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1
Fabig, Holger. "Income mobility and the welfare state: an international comparison with panel data." Journal of European Social Policy 9, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 331–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/a010295.
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This article examines gross and net equivalent income mobility in the western and eastern states of Germany, in Great Britain and in the United States, using panel data of these countries from the period 1989-95. By comparing the differences between the mobility of gross and net equivalent income internationally, it analyses to what extent the welfare state reduces income mobility, thereby testing hypotheses concerning international differences in the mobility-reducing effect of the welfare state. The results show that the largest mobility-reducing effect is observed in eastern states of Germany, followed by western Germany. While the reduction of gross equivalent income mobility by the tax and transfer system is much smaller in Great Britain, this reduction cannot be observed in the USA at all. These results support the hypothesis that the mobility-reducing effect of the tax and transfer system is much stronger in conservative welfare states like Germany than in liberal welfare states like Great Britain and the USA. Résumé Cet article étudie les flux de revenus brut et net (y compris transferts) des individus dans le temps en Allemagne de l'Est et de l'Ouest, en Grande-Bretagne et aux Etats-Unis à partir de données couvrant la période 1989-95. Sur base d'une comparaison international sur les dynamiques entre revenus équivalents nets et bruts, il analyse dans quelle mesure le système de protection sociale réduit ces différences. Les résultats indiquent que l'effet de réduction le plus important s'observe en Allemagne de l'Est, suivie de l'Allemagne de l'Ouest. Si en Grande-Bretagne, cette réduction par le système de redistribution et d'imposition est nettement plus faible, aucune réduction ne s'observe aux Etats-Unis. Ces résultats soutiennent l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'effet réducteur de la mobilité des revenus par le système d'imposition et de redistribution est plus important dans les systèmes de sécurité sociale conservateurs comme l'Allemagne que dans le systèmes de protection sociale qualifié de libéraux comme la Grande-Bretagne et les Etats-Unis.
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Skocpol, Theda, and Gretchen Ritter. "Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States." Studies in American Political Development 5, no. 1 (1991): 36–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x0000016x.
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Comparative research on the origins of modern welfare states typically asks why certain European nations, including Great Britain, enacted pensions and social insurance between the 1880s and the 1920s, while the United States “lagged behind,” that is did not establish such policies for the entire nation until the Social Security Act of 1935. To put the question this way overlooks the social policies that were distinctive to the early twentieth-century United States. During the period when major European nations, including Britain, were launching paternalist versions of the modern welfare state, the United States was tentatively experimenting with what might be called a maternalist welfare state. In Britain, male bureaucrats and party leaders designed policies “for the good” of male wage-workers and their dependents. Meanwhile, in the United States, early social policies were championed by elite and middle-class women “for the good” of less privileged women. Adult American women were helped as mothers, or as working women who deserved special protection because they were potential mothers.
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Long, Jason, and Joseph Ferrie. "Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Great Britain and the United States Since 1850." American Economic Review 103, no. 4 (June 1, 2013): 1109–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.4.1109.
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The US tolerates more inequality than Europe and believes its economic mobility is greater than Europe's, though they had roughly equal rates of intergenerational occupational mobility in the late twentieth century. We extend this comparison into the nineteenth century using 10,000 nationally-representative British and US fathers and sons. The US was more mobile than Britain through 1900, so in the experience of those who created the US welfare state in the 1930s, the US had indeed been “exceptional.” The US mobility lead over Britain was erased by the 1950s, as US mobility fell from its nineteenth century levels. (JEL J62, N31, N32, N33, N34)
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Mering, Tomasz. "Polityka społeczna w Szkocji po reformie dewolucyjnej. W stronę fragmentaryzacji brytyjskiego welfare state?" Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2021 (September 8, 2021): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.21.8.
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The article presents the origins and evolution of social policy programmes in Scotland since the referendum in 1997. Regional authorities in Scotland obtained significant prerogatives in payment of social benefits. They actively exercised the rights granted by the UK legislation, resulting in the partial decentralisation of the social security system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has become a fact. This decentralisation is not complete, because the administration of pensions, and unemployment benefits remains the sole responsibility of London’s central government. One of the features of British social policy has become territorial asymmetry, consisting of partially different programs and social policy institutions in other parts of the UK. The most important effect of the reforms is the creation of institutions and draft social policy programs that can be put into effect, when the process of political emancipation in Scotland will lead to a new regional referendum.
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Omelan, Grzegorz. "The Idea of Welfare State vs the Idea of Sustainable Development. The Case for United Kingdom." Studia Krytyczne/Critical Studies, no. 3 (November 3, 2019): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/sk.1418.
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Within the last decades Great Britain has developed a specific model of welfare state. The “from-cradle-to-grave” model is close to the hearts of Labour Party’s politicians and supporters, on the other hand Conservative Party’s governments have been trying to limit welfare state’s reach since 1979. Cameron’s cabinet introduced a significant reform of the system, depriving many Brits of their benefits and lowering the number of people eligible to claim one. It is advisable to consider if these policies go hand in hand with the idea of sustainable development in the socio-economic context.
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ЛУШНИКОВ, Андрей Михайлович. "SIDNEY WEBB: TO THE ORIGINS OF THE CONCEPT OF THE WELFARE STATE." Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 17, no. 1(63) (March 31, 2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2021.1.2.
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The purpose of the article is to review the biography and scientific heritage of the lawyer, scientist, state leader S. Webb. The stages of formation of S. Webb's worldview are analyzed. Methods: the research is based on historical and comparative legal methods. Results: it is argued that it is largely thanks to this scientist and politician that Great Britain adapted continental socialism in its more liberal and parliamentary version. The author's analysis of the individual researches of S. Webb is given, in which the contours of the future concept of the welfare state are largely outlined. The conclusion is made that S. Webb can be considered one of the ideologists of the modern model of the welfare state.
