Journal articles on the topic 'Welfare state – History – 21st century'
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1
Pukenis, Robertas. "The Strategy of Lithuanian State Security in the 21st Century." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 19 (July 31, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n19p15.
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The article analyses state security as harmonious functioning of the constitutional system without interference of any outside forces, protection of territorial integrity and undisturbed functioning of a state in all public spheres. The state security in the broadest sense is strengthened by the factors of foreign and home policy. The security is based not only on strong, well trained armed forces, equipped with modern guns but also on the entire potential of a state: the approval of citizens for armament and the willingness to defend the country; economic stability, functioning of democratic principles, positive contribution of national communities into the welfare of the society, harmonious agreement of national communities, loyalty to the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and the competence of the Department of State Security to neutralise the forces willing to harm the consolidation of the State; they penetrate into the governmental institutions, instigate slanderous moods against the leaders or institutions of the state via mass media. The history reminds us that the West often used to betray nations; thus the question may arise whether the NATO will succeed in defending the Baltic countries according to the binding provision of Article 5 that obligates the parties for collective defence. Therefore, Lithuania urgently needs an augmented distribution of NATO toops in the Baltics. Further strategy requires insightful diplomatic steps in oreder to preserve peace and establish friendly alliances, e. g. a stronger military cooperation with Scandinavian states, brotherhood with Latvians and Estonians and approval of the dispositions of the Polish President to create a union “from the sea to the sea”. Conclusive thoughts are based on the arguments of serious political observers, sociological research, official statistics and verified data. The aim of this article is to describe the strategy of Lithuanian Republic in the field of security in the beginning of the 21st century. The object of the article is the analysis of the ways and measures for preservation of Lithuanian statehood. The author referred to the most recent media and provided political analysis of geopolitical and historical context.
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Klimonova, Anastasiia N. "Historical development of the state policy of Russia in the sphere of increasing the well-being of the population." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 193 (2021): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-193-238-245.
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The work is devoted to the study of the state policy of Russia in the field of improving the welfare of the population, changes in its influence on the welfare of the country’s population in different periods of history. We consider various interpretations of the concept of welfare, their changes in the course of history. We conclude that the state policy to ensure and improve the well-being of the population was constantly subject to transformation and reorientation depending on the level of society development, the nature of social relations, the political system, the state system, the priority of external and internal problems. It is determined that in the population welfare system a special place is occupied by the income category, as one of the indicators characterizing the quantitative aspect of the population’s welfare. The nature of state policy in different periods had a direct impact on the situation in the sphere of the population’s well-being. Particular attention is paid to the fact that a sharp change in the state policy in the field of population welfare from the command-administrative methods of the Soviet period to the almost complete “withdrawal” of the state from the social sphere in the 1990s, caused a noticeable decline in welfare, especially the incomes of most of the population of Russia, the negative consequences of radical political changes are felt in early 21st century.
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Reckendrees, Alfred. "Why Did German Early Industrial Capitalists Suggest Workers’ Pensions, Arbitration Boards and Minimum Wages?" Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 61, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 351–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2020-0015.
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AbstractToday at the beginning of the 21st century, there is a debate across Europe about how much welfare society should provide, and how much private insurance is possible. Two hundred years ago, in the formative period of industrial capitalism, social problems had long been left to private initiative. Commodification of labour and its concentration in large factories, however, created demand for social protection beyond the limited shelter provided by charity. Representatives of industry in Aachen suggested compulsory factory rules granting rights to workers, compulsory workers’ pension funds, minimum wages and maximum working hours. The article argues that the industrialists’ aim was to stabilize the social order of industrial capitalism by using ideas of social partnership. Labour should not just be pacified, but reconciled with capitalist society. While interpreting social policy as a capitalist aim, the article aims to contribute to the discussion about the origins of the welfare state.
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Ala-Fossi, Marko, Mikko Grönlund, Heikki Hellman, Katja Lehtisaari, Kari Karppinen, and Hannu Nieminen. "Prioritising National Competitiveness over Support for Democracy? Finnish Media Policy in the 21st Century." Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs 26, no. 4 (January 1, 2023): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.4.2022.6.
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Ever since the launch of the World Press Freedom Index almost 20 years ago, Finland has always been among the top fi ve countries of that index. According to the annual Reuters Digital News reports, Finnish people also have the highest level of trust in the news media and one of the highest levels of press readership in the EU. Most of the media companies are doing quite well, while Google and Facebook have a much less dominant role in the advertising market than elsewhere in Europe. In this context, you might expect Finland to have a comprehensive and visionary media and communications policy to support democracy. However, our meta-study of Finnish media and communications policy based on two recent reportsto the Ministry of Transport and Communications, other earlier studies, along with official documents as well as statistical data suggests that is not the case. Our analysis shows that most decisions have been pragmatic ad hoc solutions serving economic interests rather than any specific media and communication policy goals. A closer examination also proves that Finland does not fit into the Nordic Media Welfare State model either, despite a long, shared history and cultural ties.
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Wójcicki, Włodzimierz. "Review of the Monograph “Unconditional Basic Income. A Revolutionary Reform of the 21st Century Society” By Maciej Szlinder, Pwn, Warsaw, 2018, P. 310." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2020-0027.
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SummaryThe economic forum currently sees the postulate of a multi-dimensional analysis of economic issues, as exemplified by behavioural and institutional economics, cliometrics, wikinomics and others – taking into consideration of the achievements of cultural anthropology, sociology, ethics, philosophy, the history of economics, as well as selected exact sciences, such as mathematics and physics. The redistribution economics, the relationship between capital and labour, the issues of the precariat, guaranteed minimum income for each citizen – both conditional and unconditional, which is a new idea for economy and the society – become more and more apparent in the aforementioned areas. The idea stems from the criticism of neoliberalism, and it interferes with the system of values shaped under capitalism, the role of the welfare state, the welfare system from the perspective of institutions and beneficiaries, who would replace their current privileges with inalienable rights. The author recommends unconditional minimum income upon providing a characteristic of a wide scope of postulated solutions, implemented on an experimental scale and applied in the practice of social policy. The monograph, while constituting the author’s moderate manifesto, provides a wide – in terms of time, authors and trends in economy – review of the standpoints on the participation in the national income.
