racism (that is, the public discourses, rhetoric, and images), first analyzing the development, dimensions, and characteristics of racialized welfare discourse more generally, then focusing on racialized welfare discourses about refugees and asylum seekers in contemporary Italy. It explores the arguments and conceptual metaphors of the racialized welfare discourse on asylum seekers, revealing the devices and dynamics at play in the construction of the refugee as a “scrounger” and welfare abuser. Furthermore, it highlights the consequences of racialized welfare discourse on public policies (particularly on social policies and welfare controls), on migration policies (particularly on immigration controls and internal controls), and on the relationship between citizens and migrants, receiving societies, and newcomers.
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Auteri, Monica, and Fabrizio Antolini. "Geographical Redistribution and Public Pensions: The Case of Italy." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 21, no. 2 (October 1, 2003): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569203x15668905422045.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the effects of selected Italian welfare instruments, such as the seniority pensions and the early retirement pensions. The main instruments of the Italian welfare state are described, distinguishing between assistance and insurance transfers. With a cluster analysis, the distribution of specific welfare instruments among Italian regions is thoroughly investigated and then the link between retirement decisions and the selected welfare instruments is assessed. T h e main hypothesis under investigation is that the relatively easy access to various social transfer programs enabled certain categories of older workers to withdraw from the labor market. In this framework, Italian public pensions played a prominent role in the transfer programs becoming the improper device used by the Italian government to cope with unemployment problems.
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Berlinguer, Giovanni. "The Welfare State, Class, and Gender." International Journal of Health Services 22, no. 1 (January 1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/09th-2q3b-e38l-q0x3.
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If we compare the welfare state countries with others, from the point of view of both health and health services, the crisis concerns primarily the second group of countries. Nevertheless, difficulties arise also for welfare state policies. The problem is how to respond to neoconservative attacks on social and health rights, and how to change the bureaucratic and medicalized bias of the welfare state. The “golden era” of social insurance and health services, conceived as free access to funds to cope with all the growing needs of the population, is over. Limitations, controls, and priorities have to be established. In Italy and similar countries, the tendency is toward restricting health care for those who have greater needs, cutting funds for prevention, and creating greater inequalities. It is clear that the state must intervene to reduce social inequalities, but at the same time some existing differences (sexual, cultural, ethnic) have an intrinsic value that must be recognized. A policy of free-choice welfare is useful, and has nothing to do with the selective measures that are being introduced. Moreover, a key point has become the relationship between class and gender. The working class continues to be exploited, but new phenomena arise, connected with production and social reproduction and not limited to this sphere. It is true that gender includes social classes, but no social class may represent both sexes, or different ethnic groups, or gender itself.
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Ferragina, Emanuele. "The welfare state and social capital in Europe: Reassessing a complex relationship." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 58, no. 1 (January 23, 2017): 55–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715216688934.
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The article investigates the relationship between the welfare state and social capital in Europe during the 1990s and the 2000s using structural equation modelling (SEM). By formulating and testing the hypothesis that welfare state generosity and welfare state size have different effects on social capital, we reassess the explanatory power of the main theories in the field and the findings of previous empirical work. We strongly support the contention of institutional theory that there is a positive association between high degrees of welfare state generosity and social capital. Moreover, we partially confirm the concern of neoclassical and communitarian theories for the negative correlation between large-size welfare states and social capital. The positive relationship between welfare state generosity and social capital is much stronger than the negative association observed with welfare state size. Finally, we interpret the considerable cross-country variation using welfare regime theory and several country cases. We illuminate different mechanisms linking welfare state development and social capital creation, discussing the Danish and Dutch third sector experiences and pointing to Sweden as an exceptional case of decline. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of regional variation in Belgium, Germany and Italy and complement the analysis also briefly discussing the Austrian, French, Irish and British cases.
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Baldacci, Emanuele, and Sergio Lugaresi. "Assessing the impact of demographic ageing on the welfare state in Italy." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 13, no. 3 (October 1, 1996): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-1996-13305.
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Mattei, Paola. "From politics to good management? Transforming the local welfare state in Italy." West European Politics 30, no. 3 (May 2007): 595–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402380701276444.
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Kalm, Sara, and Johannes Lindvall. "Immigration policy and the modern welfare state, 1880–1920." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719831169.
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This article puts contemporary debates about the relationship between immigration policy and the welfare state in historical perspective. Relying on new historical data, the article examines the relationship between immigration policy and social policy in Western Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the modern welfare state emerged. Germany already had comparably strict immigration policies when the German Empire introduced the world’s first national social insurances in the 1880s. Denmark, another early social-policy adopter, also pursued restrictive immigration policies early on. Almost all other countries in Western Europe started out with more liberal immigration policies than Germany’s and Denmark’s, but then adopted more restrictive immigration policies and more generous social policies concurrently. There are two exceptions, Belgium and Italy, which are discussed in the article.
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Trein, Philipp. "Bossing or Protecting? The Integration of Social Regulation into the Welfare State." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 691, no. 1 (September 2020): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220953758.
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This article is an empirical analysis of how social regulation is integrated into the welfare state. I compare health, migration, and unemployment policy reforms in Australia, Austria, Canada, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and the United States from 1980 to 2014. Results show that the timing of reform events is similar among countries for health and unemployment policy but differs among countries for migration policy. For migration and unemployment policy, the integration of regulation and welfare is more likely to entail conditionality compared to health policy. In other words, in these two policy fields, it is more common that claimants receive financial support upon compliance with social regulations. Liberal or Continental European welfare regimes are especially inclined to integration. I conclude that integrating regulation and welfare entails a double goal: “bossing” citizens by making them take up available jobs while expelling migrants and refugees for minor offenses; and protecting citizens from risks, such as noncommunicable diseases.