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Parcel, Toby L., and Lori Ann Campbell. "Can the welfare state replace parents? Children's cognition in the United States and Great Britain." Social Science Research 64 (May 2017): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.10.009.
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Papanastasiou, Stefanos, and Christos Papatheodorou. "Causal pathways of intergenerational poverty transmission in selected EU countries." Social Cohesion and Development 12, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/scad.15941.
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The paper investigates whether, in what way and to what extent the family of origin affects offspring’s poverty risk in selected EU countriesrepresenting different social protection systems. Employing logit models and utilizing EU-SILC data, the analysis brings to the forefront the importance of social protection for intercepting the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Denmark with the socialdemocratic welfare state is the most successful in mitigating the effect of the family of origin on offspring’s poverty risk, followed by France representing the conservative-corporatist welfare regime. Less effective οn this matter appear to be Greece and Great Britain representing the south-European and the liberal social protection system respectively.
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Walker, Alan. "Enlarging the Caring Capacity of the Community: Informal Support Networks and the Welfare State." International Journal of Health Services 17, no. 3 (July 1987): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/q4x5-ac1d-lbg0-5l63.
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In common with most modern industrial societies, Great Britain is facing the unique late 20th century phenomenon of rapidly increasing numbers of people, especially very elderly people, requiring health and social care. The response in Britain has been to search for ways to enlarge the caring capacity of the “community” and, thereby, reduce the demands on public health and social services. Similar policy responses have been developed in other capitalist societies such as Canada, France, and the United States. Although a policy of “community care”-the provision of state services in people's own homes-was followed by governments of both major British political parties over the postwar period, under the right wing neo-monetarist regime of the present Thatcher administration the locus of policy has shifted toward encouraging greater reliance on the informal support networks of kin, friends, and neighbors. The reasons for this sea-change are explored and the assumptions that these networks are “natural” and necessarily the proper matrix of care are examined critically. This analysis draws on the results of recent research which indicates that informal support networks have significant limitations and that a policy based on withdrawing public services in the hope that these networks will fill the growing care gap is likely to be counterproductive. In conclusion, the author indicates the areas where further research is required to provide a sound basis for policy.
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Naz, Asmat, Sohail Akhtar, and Saliha Hameed Ullah. "E-5 The Glorious End of Climax with the Tragic Story of The Decline of Islamic World In Twentieth Century; A Historical Analysis." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/e5.v5.01(21).40-50.
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Islam is a universal religion and it influenced all over the world with its dispensation. After the migration from Makkah to Madinah, the Holy prophet PBUH constituted a new welfare state. In 8th Hijri after the conquest of Makkah Islam became the dominant religion in Arabia. It provided a great power and Muslims challenged the strong and powerful state of Iran and Rome. Especially, during the pious caliphate from 632-661 A.D Islam spread rapidly and Muslims had become a strong nation of the world. They became powerful ruler of a state which was established in three continents Asia, Europe and Africa during Umayyad, Abbasid and Ottoman time respectively. This strong state was thought indeclinable till 18th century. But the start of 19th century changed this approach as the great Mughal state which was lasting its breath faced debacle in 1857. While the strong Ottoman Empire scattered in to several parts and was occupied by Great Britain, France, Italy and USSR after world War-I. The condition of the Muslim became miserable and they lost all the past glory. This paper highlights the basic causes of Muslim's decline in 20th century.
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Lagneau-Ymonet, Paul, and Bénédicte Reynaud. "The making of a category of economic understanding in Great Britain (1880–1931): ‘the unemployed’." Cambridge Journal of Economics 44, no. 6 (July 13, 2020): 1181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaa018.
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Abstract Evidence-based policy relies on measurement to trigger actions and to manage and evaluate programmes. Yet measurement requires classification: the making of categories of understanding that approximate or represent collective phenomena. In 1931, two decades after implementing the first compulsory unemployment benefits in 1911, the British Government began to carry out a census of out-of-work individuals. Why such an inversion, at odds with the exercise of rational-legal authority, and unlike to its French or German counterparts? To solve this puzzle, we document the making of ‘the unemployed’ as a category of scientific analysis and of public policy in nineteenth-century Great Britain. Our circumscribed contribution to the history of economic thought and methodology informs today’s controversies on the future of work, the weakening of wage labour through the rise in the number of part-time contracts and self-employed workers, as well as the rivalry between the welfare state and private charities with regard to providing impoverished people with some kind of relief.
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KREKHIVSKYI, Oleh. "PROTECTIONISM AS DETERMINANT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURING IN GREAT BRITAIN." Economy of Ukraine 2023, no. 10 (October 29, 2023): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2023.10.058.
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The tariff policy on imports, which was introduced in Great Britain at the beginning of the World War I and was in force for about 60 years, is considered. Based on historical facts and figures, it is substantiated on the example of the automotive industry that the so-called McKenna duties in the long term had an impact on the growth of production, employment, and budget revenues; led to a decrease in prices on the domestic market, a reduction in imports and an increase in exports, promoted foreign investments, the transfer of advanced technologies, and the wider engagement of local potential in business processes. It is demonstrated that the protective duties currently launched by the Indian government to regulate the import of goods, the production of which has been defined by the government as a priority (in particular, electric cars production is concerned), are a reflection of the measures implemented by Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century. It is emphasized that protective tariffs for these goods in Ukraine are significantly lower. It is shown that the USA also uses import duties for national security purposes. Taking into account the provisions of the GATT/WTO and the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, as well as modern examples of their application, it is quite obvious that Ukraine, under the current conditions of external and internal challenges and institutional restrictions, can take advantage of the protectionist policy for the development of industry in the post-war recovery period, based on its right to determine "the most important exceptions for security reasons" in order to ensure the socio-economic and financial stability of the country and the welfare of the nation. In view of this, it is necessary to rethink the current Ukraine’s policy on automobile manufacturing, in particular as regards the foreign trade regulation, and to create a new policy based on effective protectionism theory and effective protection rate calculations, assessment of the current state and prospects of enterprises, the results of a professional discussion on the priorities of the industry: whether it should remain at semi knocked-down kit stage or aim for full-cycle production with a high level of localization.