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ZÜRN, MICHAEL, and STEPHAN LEIBFRIED. "1 Reconfiguring the national constellation." European Review 13, S1 (March 2005): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000177.
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The influence of the state on the trajectory of human lives is more comprehensive and sustained than that of any other organizational construct. We provide a definition of the modern nation-state in four intersecting dimensions – resources, law, legitimacy, and welfare – and review the history and status of each dimension, focusing on the fusion of nation and state in the 19th century, and the development of the ‘national constellation’ of institutions in the 20th. We then assess the fate of the nation-state after the Second World War and, with western OECD countries as our sample, track the rise and decline of its Golden Age through its prime in the 1960s and early 1970s. Finally, we identify the challenges confronting the nation-state of the 21st century, and use the analyses in the following eight essays to produce some working hypotheses about its current and future trajectory – namely, that the changes over the past 40 years are not merely creases in the fabric of the nation-state, but rather an unravelling of the finely woven national constellation of its Golden Age. Nor does there appear to be any standard, interwoven development of its four dimensions on the horizon. However, although an era of structural uncertainty awaits us, it is not uniformly chaotic. Rather, we see structured, but asymmetric change in the make-up of the state, with divergent transformations in each of its four dimensions. In general, nation-states are clinging to tax revenues and monopolies on the use of force, such that the resource dimension may change slowly if at all; the rule of law appears to be moving consistently into the international arena; the welfare dimension is headed in every direction, with privatization, internationalization, supra-nationalization, and defence of the national status quo, occurring at various rates for healthcare, pensions, public utilities, consumer protection, etc. in different countries. How, and whether, the democratic legitimacy of political processes will be ensured in such an incongruent, if not incoherent and paradoxical state is still unclear.
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Guleva, Maria A. "The Main Trends in the Development of Non-state Education in the People's Republic of China in the 21st Century." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.202.
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Since the beginning of the 21st century, educating a population capable to ensure high growth rates and to improve qualitative characteristics has become crucial for modern China. The Chinese authorities proclaimed science and education to be the “foundation” of socialist modernization and the “root” of further development of the Chinese society. To deepen the transformation in education initiated under the policies of reform and opening up, China’s educational system has come a long way. Until recently, the main focus for the authorities was the public education system. The private education sector, although formally enjoying political support from the state, nevertheless developed rather chaotically. Economic reforms in the country created the preconditions for increasing educational demand of the population not only for public but also private education, which was facilitated by a number of factors, including growth of welfare and urbanization. However, the development of the sphere of nongovernmental education had pronounced regional specifics, so it occurred rather unevenly. Recently, the development of private educational institutions has become one of the areas, on which the authorities have actively started working on. The article provides an overview of the development of private education in China, touches on the problems and peculiarities of the development of the private education sector, the impact of the pandemic, prerequisites and the upcoming reforms in the industry in the nearest future.
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Bell, Alan W. "Animal science Down Under: a history of research, development and extension in support of Australia’s livestock industries." Animal Production Science 60, no. 2 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19161.
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This account of the development and achievements of the animal sciences in Australia is prefaced by a brief history of the livestock industries from 1788 to the present. During the 19th century, progress in industry development was due more to the experience and ingenuity of producers than to the application of scientific principles; the end of the century also saw the establishment of departments of agriculture and agricultural colleges in all Australian colonies (later states). Between the two world wars, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research was established, including well supported Divisions of Animal Nutrition and Animal Health, and there was significant growth in research and extension capability in the state departments. However, the research capacity of the recently established university Faculties of Agriculture and Veterinary Science was limited by lack of funding and opportunity to offer postgraduate research training. The three decades after 1945 were marked by strong political support for agricultural research, development and extension, visionary scientific leadership, and major growth in research institutions and achievements, partly driven by increased university funding and enrolment of postgraduate students. State-supported extension services for livestock producers peaked during the 1970s. The final decades of the 20th century featured uncertain commodity markets and changing public attitudes to livestock production. There were also important Federal Government initiatives to stabilise industry and government funding of agricultural research, development and extension via the Research and Development Corporations, and to promote efficient use of these resources through creation of the Cooperative Research Centres program. These initiatives led to some outstanding research outcomes for most of the livestock sectors, which continued during the early decades of the 21st century, including the advent of genomic selection for genetic improvement of production and health traits, and greatly increased attention to public interest issues, particularly animal welfare and environmental protection. The new century has also seen development and application of the ‘One Health’ concept to protect livestock, humans and the environment from exotic infectious diseases, and an accelerating trend towards privatisation of extension services. Finally, industry challenges and opportunities are briefly discussed, emphasising those amenable to research, development and extension solutions.
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Hirniak, Svitlana. "The Ukrainian schooling of students in Vasyl′ Pachovs′kyi’s conception." Ukrainska mova, no. 4 (2021): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2021.04.127.
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This article examines the vision of the Ukrainian education at schools in Eastern Galicia on the first third of the 20th-century timeline by Dr. Vasylʹ Pachovsʹkyi, who introduced his pedagogical ideas at the 1935 First Ukrainian Pedagogical Congress in Lviv. Pachovsʹkyi, a poet, scholar, and educator with more than 25 years of experience, believed that subjects in the Ukrainian language and literature, history, art, music, and geography should form the foundation of Ukrainian studies. According to him, the Ukrainian generation had to be educated by a school in which the Ukrainian national spirit is formed and Ukrainian is the language of instruction. The paper analyzes the linguistic peculiarities of Pachovsʹkyi’s report, in particular its lexical peculiarities, and outlines other linguistic means characteristic of Pachovsʹkyi’s idiolect. Similar to other participants of the First Ukrainian Pedagogical Congress in Lviv in 1935, Pachovsʹkyi advanced theoretical and methodological principles of Galician schooling and defined a strategy regarding organization and implementation of the native Ukrainian language in education. A goal of the intelligentsia in the late 20th — early 21st century, as well as the late 19th —early 20th century, was to shape public opinion as to how significant the enlightenment and education are and to attain the people’s spiritual growth. The promoting of critical thinking skills was/is to help keep building the Ukrainian state as an integral body based on Christian morality, promote the Ukrainian nation, capable of preserving and increasing cultural and material wealth and developing its own political life, economy, and social welfare so that Ukrainian citizens feelcomfortable to introduce their Ukrainian identity. Keywords: Ukrainian studies, native (Ukrainian) language, Vasylʹ Pachovsʹkyi, 1935 Pedagogical Congress, intelligentsia, national values, schooling
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Hirniak, Svitlana. "The Ukrainian schooling of students in Vasyl′ Pachovs′kyi’s conception." Ukrainska mova, no. 4 (2021): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2021.04.127.
