Academic literature on the topic 'Welfare state – European Economic Community countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Welfare state – European Economic Community countries"
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Kurowska, Anna, Olga Eisele, and Johannes M. Kiess. "Welfare Attitudes and Expressions of (Trans)national Solidarity." American Behavioral Scientist 63, no. 4 (January 30, 2019): 492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218823843.
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The article explores the extent to which Europeans’ welfare attitudes explain (trans)national solidarity behavior. We set our analyses against the backdrop of the broader debate of welfare state consequences: Does a strong welfare state that is considered to take care of those in need diminish or strengthen citizens’ motivations to become engaged in helping others? We distinguish individuals’ solidarity behavior toward others within the welfare state, that is, citizens within one’s country, and outside the welfare state community of the respondents’ particular country. We further distinguish different others outside the welfare state, that is, between refugees, taking the refugee crisis in the European Union (EU) as a prime example, and citizens living in other countries—in EU countries and non-EU countries. As far as the main explanatory variables are concerned, we derive from the concept of “multidimensional welfare attitudes” and focus on five crucial dimensions of these attitudes, that is, welfare goals, range, degree, redistribution, and outcome. We draw on data collected within the EU project TransSOL and calculate a set of multilevel logistic regression models controlling for a wide range of individual (sociodemographic, economic, and political) variables. Overall, we observe that a “crowding in” effect, that is, higher support of the welfare state, goes in line with solidarity activity toward others including both “outsiders” and “insiders” of the national community.
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Raul, Didier. "Islamic Economy as an Alternative Solution of European Economic Crisis." International Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i1.67.
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The problem of the economic crisis reoccurred again in the global territory that began with the economic crisis in the country of Greece. The crisis arising from the country's financial deficit due to enormous state debt has an impact on the economic crisis in the European region. This phase of the economic crisis is a manifestation of the failure of the capitalist economic system imposed by western countries. Many economists began to open a discourse to review the existing economic system because it did not provide welfare for the community. Islamic economics starting in the 1970s has begun to be widely studied by various universities in the world, which was eventually implemented with the establishment of the first Islamic Development Bank (IDB) in Jeddah. This then continued with the establishment of an institution for how to distribute the wealth in the financial community (tauzi'ul tsarwah bayna an-ill-fated) with the Islamic economic system. There are 3 (three) principles of Islamic economics which include: the principle of how to obtain assets (al milkiyah), how to manage the ownership of assets that are already owned (tasharuruf fil milkiyah). Ownership of assets in the Islamic economic system consists of balanced individual, state and general ownership. So it is expected that there will be more equitable welfare and of course the existence of moral values for all economic actors.
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Pshenichnov, Nikolay. "Islamic Economy as an Alternative Solution Economy Crysis." International Journal of Science and Society 2, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v2i3.174.
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The problem of the economic crisis reoccurred again in the global territory that began with the economic crisis in the country of Greece. The crisis arising from the country's financial deficit due to enormous state debt has an impact on the economic crisis in the European region. This phase of economic crisis is a manifestation of the failure of the capitalist economic system imposed by western countries. Many economists began to open discourse to review the existing economic system because it did not provide welfare for the community.
Islamic economics starting in the 1970s has begun to be widely studied by various universities in the world, which was eventually implemented with the establishment of the first Islamic Development Bank (IDB) in Jeddah. This then continued with the establishment of an institution for how to distribute the wealth in the financial community (tauzi'ul tsarwah bayna an-ill-fated) with the Islamic economic system. There are 3 (three) principles of Islamic economics which include: the principle of how to obtain assets (al milkiyah), how to manage the ownership of assets that are already owned (tasharuruf fil milkiyah). The ownership of assets in the Islamic economic system consists of balanced individual, state and general ownership. So it is expected that there will be more equitable welfare and of course the existence of moral values for all economic actors.
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Ranf, Diana. "Project Management – Support for Attracting European Funds and Condition of the Development of the Romanian Society." Scientific Bulletin 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2019-0018.