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Podolskiy, Vadim A. "Background of the emergence of the welfare state in Great Britain in the second half of the XIX -early XX centuries." LOCUS: people, society, culture, meaning 12, no. 3 (2021): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2500-2988-2021-12-3-67-84.
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Balina, T. A., A. A. Balina, S. E. Gasumova, and T. D. Popkova. "FEATURES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN RUSSIA, GREAT BRITAIN AND CHINA." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 30, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2020-30-2-231-243.
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The state youth policy requires deep study and justification by representatives of social sciences, including sociology and socio-economic geography, which allows us to synthesize various methods of studying society and its well-being. Social geography, having a spatial approach, allows us to determine the territorial features of the course of social phenomena, to identify cause-and-effect relationships between them, to study the general and specific features of the development of territorial communities and population strata. Using the example of Great Britain, China and Russia, the current social problems of young people in countries with different types of socio-economic development are revealed through a comparative analysis of socio-demographic processes. In the context of concepts of well-being, the article considers various aspects of social dependency as a new and little-studied phenomenon. It is revealed that the UK, which implements the liberal principle of public welfare policy, has extensive experience in social work with young people, and the pioneering research of NEET-youth is of international significance. In China social dependency has acquired specific forms, which is largely determined by the principle of egalitarianism, the consequences of demographic policy and traditional mentality. The analysis of modern problems of Russian youth has shown that the rejection of the paternalistic model of social protection of the population had a negative impact on the situation of young people. The article analyzes the results of statistical, sociological research, expert evaluation, included interviews, etc., which revealed the social problems of Russian, British and Chinese youth, including the phenomenon of dependency. It was revealed that the study of dependency in the framework of youth policy and social work will help to activate the younger generation, accelerate its inclusion in society, and improve technologies for solving social problems.
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Soine, Aeleah. "“The Relation of the Nurse to the Working World”: Professionalization, Citizenship, and Class in Germany, Great Britain, and the United States before World War I." Nursing History Review 18, no. 1 (January 2010): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.18.51.
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Campaigns for state nursing registration in the United States and Great Britain have a prominent place in the historical scholarship on nursing professionalization; the closely related German campaign has received less scholarly attention. Applying a transnational perspective to these three national movements highlights the collaborative and interrelated nature of nursing reform prior to World War I and recognizes the important contribution of German nurses to this dialogue and agenda. Focusing particularly on the years 1909–12, this article depicts a generation of German, American, and British nurses who organized national and international nursing associations to realize state registration as a stepping stone to other markers of professional recognition, such as collegiate education, full political citizenship, social welfare, and labor legislation. However, the consequent reliance of these strategies on nation-states as arbiters of citizenship and professional status undermined the shared ideological foundation of international and national nursing leaders. This article contributes to a more multinational understanding of how these international nursing leaders transcended and were confined by the limits of their nation-states in the years leading up to World War I.
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Samoilova, Olha. "The process of British integration with European Union." Міжнародні відносини, суспільні комунікації та регіональні студії, no. 2 (May 29, 2017): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2524-2679-2017-02-161-170.
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The relations with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are of the great importance for the European Union as well as for the United Kingdom, since the latter is dependent on the EU policies to some extent. As British nation has formally started the process of leaving the organization, it is important to investigate the process that led to the current state of affairs. To understand the current problem between sides, the history and process of establishing the relations should be studied. The problems appearing throughout the time still remain unresolved and prove the mutual interdependence and importance of their addressing for both the United Kingdom and the European Union. The article researches the main stages of British integration with the EU and their influence on the international relations within the European community. Since the first failed application to join the EEC in 1961 and later accession in 1973, the UK managed to occupy the leading position in the European Community with a number of beneficial rights. However, within the state the European integration provoked conflicts, i.e. between those who believe that Britain's future lies with Europe and those who believe it does not. In 1980-s the UK politicians stressed that the state paid a lot more into the EC budget than other members due to its relative lack of farms. The situation was worsened by J. Delors’ policy towards a more federal Europe and a single currency. T. Blair’s government was more European in its outlook than its predecessor, as he actively advocated the expansion of the European Union. However, Blair’s desire to get closer with the US dissatisfied Europeans. In 2011 D. Cameron became the first UK prime minister to veto a EU treaty. After winning reelection in May 2015, D. Cameron started the process of renegotiating the UK-EU relationship, putting on the list such issues as changes in migrant welfare payments, financial safeguards and easier ways for Britain to block EU regulations. On 23 June 2016 UK voters, inspired by Cameron, elected to withdraw from the European Union. The consequences of Brexit caused serious challenges the UK has to overcome in the nearest future.
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Levine, Daniel. "The Danish Connection: A Note on the Making of British Old Age Pensions." Albion 17, no. 2 (1985): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049215.
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In the continuous discussion of how and how much Lloyd George was influenced by Germany in formulating Old Age Pensions and National Insurance, attention seems to have been almost wholly diverted from the degree to which the Danish example was discussed, recommended and clearly present in the consciousness of those who made the British Old Age Pension Act of 1908. There is no discussion of the issue in the standard work on the subject, Bentley B. Gilbert's The Evolution of National Insurance in Great Britain, (London, 1966) nor even any mention of “Denmark” in the index. The subject is likewise missing from Francis H. Stead's How Old Age Pensions Came to Be, (London [? 1910]), which Gilbert calls “indispensible.” Patricia Mary Williams barely mentions the subject in her detailed dissertation, “The Development of Old Age Pension Policy in Great Britain, 1878-1925” (University of London, 1970), and does not even do that much in the book she wrote under the name Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Essex, 1982) nor in the chapter on old age pensions in the book she edited, Origins of British Social Policy (London, 1978). Hugh Heclo in Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden (New Haven, 1974) mentions (p. 167) that the proposals of the commission in 1899 “resembled” the Danish system, but Heclo does not say how or why, and then never mentions the subject again. John Grigg, in his biography of Lloyd George is concerned with the man more than the issue, and does not analyze the source of the ideas behind the old age pension bill of 1908 in his Lloyd George, The People's Champion (Berkeley, 1978).