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Pavan, Ilaria. "War and the Welfare State: The Case of Italy, from WWI to Fascism." Historia Contemporánea, no. 61 (October 7, 2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/hc.20281.
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Antes del inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial, Italia se encontraba entre los países europeos menos avanzados en términos de políticas sociales. Esto se debió tanto a la fragilidad del proceso de construcción del Estado, que comenzó en 1860, como a la debilidad relativa de las organizaciones de trabajadores. Atendiendo a líneas de acercamiento recientes que muestra los múltiples vínculos causales entre los desarrollos del Estado de Bienestar y la guerra, este artículo pretende examinar las peculiaridades del escenario italiano. Enfrentados a las nuevas necesidades sociales provocadas por la guerra total, los gobiernos italianos experimentaron una actividad sin precedentes en el campo de las políticas sociales, especialmente en el último año del conflicto y en el período inmediato de posguerra, lo que supuso una evolución radical con respecto al contexto de preguerra. Al analizar las diversas medidas adoptadas, y la retórica que las justificaba y rodeaba, este texto muestra cómo la Primera Guerra Mundial puede considerarse como el verdadero punto de arranque en la construcción del Welfare Stateitaliano.
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Bonke, Jens, and Elke Koch-Weser. "11. THE WELFARE STATE AND TIME ALLOCATION IN SWEDEN, DENMARK, FRANCE, AND ITALY." Advances in Life Course Research 8 (January 2003): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-2608(03)08011-0.
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Miyazaki, Rie. "Long-Term Care and the State–Family Nexus in Italy and Japan—The Welfare State, Care Policy and Family Caregivers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032027.
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This study aims to identify the state–family nexus in long-term care (LTC) provision for older adults in Italy and Japan which have been considered to be a familialistic welfare state and the most ageing societies in the world. Based on the more developed theoretical approach of the familialism–defamilialization continuum of care, represented by Saraceno (2016), the public policy systems as well as the LTC provision and the work–LTC reconciliation of family caregivers in particular, were compared between Italy and Japan. While both countries have lower level of institutional care, and particularly high proportions of family caregivers with relatively heavy care burdens, the share of cash-based and home care as well as the age range and family relationship of family caregivers significantly differ. Focusing on the peculiarities of LTC that the state–(market) –family cannot always be clearly separated, this study identified that the size of public expenditure, i.e., the role of the state does not immediately lead to a defamililization of care. This can contribute to the policy making for care provision and work–LTC reconciliation in several countries that will become super-aging societies in the coming decades.
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Jensen, Per H. "Kontekstuelle og tværnationale komparative analyser." Dansk Sociologi 11, no. 3 (August 22, 2006): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v11i3.625.
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Contextualisation of cross-national comparisons
Most social scientists agree that it is necessary to analyse social phenomenon in context. However, the notion of context is most often used loosely and arbitrary. Therefore, this article invites to reconsider the notion of contextualisation, and it is argued that a contextual approach entails that social relations must be given primacy in the analysis of social phenomenon.
A contextual model is developed in order to understand the marked differences in female labour force participation in Denmark and Italy. It is argued that we find low female participation rates in Italy due to a familial social system (traditional family, residuel welfare state, closed labour markets) which corresponds to a centripetal female orientation, while we find high female labour force partici-pation in Denmark due to a contractual social system (dual family, institutional welfare state, open labour markets) which corresponds to a centrifugal female orientation.
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Bimbi, Franca. "Genre et citoyenneté en Italie." Cahiers du Genre 9, no. 1 (1994): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/genre.1994.939.
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Women's Citizenship and the Welfare State Cultures in Italy. The essay tries to analyse the different phases of women's citizenship in Italy between the post-Second World War period to the forthcoming unification of Europe. It intends to show that over the past fifty years there has been an important change in the ethics of the "gift relationship". From being a model for female identity and a paradigm for solidarity within the family, it has become an important value in the public sphere -thanks to policies of social justice and the development of the right of citizenship. The present phase can be read in two different -but not mutually exclusive -ways. The transformations of the family and the women's presence in political institutions seems to guarantee some important prerogatives for womens. At the same time, the prospect of economic and political crisis brings out the deep contradiction between the promotion of gender equality, the unemployment trends and the New-Right approach to the Welfare state.
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Paniga, Massimiliano. "Public Health Institutions in Italy in the 20th Century." Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 8, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.8-2-3.
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Only recently studied by Italian historiography, public health is one of the most important sectors of a modern Welfare system. During the Twentieth century Italy faced the hygienic and sanitary problem often with different ways and tools than other European countries. The aim of this article is to understand better the attitude and the development of the main public health institutions, both at the central and peripheral level, during the three great phases that marked the history of Italy in the last century: the liberal age, fascism and the Republic, as well as to highlight the organisations, men and structures that exercised decisive functions in the bureaucratic and administrative State machine. The essay focuses on the most significative legislative measures (for example, the “Testi Unici” of 1907 and 1934) and the turning points that have changed the sector on the institutional plan, from the creation of the Directorate-General for Public Health inside the Ministry of the Interior, and destined to remain for the entire Fascist period, to the birth, in the post-war years, of the High Commission for Hygiene and Public Health, then replaced by the Ministry of Health, until the establishment of the National Health Service in 1978. Keywords: Welfare State, social policies, public health, assistance, institutions
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Molina, Oscar, and Martin Rhodes. "Industrial relations and the welfare state in Italy: Assessing the potential of negotiated change." West European Politics 30, no. 4 (September 2007): 803–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402380701500314.