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Abstract The article contains an analysis of the state of absorption of European funds in Romania with a focus on the Central Region. The article highlights the role of project management as a method of attracting European funds. The importance of good management of the European funds is of particular importance for the increase of the welfare at national level by implementing a series of changes really necessary and important for the progress of the community. The purpose of the analyzes performed regarding the access and absorption stage of the funds, regarding the problems encountered, is to serve as support in the planning of the following financing periods. The practice of efficient project management opens the door to new projects, whose immediate effect is the increase of the absorption of European funds, followed by a recovery of the Romanian economy and the increase of the prestige of our country among the member countries of the European Union. But, before discussing prestige, recognition, reputation, the emphasis must be placed on ensuring a viable economic growth, which is really reflected in the living conditions of the population.
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Jensen, H. T., and V. Plum. "From Centralised State to Local Government the Case of Poland in the Light of Western European Experience." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 11, no. 5 (October 1993): 565–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d110565.
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Several countries in Western Europe have experienced a restructuring of local and regional government. In Scandinavia local government has been a cornerstone in the building of the welfare society. In the last couple of years Poland (and other Eastern European countries) has been restructured to reduce the central state and to give more power to the private sector and the local government. It is argued that coordination at the local-government level is important for a relevant economic and political response to local problems. A framework is provided for an understanding of the development of the central and local states at the cost of activities performed earlier by the family and the local community, but also as a support (in service and regulation) to activities of the private sector. Second, it is argued that the new EC slogan, ‘a Europe of regions’, has the purpose of strengthening the regional level economically and politically and thereby of dismantling and weakening the national state in order to strengthen the EC. Third, the problems and scope of the Polish local-government reform are illustrated, from vertical control to horizontal coordination. There are difficulties in building powerful local governments at a time when they have nearly no money and are unable to provide the social services which used to be provided through the state firms. There is now a political vacuum for which the upcoming new private sector and the new local governments fight.
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Yaroshenko, I. V., and I. B. Semigulina. "Analyzing the European Practice on the Formation and Functioning of Local Self-Government and the System of Public Management of Territory Development." Business Inform 12, no. 515 (2020): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-12-149-156.
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Effective until 2014 in Ukraine, the system of local self-government did not meet the existing needs of society. The functioning of local self-government bodies in most territorial communities did not provide the formation and support of the proper level of quality of life of citizens, necessary for the full development of people, their self-realization, protection of rights, provision of high-quality and affordable administrative, social and other services, did not create a favorable living space in the respective territories. The process of formation and development of the Ukrainian State required urgent reform of the administrative-territorial, political system and the establishment of a democratic institution of public power - local self-government, which is defined as the right and real capacity of a territorial community within the laws and powers to independently solve the issues of local development of their territories. Therefore, the reform of decentralization of power in Ukraine in 2014 was defined as one of the priorities, which provides for the construction of an effective system of territorial organization of power and public management of socio-economic development of territories. A detailed study of the experience of the formation and functioning of local self-government, best practices of the world countries, and in particular the EU countries, which have achieved sustainable development of territories and improved the welfare of their citizens, is relevant for the development of modern Ukraine and its regions and territories, as well as for the formation of its own effective public administration system at the local level.
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Cortesi, Agostino, Carlotta Berionni, Carina Veeckman, Chiara Leonardi, Gianluca Schiavo, Massimo Zancanaro, Marzia Cescon, Maria Sangiuliano, Dimitris Tampakis, and Manolis Falelakis. "Families_Share: digital and social innovation for work–life balance." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 24, no. 2 (March 8, 2022): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-02-2021-0028.