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Stewart, John. "Child Guidance in Scotland 1918–1955: Psychiatry versus Psychology?" History & Philosophy of Psychology 12, no. 2 (2010): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2010.12.2.26.
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This paper analyses the emergence of child guidance in Scotland from its origins in the 1920s through to the mid-1950s, by which time it was legislatively embedded in the post-war welfare state. It argues that the Scottish experience of child guidance was predominantly based on psychology rather than, as elsewhere in Great Britain, psychiatry; and that this was to have policy implications particularly as legislative provision came to be widely discussed during the Second World War. On one level, therefore, the Scottish version of child guidance won out over the medically based and psychiatrically oriented version which had been strongly promoted in the inter-war era. This was not unproblematic, however, as psychiatrists continued to lay claim to the field and psychology itself suffered a crisis of confidence just as it appeared to be gaining ownership of the child guidance project.
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Oh, Se-Geun. "A Comparative Study on Oriental and Western Thoughts on Welfare State in Pre-capitalist Period : Poor Relief Policies in Korea and Great Britain." Jonrnal of Social Thoughts and Culture 7 (May 31, 2003): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17207/jstc.2003.05.7.65.
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Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh. "The Anti-Aryan Moment: Decolonization, Diplomacy, and Race in Late Pahlavi Iran." International Journal of Middle East Studies 53, no. 4 (November 2021): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743821001069.
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In 1946, the entertainer and activist Paul Robeson pondered America's intentions in Iran. In what was to become one of the first major crises of the Cold War, Iran was fighting a Soviet aggressor that did not want to leave. Robeson posed the question, “Is our State Department concerned with protecting the rights of Iran and the welfare of the Iranian people, or is it concerned with protecting Anglo-American oil in that country and the Middle East in general?” This was a loaded question. The US was pressuring the Soviet Union to withdraw its troops after its occupation of the country during World War II. Robeson wondered why America cared so much about Soviet forces in Iranian territory, when it made no mention of Anglo-American troops “in countries far removed from the United States or Great Britain.” An editorial writer for a Black journal in St. Louis posed a different variant of the question: Why did the American secretary of state, James F. Byrnes, concern himself with elections in Iran, Arabia or Azerbaijan and yet not “interfere in his home state, South Carolina, which has not had a free election since Reconstruction?”
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LYNCH, FRANCES M. B. "FINANCE AND WELFARE: THE IMPACT OF TWO WORLD WARS ON DOMESTIC POLICY IN FRANCE." Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (June 2006): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005371.
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Fathers, families, and the state in France, 1914–1945. By Kristen Stromberg Childers. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. 261. ISBN 0-8014-4122-6. £23.95.Origins of the French welfare state: the struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947. By Paul V. Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 251. ISBN 0-521-81334-4. £49.99.Britain, France, and the financing of the First World War. By Martin Horn. Montreal and Kingston: McGill – Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. 249. ISBN 0-7735-2293-X. £65.00.The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939. By Kenneth Mouré. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 297. ISBN 0-19-924904-0. £40.00.Workers' participation in post-Liberation France. By Adam Steinhouse. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001. Pp. 245. ISBN 0-7391-0282-6. $70.00 (hb). ISBN 0-7391-0283-4. $24.95 (pbk).In the traditional historiography of twentieth-century France the period after the Second World War is usually contrasted favourably with that after 1918. After 1945, new men with new ideas, born out of the shock of defeat in 1940 and resistance to Nazi occupation, laid the basis for an economic and social democracy. The welfare state was created, women were given full voting rights, and French security, in both economic and territorial respects, was partially guaranteed by integrating West Germany into a new supranational institutional structure in Western Europe. 1945 was to mark the beginning of the ‘30 glorious years’ of peace and prosperity enjoyed by an expanding population in France. In sharp contrast, the years after 1918 are characterized as a period dominated by France's failed attempts to restore its status as a great power. Policies based on making the German taxpayer finance France's restoration are blamed for contributing to the great depression after 1929 and the rise of Hitler. However, as more research is carried out into the social and economic reconstruction of France after both world wars, it is becoming clear that the basis of what was to become the welfare state after 1945 was laid in the aftermath of the First World War. On the other hand, new reforms adopted in 1945 which did not build on interwar policies, such as those designed to give workers a voice in decision-making at the workplace, proved to be short-lived.
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Surachman, Agus. "POLITIK HUKUM SUMBER DAYA AIR DI ERA GLOBALISASI." DE'RECHTSSTAAT 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jhd.v3i1.711.
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Great mercy and infinite value has been given by God for the creatures on earth, one of which is water, water is basic need for humans because water is the source of life for all living things. Water should be used excessively let alone become a commodity economics without limits, because the water supply is limited, but people often use them without limit, greed and lust enrich themselves lead to exploration of a large scale that makes the damage and loss of balance of natural resources. Globalization has swept across the world, insulation-partition the country into a vague, with free trade seemed about the welfare of the world, though many will doubt it. Britain exit (Brexit) case and the election of Donald Trump as the new President of the United States is reason to question the success of globalization. For that legal arrangements of water resources or the so called “constitution of water resources“, that the law governing resources must not conflict with article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 constitution, said, “the resources of the earth’s natural land, water and natural resources contained therein controlled by the state for the welfare of the people“. Means that water should not be controlled by private for trade to seek maximize profit.
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Berbert-Campos, Cláudia. "Legal Considerations in the Management of Cleft Lip and Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 44, no. 2 (March 2007): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/05-209.1.