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Natali, David. "Europeanization, policy arenas, and creative opportunism: the politics of welfare state reforms in Italy." Journal of European Public Policy 11, no. 6 (January 2004): 1077–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350176042000298110.
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Siza, Remo. "Narrowing the gap: the middle class and the modernization of welfare in Italy." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 1/2 (March 12, 2018): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2017-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer a contribution to our understanding of the changing relations of the middle classes with the Italian welfare state. The paper argues that the new interplay between public and private welfare is based on a very simplified analysis of Italian society. Design/methodology/approach The paper aims to integrate a variety of different theoretical approaches. The paper makes extensive use of the EU-SILC database, as well as the recently updated historic series of consumer studies undertaken by the Italian National Institute of Statistics. The data used in the paper were also drawn from the biennial cross-sectional Survey on Household Income and Wealth carried out by the Bank of Italy. Findings The analysis suggests that the problems of Italian society include not only a high incidence of poverty, but also increasing financial constraints for households placed between the established middle class and people in conditions of persistent poverty. The current public-private mix in service delivery appears less and less capable of protecting this social stratum against the growing risk of instability across all life domains, let alone of creating opportunities and fostering social mobility. Originality/value The paper explores some ways in which current politics of welfare have been designed with the view of fundamentally changing the welfare regime. It highlights how the public and private welfare mix has been purposefully organized in order to introduce a new model of social protection that aims to overcome certain specific characteristics of Southern European welfare states. It examines the sustainability of this model compared to the real living conditions of the Italian middle classes.
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Seung Yoon, Lee, and Kim Yun Young. "Precarious Working Youth and Pension Reform in the Republic of Korea and Italy." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps28303.
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This paper focuses on two aspects of the welfare state: the old agepension system and the labor market, where the majority of youth are workingin precarious jobs. We discuss the interplay between pension funds and theincrease in young atypical workers by studying the case of Italy and the Republicof Korea, closely analyzing the projected benefit level of both standard and nonstandard workers among the youth population in Korea in order to assess whereyoung workers will find themselves after retirement age and what Korea canlearn from the case of Italy.
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Browning, Sean. "The Life Satisfaction of Informal Caregivers in Europe: Regime Type, Intersectionality, and Stress Process Factors." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2928.
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Abstract This research assessed the role of welfare state/family care regimes, intersecting social locations and stress process factors in influencing the life satisfaction of informal caregivers of care recipients with age-related needs or disabilities within a European international context. Empirical analyses were conducted with a sample of informal caregivers residing in Denmark, Sweden, France, Germany, Italy, Greece and the United Kingdom (n=6,007). Ordinary least squares and ordered logit regression models revealed that welfare state/family care regime, intersecting social locations, and stress process factors were independently associated with the life satisfaction of informal caregivers. Furthermore, there was some evidence to suggest that social location and stress process factors intervened in some of the relationships between regime type and life satisfaction. There was also some evidence that stress process factors intervened in the relationships between social location factors and life satisfaction. Overall, the results provide support for integrating welfare state/family care regime type and intersectionality factors into the stress process model as applied to the context of informal caregiving. The results also have policy and practice implications with regards to which social location and stress process factors explain specific disparities in life satisfaction between informal caregivers residing in different welfare state/family care regimes.
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Fonio, Chiara, and Stefano Agnoletto. "Surveillance, Repression and the Welfare State: Aspects of Continuity and Discontinuity in post-Fascist Italy." Surveillance & Society 11, no. 1/2 (May 27, 2013): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v11i1/2.4449.
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This paper seeks to explore political, cultural, legal and socio-economic legacies of the Fascist regime (1922-1943) in Italy. With the fall of the regime, in fact, the overall surveillance apparatus did not fade away. Former fascists were not purged from political and cultural life and very few were found guilty. The transition to democracy was thus marked by a substantial continuity of men and institutions (Della Porta and Reiter 2004) due to the active involvement of ex-OVRA (Organization of Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism) officers in public institutions (Author 2011). It comes as no surprise that forms of pervasive non-technological social control continued for more than twenty years after the fall of the duce. Moreover, police state surveillance was combined with a meaningful continuity in other areas. For instance, the welfare state immediately after World War II was actually based upon the model built during Fascism. The “Fascist Social State” (Silei, 2000) had a corporative and authoritarian inspiration and was a strategy of social control and a tool to create consensus. In the 1950s and 1960s the institutional features of the Italian social security system remained fundamentally unchanged (Giorgi, 2009; Silei, 2000): an excess of bureaucracy and discretionary power; a system based on specific categories of people needing assistance and not on a more universal approach. The Italian post-fascist experience is a paradigmatic case-study that allows us to deal with ambiguities of the welfare state experience, described either as a tool of social control or as a vector of social justice. This paper is an attempt to analyze “social control strategies” in post-Fascist Italy with a focus both on aspects of continuity and on crucial socio-political discontinuities that are often overlooked in the literature.
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Pavolini, Emmanuele, Margarita León, Ana M. Guillén, and Ugo Ascoli. "From austerity to permanent strain? The EU and welfare state reform in Italy and Spain." Comparative European Politics 13, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 56–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/cep.2014.41.
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Degiuli, Francesca. "Labouring lives: the making of home eldercare assistants in Italy." Modern Italy 16, no. 3 (August 2011): 345–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2010.524639.
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This paper explores how im/migrant women coming to Italy from all corners of the world and from very different backgrounds in terms of class, education and work experience are transformed into home eldercare assistants. The paper explores how these workers are created through discourses and every day practices enforced at different levels: from the state to the employers, from the mediators to the workers themselves. The creation of these workers has a double function: one is to fill the needs of a welfare state that otherwise would have to radically transform itself in order to provide effective services to the elders and, the other, is to alleviate the pressures of those of the family caregivers, mostly women, who otherwise would collapse under the burden of extended care.