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This article examines the vision of the Ukrainian education at schools in Eastern Galicia on the first third of the 20th-century timeline by Dr. Vasylʹ Pachovsʹkyi, who introduced his pedagogical ideas at the 1935 First Ukrainian Pedagogical Congress in Lviv. Pachovsʹkyi, a poet, scholar, and educator with more than 25 years of experience, believed that subjects in the Ukrainian language and literature, history, art, music, and geography should form the foundation of Ukrainian studies. According to him, the Ukrainian generation had to be educated by a school in which the Ukrainian national spirit is formed and Ukrainian is the language of instruction. The paper analyzes the linguistic peculiarities of Pachovsʹkyi’s report, in particular its lexical peculiarities, and outlines other linguistic means characteristic of Pachovsʹkyi’s idiolect. Similar to other participants of the First Ukrainian Pedagogical Congress in Lviv in 1935, Pachovsʹkyi advanced theoretical and methodological principles of Galician schooling and defined a strategy regarding organization and implementation of the native Ukrainian language in education. A goal of the intelligentsia in the late 20th — early 21st century, as well as the late 19th —early 20th century, was to shape public opinion as to how significant the enlightenment and education are and to attain the people’s spiritual growth. The promoting of critical thinking skills was/is to help keep building the Ukrainian state as an integral body based on Christian morality, promote the Ukrainian nation, capable of preserving and increasing cultural and material wealth and developing its own political life, economy, and social welfare so that Ukrainian citizens feelcomfortable to introduce their Ukrainian identity. Keywords: Ukrainian studies, native (Ukrainian) language, Vasylʹ Pachovsʹkyi, 1935 Pedagogical Congress, intelligentsia, national values, schooling
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Дієго Феліпе Арбелаез-Кампіллo, Магда Джулісса Рохас-Багамон, and Олег Геннадійович Данильян. "DISCOURSE ON THE CATEGORIES «UNIVERSAL CITIZENSHIP”, «HUMAN RIGHTS» AND «GLOBALIZATION»." Bulletin of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University. Series:Philosophy, philosophies of law, political science, sociology 1, no. 48 (March 9, 2021): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2075-7190.48.224374.
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Problem setting. Although modern humanity has proclaimed the universality of human dignity and desperately upholds this value, which is fully in harmony with freedom, equality and fraternity, the truth is that in reality it has not yet been able to go beyond the status of a citizen of the nation state in its legal and political conventions. . In this sense, a very important issue is the representation of the real situation around the categories of "universal citizenship", "human rights" and "globalization" in the midst of the geopolitical conflict in Latin America caused by the persecution of 21st century socialism.
Paper objective. This critical essay aims to discuss the real significance of such political and legal categories as "universal citizenship", "human rights" and "globalization" in the midst of the geopolitical conflict that led to the persecution of 21st century socialism in Latin America.
Methodology. The methodological field of the research uses documentary observation and dialectical hermeneutics, which help to compare and reconcile categories with different semantic contexts to reconstruct their true meaning. The technique of writing this research was the methodological procedure of the hermeneutic circle, which is a sequential analysis of numerous written documentary sources, combined in a kind of dialogic context with hidden messages that can be read between the lines, as well as interpretive theories and critical thinking.
Paper main body. There is much in common between the contemporary political and philosophical programs of the Western cultural space, of which Latin Americans are a part, and the ideas of universal citizenship, globalization, and human rights in a spirit of deep militant universalism that function fully today not only as abstract theories at the disposal of peoples and nations who continue to work to improve their living conditions and strengthen their freedom to exist and act in a better world.
As for the tradition of human rights as a modern expression of natural law, it dates back to ancient times and even dates back to the great religions, which in their own way developed and substantiated the idea of human dignity. The history of the Institute of Human Rights has a pronounced anthropocentric character and deserves to be expanded in accordance with the geopolitical realities of the modern world, in order to protect the indisputable value of all life forms affected by such phenomena as global warming and the associated greenhouse effect. economic growth that requires technological and industrial modernization. For its part, "globalization with a human face" means the ability to interconnect and enrich not only material and financial resources, due to the insatiability of international markets, but also the cycle of knowledge and people required by modern world democracies to strengthen their social and human capital. .
In this context, the idea of global or universal citizenship, while seeming utopian, is of paramount importance as it broadens the political phenomenon of citizenship, which is vital to modern democracies or polyarchies, forgetting the tradition of history ruled by supreme forces and structures. Although, according to K. Popper, already the historicist concept assigned a fundamental role in building a reality conducive to the exercise of freedom, the citizen, conscious and active.
Thus, if globalization is reduced purely to the internationalization of capital and selective human and technological resources solely in the interests of corporate elites and does not turn into a globalization of social welfare and dignity - a process in which universal citizenship would be a logical consequence, then partial globalization, which can do little to promote an open society in the 21st century.
Conclusions of the research. The study concludes that if globalization is reduced to the internationalization of capital and individual human and technological resources for the benefit of the corporate elite and does not extend to the globalization of social welfare and dignity, where universal citizenship would be a logical consequence, such globalization is unlikely to contribute building an open society of the XXI century.
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Zeveleva, G. "Healthcare Reform in the United States: Difficult Road." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2015): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-4-81-89.