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Objectives: To inform professionals providing care to individuals with cleft lip and palate on the legal aspects and organizations available to protect individuals with this alteration, and to advocate that cleft lip and palate should be considered a handicap, even though it is provisional and may be rehabilitated, to assure afflicted individuals basic rights and complete personal, social, and economic welfare. Design: Literature review on the issue, including assessment of national and international laws, doctrines, and jurisprudences; conceptual analysis of the word “handicapped” in dictionaries. Analysis included the federal constitutions of Brazil, France, Argentina, Spain, Cuba, Italy, China, Portugal, Japan, Great Britain, and Colombia, regarding the protection of handicapped people. Results: Constitutional protection of handicapped people is a recent issue that has been addressed only in the last few decades in some countries such as Brazil, Italy, Spain, China, and Portugal. The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 addresses the protection of handicapped people to assure them access to social and individual rights, freedom, security, welfare, development, equality, and justice as supreme values of a fraternal, pluralist, and prejudice-free society. Conclusions: Individuals with cleft lip and palate should be included in national policies for integration of handicapped people, in agreement with programs of human rights, establishing a collaborative action between state and society. This would assure their inclusion in the socioeconomic and cultural context and equal opportunities in society, without privileges or paternalism.
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Yakovenko, N. "British Experience on Democratic Interaction between Power and Opposition." Problems of World History, no. 3 (May 16, 2017): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2017-3-4.
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The article deals with complex interactions of main political forces inside the British Parliament, activities of Her Majesty’s Opposition in different periods of historical development of Great Britain. Constructive competition between Opposition and the ruling party is stressed as a phenomenon causing progressive development of the United Kingdom and coming to proper decisions concerning its further democratic course. Both power and Opposition are mentioned to be united by the same purpose which is flourishing and common good of their state, welfare of their citizens and stable vision of the future. Relations between power and Opposition are always complex, multidimensional and sensitive to any changes in the political era. Significant influence on the nature of their relationship is made through the transformation taking place in modern society and its scientific perception. In the UK it is the active Opposition provides dynamism and fruitfulness, so that parliamentary government has the ability to predict future horizons of its reign.
Studying the many-sided British experience in the labyrinth of power seems to be extremely significant for Ukraine considering its complicated apprehension of contradictory interaction and between power structures and other political forces facing contemporary challenges.
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Thane, Patricia M. "What difference did the vote make? Women in public and private life in Britain since 1918*." Historical Research 76, no. 192 (March 27, 2003): 268–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00175.
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Abstract This article looks at what has and has not changed in women's lives since they gained the vote. Women are still more prone to poverty than men, especially single mothers and older women, a fact which would have disappointed the suffragists, many of whom saw elimination of poverty as a priority and played a major role in bringing the Welfare State into being. Suffragists did not expect gender equality to follow quickly after getting the vote. They expected – and got – a long, hard struggle. The women's movement was stronger in the nineteen-twenties and thirties than it had ever been and led to an impressive number of legislative changes. Women's activism was more muted after the Second World War, but revived in the nineteen-fifties even before the great wave of feminism after 1968. The spate of legislation which resulted was comparable with that of the nineteen-twenties. It is not enough to examine legislation. The greatest change in women's lives has been due to increased use of birth control from the late nineteenth century. From the nineteen-sixties the Pill has allowed women to delay starting families without sacrificing sexual relationships, and to establish themselves in a career. However, career opportunities for women remain limited, especially in the skilled trades, while divorce and the ‘long hours’ culture since the nineteen-eighties have made it more difficult for women to combine family and career. The historical record suggests that increased gender equality has been achieved only by campaigns, legislation and measures of positive discrimination, not by gradual persuasion.
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Heinemann, Klaus. "Sport and the welfare state in Europe1 This article is based on an intercultural comparative project on “Sport and Welfare Policies” including six European countries (Denmark, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Spain), financed by the Club of Cologne (Heinemann, 1999)." European Journal of Sport Science 5, no. 4 (December 2005): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461390500344347.
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Lucey, Donnacha Seán. "‘These Schemes Will Win for Themselves the Confidence of the People’: Irish Independence, Poor Law Reform and Hospital Provision." Medical History 58, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2013.71.
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AbstractThis article examines hospital provision in Ireland during the early twentieth century. It examines attempts by the newly independent Irish Free State to reform and de-stigmatise medical relief in former workhouse infirmaries. Such reforms were designed to move away from nineteenth century welfare regimes which were underpinned by principles of deterrence. The reform initiated in independent Ireland – the first attempted break-up of the New Poor Law in Great Britain or Ireland – was partly successful. Many of the newly named County and District Hospitals provided solely for medical cases and managed to dissociate such health care provision from the relief of poverty. However, some hospitals continued to act as multifunctional institutions and provided for various categories including the sick, the aged and infirm, ‘unmarried mothers’ and ‘harmless lunatics’. Such institutions often remained associated with the relief of poverty. This article also examines patient fee-payment and outlines how fresh terms of entitlement and means-testing were established. Such developments were even more pronounced in voluntary hospitals where the majority of patients made a financial contribution to their treatment. The article argues that the ability to pay at times determined the type of provision, either voluntary or rate-aided, available to the sick. However, it concludes that the clinical condition of patients often determined whether they entered a more prestigious voluntary hospital or the former workhouse. Although this article concentrates on two Irish case studies, County Kerry and Cork City; it is conceptualised within wider developments with particular reference to the British context.
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Batychenko, Svitlana. "FEATURES OF FAMILY POLICY IN EUROPE." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 60 (2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2020.60.65-72.
