Academic literature on the topic 'Welfare state – Germany'

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Journal articles on the topic "Welfare state – Germany"

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Leibold, Stefan. "Il welfare tedesco: un compromesso confessionale?" SOCIOLOGIA E POLITICHE SOCIALI, no. 3 (January 2013): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sp2012-003004.

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From the end of the 19th century to the present, six political regimes followed one another in Germany: from the monarchy to the Weimar Republic, the national socialist dictatorship, the occupation by the allies after the Second World War, East Germany under Soviet influence, the new established capitalist West Germany and the reunified Germany (the "Berlin Republic" after 1990). Nevertheless, surprisingly enough, the structure of the German welfare state has shown a steady continuity over such a long span of time: Germany is a very prominent example of "path dependency" in matter of welfare state. This direction is characterized by a corporative stance in social policy and it involves economic associations, Unions, private welfare organizations and mainstream Churches as leading actors of this process. The article discusses whether or not the influence of religion is a cause for the distinct features of the German welfare state. It briefly draws on current analysis and a research project in Münster (Germany); it investigates the historical and ideological roots of the typical German welfare model, and the role religion played in that respect. Finally, it focuses upon the German welfare-state model from 1945 to the present.
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Steinmetz, George. "Worker and the Welfare State in Imperial Germany." International Labor and Working-Class History 40 (1991): 18–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900001113.

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A complex relationship existed between working-class formation and the development of the welfare state in Imperial Germany between 1871 and 1914. In the 1880s, the Social Democratic party voted against the three major national social insurance law's, and many workers seemed to spurn the incipient welfare state. But by 1914, socialists were active in social policy-making and workers were participating in the operations of the welfare state. Tens of thousands of workers and social democrats held positions in the social insurance funds and offices, the labor courts and labor exchanges, and other institutions of the official welfare state. Hundreds of workers had even become “friendly visitors” in the traditional middle-class domain of municipal poor relief. This shift is interesting not only from the standpoint of working-class orientations; it also challenges the received image of the German working class as excluded from the state —an interpretation based on an overly narrow focus on national parliamentary politics.
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Petersen, Klaus, and Jørn Henrik Petersen. "Confusion and divergence: Origins and meanings of the term ‘welfare state’ in Germany and Britain, 1840–1940." Journal of European Social Policy 23, no. 1 (January 23, 2013): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928712463160.

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It is often stated that there is no standard definition of a ‘welfare state’. A survey of the standard textbooks supports this claim. It is also often the case that academic works on welfare state and social policy history earmark lines or even pages to discussing the origins of the term welfare state. However, these brief accounts are often wrong in the details and are missing important aspects. In our article we offer the first detailed study of the origin of the term ‘welfare state’ tracing it back to the mid-19th century Germany and following its diverse and changing definitions in the German and British context until the 1940s. The study adds decades to the conventional understanding of this history and offers a more nuanced understanding of the different definitions attributed to the term before its political breakthrough in the late 1940s. Projecting this post-war understanding backwards in time – what the literature generally does – is too simple and anachronistic. Both in Germany and Britain the dominating understandings differ from our present day understanding of the ‘welfare state’ as a social security system.
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Heinelt, Hubert. "Immigration and the welfare state in Germany." German Politics 2, no. 1 (April 1993): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644009308404315.

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Кудайберген and Pirimkul Kudaybergen. "Functions and the role of labor agency in social welfare and personnel management in Germany (through the example of immigrants)." Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 3, no. 3 (June 17, 2014): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/4872.

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The paper considers functions of the Labor Agency (Agency), which is an important mechanism for workforce management processes and procedures in the context of socially-oriented German economy. Agency activities are analyzed and how it practically implements social welfare principles (as exemplified by immigrants from CSI, Asian and African countries). The author operates based on his research and personal experience, gained while working in various German universities and companies. Special attention is given to how the Agency’s Center of Employment provide unemployed with unemployment relief and workplaces. Practical measures conducive to unemployment reduction are highlighted. It is emphasized that while Germany has powerful system of social welfare and sufficient unemployment reliefs, payroll taxes are also relatively high. Consequently, many immigrants try their hard to avoid working and prefer to live on the dole. Along with that the author reveals the reasons and ways through which German state officials discriminate immigrants thus favoring natives of Germany. Nevertheless, given one million vacancies to be filled throughout the country, many Germans reject the German tax system, emigrate and work successfully abroad (e.g., 65% of doctors in Switzerland are expatriate Germans). The paper specially emphasizes, that the majority of immigrants to Germany are poorly educated, poorly civilized Asians and Africans with extra families, while among native Germans single-child families prevail and highly qualified specialists do prevail among emigrants. Such social discrepancy arose discontent among German burghers which results in annual neo-Nazi anti-German marches in towns and villages. In conclusion the author provides recommendations for immigrants and Russians, willing to work in German, on how to integrate in the German society and adapt to labor market conditions of Germany.
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Mertens, Daniel. "Borrowing for social security? Credit, asset-based welfare and the decline of the German savings regime." Journal of European Social Policy 27, no. 5 (September 15, 2017): 474–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717717658.