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The article focuses on a healthcare reform, one of the pillars of Barack Obama’s presidency. The author argues that the reform was driven by social considerations, and the goal was to make the American healthcare system more just by implementing universal mandatory health insurance. The author analyses how implementation of Obama’s reform has turned into an arduous process, and why the enactment of some of its regulations were postponed. The article examines why some of the new regulations have already begun to function, while others are due to begin in 2018 and 2020. In 2014 the reform entered its critical phase, as its most controversial element on mandatory health insurance for all Americans came into effect. Failure to comply is met with the fine, while citizens with low incomes can rely on state support. Opponents of the reform are still undertaking efforts to eliminate the universal health insurance requirement. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the challenges Obama has already made the pages of history as the president who succeeded in implementing universal health insurance. One of his greatest achievements has been the triumph over many of the healthcare reform’s opponents as he wrote the reform into law in the spring of 2010. All previous attempts to reform the national system had been met with failure due to conservative resistance. The controversy around this topic stems from many Americans’ understanding of fundamental values. The central point of debate is not about the American healthcare system, but rather about what kind of country the United States of America will be in the 21st Century. Democrats believe that the reform will make the country more just, while their opponents fear that the USA will turn into a welfare state with less freedom and more control of federal authority.
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Shah, Dr Paresh. "Validating the Need of Social Welfare State in 21St Century." Journal of Business Strategy Finance and Management 04, no. 01 (June 8, 2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/jbsfm.04.01.01.
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The Indian Economy is under severe pressure for the last ten years. The reduction in demand for goods and services, and at the same time policies of the Government to create demand-driven economy results in the demand for goods being majorly restricted to the necessity and need. The demand for products and services for the improvement of the standard of living is restricted nearly among 70% of the population. The policies of the Government lead the situations towards the suffering by the orphanage, superannuated people, and that results in the productive population (between the age of 19 to 55) suffering a loss. These changes will largely determine and strongly suggest to move towards Social Welfare State, in the nearest years, to maintain the productivity of the country in the longer term. Such Indian cataclysms usually re-shape recently established trends, turning them into socially beneficial levels.
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Gupta, Asha. "From the Welfare State to the Welfare Society: A Shift in Paradigm." Indian Journal of Public Administration 68, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00195561211058770.
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Covid-19 and its aftermath brought home the lesson that in future we just cannot rely on welfare state to deal with sudden outbreaks or natural calamities. We would have to empower individuals in the era of digitalisation for quick support and social solidarity. We are living in a world today where profound socio-economic, political and cultural changes are taking place due to rapid technological changes and globalisation. The 2008 fiscal crisis made it clear that the new liberal philosophy is no longer valid in early 21st century. Unless and until there is solidarity at the societal level, the woes of modern men and women cannot be mitigated effectively. This study seeks to explore the possibility of a shift in paradigm from the welfare state to the welfare society in order to deal with some of the challenges faced by the welfare states in the 21st century. It concludes by highlighting the urgent need for associating participatory society and various stakeholders in the enterprise of welfare in future. The methodology adopted is analytical, comparative and empirical.
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Ferrera, Maurizio, Anton Hemerijck, and Martin Rhodes. "Recasting European Welfare States for the 21st Century." European Review 8, no. 3 (July 2000): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700004981.
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This article places European welfare states squarely in today's European integration context and looks optimistically at social policy perspectives ‘top down’ from the European level. It has the needs of European policy makers in mind, and thus their interests in optimal policy mixes, lessons from national experiences and in a new institutional architecture that links EU member states more effectively into All-European corridors of reform efforts. The authors argue that the overriding need in welfare state reform is to identify new value combinations and institutional arrangements in national systems that are both mixed – in terms of solidarity and growth objectives – and virtuous, that is capable of producing advances on all necessary fronts. The authors recapitulate the EU's present social agenda – where the search for ‘new value combinations’ is seen to be most actively undertaken. They take up the nature of the ‘bottom up’ challenges to, and the adjustment problems of, the four different sets of European welfare states at length and also their differing needs for functional, distributive as well as normative re-calibration. They present core components of an optimal adjustment strategy that could reconcile growth with solidarity. Finally, they focus on different instruments that might further substantiate the role the EU could play in preserving and developing the ‘European Social Model’ in different welfare domains.
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Duarte, Filipe. "T.H. Marshall is alive! A manifesto for a 21st-century public welfare state." Critical and Radical Social Work 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204986018x15199226335097.
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Johnson, Paul. "Social Policy in Europe in the Twentieth Century." Contemporary European History 2, no. 2 (July 1993): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300000424.
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The 1980s proved to be a tough decade for European welfare states. The post-war ‘welfare consensus’, which perhaps had never been quite so strong or coherent as many contemporary historians and commentators had assumed, was finally laid to rest. The five great spectres identified by Beveridge want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness had not been humbled by public welfare provision despite its ever growing scale and cost. At the beginning of the 1980s the OECD published a report on The Welfare State in Crisis which pointed out that as welfare state expenditure had roughly doubled as a percentage of national income in most west European countries since the late 1950s, so economic growth rates had plummeted. The European welfare states appeared to produce few positive welfare benefits, and this minimal achievement was produced at enormous cost which was to the detriment of overall economic growth and societal well-being.
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Muksinin, Ladlul, and Aminah Aminah. "Environmental Law, Populism, and Welfare State: Discourse on Environmental Law in the 21st Century." LAW REFORM 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/lr.v17i1.37553.
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In the 21st century, the problems of environmental law in various parts of the world are getting more and more alarming. The research results by Elizabeth Fisher (2019) and Sanja Bogojevic (2019) indicate that several environmental law policies have been controlled by populism, as happened in several countries in Europe. Populism is transformed into a movement of people's will which certainly has an impact on the enforcement of environmental laws by various countries around the world. For this reason, this paper intends to discuss the law and to find the definition and influence of populism in protecting environmental laws in the welfare state. The aim was to determine a picture of populism and its influence on the development of environmental law. The result is that populism as an idea or ideology also means a discursive style, and it can also be interpreted as a form of political mobilization. The rise of populism threatens the development of environmental law. Populist attitudes lead to climate skepticism on environmental protection. Environmental protection may provide idealized targets for populists by framing this issue area as an elite project. Individuals who display highly populist attitudes perceive a lack of representation in these issue areas and, therefore, because of the problem of anti-elitism, reject climate and environmental policies. In other words, elite resistance tends to be associated with climate skepticism and lower support for environmental protection.