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Goal. Analysis of the peculiarities of family policy in European countries, such as France, Sweden, Germany, Great Britain. Method. The study is based on general scientific methods, namely, analysis and synthesis, descriptive, analytical. And also socio-geographical - comparative-geographical. Results. Family policy in European countries focuses on the life position of young people, promotes gender equality, creates opportunities to combine work, education and family activities through a well-developed infrastructure. The establishment of the modern family model in which both parents work and the expansion of public education and services for children and families reduce relatively high child poverty, create new jobs in services, and reduce social inequality. Although European countries pursue a common family-gender strategy, they also have their own traditional model of family protection. The Scandinavian model is characterized by comprehensive support for working parents with young children (under the age of three) through a combination of material mechanisms, holidays and wide access to childcare facilities. An important aspect is the policy of gender equality and women's integration in the labor market. The main source of funding for family policy - taxes. Anglo-Saxon - is characterized by deliberately less financial support from families by the state, giving priority to low-income families. The main idea is the non-interference of the state in family and marriage processes and ensuring the well-being of families through the general development of the welfare of society. "Napoleonic" - use intangible forms of support: tax benefits, targeted loans. France has the highest level of state support for families with children and support for working women. The principle of subsidiary security is professed. Taxes and financial contributions are used. The German fiscal system does not encourage couples to work equally, as the tax burden on domestic work is much higher for two full-time employees. Parental leave allows mothers to leave the labor market for up to three years for one child. Scientific novelty. Analysis and comparison of family policy features in European countries. Practical significance. Implementation of family policy measures in domestic practice based on the experience of European countries, choosing the most successful option. The best option is to improve the demographic situation in the country.
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Safonchyk, Oksana, and Konstiantyn Vitman. "PROSPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-212-220.
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In the world practice, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is recognized an important component of sustainable development strategy, for which reason governments of many countries pay considerable attention to the promotion of CSR ideas at the national level, creating favourable conditions for socially responsible behaviour of national and foreign enterprises. The author aims to analyse the experience of regulation of corporate social responsibility policy in the EU Member States, to show the practice of national governments of the EU Member States in the field of CSR, and to determine prospects of corporate social responsibility at the modern development stage in view of implementing the concept of sustainable development. Summarizing approaches to the definition of CSR, it can be emphasized that CSR should positively influence society, in which the enterprise operates. It is a free choice in favour of increasing the welfare and moral and ethical values of society through appropriate approaches to doing business. Relations between enterprises both in the European Union and in other countries are increasingly based on the principles of CSR. Compliance with these principles becomes an important prerequisite for attracting foreign investment and obtaining government orders. In the international context, CSR is an efficient instrument to develop partnership and cooperation of countries in the context of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to control the negative influence of the industrial sector on ecology, to prevent social crises, as a consequence, to ensure sustainable development of the world civilisation. Among the European institutions, the European Commission’s committees play a key role in disseminating the idea of CSR. One of the main factors in strengthening the EU economy is considered precisely the stable growth based on the rational use of resources, ecology, and competition. Plans of the Strategy for 2012–2015–2020 clearly show that the European Union intends to strengthen control over economic management and “voluntarily oblige” the business to follow the rules of CSR. The goal of a new CSR Strategy is to create conditions favourable for sustainable development, responsible business conduct, and permanent employment in the medium and long term. Key changes in comparison with the policy for 2010 – definition of corporate social responsibility as “Responsibility of enterprises for their impact on society” and rejection of the principle of voluntariness: “the European Commission recognizes that some regulations stimulate CSR, therefore, public authorities should support the CSR development by applying a mix of voluntary and regulatory policies”. As the study showed, the governments of the EU countries are actively engaged in the development and promotion of corporate social responsibility. The role of the state is manifested in the implementation of the following key functions: the state as a legislator and a controlling authority; the state as an employer; the state as a consumer and a buyer; the state as a partner; the state as an institutional investor; the state as a participant in international relations. The most significant results have been achieved by those EU Member States that use the systemic approach to CSR development. In these countries, responsible state structures have been formed that coordinate work in all areas. The approach to the choice of instruments is individual and is selected taking into account the priorities of the country’s socio-economic development and the importance of economic, environmental, and social aspects. An example of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Estonia, and Spain shows the possibility of successful CSR development.
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Smoliar, Liubov, Olha Ilyash, Ruslan Kolishenko, and Tetiana Lytvak. "BENCHMARKS OF ENSURING AN «ECONOMIC BREAKTHROUGH» OF UKRAINE IN TECHNOLOGICAL AND INNOVATIVE AREAS." INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, no. 5-6 (August 2020): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2020.5-6.3.
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Purpose. The aim of the article is the system analysis of foreign experience and development of indicators and directions of an «economic breakthrough» in technological and innovative areas within the framework for the preparation of the Strategy of an economic breakthrough of the state by the Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine. Methodology of research. General and special methods have been used to achieve this aim in our scientific and analytical development: the axiomatic method and scientific abstraction method (to define the terminological consistency of notions by studying the categorical apparatus «technological breakthrough», «economic breakthrough» and «innovative breakthrough”; induction and deduction methods (to determine the core factors of an economic breakthrough); the method of synthesis and system analysis (to substantiate the theoretical essence of the basic notions and develop our own system of indicators of an «economic breakthrough»; the decomposition method (to single out the functional components (technological and innovative) in the system of an «economic breakthrough»; tabular and graphical methods (to reflect the analytical calculations and the final results of the study). Findings. The experience of 19 countries that have made an «economic breakthrough» in technological and innovative areas is systematised, in particular: the experience of the USA, Canada, Australia, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, France, Germany, Egypt, Switzerland, Great Britain, Austria, Brazil and India. The original system of indicators has been suggested and the comparative monitoring of the indicators, which helped to provide a «technological and innovative breakthrough» for the selected countries of the world in comparison with Ukraine, has been carried out. The recommendations to public authorities, aimed at creating the main benchmarks of an «economic breakthrough» of Ukraine in the technological and innovative areas of activity, have been prepared. Originality. A system of indicators of an economic breakthrough of Ukraine in technological and innovative directions has been formed for the first time, the foreign experience of economically developed countries of the world in the direction of achieving economic growth of national economies has been systematised. The recommendations to public authorities concerning the identification of the main benchmarks for Ukraine's technological and innovative breakthrough in the near future have been further developed. Practical value. The outlined priority directions of the policy «Economic breakthrough» and intensification of the state policy on ensuring the economic welfare and growth in Ukraine are substantiated by the applied analysis of critical technological, innovative and state-building factors of the exacerbation of economic problems in Ukraine. Key words: economic breakthrough, benchmarks, indicators, technological area, innovative area, economic growth.