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This article investigates the question to what extent Germany fits into the recent trend of credit-based social policy that has originated in Anglophone economies. In the course of the financial crisis and with its preceding increase in private indebtedness in mind, a growing number of scholars have argued that loans to households have become a central component of contemporary welfare states. Because of comprehensive savings-promotion schemes, high levels of public welfare provision and a low homeownership rate, the German welfare state conventionally figures as the paradigmatic counter case to this intensifying relation between welfare and finance. This article argues, to the contrary, that one can observe the rise of credit-based social policy in Germany due to the gradual erosion of savings promotion, the expansion of quasi-public loan schemes and the restructuring of the welfare state since the mid-1970s. Based on document and statistical analysis, the article evaluates reform trajectories in the field of pensions, education and healthcare to substantiate this claim. Within the current low-interest rate environment in the Eurozone, the developments combined might well challenge the traditional savings-oriented features of the German welfare state and its political economy.
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Kim, Pil. "Political Preferences and Attitudes Towards the Welfare State: Cross-National Comparison of Germany, Sweden, the U.S. and Japan." Comparative Sociology 3, no. 3-4 (2004): 321–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569133043019726.

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AbstractThis study attempts to build a causal model of attitudes towards the welfare state in Japan and to compare it to those of Germany, Sweden and the U.S., which represent conservative, socialist, and liberal welfare regime respectively. The effect of political preferences on attitudes towards the welfare state is the focus of the comparison. The basic premise of this comparison is that welfare attitudes vary across countries, bearing the characteristics of the given welfare regime that they belong to. Structural equation modeling and path analysis are conducted on a large-scale international survey dataset, ISSP 1996. Each country is first analyzed separately, and then all four countries are compared to each other. The single-country analysis reveals the cross-national diversity of welfare attitudes, while the effect of political preferences on the welfare attitudes exhibits a bifurcate pattern: in Sweden and the U.S. it is quite strong, relatively weak in Germany, and not even statistically significant in Japan. The comparative analysis further confirms this pattern. Therefore, I conclude that Japan is closest to the German conservative regime in terms of attitudes and political preferences, sharing welfare conservatism that credits the conservative party for building a welfare state.
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Grdešić, Marko. "Neoliberalism and Welfare Chauvinism in Germany." German Politics and Society 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2019.370201.

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Anti-immigration sentiments can take on a variety of forms, but a particularly prevalent version across Europe is welfare chauvinism. According to welfare chauvinism, the services of the welfare state should be provided only to natives and not to immigrants. Like many other European countries, German politics also features welfare chauvinism, and not only on the far right segment of the political spectrum. What drives welfare chauvinism? Most studies of welfare chauvinism try to assess whether economic or cultural factors matter most. In an attempt to bridge these perspectives, this article brings in neoliberalism. An examination of survey results from EBRD’s Life in Transition project suggests that neoliberal economic attitudes are a key determinant of welfare chauvinism. German respondents who have neoliberal economic views tend to see immigrants as a drain on the welfare state, while those who have economically leftist views tend to see immigrants as providing a positive contribution.
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Linton, Derek S., and Elizabeth Harvey. "Youth and the Welfare State in Weimar Germany." American Historical Review 100, no. 1 (February 1995): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168061.

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Hong, Young-Sun, and Elizabeth Harvey. "Youth and the Welfare State in Weimar Germany." Contemporary Sociology 24, no. 1 (January 1995): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075094.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Welfare state – Germany"

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Behling, Felix. "Welfare beyond the welfare state : the employment relationship in Germany and the UK." Thesis, University of Essex, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528851.

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Legg, Meredith. "WOMEN, WORK AND WELFARE: A CASE STUDY OF GERMANY, THE UK, AND SWEDEN." Master's thesis, Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002974.

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Bennett-Ruete, Jackie. "A social history of Bad Ems : spa culture and the welfare state in Germany." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66766/.