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Johnstone, Marjorie, and Eunjung Lee. "Branded: International education and 21st-century Canadian immigration, education policy, and the welfare state." International Social Work 57, no. 3 (May 2014): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872813508572.
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KERSTENETZKY, CELIA LESSA. "Why we need an allocative (and resourceful) welfare state." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 41, no. 4 (December 2021): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572021-3356.
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ABSTRACT In this essay, I propose an agenda for the welfare state of the 21st century that emphasizes its role as a mechanism of resource allocation. Since social and environmental problems are getting out of hand, the time for mere compensation is over: we need a mechanism for directly influencing systems of production and patterns of consumption in the direction of addressing those problems. This partially translates into a decisive sectoral shift towards public social services led by the welfare state. Among the advantages of this move, in addition to more socially balanced outcomes, are quality jobs and fulfillment of social needs in an environment-friendly way. The allocative task which gives the welfare state a constitutive role in shaping the socioeconomy complements its classic function as problem fixer. The allocative welfare state must be prepared to limit the domain of market allocation.
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Powell, Jason L. "Governing Globalization and Justice." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 48 (February 2015): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.48.52.
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This article explicates how 21st Century changes in the form of globalization are of historical scale, how they play out in terms of risks and inequalities shaping human experience, and how they have changed social welfare and public policy making worldwide. After presenting facts of inequality and such consequences as planetary poverty and gender stratification, it highlights the reformulation of economic power associated with burgeoning free-market economies and accompanying diffusion of instrumental rationality, standardization and commodification. In contrast with the recent US economic downturn and global softening of labor markets which cry for greater social protection, the welfare state of the last century has been replaced by a competitive state of the 21st century, as a “non-sovereign power” mindful of its global positioning but less powerful in shaping daily life among social forces including the role of NGOs. Indicating a lag between transnational developments and the way analysts think of social policies, the paper asserts that nation-states nonetheless serve important administrative functions in a world dominated by transnational corporate interests. In considering all the challenges to justice and governance, the authors argue that social welfare needs to be redefined and extended while market economy must be guided by moral principles that embody fundamental human values.
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Macková, Zuzana. "Social protections in Slovak Republic in the first decade of the 21st century." Bratislava Law Review 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2017.1.2.83.
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The article is a critical analysis of neoliberal approach to system of social protection in Slovakia, especially after the year of 2004, when a major reform of the Social Security Law and social policy took place. The focus is on specific sub-systems of the social protection – i.e. the system of social insurance, the system of state support and the system of social assistance – in the light of the constitutional and fundamental principles of law (liberty, equality, justice and solidarity), the actual content of the abovementioned systems of social protection and values and principles of the European social model of welfare state – and leads to author’s overview of major flaws and spaces for improvement.
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Patterson, James T. "Congress and the Welfare State." Social Science History 24, no. 2 (2000): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001018x.
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Thanks in part to the impeachment of President Bill Clinton, the popular reputation of Congress has recently plum meted to perhaps an all-time low.As the Senate deliberated in late January 1999, Jay Leno captured what seemed to be widespread disgust with Capitol Hill. He cracked, “We’ve reached a point where Congress does not affect anyone’s life, so we look at it as entertainment. It’s like the Jerry Springer show, except everyone has a law degree. They can’t fix health care, they can’t fix Social Security, so we look at them to provide a few laughs on a daily basis” (Providence Journal 1999).Leno’s wisecrack adds to a long history of jokes and laments about Congress, which throughout this century has taken far more hits from the public than has the executive branch. To listen only briefly to such criticism is to hear that Congress is inefficient, unresponsive, obstructionist, irresponsible, and undemocratic in its operations. Most often we are told that Congress suffers from two related weaknesses: it rolls over to please powerful interest groups, and it cravenly dreads reprisal from constituents.
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Maya, Margarita López. "Populism, 21st-century socialism and corruption in Venezuela." Thesis Eleven 149, no. 1 (December 2018): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513618818727.
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This article seeks to explore the relationship between populism, 21st-century socialism, and the emergence of what has been referred to as an ‘ estado delincuente’ (criminal state), in the case of Venezuela. That is, a state structure permeated with transnational organized crime mafias in the executive and the judiciary, in the financial system, the prosecutor’s office, the police, the armed forces, the prison system, state-owned companies, governorships, and city councils, among other state institutions. First, I review conceptual aspects of populism to understand how this served as the basis for creating the postulates of 21st-century socialism, which promoted the institutional destruction of Venezuelan democracy and created the conditions for the unbridled dissemination of state corruption. Second, emblematic cases of white-collar and blood crimes, nepotism and other corrupt activities are discussed to provide an idea of the magnitude of the issues that permeate the state apparatus. To conclude, I provide a critical summary of the consequences of this way of doing politics in contemporary Venezuela.
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Ser, Tan Ern, and Irene K. H. Chew. "The New Role of Trade Unionism in the 21st Century: Lessons from Singapore." Economic and Labour Relations Review 8, no. 1 (June 1997): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469700800102.
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This paper examines the different types of ideological positions (welfarist, realist, and socialist) and, by extension, the roles that trade unions may adopt in the future. It suggests that a distinction can be made between what trade unions should be, by definition, and what they can be as we move into the 21st Century. It argues that the optimum role that trade unions can assume is one in which they are autonomous, yet choose to work in close partnership with a state which is dedicated to improving the welfare of the citizenry. The rationale for this argument is that a strong state is in a position to garner support for beneficial development programs, while autonomous trade unions can ensure that the interest of members are factored into state policies, even as they seek to enhance their voice and ownership at workplace level. The Singapore case is used as a template to support the arguments generated in this paper.
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Macková, Zuzana. "Wither the social security and the welfare state in the 21st century - A relic or necessity?" Bratislava Law Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2018.2.2.114.