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Schianchi, Matteo. "Associations of people with disabilities in Italy: a short history." Modern Italy 19, no. 2 (May 2014): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2014.917072.
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Voluntary associations of persons with disabilities have played an important role in bringing issues related to disability onto the national agenda in Italy in the absence of effective provision by the state or representation by other bodies, such as the political parties and trades unions. At the same time, the nature of Italy's welfare state – weak, clientelistic, particularistic – and its way of conceiving disability as a set of bodily deficits has also shaped the character of disabled persons' organisations in Italy and the ways in which they have framed their demands and policies. These organisations have tended either to represent fragmented subsets of people with disabilities or, more recently, to form large federations that, while they reflect a more comprehensive understanding of disability, have left some categories of people with disabilities feeling excluded or under-represented
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Baglioni, Simone, and Luis F. Oliveira Mota. "Alike but not alike: Welfare state and unemployment policies in Southern Europe. Italy and Portugal compared." International Journal of Social Welfare 22, no. 3 (March 12, 2013): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12028.
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Bressan, Edoardo. "Le vie cristiane della sicurezza sociale. I cattolici italiani e il welfare state." SOCIOLOGIA E POLITICHE SOCIALI, no. 3 (January 2013): 91–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sp2012-003007.
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In Italy, from the 1930s until the end of the century, the relationship between the Catholic world and the development of the Social state becomes a very relevant theme. Social thought and Catholic historiography issues witness a European civilisation crisis, by highlighting problems of poverty and historical forms of assistance. Furthermore, by following the 1931 Pope Pius XI encyclical Quadragesimo anno these issues interacted with fascist corporativism. After 1945, other key experiences arose, as the discussion on social security as the conclusion of the whole public assistance debate shown. These themes are reported in the Bologna social week works in 1949 and in Fanfani's and La Pira's positions, which present several correspondences with British and French worlds, such as Christian socialism, Reinhold Niebuhr's thought and Maritain's remarks. The 1948 Republican Constitution adopts the Welfare State model assumptions, and it is in those very years that the problem of a system based on a universal outlook arose. Afterwards, governments of coalition led by centre and left-wing parties fostered social security through welfare and health reforms until the '80s. While this model falls into crisis, and new social actors begin to be involved in a context of subsidiarity.
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Brscic, Marta, Nina Dam Otten, Barbara Contiero, and Marlene Katharina Kirchner. "Investigation of a Standardized Qualitative Behaviour Assessment and Exploration of Potential Influencing Factors on the Emotional State of Dairy Calves." Animals 9, no. 10 (October 2, 2019): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100757.
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Assessing emotional states of dairy calves is an essential part of welfare assessment, but standardized protocols are absent. The present study aims at assessing the emotional states of dairy calves and establishing a reliable standard procedure with Qualitative Behavioral Assessment (QBA) and 20 defined terms. Video material was used to compare multiple observer results. Further, live observations were performed on 49 dairy herds in Denmark and Italy. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified observer agreement and QBA dimensions (PC). For achieving overall welfare judgment, PC1-scores were turned into the Welfare Quality (WQ) criterion ‘Positive Emotional State’. Finally, farm factors’ influence on the WQ criterion was evaluated by mixed linear models. PCA summarized QBA descriptors as PC1 ‘Valence’ and PC2 ‘Arousal’ (explained variation 40.3% and 13.3%). The highest positive descriptor loadings on PC1 was Happy (0.92) and Nervous (0.72) on PC2. The WQ-criterion score (WQ-C12) was on average 51.1 ± 9.0 points (0: worst to 100: excellent state) and ‘Number of calves’, ‘Farming style’, and ‘Breed’ explained 18% of the variability of it. We conclude that the 20 terms achieved a high portion of explained variation providing a differentiated view on the emotional state of calves. The defined term list proved to need good training for observer agreement.
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DEGIULI, FRANCESCA. "The burden of long-term care: how Italian family care-givers become employers." Ageing and Society 30, no. 5 (March 16, 2010): 755–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000073.
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ABSTRACTIn recent years in Italy, population ageing, rising female labour-market participation, and the restructuring of the welfare state have combined to create increased demand for long-term care services for frail and dependent older people. The rising demand has increasingly been met by immigrant women of different nationalities, and to a lesser extent immigrant men, who are hired to provide individualised care in people's own homes and other private settings. While there have been many studies of this growing phenomenon, very little attention has been paid to the reasons that bring family care-givers to choose this care-support option. To begin to fill the gap, this paper reports the finding of a qualitative study of 26 family members who were caring for a disabled elder. Semi-structured interviews lasting between 60 and 100 minutes and that covered various aspects of long-term care in family households were conducted. The participants' responses indicate that they did not choose immigrant home eldercare assistants solely for economic reasons but also to be consistent with cultural, moral and traditional understandings of family responsibilities and care. They also provide valuable findings and insights into Italian attitudes towards the welfare state and the care-labour market. While the wealthiest respondent declared a clear predilection for the free-market and a desire to bypass the state, the majority of the respondents advocated a stronger role of the welfare state in helping people cope with the increased burden of long-term care.
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Raadschelders, Jos. "Antonio Serra, Early Modern Political Economist: From Good Government as Individual Behavior to Good Government as Practical Policy." Administory 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adhi-2022-0007.