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Purpose The European H2020 Families_Share project aims at offering a grass-root approach and a co-designed platform supporting families for sharing time and tasks related to childcare, parenting, after-school and leisure activities and other household tasks. To achieve this objective, the Families_Share project has been built on current practices which are already leveraging on mutual help and support among families, such as Time Banks, Social Streets and self-organizing networks of parents active at the neighbourhood level and seek to harness the potential of ICT networks and mobile technologies to increase the effectiveness of participatory innovation. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss the Families_Share methodology and platform, as well as the results obtained by several partecipating communities in different European countries. Design/methodology/approach This paper discusses how the Families Share approach (CAPS project, Horizon 2020) is bringing the sharing economy to childcare. Families Share developed a co-caring approach and a co-designed digital welfare platform to support parents with sharing time and tasks related to childcare, after-school and leisure activities. Families Share conducted two iterative pilot experiments and related socio-economic evaluations in six European cities. More than 3,000 citizens were engaged in the co-design process through their local community organizations and more than 1,700 parents and children actively experimented with the approach by organizing collaborative childcare activities. The authors discuss the challenges and solutions of co-designing a socio-technical approach aimed at facilitating socially innovative childcare models, and how the Families Share approach, based on technology-supported co-production of childcare, may provide a new sustainable welfare model for municipalities and companies with respect to life––work balance. Findings The authors discuss the challenges and solutions of co-designing a technological tool aimed at facilitating socially innovative childcare models, and how the Families Share approach may provide a new sustainable welfare model for municipalities and companies with respect to work–life balance. Originality/value As a main difference with state-of-the-art proposals, Families_Share is aimed to provide support to networks of parents in the organization of self-managed activities, this way being orthogonal with respect either to social-network functionalities or to supply and demand services. Furthermore, Families_Share has been based on a participative approach for both the ICT platform and the overall structure.
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Warin, Thierry, and Pavel Svaton. "European Migration: Welfare Migration or Economic Migration?" Global Economy Journal 8, no. 3 (July 29, 2008): 1850140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1360.
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This paper presents an empirical assessment of bilateral migration flows into the EU-15 countries. Using an extended gravity model, it identifies economic, welfare state, geospatial and linguistic variables as the principal determinants of migration flows into the EU-15 countries. As long as its effect is not offset by a high unemployment rate in the host country, the level of social protection expenditure influences migrants' choice of destination. However, albeit acting as a joint force with other economic, cultural and geospatial variables, the welfare state characteristics of the host country need to be reckoned with when studying European migration flows. Our empirical findings lend some support for a more unified or at least better coordinated social policy across the European Union.
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Petrov, Alexey V. "Models of a welfare state in European countries." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 58 (2022): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/58/3.
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The article is concerned with the evolution process of European-style social welfare state. The welfare state is considered as a set of institutionalized strategies in the context of social citizen rights, which provide protection for everyone who can and is experiencing economic and/or social difficulties. Nowadays, there has been a significant amount of interest in the concept of a welfare state. The concept passed a long way of formation through its implementation in models of countries' development and repeated crises. This interest is contingent on actual issues of evaluating effects that lie in the plane of the influence of various welfare state aspects on the socioeconomic processes taking place in countries. In this context, particular attention is focused on redistributive mechanisms. In some countries, income redistribution is a secondary goal and even a side effect if it appears at all in documents regulating the social policy of government. The approaches used within the framework of specific models have many differences either in the effectiveness of results or in the role of state institutions in terms of resource provision. The study of the approaches makes it possible to assess the impact of the welfare state on the level of income inequality. On the other hand, it is important to determine what kind of protection from social risks (age, unemployment, disability, etc.) different welfare state models can offer, how these ensure the preservation of an individual's income necessary to meet a sufficiently wide range of needs. In the furtherance of this goal, the existing welfare state models - liberal, social democratic, conservative and South/Mediterranean - were analyzed. The study focuses on methods of measuring the resource component of social models within the framework of the described cases. The analysis has revealed that welfare states differ from each other not only in the amount of social budget spending but also in approaches of building their social protection systems. These differences have a significant impact on operation of labour market, people's work and family life and also on the level of social protection and income equality promoted by societies. The results of the redistributive mechanisms' influence of social state models on the level of income inequality were analyzed. The article identifies problematic elements of models critically dependent on the budget that governments spend to reduce inequality. It is difficult to count on increases in the volumes of resources necessary to ensure a permanent protection of people from social risks under unpredictable financial markets and real economic consequences of global financial crises. The considered aspects allow formulating recommendations for the formation of a welfare state in the Russian Federation.