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Article provides for an overview of core terms, definitions and recent developments in the area of social rights and social security in context of Central and Eastern Europe, with focus on Slovakia. It advocates for protection of social standards through the universalist, social-democratic model of welfare state, in order to uphold and enhance democracy and human rights in the region, with a view of their genuine, daily realisation and enjoyment by everyone and all.
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Lavengood, Zachary. "China and the 21st Century Arctic: Opportunities and Limitations." American Studies in Scandinavia 54, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 88–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v54i2.6741.
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In 2018 The People’s Republic of China (PRC) released its Arctic policy and articulated its position, principles, and goals as a “near-Arctic state.” In the years since, China has become a central focus of the growing academic and professional discourse surrounding the emerging Arctic and has positioned itself as a consequential actor in regional affairs. This article examines the opportunities and limitations for China in the High North by focusing on its four key drivers for Arctic engagement: resource extraction, international shipping, scientific pursuits, and international prestige. This article finds that while China’s involvement in Arctic affairs is growing, there are still significant roadblocks to its ambitions which it will need to overcome in order to reach its goal of being recognized as an Arctic power.
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Virtanen, Suvi, and Herman Savinen. "Changes in the gendered nature of homicides: Comparing 20th- and 21st-century Finland." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 4 (October 4, 2016): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816669170.
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Women commit fewer homicides than men, yet recent research has suggested that the nature of female-perpetrated homicides has started to resemble that of male perpetration. This study examines gender differences and changes in the nature of female and male homicides, and aims to demonstrate how developments in Finnish society, such as the formation of the welfare state, are reflected in the gendered nature of homicide offending. Data consist of samples from the early 20th and 21st centuries. Comparisons in frequencies are made concerning the profiles of the victim and the offender, as well as the context of the crime. Results indicate that female offending is more similar to male offending in the 21st century than it was in the early 20th century.
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Wagner, Antonin. "Redefining citizenship for the 21st century: from the National Welfare State to the UN Global Compact." International Journal of Social Welfare 13, no. 4 (August 31, 2004): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2004.00323.x.
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Garton, Stephen, and Margaret E. McCallum. "Workers' Welfare: Labour and the Welfare State in 20th-Century Australia and Canada." Labour / Le Travail 38 (1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25144094.
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Thane, Pat. "The Origins of the British Welfare State." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 50, no. 3 (November 2019): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01448.
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George Boyer’s The Winding Road to the Welfare State, which traces the shift in Britain from the early nineteenth-century Poor Law to the post-1945 welfare state, is strongest and most useful in its analysis of the labor market in relation to poverty and insecurity and in its precise quantification of wages, poverty, insecurity, and public relief. It is much weaker when discussing how politics and public opinion shaped social policies; overlooking important areas of British state welfare, the book focuses upon unemployment and old-age policies. Nor is the book really about “Britain.” Most of the statistics and analyses refer to England and occasionally Wales. Scotland, with its different economic, administrative, and legal structures, though constitutionally in Britain, is barely mentioned. Notwithstanding Boyer’s contributions to the picture of how the British welfare state emerged, his version of Britain’s “winding road” falls short of the descriptions and analyses that many British publications have already provided within the past thirty years.
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McDonagh, Eileen L. "The “Welfare Rights State” and the “Civil Rights State”: Policy Paradox and State Building in the Progressive Era." Studies in American Political Development 7, no. 2 (1993): 225–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001103.
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An enduring contribution of the new institutionalism is its affirmation of the significance of the Progressive era. As a result, we have learned not only how the “big bang” explosion of welfare legislation in the New Deal rests upon structures and precedents set in the early twentieth-century decades, but also how this early reform period continues to influence contemporary policies and politics. Alan Dawley, Bruce Ackerman, and Morton Keller, for example, point to an activist state established in the Progressive era to check a laissez-faire governing system as the foundation of subsequent New Deal accomplishments upon which reformers built “where progressives had left off.” Theda Skocpol adds a cross-national perspective, showing how the American welfare state instituted in the early twentieth century evidenced a distinctive “maternalist” dynamic oriented toward addressing women's economic needs, in contrast to “paternalistic” norms in Western European nations assisting male workers.
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Qamar Abbas Cheema and Taimur Shamil. "21st Century and Pakistan’s New Narrative for National Stability." Strategic Studies 37, no. 4 (April 11, 2017): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.037.04.00202.
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Throughout the course of history, states and non-state actors have developed themes, values and ideas to promote their visions. Such deliberate and well-constructed ideologies are termed as narratives either to face the challenges or to run a rules-based national and international system while looking their goals and power apparatus. A national narrative is constructed in a way that identity, history, ideology, geography, culture, foreign policy and other national discourses become components of it. Pakistan, since its independence in 1947, has been in search of a comprehensive narrative that should suit the fabric of the state. The existing narrative has been unresponsive to the needs of people and becomes outdated for several reasons. A new narrative for identity construction, political maturity, educational growth, strong security, economic prosperity, good governance, religious reorientation, innovative skills, media maturity and ethnic unity is required which can establish a new societal architecture for a strong and resilient state and society. Building of such a new narrative is a strategic imperative which could bring national stability in Pakistan in the 21st century.
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Nikol'skaya, G. "U.S. Immigration Policy in the Early 21st Century." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2012): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-5-93-102.
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U.S. immigrant population (legal and illegal) reached 40 millions in 2010, the highest number in American history. Nearly 14 millions of new immigrants settled in the country from 2000 to 2010, making it the highest decade of immigration in American history. For the United States, the immigration has always been both crucial to the economic growth and a source of serious conflicts. There has been no significant movement toward federal immigration reform since bipartisan project blocked in 2007. But it has been the subject of fever legislation at a state level, and President Obama made a decision to return to this question in the coming presidential campaign.
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Suslov, A. B., and E. V. Shuiskaya. "RUSSIAN HISTORY OF THE 21ST CENTURY IN SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 4(55) (2021): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-4-56-68.