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Koroliova, Lyudmila. "MODERN FORMS, METHODS AND MEANS OF TRAINING FUTURE TEACHERS OF THE NEW UKRAINIAN SCHOOL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE ABILITIES IN PRIMARY-SCHOOL PUPILS." Scientific journal of Khortytsia National Academy, no. 2 (2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51706/2707-3076-2020-2-8.
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The study is devoted to the problem of training future teachers for the development of creative abilities of pupils during the educational activities in primary school. It is determined that the crucial professional modernization of higher education, the transition to the newest activity paradigm of the pedagogical process guide towards radical redefining of existing ideological strategies and confirmation of new ideological strategies for the training of a new generation of teachers for primary school. They are professionals capable of finding and mastering new knowledge, with the purpose of generating new ideas and initiatives to implement them for improving both their own social status and welfare, and the development of society and the Ukrainian state as a whole. The conceptual foundations of the training of future teachers for the development of creative abilities of pupils of primary schools, as well as the role of this profession in the context of historical development of education are revealed. The contradictions that impede the training of future teachers are outlined. The domestic and foreign experience of primary-school education and the current state of professional training of future specialists of the initial level in Ukraine, European countries and Great Britain are analyzed; the tasks and perspectives of solving the issues of future teachers training for the development of pupils’ creative abilities in educational activities during the process of their professional training are determined. It is proved that the significant potential in solving the above tasks can be found in a creative-oriented paradigm of teaching of future primary-school teachers: the significant strengthening of their professional training, the creation and the construction of a platform on which the interpersonal subject-subject interaction of the teacher and the student will be developed on the principles of «creative development». The analysis of scholarly publications on the subject of the research shows that the readiness of future specialists to develop the creative abilities of pupils in the educational activity of primary school is an important element of the professional formation and professional ascent of future primary-school teachers to the heights of his/her mastery and competence; it is one of the parameters of his/her professional readiness, which significantly influences the effectiveness of the pedagogical process and the results of the specialist’s activity.
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Veklych, Oksana. "FORMALIZATION OF VALUE MEASUREMENT OF ECOSYSTEM ASSETS OF SOCIAL-TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 8(27) (2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2020/8(27)/7.
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The essence of the formalization process is revealed. Its projection on the task of formalizing the value measurement of ecosystem assets of social-territorial communities disclosed three iterative steps of the algorithm for its solution. The last step is to represent ecosystem assets in monetary terms by appropriate calculation formulas (a system of indicators to determine their numerical values), which is achieved by establishing a monetary valuation of their ecosystem goods and services as an indicator of the natural capacity of these ecosystem assets. It is shown that the basic methodological basis for the numerical formalization of monetary calculation of ecosystem assets of socio-territorial communities are the provisions on determining the economic value of ecosystem services and their contribution to welfare, which are enshrined in the four most important constitutive official documents developed by United Nations Statistical Commission, FAO, IMF and World Bank in 2012-2017. It is established that in foreign countries (Great Britain, the Netherlands, the People's Republic of China) these documents are used as a source in the implementation of appropriate valuations of ecosystem services provided by ecosystem assets of certain areas. And the UK in general has introduced such estimates in 2018 in the practice of its state statistical accounting of natural capital on a regular basis. The generalization of the existing as of 2020 foreign developments on monetary valuation of ecosystem services provided by ecosystem assets is carried out. The list of ecosystem services, the cost of which can now be calculated using the appropriate sequences of formulas for their calculation for the final total monetary assessment of ecosystem assets, is presented in tabular format (with address sources). These sources, which contain sequences of the necessary formulas for calculating the monetary contribution of ecosystem services, will be useful to domestic appraisers of ecosystem assets of local communities. It is recommended to creatively and thoughtfully use the already developed positions and sequences of calculation formulas on the outlined topics, which are published in the relevant foreign official procedural methods and in the performed project studies as auxiliary guides, when conducting estimation of specific ecosystem assets of territorial communities of Ukraine.
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Jackson, Peter M., and John Hills. "The State of Welfare: The Welfare State in Britain Since 1974." Economic Journal 102, no. 410 (January 1992): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234869.
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IMAI, Takako. "Welfare Politics after the Great Recession in Britain:." Annuals of Japanese Political Science Association 64, no. 2 (2013): 2_135–2_161. http://dx.doi.org/10.7218/nenpouseijigaku.64.2_135.
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Wickens, S. "Equine Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain." Animal Welfare 16, no. 3 (August 2007): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600027275.
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Rollings, Neil, and Rodney Lowe. "The Welfare State in Britain Since 1945." Economic History Review 47, no. 3 (August 1994): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597606.
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Phillips, Melanie. "Welfare and the State." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 45 (March 2000): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100003349.
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Once upon a time, there was a consensus in this country that the welfare state was the jewel in the crown of the post-war settlement. It was a national badge of moral worth. It was held to embody certain virtues that people told themselves were the hallmark of a civilised society: altruism, equity, dignity, fellowship. It defined Britain as a co-operative exercise which bound us together into a cohesive society. Or so we told ourselves.
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Erskine, Angus. "Book Review: The State of Welfare: The Welfare State in Britain since 1974." Urban Studies 30, no. 3 (April 1993): 605–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420989320080611.