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Seliger, Bernhard. "Reforming the Welfare State: German and European Experiences and Challenges." International Area Review 4, no. 1 (March 2001): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590100400105.
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The rise of the welfare state has been a characteristic feature of Western European development after the second world war, despite quite different economic models in Western European countries. However, dynamic implications of the welfare state made a reform increasingly necessary. Therefore, since the 1980s the reform of the welfare state has been an important topic for Western European states. This paper describes the development of the welfare state and analyzes possible welfare reform strategies with special respect to the case of Germany. It focuses on the interdependence of political and economic aspects of welfare reform on the national as well as international level.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Welfare state – European Economic Community countries"
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Field, Heather. "Consequences of concentration on the CAP for European integration." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/123114.
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This sub-thesis deals with the concentration of the European
Community (EC) on the Common Agricultural Policy or CAP as its
main policy to date, and the consequences of this for the process
of integration. This process of integration is considered to be
both economic and political, with both the economic welfare and the
influence in international affairs of the integrated whole, the
European Community, being greater than the sum of these from the
individual parts, in this case the member states.
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Gordon, H. William (Harold William). "Trade Negotiations in Agriculture: A Comparative Study of the U.S. and the EC." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935682/.
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This study applies Destler's institutional counterweights to Putnam's two-level analysis, substituting Liberal Institutionalism and Realism for internationalism and isolationism, in a comparative case study of the roles played by the U.S. and the EC in multilateral trade negotiations in agriculture under the aegis of the General Agreement for Tariffs and Trade during the first half of the Uruguay Round. Using game theory as an analytical tool in the process, this present study demonstrates that a clear pattern emerges in which stages of cooperation and deadlock can be easily anticipated in games of Chicken and Prisoners' Dilemma in accordance with various but predictable levels of institutional influence.
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Dony, Marianne. "La responsabilité des pouvoirs publics en cas d'intervention dans une entreprise en difficulté." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213118.
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HÜBSCHER, Evelyne. "The joint impact of party politics and institutional constraints on social policy reforms in open economies." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14710.
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Defence date: 29 September 2010Examining Board: Evelyne Huber (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), Peter Mair (EUI) (Supervisor), Philip Manow (University of Heidelberg), Alexander Trechsel (EUI)
Financial resources. My study contributes to the welfare state reform literature by proposing and testing a novel argument based on a multi-dimensional framework of social policy-making. In a nutshell, the results of the nested-analysis of social policy-making show that in institutional settings where political constraints are high, left-wing party government have an adverse effect on the very poor and unskilled in society and do not meet the general expectations that left-wing policy-making increases the outcome equality. My thesis thus extends the standard welfare state research that generally focuses on a single dimension, e.g. the size of expenditure. Unlike previous research that mainly focuses on the size of spending, this project also takes into account compensatory and redistributive aspects of policies as relevant dimensions. A major shortcoming of the many studies on welfare state reforms is their one-dimensional approach. The empirical analysis is based on a nested analysis design, which combines a quantitative macro-analysis with three case studies. The macro-analysis shows that leftist governments increase compensation, particularly in political systems with high institutional constraints, whereas the size of expenditure is not affected by government partisanship. The case country case studies on a series of unemployment insurance and labor market reforms in Germany, Ireland, and Switzerland trace the underlying policy-making processes that led to these macro-level outcomes. The overall results suggest that party politics in social policy-making still matters, especially in countries with high institutional constraints. However, the mechanisms work differently than generally assumed. The strong linkages between left-wing parties and labor unions may have a partially adverse effect on outcome equality. A high level of political constraints combined with a leftist party government leads to redistributive effects that are predominantly beneficiary for `insiders' which are represented by labor unions. The preferential outcome for the `insiders' comes at the expenses of `outsiders' (mainly unskilled, long-term unemployed and part-time employees), which are not represented by powerful interest organizations (Rueda 2007, 2005). My project thus integrates the apolitical institutionalist theory of welfare state development (`New Politics' approach by Pierson) with theories that assign more importance to political struggles, such as the `power resource' approach by Korpi (1989), Korpi and Palme (1998, 2003).