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The article analyzes how the problems of Russian history of the 21st century are presented in modern school textbooks on the history of Russia. The relevance of the studied problem is determined primarily by the importance of history textbooks for constructing memory policies. At the same time, attention is paid to insufficient coverage of the 2000s transformations in modern historiography. The representation of the last twenty years in Russian history textbooks is analyzed in comparison with expert assessments of economists, sociologists, and political scientists. The authors conclude that Russian history of the 21st century appears on the pages of officially approved textbooks as a consistent, ongoing process of the development of a state that is gaining power. The textbooks contain very similar interpretations of the last two decades compared to the history of the 1990s, where one can find different interpretations of events made by the same authors. In addition, in textbooks one can find a lot of borrowings from official and propaganda rhetoric. In relation to the events of the 1990s and earlier, the authors of the textbooks under study selected alternative points of view, and subsequent events are assessed by them unambiguously. It can be stated that in the studied textbooks, the history of the last twenty years reflects the goals of historical science only to a small extent. It corresponds to the goals of historical policy to a greater extent. This conclusion becomes more obvious in the framework of the studies of Russian scholars, which, regardless of their views, cannot be described as an apology for the actions of political leaders.
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Arslan-Cansever, Belgin, Beril Ceylan, Pınar Çavaş, Alev Ateş-Çobanoğlu, and Şengül, S. Anagün. "Self-Efficacy and Teaching Skills Perceptions of Primary School Teachers: A Predictive Study." Shanlax International Journal of Education 9, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i4.4142.
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The purpose of this research is to examine the correlation and predictive power between the 21st century teaching skills of primary school teachers and their 21st century skills efficacy perception levels. The cross-sectional survey design has been carried out in the research. As data collection tools, 21st Century Skills Efficacy Perception Scale and Utilization of 21st Century Teacher Skills Scale have been administered. The sample consists of 459 primary school teachers working in state and private primary schools in Izmir province and its central districts. Linear regression analysis and path analysis have been carried out in testing of the research hypothesis. The model established between 21st century skills efficacy perceptions and utilization of 21st century teacher skills has been concluded to be valid and significant. Additionally, it has been determined that the model has generally acceptable goodness of fit values. Results of the research indicate that utilization of 21st century teacher skills increase as does 21st century teacher skills efficacy perceptions. Accordingly, it is deemed to be beneficial that professional development programs for improving 21st century teacher skills are developed and implemented extensively in order to support utilization of such skills. Furthermore, it is considered that incentive practices for utilization of 21st century skills adopted by decision-makers can help primary education to meet requirements of the modern age.
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Koziuk, Victor, Oleksandr Dluhopolskyi, Yurij Hayda, and Oksana Shymanska. "Typology of welfare states: quality criteria for governance and ecology." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(4).2018.20.
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In the 21st century, in addition to the generally well-known indicators of material well-being, in the modern paradigm of the welfare state, the quality of the ecological environment is gaining an ever-increasing role. Besides that, the modern definition of welfare state takes into account not only environmental dimension, but also the quality of institutions through the governance system that affects the supply of environmental goods. The study provides the classification of countries according to indicators that can ensure the identification of welfare states and the assessment of the classification role of the criteria for environmental state.The strong direct correlation between environmental state and government efficiency has been established. The results of the classification of the studied countries obtained by k-means clustering methods indicate the possibility of using the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), Government Effectiveness Index (GEI) and government expenditures indicators as complementary attributes to the classical criteria for the welfare state.The level of country EPI can be regarded as an important complementary criterion for the welfare state. The country environmental state is much more determined by the government efficiency, the quality of state institutions and their activities, rather than by an extensive increase in the funding of such institutions and environmental measures.
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Garton, Stephen, and Margaret E. McCallum. "Workers' Welfare: Labour and the Welfare State in 20th-Century Australia and Canada." Labour History, no. 71 (1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516451.
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Rutgers, Mark. "The Prince, His Welfare State, and its Administration." Public Voices 4, no. 3 (January 13, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.304.
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The philosophy of Chistiaan Von Wolff (1679-1754) provided the foundations for administrative thought throughout the eighteenth century. He is an important representative of the idea the Enlightened State. It is surprising that an author so fundamental for the development of the administrative discourse has become so completely forgotten in the history of the field. Due to the philosopher Immanuel Kant, Wolff became a reviled and forgotten author. It can, however, be argued that Wolff lays the foundations for liberal ideas in the 19th century and many present-day concepts in the field. His work learns that the idea of public administration roots in a more comprehensive philosophy on state and society.
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Pyrozhkov, Serhii, and Nazip Khamitov. "Ukraine in the 21st Century: Strengthening Civilisational Agency." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XXI (2020): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-28.
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The article addresses the issue of Ukraine’s civilisational agency in the modern world. The authors state that a civilisational destiny of a state is determined by geopolitical actors claiming a superpower status, the state’s own choice, people’s will, its political and intellectual elite. Then, a state becomes a unit of international relations and law, world geopolitics, science, art; a civilisational actor of history, the present, and the future. Ukraine strives to become such an actor, have its civilisational project, and implement it. Our country is located between the Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian civilisational societies, thus its capacity to be an actor in the modern globalised world is contingent on efficient cooperation with both of the societies. The authors believe that the implementation of the civilisational project of Ukraine as an actor and not as an object of modern world lies in systemic cooperation with the international actors which accept freedom and dignity of a human being as fundamental values. The authors single out the civilisational measures of such a society, which is a society of trust, social and political partnership, and balanced interaction of the rule of law and civil society. In its civilisational project of the 21st century, Ukraine should stand for a society of innovations and information, where a person can live up to her full potential. It is about the worldview transformation of consciousness and relations among people, countries, civilisations, and civilisational worlds. The implementation of this project is a fundamental condition for ensuring the national security and existence of Ukraine as an independent state. That is indeed a noble cause of Ukraine and its people in the multifaceted world of the 21st century. Keywords: Eurasian civilisational society, Euro-Atlantic direction, agency of Ukraine, independent state.
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Greve, Bent. "Ways forward for the welfare state in the twenty-first century." European Legacy 8, no. 5 (October 2003): 611–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1084877032000153984.
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Betz, Bryan L., and Jay L. Hess. "Acute Myeloid Leukemia Diagnosis in the 21st Century." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 134, no. 10 (October 1, 2010): 1427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2010-0245-ra.1.