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Abstract Antonio Serra is one of the first authors to write that society and economy will benefit from a diversified economy, an physical infrastructure for better connectivity between people (for trade), investing in an educated citizenry, and good government. To him government is the prime institutional arrangement that has the ability to lift people up. In this article his ideas are discussed and shown how they foreshadowed the thoughts of colleagues in France, Germany, and Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. His thoughts also envisions what is called a welfare state.
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Moretti, Irene. "Kin Enough." Social Analysis 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2021.650405.
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The moral imperatives of kinship in Italy today articulate state law and market in measurements of closeness for access to resources and care. The negotiations of insurance payouts for road crash victims offer a privileged vantage point to study this articulation and, specifically, how laws and welfare policies are reproduced through financial products. In these negotiations, insurance companies, state agencies, lawyers, and families employ different measurements of kinship as closeness. The notion of ‘kin enough’ indicates thresholds of belonging reached when degrees of closeness measured through different indicators add up. Two case studies show how concrete negotiations of measurement reinforce inequalities of gender, class, and age, and help to moralize kinship according to ideals of middle-class propriety.
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Raitano, Michele. "L'opting out dalla previdenza pubblica a quella privata e le scelte di adesione dei lavoratori del Regno Unito." ECONOMIA PUBBLICA, no. 5 (September 2009): 153–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ep2008-005007.
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The economic policy debate on the pension system's reform process in Italy has been on the forefront for more than a decade, and an increase in the role of funded private pillars has been often suggested. In this paper we focus on a specific way for enlarging such pillars: the partial opting out proposal, i.e. the chance for individuals to voluntarily devolve part of the contribution due to «pay as you go» public schemes to funded private ones. We argue that, if enrolment in different pension schemes is significantly related to individuals' socio-economic status, the introduction of opting out could result in population segmentation, weakening the social cohesion lying at the basis of a universal welfare state. We focus on the pension system of the UK, where voluntarily opting out from public second pillar towards private pension funds has been possible since the mid 1980s, and we study by means of an econometric analysis if the choice of pension enrolment of British workers are significantly related to their socio-economic status.JEL H55Keywords: sistemi e riforme previdenziali, opting out, welfare state, Regno Unito
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LYNCH, JULIA. "The Age-Orientation of Social Policy Regimes in OECD Countries." Journal of Social Policy 30, no. 3 (July 2001): 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279401006365.
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This article presents a series of measures of the extent to which social policies in twenty-one OECD countries are oriented towards the support of elderly (over 65 or in formal retirement) and non-elderly (under 65 and not retired) population groups. Employing breakdowns by age in spending on social insurance, education and health, tax expenditures on welfare substituting goods, and housing policy outcomes, this article shows that countries tend to demonstrate a consistent age-orientation across a variety of policy areas and instruments. After correcting for the demographic structure of the population, Greece, Japan, Italy, Spain and the United States have the most elderly-oriented social policy regimes, while the Netherlands, Ireland, Canada and the Nordic countries have a more age-neutral repertoire of social policies. In identifying the age-orientation of social policy as a dimension of distributive politics that is not captured by other welfare state typologies, this article suggests the need to develop new accounts of the development of welfare states that include the dimension of age.
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Baumann, Fabienne-Agnes, and Janis Vossiek. "Changing Skill Formation in Greece and Italy – Crisis-Induced Reforms in Light of Common Institutional Legacies." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 9, no. 3 (November 9, 2022): 340–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.9.3.3.
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Context: After the Eurozone crisis unfolded a decade ago, comparative political economy has investigated reforms of public administration, labour market, welfare state and economic policy particularly in Southern European nations which were hit hardest by the crisis. However, analyses of skill formation reform, particularly vocational education and training (VET), have been scant, despite a common problem pressure for reforms emanating from stubbornly high rates of youth unemployment and similar legacies of statist VET. Approach: We investigate VET reforms brought underway in Greece and Italy during and in the aftermath of the crisis, asking how far apprenticeship-like forms of learning within their VET systems were strengthened. Empirically, we base our analysis on primary and secondary sources, having conducted semi-structured expert interviews in Greece and Italy in 2019. Results: We find that both countries attempted to strengthen the role of apprenticeship and work-based learning, but that politics differed across the two cases in the context of the Eurozone crisis. While in Italy, reforms were 'internalised' and shaped by domestic politics, Greek reforms were largely driven exogenously by the negotiations with the Troika. Conclusion: Although Italy and Greece have undertaken reforms to reduce the dominance of the state in VET provision by expanding apprenticeships and work-based learning, these do not amount to large scale changes to the dominant logic of school-based VET provision. In order to boost their potential in terms of practical learning both countries would need to continue on their reform pathways.
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Guazzaloca, Giulia. "‘Anyone who Abuses Animals is no Italian’: Animal Protection in Fascist Italy." European History Quarterly 50, no. 4 (October 2020): 669–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691420960672.
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This article examines the animal protection policies in fascist Italy, placing them in the more general framework of Mussolini’s political and economic strategies and the history of Italian animal advocacy, which began in the second half of the nineteenth century. Focusing on fascist propaganda campaigns on animal welfare, legislation on animal experimentation and slaughter, state reorganization of animal protection societies, which were incorporated in 1938 into the Ente nazionale fascista per la protezione animale, the article aims to show the conceptual and political basis of fascist activism in the prevention of cruelty to animals. Far from being based on the recognition of animals as sentient individuals, it was determined by specifically human interests: autarky and economic efficiency, public morality, the primacy of ‘fascist civilization’, and the regime’s totalitarian design.
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Kılınç, Ramazan, and Carolyn M. Warner. "Micro-Foundations of Religion and Public Goods Provision: Belief, Belonging, and Giving in Catholicism and Islam." Politics and Religion 8, no. 4 (November 25, 2015): 718–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048315000747.