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Whiteside, Noel. "Creating the Welfare State in Britain, 1945–1960." Journal of Social Policy 25, no. 1 (January 1996): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400000076.
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ABSTRACTPolitical consensus on the scope and structure of the welfare state in post-war Britain has been much overstated. The Labour governments (1945–51), committed to universalism and a planned economy, gave state welfare a central role in guaranteeing ‘fair shares for all’ and used it to help secure union co-operation over wage restraint. The Conservative governments (1951–64), committed to the restoration of ‘sound finance’, abandoned these objectives and attacked components of the welfare state designed to control prices and mediate demands for higher wages. The author concludes that, for comparative social policy studies to be effective, differing frameworks of state welfare have to be more exactly defined.
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Thane, Pat. "The Origins of the British Welfare State." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 50, no. 3 (November 2019): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01448.
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George Boyer’s The Winding Road to the Welfare State, which traces the shift in Britain from the early nineteenth-century Poor Law to the post-1945 welfare state, is strongest and most useful in its analysis of the labor market in relation to poverty and insecurity and in its precise quantification of wages, poverty, insecurity, and public relief. It is much weaker when discussing how politics and public opinion shaped social policies; overlooking important areas of British state welfare, the book focuses upon unemployment and old-age policies. Nor is the book really about “Britain.” Most of the statistics and analyses refer to England and occasionally Wales. Scotland, with its different economic, administrative, and legal structures, though constitutionally in Britain, is barely mentioned. Notwithstanding Boyer’s contributions to the picture of how the British welfare state emerged, his version of Britain’s “winding road” falls short of the descriptions and analyses that many British publications have already provided within the past thirty years.
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Ermisch, John F., and Robert E. Wright. "Welfare Benefits and Lone Parents' Employment in Great Britain." Journal of Human Resources 26, no. 3 (1991): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146020.
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Carter, E. "Overview of cattle health and welfare in Great Britain." Animal Welfare 23, no. 4 (November 2014): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860000645x.
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Green, David G. "Medical care in Britain before the welfare state." Critical Review 7, no. 4 (September 1993): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913819308443313.
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Taylor, Becky. "Travellers in Britain: a minority and the state." Historical Research 77, no. 198 (October 28, 2004): 575–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.2004.00223.x.
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Abstract This article explores the developing relations between Travellers and the British state in the context of the expansion of welfare provision. Using four case studies it highlights the key characteristics of Traveller-state relations: the lack of a unified response to Travellers by the state; how Travellers were simultaneously seen as an important target for welfare provision and less entitled to its benefits; and that settlement and assimilation were the motivating factors for schemes. It goes on to show that these trends were the result of three factors: the dominance of stereotypes surrounding Travellers; the structure of the state; and the agency of Travellers themselves.
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Pedersen, Susan. "Gender, Welfare, and Citizenship in Britain during the Great War." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163475.
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Atkins, Peter. "School Milk in Britain, 1900–1934." Journal of Policy History 19, no. 4 (October 2007): 395–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2008.0000.
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It seems to be generally accepted that school meals played a small but important role in the creation of conceptual and practical space for the first green shoots of the modern welfare state, and that their provision, no matter how modest at the outset, therefore represented a major departure in the history of social policy. As Bentley Gilbert notes: “The passage of the Education (Provision of Meals) Act of 1906, and the Education (Administrative Provisions) Act of 1907, establishing medical inspection in State schools, marked the beginning of the construction of the welfare state. For the historian, feeding was the more important measure, not because it was wider in scope or more beneficial, but simply because it occurred first.” Thus the Liberal party's reforming administration of 1906–14 began with legislation on free school meals and school medical inspection. According to Pat Thane, this “was the first extension from the field of schooling into that of welfare of the principle that a publicly financed benefit could be granted to those in need, free both of charge and of the disabilities associated with the Poor Law,” and Charles Webster suggests that “the foundations were laid for the principle of providing publicly funded welfare benefits for an entire class of recipient without the imposition of the kind of limitations traditionally imposed under the Poor Law.” In more general terms, Ulla Gustafsson has asserted that school meals “inform our understanding of the relationship between the state, the family and children.”
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Powell, Martin. "The Eureka Moment? The creation of the British Welfare State." Social Work and Social Sciences Review 20, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v20i3.1313.
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This article explores when the welfare state was established in Britain. First it examines the definitions of the welfare state, before turning to outline the methods and criteria used in exploring the establishment of welfare states. It then discusses the criteria that have been applied to the British case (expenditure; legislation; content; social citizenship; antithesis of the Poor Law) before critically analysing the arguments for different creation periods for the British welfare state (Old Poor Law; nineteenth century; Liberal reforms; inter-war period; 1945; later periods). It is concluded that while the strongest case and the greatest number of dimensions suggest 1945, in the words of T H Marshall: ‘we may still be in doubt what was the exact combination of circumstances in Britain in the 1940's which evoked that cry of "Eureka !’
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Barry, Norman P. "The State, Pensions and the Philosophy of Welfare." Journal of Social Policy 14, no. 4 (October 1985): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400014987.
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ABSTRACTThis is a study of the prevailing state pension systems in Britain and the US in the context of a philosophy of welfare that has developed over the last decade. In this philosophy state welfare systems are justified in terms of their maximizing liberty and autonomy rather than merely social justice. It is argued that the state earnings-related pension scheme in Britain and social security in the US, because they are ‘unfunded’ and paid for out of current taxation, are not merely inefficient but also reduce the independence of individuals and impose high burdens on future generations. It is argued that no philosophical justification can be given for this imposition. The major theoretical flaw in state-managed pension arrangements, it is claimed, is the confusion of the welfare principle with the insurance principle.
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Taylor, James Stephen, and Geoffrey Finlayson. "Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990." American Historical Review 101, no. 1 (February 1996): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169277.
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Munsell, F. Darrell. "Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830–1990." History: Reviews of New Books 23, no. 4 (June 1995): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9946219.
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