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Abstract Context.—Rapid advances in understanding the molecular biology of acute myeloid leukemia are transforming the approach to diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment of these cases. Objective.—To briefly review the current state of AML classification with a particular emphasis on the role of molecular studies and their impact on the management of acute myeloid leukemia and other malignancies. Data Sources.—Current literature and experience of the authors. Conclusions.—While morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and clinical history continue to play an important role, an increasing number of molecular tests are now required to properly classify these cases.
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Mohanty, Manoranjan. "The Great Odisha Famine of 1866: Lessons for the 21st Century." Social Change 47, no. 4 (November 21, 2017): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085717728002.
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Not only did the great Odisha Famine of 150 years ago result in the death of a million people, it formed a tentative start of formulating an official response to major calamities in modern India. The Famine Commission Report of 1867 and the Indian Famine Code of 1880 were considered part of the relief and welfare measures to address the countless casualties caused by famines, food scarcity, starvation, epidemics and malnutrition. It is argued here that historical episodes, such as the 1866 famine and the Paika Rebellion of 1817, fought against the British, should be seen as a ‘process’ rather than simply as an ‘event’. Therefore, we should examine deeper causes such as land relations, uncontrolled market and free trade apart from administrative failures as the common perception does. This conceptual discourse on the famine takes a human rights perspective to examine the role of the state, civil society organisations and the media in preventing disasters and alleviating human suffering. Over 150 years after the occurrence of the famine and 200 years after the rebellion, some of the structural reasons behind them still continue to deprive the masses to their right to life.
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Gratton, Brian. "The New Welfare State: Social Security and Retirement in 1950." Social Science History 12, no. 2 (1988): 171–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200016102.
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The labor force behavior of older men has attracted the attention of economists, sociologists, and historians because it speaks to several concerns: the current crisis in Social Security, the origins and development of the welfare state, and the place of the aged in American history. The central issue is the decline in labor force participation among older men, a striking phenomenon of the twentieth century. In the nineteenth century, men past the age of 60 or 65 were quite likely to remain in the labor force. According to most historical accounts, their labor force participation declined monotonically from near 75% in 1890 to about 25% at present, a trend set in motion by cultural and economic changes which made the aged less valued by employers.
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Ashford, Douglas E. "The Whig Interpretation of the Welfare State." Journal of Policy History 1, no. 1 (January 1989): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600004589.
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Butterfield's well-known warning to historians may hold important lessons for the analysis of the contemporary welfare state. In his view, the Whig historians distorted history by interpreting the past in terms of the present. They allowed themselves to become “dispensers of moral judgments” by dividing the world into the friends and enemies of progress. Many contemporary explanations of welfare states pose the same problem, not so much because social science intentionally excludes the past, but because the search for rigorous empirical explanations of our present choices and accomplishments is divorced from the past. As Himmelfarb noted in her comments on the study of social history, the investigations of this intricate transformation of nineteenth-century liberal states are now virtually “two cultures.”
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CHAN, KAM WAH, and FUNG YI CHAN. "GENEALOGY OF THE LONE PARENT." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 44, no. 01 (January 2010): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246210000033.
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Lone parent families are often portrayed as welfare-dependent, and social policies and social services can be hostile to and discriminating against lone parents especially in societies dominated by traditional familism, such as Hong Kong. This resentment of lone parent families has not been present throughout Hong Kong's history, but has arisen over the past decade. This paper is based on a study that traced the changing discourses of the lone parent family in Hong Kong. Adopting the Foucauldian concept of genealogy of knowledge and inspired by Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon's work on "genealogy of dependency", we trace the discourses of the lone parent family from the 1970s to the early 21st century. The term "lone parent" did not exist before the mid-1980s, and when it first appeared it was closely associated with vulnerability and charity. In the early 21st century, the lone parent discourse developed into a problematic discourse, with lone parents associated with welfare dependency, social security fraud, juvenile delinquency, family violence, and perceived as a threat to social stability. This paper notes that the "success" of this discourse may help to rationalize the cutting back of social security benefits for lone mothers and regulate welfare recipients.
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Uljaeva, Shohistaxon, and Nodira Alimuhamedova. "STUDYING THE HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN THROUGH DIGITAL HUMANITIES." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, no. 3 (April 30, 2020): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2020-4-2.
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The 21st century is an important information age for the information society.In developed countries, digital technology is widely used in all areas. These parallel processes provide important opportunities for liberalizing human life, the state and society, saving time and money, and quickly and efficiently performing each task.
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Lester, Richard David. "Regional Differences and the Growth of the Twentieth-Century American Welfare State." Reviews in American History 32, no. 2 (2004): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2004.0032.
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Rooth, Hetty, Ulla Forinder, Maja Söderbäck, Eija Viitasara, and Katarina Piuva. "Trusted and doubted: Discourses of parenting training in two Swedish official inquiries, 1947 and 2008." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 20_suppl (February 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817747168.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse discourses of parenting training in official inquires in Sweden that explicitly deal with the bringing up of children and parental education and how the representations of the problems and their solutions affect parental subject positions in the early welfare state and at the onset of the 21st century. Method: We carried out a discourse analysis of two public inquiries of 1947 and 2008, drawing on theories about governmentality and power regimes. Tools from political discourse analysis were used to investigate the objectives of political discourse practices. Results: Both inquiries referred to a context of change and new life demands as a problem. Concerning suggestions for solutions, there were discrepancies in parents’ estimated need of expert knowledge and in descriptions of parental capacity. In a discourse of trust and doubt, the parents in 1947 were positioned as trusted welfare partners and secure raisers of future generations, and in 2008, as doubted adults, feared to be faltering in their child-rearing tasks. Conclusions: The analysis revealed how governmental problem descriptions, reasoning about causes and suggestions of solutions influenced parents’ subject positions in a discourse of trust and doubt, and made way for governmental interventions with universal parenting training in the 21st century.
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Bruce, S. "Church and State in 21st Century Britain: The Future of Church Establishment." Journal of Church and State 52, no. 1 (May 26, 2010): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csq034.
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