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VONK, Olivier. "Dual nationality in the European Union : a study on changing norms in public and private international law and in the municipal laws of four EU member state." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/15386.
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Defence date: 19 November 2010Examining Board: Rainer Baubock (EUI); Gerard-René De Groot (Universiteit Maastricht); Marie-Ange Moreau (Supervisor, EUI); Bruno Nascimbene (Università degli Studi di Milano)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The main objective of this study is to examine the phenomenon of dual nationality in the European Union (EU), particularly against the background of the status of European citizenship - a status that is linked to the nationality of each EU Member State (Article 20(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides that ‘citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national citizenship’). The study consists of two parts. The first part (Chapters 1 and 2) sets out the approach towards (dual) nationality in Private International Law and EU Law, in particular by analyzing the case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The second part (Chapters 3- 6) consists of an overview of the dual nationality regimes in four EU Member States - France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain -, and their possible effects on the EU as a whole. Chapter 2 of the thesis is entitled the ‘intra-EU context’, since it primarily deals with the ECJ’s approach towards a dual nationality consisting of two Member State nationalities. The country reports, on the other hand, deal with the ‘extra-EU context’ because the dual nationality policies of the countries under consideration predominantly affect non-Member State nationals. Thus, France and the Netherlands have for some time already faced the question how to integrate the (Muslim) immigrant population; Italy and Spain have long since adopted a system of preferential treatment for (Latin American) former emigrants and their descendants. The country reports demonstrate how dual nationality is used (or rejected) in these four countries. Finally, the question whether the EU should in time acquire (limited) competence in the field of European nationality law is one of the major themes of this study. Regardless of one’s stance on this question, it must be readily admitted that the subject of Member State autonomy in nationality law is becoming ever more salient with the enlargement of the Union and the growing relevance of European citizenship in the case law of the ECJ. In the opinion of this author, the study shows that the almost absolute autonomy of Member States in the field of nationality law is becoming increasingly problematic for the EU as a whole. Based inter alia on the findings from the country reports, this thesis takes the position that there is arguably a need for the (minimum) harmonization of European nationality laws.
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ARPIO, SANTACRUZ Juan Lorenzo. "State aids in the European Community : framework exceptions and implications for national economic policies." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4545.
Full textBooks on the topic "Welfare state – European Economic Community countries"
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Linda, Hantrais, Mangen Stephen P, O'Brien Margaret 1954-, and Cross-National Research Group, eds. Caring and the welfare state in the 1990. [Birmingham, Great Britain?]: Cross-National Research Group, 1990.
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European community law of state aid. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
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Milward, Alan S. The European rescue of the nation-state. London: Routledge, 1994.
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Milward, Alan S. The European rescue of the nation-state. London: Routledge, 1992.
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Kelyn, Bacon, ed. European Community law of state aid. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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Commission of the European Communities., ed. 'New poverty' in the European Community. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1990.
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Commission of the European Communities., ed. 'New poverty' in the European Community. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.
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A European welfare state?: European Union social policy in context. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002.
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1974-, Oplustil Krzysztof, and Teichmann Christoph 1964-, eds. The European company - all over Europe: A state-by-state account of the introduction of the European company. Berlin: De Gruyter Recht, 2004.