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AbstractWhile debates continue about the relationship between state-provided social welfare and religious charities, and whether organized religions are more capable of providing social welfare than is the public sector, less attention has focused on the question of what motivates religious adherents to contribute to the charitable work of their religions. In this article, we examine how adherents of Catholicism and Islam understand their generosity and its relationship to their faith. Through 218 semi-structured interviews with Catholics and Muslims in four cities in France, Ireland, Italy, and Turkey, we find systematic differences between the two religions. Catholics emphasize love of others and Muslims emphasize duty to God. We also find, contrary to expectations of the literature that emphasizes monitoring and sanctioning within groups to obtain cooperation, that Catholics and Muslims see their generosity as also motivated by the positive affect they feel towards their respective communities.
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Durazzi, Niccolo, Timo Fleckenstein, and Soohyun Christine Lee. "Social Solidarity for All? Trade Union Strategies, Labor Market Dualization, and the Welfare State in Italy and South Korea." Politics & Society 46, no. 2 (May 23, 2018): 205–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329218773712.
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Challenging the new political-economic “mainstream” that considers trade unions to be “complicit” in labor market dualization, this article’s analysis of union strategies in Italy and South Korea, most-different union movements perceived as unlikely cases for the pursuit of broader social solidarity, shows that in both countries unions have successively moved away from insider-focused strategies and toward “solidarity for all” in the industrial relations arena as well as in their social policy preferences. Furthermore, unions explored new avenues of political agency, often in alliance with civil society organizations. This convergent trend toward a social model of unionism is ascribed to a response of unions to a “double crisis”: that is, a socioeconomic crisis, which takes the form of a growing periphery of the labor market associated with growing social exclusion, and a sociopolitical crisis, which takes the form of an increasing marginalization of the unions from the political process.
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Morgan, Kimberly J. "Path Shifting of the Welfare State: Electoral Competition and the Expansion of Work-Family Policies in Western Europe." World Politics 65, no. 1 (January 2013): 73–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887112000251.
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What explains the surprising growth of work-family policies in several West European countries? Much research on the welfare state emphasizes its institutional stickiness and immunity to major change. Yet, over the past two decades, governments in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom have introduced important reforms to their welfare regimes, enacting paid leave schemes, expanded rights to part-time work, and greater investments in child care. A comparison of these countries reveals a similar sequence of political and policy change. Faced with growing electoral instability and the decline of core constituencies, party leaders sought to attract dealigning voter groups, such as women. This led them to introduce feminizing reforms of their party structures and adopt policies to support mothers' employment. In all three cases, women working within the parties played an important role in hatching or lobbying for these reforms. After comparing three countries that moved in a path-shifting direction, this article engages in a brief traveling exercise, examining whether a similar set of dynamics are lacking in two countries—Austria and Italy—that have moved more slowly in reforming these policies. Against the prevailing scholarly literature that emphasizes path dependence and slow-moving change, this article reveals the continued power of electoral politics in shaping redistributive policies.
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Saraceno, Chiara. "Book Review: Welfare State Reform in Southern Europe: Fighting Poverty and Social Exclusion in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece." Journal of European Social Policy 16, no. 3 (August 2006): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892870601600307.
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Padalino, Barbara, Roberta Barrasso, Daniele Tullio, Martina Zappaterra, Leonardo Nanni Costa, and Giancarlo Bozzo. "Protection of Animals during Transport: Analysis of the Infringements Reported from 2009 to 2013 during On-Road Inspections in Italy." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020356.
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Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2005 requires that vehicles that are transporting animals be subjected to checks conducted by competent authorities. Yearly, each member state sends a report to the European government on the infringements that have been discovered during on-road inspections. The reports that were published by the Italian Ministry of Public Health from 2009 to 2013 were analyzed. Possible associations between the type of infringement (related to animal welfare (AW), vehicle (V) and accompanying documents (D)), year, season, transported species, place of inspection, and competent authorities were identified. A total of 985 infringements were analyzed, with some vehicles receiving more than one (mean: 1.58; max: 9). A score (from 1 to 3) that was related to the severity of the infringements was created. In 2009 and 2010, there was a 50% higher probability of encountering penalties of a lower severity (D or V) than in 2011 (p < 0.0001). Vehicles that were transporting pigs showed the highest probability of committing animal welfare-related infringements (odds ratio (OR) = 3.85, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.82–8.76, p < 0.0001). Vehicles were four times more likely to suffer animal welfare-related penalties when traffic police worked in synergy with veterinary services (OR = 4.12, 95%CI = 1.70–11.13, p = 0.0005). Vehicles that were transporting Equidae and “other species,” including pets, for commercial purposes were more likely to be fined for a lack or incompleteness of the veterinary documents than those transporting cattle (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004, respectively). This study gives statistical evidence of the implementation of EC 1/2005. The training of transporters and drivers on how to manage transport in an animal welfare-friendly manner and a standardized method on how to conduct road inspections among competent authorities are recommended.
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Rubio, Sónia Parella. "Immigrant women in paid domestic service. The case of Spain and Italy." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 3 (August 2003): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900310.
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In the familistic welfare state regimes of Italy and Spain, the resurgence in live-in domestic work and the demand for migrant domestic workers is stronger than in other European countries. Organising and regulating services in order to help with the burden of caring for one's family is not an important objective of social policy in southern European countries. It is taken for granted that the family (‘women') is the main provider of social protection. In the absence of policy decisions in this field, the increase in local women's labour market participation in recent decades has led to households recruiting non-EU immigrant women in order to help them balance the needs of their family with the demands of paid employment. These immigrants constitute an enormous supply of low-cost labour and there is a shortage of local female workers in paid domestic work.