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This thesis is about the spa town of Bad Ems in West Germany - its social and economic development. It analyses the town's rise to fame as a fashionable centre for relaxation and recuperation and the emergence of a 'spa culture' in the nineteenth century. It also studies the impact of the gradual 'democratisation' of cures i.e. how spa towns like Bad Ems changed in this century with the increase in the number of cure-guests funded by the statutory insurance bodies. This inevitably involves an examination of the system of national health provision from the late 19th century and the incorporation of spa treatment into benefit schemes. The subsequent analysis of medical knowledge and opinion, with particular reference to spa remedies and treatment considers both medical practitioners in Bad Ems and the development of the science of balneology over the past one hundred and fifty years. This analysis includes the debates and arguments about the modern cure and the growing concern since the Second World War with the efficiency and effectiveness of social insurance cures. Finally, this study looks at the cure-takers themselves, both in their relationship with the medical profession and their experience of spa life. Because no comprehensive study of Germany's spas has been attempted, this thesis aims to bring together different perspectives adopted by various disciplines. However, given the present state of research, it seemed that the only viable approach would be through a case study which analyses the town of Bad Ems at a grass-root level, though without ignoring the impact of national events and policies in Germany on cure-taking and spa culture. The findings of the research indicate that the introduction of cures as a benefit of national welfare policies ensured the survival of spas as health centres. No less importantly, today a cure is no longer the preserve of a wealthy elite as in the 19th century but available to all Germans. The success of cures in Germany today would also seem to reflect a culturally specific attitude to health and illness which stands in marked contrast to that in this country where spas have declined and where there is little interest in the forms of treatment offered by mineral springs and thermal waters.
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Trampusch, Christine. "Sozialpolitik in Post-Hartz Germany." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4784/.

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The article points to the following causes of German social policy reform, as it has taken shape by the so-called ‘Hartz’-Acts: the self-inflicted financial crisis of the welfare state, the return of party leaders as agenda setters, and the weakening of employers associations and trade unions in this policy field. Through a large, informal coalition, the political parties have responded to various internal conflict constellations.
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McGinnity, Frances. "Who benefits? : a comparison of welfare and outcomes for the unemployed in Britain and Germany." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365534.

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Goldschmidt, Tina. "Immigration, Social Cohesion, and the Welfare State : Studies on Ethnic Diversity in Germany and Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141582.

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Can social cohesion and solidarity persist in the face of large-scale migration? One particularly contentious hypothesis states that native majorities will be unwilling to support the provision of government-funded welfare to those whom they do not consider to be part of their own sociocultural ingroup, especially when sociocultural or ethnic otherness and socioeconomic disadvantage overlap. Consequently, majorities’ willingness to accept disadvantaged immigrant groups as legitimate and trusted members of the welfare community is central to the social cohesion of societies diversifying through migration. The dissertation consists of a comprehensive summary, followed by four original studies addressing the interplay between migration-induced diversity and social cohesion through the lens of majority attitudes and the micro and macro contexts within which they are embedded. The studies focus on Sweden and Germany, two European societies that host strong welfare states and large immigrant populations. Together, they seek to answer two central questions: First, does social distance between native-born citizens and immigrants lead the former to withdraw support from all redistributive policies, or are some types of welfare more affected than others? Second, how does the migration-induced diversification of societies come to matter for majority attitudes toward the welfare state and, as they are closely related, for majority attitudes toward the trustworthiness of others? Looking at the case of Germany, Study 1 shows that the conflict between diversity and welfare solidarity is not expressed in a general majority opposition to welfare, but rather in an opposition to government assistance benefiting immigrants – a phenomenon sometimes referred to as welfare chauvinism. Study 2 turns to the case of Sweden and investigates three pathways into welfare chauvinism: via the first-hand experience of immigrant unemployment and putative welfare receipt in the neighborhood context; via exposure to immigrant competition at the workplace; and via negative prejudice against immigrants. We find that the direct observation of immigrant unemployment in the neighborhood increases natives’ preference for spending on other Swedes over spending on immigrants, while competition with immigrants at the workplace does not. Using the same Swedish data, Study 3 hypothesizes that ethnically diverse workplaces imply trust-fostering inter-group contact. Yet, like in Study 2, we find a negative relationship between majority Swedes’ exposure to certain immigrant groups in the neighborhood and their trust in neighbors, while diverse workplaces neither seem to increase trust nor to affect the negative neighborhood-level association. Both Studies 2 and 3 show that negative attitudes toward immigrants increase welfare chauvinism and lower trust, even disregarding majority Swedes’ actual experience of immigrant presence or unemployment. Study 4 thus turns to a social force outside the realm of first-hand experience and explores German online news media debates on the welfare deservingness of various sociodemographic groups – among them, immigrants (as refugees in particular). However, rather than observing the persistent and particular stigmatization of immigrants as undeserving recipients or untrustworthy abusers of welfare, we find much more nuanced descriptions in our vast corpus of news stories.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Gardin, Matias Edvard. "States of education : reflections on the relationship between welfare state and education in Finland and the Federal Republic of Germany 1960-1970." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/states-of-education(62ca8322-7ccd-4e4d-9b79-597ba57242a0).html.