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Dotti Sani, Giulia M., and Stefani Scherer. "Maternal Employment: Enabling Factors in Context." Work, Employment and Society 32, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016677944.
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Maternal employment is still below the overall EU recommended level of 60% in many European countries. Understanding the individual, household and contextual circumstances under which mothers of children of different ages are likely to be employed is crucial to develop strategies capable of increasing maternal employment. This article takes a comparative approach to investigating the characteristics associated with maternal employment in the presence of children aged 0–2, 3–5, 6–9 and 10–12 years. We model the probability of being employed full-time, part-time or being a homemaker using EU-SILC data (2004 to 2007) from Germany, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom – four countries belonging to different gender and welfare regimes. The results indicate that individual and household characteristics are more relevant in determining mothers’ employment in countries where the state is less supportive towards maternal employment: Italy and to a lesser extent Germany and the UK – for the period observed.
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Martinelli, Chiara. "Training mothers: feminine vocational education in Italy during Fascism." Rivista di Storia dell’Educazione 7, no. 1 (July 9, 2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/rse-9395.
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Throughout the XX century, the term “feminine vocational education” changed its meaning several times. Were the vocational feminine schools aimed at training skilled industrial workers or at educating perspective high-ranked housewives? This paper aims at answering at this question. For such a pursue, it investigates national and local sources and it analyzes how the field changed during the first ten years Fascism ruled Italy. All the vocational schools were struck by a radical reform and by the efforts the Minister of National Education Giuseppe Belluzzo made for rationalize the field. In such a context, curricula taught in feminine vocational schools changed: more time was devoted to domestic economy and to subjects like literature and foreign languages. As the latter were traditionally included in women’ curricula since XIX century, the issue highlights a relevant links between liberal and fascistic educational policies. However, the increasing role domestic education played shows the regime designed vocational feminine schools not for training skilled industrial workers, but for educating mothers. During Fascism, women workers were called to unskilled and low-paid roles for which no training was need; however, lacks in welfare state and economic crisis made the Regime pursue mothers to work hard for saving money and for elevating people’s living standard.
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Bryce, Jane, Silvia Riva, Massimo Di Maio, Fabio Efficace, Luciano Frontini, Ciro Gallo, Diana Giannarelli, et al. "Measuring financial toxicity of cancer in the Italian health care system: Initial results of the patient reported outcome for fighting financial toxicity of cancer project (proFFiT)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.27_suppl.91.
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91 Background: Financial toxicity in cancer patients has been initially reported in the United States and subsequently in other countries, including Italy, despite its health care system is grounded on universal coverage. Considering that the way healthcare and welfare systems are shaped does impact on financial problems faced by cancer patients, we are developing an instrument for evaluating occurrence, gravity, and consequences of financial toxicity in Italy, and hopefully for fighting it. Methods: Concept elicitation, item generation and qualitative analyses represented the initial tasks of the project. Literature review, focus groups with 34 cancer patients or caregivers in three regions located in nothern, central, and southern Italy, and semi-structured interviews with 97 oncologists were conducted for concept elicitation. A recursive process was used to identify themes in the data to inform instrument until saturation was reached. Importance analysis questionnaires were administered to further 44 cancer patients to evaluate and revise the draft item pool. A multi-disciplinary committee (including oncologists, psychologists, statisticians, patient association’s representatives, nurses, social science researchers and economists) oversights the project. Results: Overall, 156 concepts were distributed among 10 themes (bureaucracy, medical care, domestic economy, emotion, family, job, health workers, welfare state, free time, transportation). After controlling for redundancy, 55 candidate items were generated and 30 items, with at least one per each theme, remained after importance analysis. Out of the 30 items, 23 (77%) refer to material conditions, 4 (13%) to psychological response and 3 (10%) to coping behaviors. Conclusions: The first results of the proFFiT project show that most of the items selected by patients are related to material conditions that cause, or derive from, financial hardship. The final questionnaire will be ready by the end of 2019. Supported by Fondazione AIRC IG grant 2017-20402. Clinical trial information: NCT03473379 .
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Berbert-Campos, Cláudia. "Legal Considerations in the Management of Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 44, no. 2 (March 2007): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-209.1.
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Objectives: To inform professionals providing care to individuals with cleft lip and palate on the legal aspects and organizations available to protect individuals with this alteration, and to advocate that cleft lip and palate should be considered a handicap, even though it is provisional and may be rehabilitated, to assure afflicted individuals basic rights and complete personal, social, and economic welfare. Design: Literature review on the issue, including assessment of national and international laws, doctrines, and jurisprudences; conceptual analysis of the word “handicapped” in dictionaries. Analysis included the federal constitutions of Brazil, France, Argentina, Spain, Cuba, Italy, China, Portugal, Japan, Great Britain, and Colombia, regarding the protection of handicapped people. Results: Constitutional protection of handicapped people is a recent issue that has been addressed only in the last few decades in some countries such as Brazil, Italy, Spain, China, and Portugal. The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 addresses the protection of handicapped people to assure them access to social and individual rights, freedom, security, welfare, development, equality, and justice as supreme values of a fraternal, pluralist, and prejudice-free society. Conclusions: Individuals with cleft lip and palate should be included in national policies for integration of handicapped people, in agreement with programs of human rights, establishing a collaborative action between state and society. This would assure their inclusion in the socioeconomic and cultural context and equal opportunities in society, without privileges or paternalism.
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Del Pino, Eloísa, and Emmanuele Pavolini. "Decentralisation at a Time of Harsh Austerity: Multilevel Governance and the Welfare State in Spain and Italy Facing the Crisis." European Journal of Social Security 17, no. 2 (June 2015): 246–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826271501700206.