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This PhD thesis examines the impact of political ideologies on the welfare-state developments of the Republic of Finland and Federal Republic of Germany from 1960 to 1970, a period of dramatic social expenditure expansion and economic growth. It explores the issue by asking whether different ideas of ruling parties mattered in these developments or were there other factors, such as the level of economic strength, which became more influential in explaining cross-national welfare variations. Whereas mainstream analysts of comparative social policy since the early 1990s have taken for granted that politics mattered in the immediate post- war era reflecting the more pronounced left-right, catholic-protestant and other historical cleavages, this research moves beyond the oversimplified traditional welfare regime typologies and instead considers how welfare systems became intertwined with other more control-focused aspects of state development: in effect, whether and how they became instruments of discipline through educating citizens. Drawing on the Foucauldian idea of power of normalisation - and using educational expansion of the 1960s as a case study - it is suggested that there are aspects of the development of Finnish and West German policing which had a direct bearing on the emergence of the welfare state. Welfare regimes became complex entities which structured the evolution of European nation states after WW2. Yet, it has often been assumed that strong economic development and welfare policies became incompatible. As this study demonstrates, this was not the case in Finland and the FRG. Quite the opposite, both countries emerged stable and democratic into the twenty first century. 1960-1970 was the timeframe during which the groundwork for this success was pioneered and the period was to have a lasting legacy which gave direction to the future. Therefore, a closer study on the interconnectedness between education and welfare state needs to be established. Whereas this thesis confines itself to Finnish-German developments as my original contribution to knowledge, it suggests some grounds for extending the research to other countries.
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Egle, Christoph. "Reformpolitik in Deutschland und Frankreich Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik bürgerlicher und sozialdemokratischer Regierungen seit Mitte der 90er Jahre." Wiesbaden VS, Verl. für Sozialwiss, 2009. http://d-nb.info/985819227/04.

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SOBRINO, Irene. "Welfare state and federalism : a constitutional viewpoint : the cases of Germany and Spain within the framework of the European Union." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13172.

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Defence date: 4 March 2008
Examining Board: Prof. Jacques Ziller, (EUI) ; Prof. Dieter Grimm, (Humboldt University, Berlin) ; Prof. Javier Pérez Royo, (University of Seville) ; Prof. Neil Walker, (EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The question of the relation between the aims of current federalism and welfare states has often been portrayed as the idea of two dynamics addressing divergent senses: while federalism would essentially imply centrifugal tendencies, the fulfilment of welfare state postulates would require certain social standardization processes. However, the viewpoint from which this work departs is the constitutional intertwining of both concepts: it sets out to analyze how the welfare state principle and the federal territorial structure are constitutionally interrelated. In particular, the aspect of welfare state that is tackled refers to its fulfilment on a nation-wide basis, which requires focusing on the mechanisms needed to generate certain levels of socio-economic standardization. The main theme of the dissertation is therefore the analysis of the structural elements that embody the territorial scope of solidarity within the context of two politically decentralized countries, Germany and Spain. The dissertation is structured into five chapters. Chapter One, after analysing how the concepts of “welfare state”, “federalism” and their “interrelations” are tackled and explained by the existing literature, outlines an analytical framework for the examination of the territorial translation of welfare state. Chapter Two addresses the constitutional articulation of the search of a basic equality on the whole territory from the perspective of the allocation of social competences – i.e. health care, social assistance and social security and education - both in Germany and in Spain. Chapter Three focuses on some of the “constitutional structures” that are in charge of guaranteeing the basic uniformity of living conditions throughout the territory of each country (e.g. Art. 72 of the German Basic Law and 149.1.1 of the Spanish Constitution). Chapter Four analyses certain mechanisms that articulate the financial territorial redistribution in each system. Chapter Five is devoted to analysing the EU as a new territorial stratum involved in the social sphere regulation interacting with the nationally based welfare state.
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Cadei, Fritz Matilda. "The welfare state and the social rights of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who have reached the age of majority." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352646.