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Legnaioli, Marta. "The emergence of New Economic Governance and its impact on Services of General Economic Interest." Perspectives on Federalism 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 98–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pof-2015-0020.
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Abstract This paper evaluates the impact of austerity measures on national social protection mechanisms and on the European Social Model. The study is based on an in-depth analysis of austerity measures adopted in Italy and Portugal and the evolution of several indicators, such as unemployment rates and the percentage of citizens at risk of poverty. The analysis demonstrates that measures adopted in the field of new economic governance have had an impact on the organization and provision of SGEIs and have affected the solidity of the national welfare state. It will be argued that in this context the promotion of a social dimension of the EU requires innovative methods for the regulation of new economic governance.
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Barbabella, Francesco. "Active Aging From Theory to Practice: National Experiences of Policy Making in Europe and Canada." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1660.
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Abstract Born in Europe as a concept aiming to counteract new demographic and societal challenges, active aging has progressively become a key pillar of an extended welfare state for aging populations in many high-income countries. Needs, interests, and preferences of new aging cohorts are changing, becoming more diverse and requiring a better understanding and greater attention by policy makers, beyond mere social welfare programmes for those with social, economic or health needs. Active aging policies aim at improving individuals’ quality of life by optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security (WHO 2002), hence unlocking the potential of older people as active citizens in the community and the society. Since the focus is on a multidimensional concept of quality of life, active aging works at the intersection of labour, social, educational, family, infrastructure, and many other policy areas. However, there may be gaps and discrepancies between the concept in itself and its application at the policy level. The purpose of this symposium is to present and discuss how different post-industrial societies are advancing and implementing active aging policies, in the context of overarching societal challenges and competing needs. In this respect, the symposium focuses on four countries representing different traditional welfare state models: Canada, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. These four case studies bring analyses of active aging policies at national and/or regional level, providing a picture of how such policies have been designed, how they evolved and what they have achieved in recent years.
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Dai, Francesca, Giulia Segati, Marta Brscic, Matteo Chincarini, Emanuela Dalla Costa, Lorenzo Ferrari, Faith Burden, Andrew Judge, and Michela Minero. "Effects of management practices on the welfare of dairy donkeys and risk factors associated with signs of hoof neglect." Journal of Dairy Research 85, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029917000723.
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This Research Paper aimed to investigate donkey welfare in dairy husbandry systems and to identify the potential factors affecting it at animal level. In 2015, twelve dairy donkey farms (19–170 donkeys per farm, mean = 55 ± 48), distributed throughout Italy, were visited. On each farm, the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) welfare assessment protocol for donkeys was used by two trained assessors to evaluate the welfare of animals for a total of 257 donkeys assessed. The protocol includes animal-based indicators that were entered in a digitalised system. Prevalence of different scores at individual, farm and category level were calculated. Farmers were asked to fill out a questionnaire including information regarding the management of donkeys and their final destination. Answers to the questionnaire were then considered as effects in the risk factor analysis whereas the scores of the animal-based indicators were considered as response variables. Most of the donkeys (80·2%) enjoyed a good nutritional status (BCS = 3). 18·7% of donkeys showed signs of hoof neglect such as overgrowth and/or incorrect trimming (Min = 0% Max = 54·5%). Belonging to a given farm or production group influenced many of the welfare indicators. The absence of pasture affected the likelihood of having skin lesions, alopecia, low BCS scores and a less positive emotional state. Lack of routine veterinary visits (P< 0·001) and having neglected hooves (P< 0·001) affected the likelihood of being thin (BCS < 3). Belonging to specific production groups, lack of access to pasture and showing an avoidance reaction to an approaching human (AD) resulted in risk factors associated with a higher prevalence of signs of hoof neglect. Our results support the idea that lack of knowledge of proper donkey care among owners was behind many welfare issues found.
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Busso, Sandro, and Luca Storti. "Social cohesion and economic development: some reflections on the Italian case." Modern Italy 18, no. 2 (May 2013): 197–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2013.783269.
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The processes of globalisation, market deregulation and the retreat of the welfare state in advanced capitalist societies have revitalised the debate about how to reconcile economic development and social cohesion. This debate has been widespread in Italy, where great differences occur between local contexts as regards economic performance, the level of inequality and, more generally, the cohesion of the social fabric. Within this framework, this paper explores the level of both economic development and social cohesion in Italian provinces, through the analysis of secondary data. With particular reference to the Italian situation, the article therefore contributes to the debate on the focalisation and operationalisation of the two concepts. Finally, the complex relation between economic development and social cohesion is analysed, and its non-linear trend is outlined.
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Forni, L., A. Gerali, and M. Pisani. "MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF GREATER COMPETITION IN THE SERVICE SECTOR: THE CASE OF ITALY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 14, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 677–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509990800.
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In this paper we assess the effects of increasing competition in the service sector in one country of the euro area. We focus on Italy, which, based on cross-country comparisons, stands out as the country with the highest markups in nonmanufacturing industries among the OECD countries. We propose a two-region (Italy and the rest of the euro area) dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model where we introduce nontradable goods as a proxy for services and we allow for monopolistic competition in labor, manufacturing, and services markets. We then use the model to simulate the macroeconomic and spillover effects of increasing the degree of competition in the Italian services sector. According to the results, reducing the markups in services to the levels prevailing in the rest of the euro area induces in the long run an increase in Italian GDP equal to 11% and an increase in welfare (measured in terms of steady state consumption equivalents) of about 3.5%. Half of the GDP increase would be realized in the first three years. The spillover effects to the rest of the euro area are limited: consumption, investment, and GDP increases are relatively small.