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In recent years, the numbers of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children (UASC) arriving to Europe have drastically increased. Due to delays in the asylum procedure, many UASC have turned 18 years old before the asylum procedure has ended. These adolescents need access to welfare services but they often lose several social rights when they reach adulthood. In this light, I have investigated the social rights of UASC who have reached the age of majority by using Esping-Andersen’s theory of welfare state regimes. I find that the social rights of this group vary between Germany, the conservative welfare state regime, and Sweden, the social democratic welfare state regime. However, in both of the countries, this group in general have limited access to welfare services. This is problematic since social rights are crucial for incorporation in the society. The findings are in several ways in line with the main characteristics in the two regimes but in order to fully understand what determines the social rights of UASC who have reached the age of majority further research is needed.
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Books on the topic "Welfare state – Germany"

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Youth and the welfare state in Weimar Germany. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

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Welfare, modernity, and the Weimar State, 1919-1933. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.

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The social budget of Germany: Keeping the welfare state in perspective. Berlin: Edition Sigma, 2009.

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Regulating the social: The welfare state and local politics in imperial Germany. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1993.

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Sinn, Hans-Werner. Can Germany be saved?: The malaise of the world's first welfare state. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2007.

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Recasting welfare capitalism: Economic adjustment in contemporary France and Germany. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009.

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The moral economy of welfare states: Britain and Germany compared. London: Routledge, 2003.

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Housing, welfare, and the state in Europe: A comparative analysis of Britain, France, and Germany. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar, 1996.

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Institutions, ideas and learning in welfare state change: Labour market reforms in Germany. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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Pilz, Frank. Der Steuerungs- und Wohlfahrtsstaat Deutschland: Politikgestaltung versus Fiskalisierung und Ökonomisierung. Opladen: Leske + Budrich, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Welfare state – Germany"

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Krüger, Michael, and Alfred Pfaller. "The Federal Republic of Germany." In Can the Welfare State Compete?, 187–228. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10716-2_6.

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Behling, Felix. "Welfare Beyond the Welfare State. The Employment Relationship in Germany and the UK." In Welfare Beyond the Welfare State, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65223-8_1.

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Leisering, Lutz. "The Welfare State in Postwar Germany." In Welfare States and the Future, 113–30. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230554917_8.

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Stolleis, Michael. "Origins of the German Welfare State: Social Policy in Germany to 1945." In Origins of the German Welfare State, 23–176. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22522-2_2.

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Jewell, Christopher J. "Welfare Caseworkers in Bremen, Germany: Entitlement Scholars in a Highly Regulated State." In Agents of the Welfare State, 57–80. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230607255_4.

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Leisering, Lutz. "Germany: A Centrist Welfare State at the Crossroads." In International Social Policy, 148–70. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08294-7_8.

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Kaufmann, Franz-Xaver. "Variations of the Welfare State: Great Britain, Sweden, France and Germany between Capitalism and Socialism." In Variations of the Welfare State, 23–239. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22549-9_2.

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Jewell, Christopher J. "Welfare-to-Work Caseworkers in Bremen, Germany: Resource Brokering into Vocational Training and the Secondary Labor Market." In Agents of the Welfare State, 127–49. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230607255_7.

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Ebbinghaus, Bernhard, and Elias Naumann. "Class, Union, or Party Allegiance? Comparing Pension Reform Preferences in Britain and Germany." In Welfare State Reforms Seen from Below, 107–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63652-8_5.

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Bleses, Peter, and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser. "Can Germany still be Considered a Conservative Welfare State?" In The Dual Transformation of the German Welfare State, 145–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230005631_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Welfare state – Germany"

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Mimentza Martin, Janire. "CONSTITUTIONALITY OF BASIC INCOME IN GERMANY." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.295.

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At present, the precarious jobs do not assure the subsistence level, and the future forecasts “the end of work”. In addition, because of the defects and limits of the welfare systems, a rethinking of the social protection system is necessary: universal basic income seems to be the most popular option. However, basic income may represent a break with the traditional market rules: the model is inverted and the citizen gains “ freedom from work”, and not “through work”. This paradigm shift may represent a challenge for today’s model of social state based on the work ethic. Although the basic income is usually based on the idea of social reform, the perception of this study is that its implementation should be guided by a policy of small advances, which ultimately make possible a partial reform of the Social Security system, not its dismantling. This work shows that the German labour market, the Constitution, and the social state are not currently prepared for or in need of a universal Basic Income.
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Reports on the topic "Welfare state – Germany"

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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.

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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
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