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The welfare state in the European Union: Economic and social perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Welfare state – European Economic Community countries"
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Albuquerque, Paula C., and Elsa Fontainha. "Social Exclusion in Later Life, Evidence from the European Social Survey." In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 191–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_11.
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AbstractSocial Exclusion (SE) is a multidimensional concept, broader than just poverty or economic exclusion, that aims at expressing to what extent people have the opportunity to participate in society.We analyse how SE evolved for a certain birth cohort (respondents born between 1945 and 1953) along time, to gain a life-course perspective, and for the same age group in two different periods, to study how the situation of individuals in later life stages has changed from one period to the other. Our paper explores the recently updated data from the European Social Survey (ESS, Round 9 – 2018), combined with data from Round 1 – 2002, to obtain an insight into the evolution of SE among the older population in 15 European countries, by producing measures of SE including different domains (Social Relations, Civic Participation, Neighbourhood and Community and Health and Well-being). The same birth cohort (respondents born between 1945 and 1953) is analysed in 2002 and in 2018. We investigate the association of SE with the type of participation in the labour market, which, according to the rules developed by the welfare state institutions, is expected to change for that cohort, between the two periods. And, indeed, we find evidence of such association. Differences between the situation of men and women are highlighted, with higher levels of SE experienced by women in most domains.
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Obinger, Herbert, Carina Schmitt, and Laura Seelkopf. "Mass Warfare and the Development of the Modern Welfare State: An Analysis of the Western World, 1914–1950." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 21–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_3.
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AbstractThe impact of war on the development of welfare states in the Western world has recently attracted growing attention (Castles, Journal of European Social Policy, 20, 91–101, 2010; Rehm, Risk Inequality and Welfare States. Social Policy Preferences, Development, and Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 2016; Obinger et al., Warfare and Welfare. Military Conflict and Welfare State Development in Western Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018). The horrors caused by both world wars, military demobilisation, post-war economic and political crises and war-induced institutional transformations created a huge demand for social protection that states were well-placed to fill. This chapter examines the impact of both world wars on the development and reshaping of social policies in the Western world. The immense costs of mass warfare also led to the introduction of new taxes such as the income tax and massive tax hikes of existing taxes. These new revenue sources were not only needed to pay for the war debt, but also brought the fiscal resources to pay for newly introduced programmes such as unemployment insurance and for the extensions of existing welfare schemes. In addition to policy innovations and reforms, both world wars also led to institutional innovations such as the establishment of welfare ministries. By using a sample of twenty-one Western countries, we present social policy trends and developments during and in the short aftermath of World Wars I and II.
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Ratzmann, Nora. "Caught between the local and the (trans)national: a street-level analysis of EU migrants’ access to social benefits in German job centres." In Social Policy Review 34, edited by Andy Jolly, Ruggero Cefalo, and Marco Pomati, 113–33. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447365792.003.0007.
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Immigration fundamentally challenges the social contract of European welfare states, which is based on the idea of redistribution within a closed, nationally bound community of welfare. This chapter explores how local social administrators deal with the challenges of solidarity and fairness within an increasingly culturally diverse society when legal entitlements remain ambiguous. It approaches the question through a detailed examination of the German case, as the country constitutes one of Europe’s ethnically most diverse countries. The study is based on over 100 in-depth qualitative interviews with local social administrators, migrant claimants and welfare advisers and explores the inequalities in access when claiming welfare benefits and associated services in local job centres. The findings point to three dominant styles of decision-making, namely generous, restrictive or indifferent gatekeeping based on nationality and perceived belonging of a claimant. Street-level bureaucrats informally, yet systematically, sort benefit claimants, with non-nationals more likely to be subject to administrative discretion that creates barriers to receiving benefits. The findings show how street-level practices affect possibilities for social and economic inclusion and exclusion regardless of Germany’s manifest legal obligations to EU citizens.
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Fanning, Bryan. "European Christian democracy." In Three Roads to the Welfare State, 183–202. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447360322.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the convergence of religious, political, and economic responses to pre-1945 totalitarianism that came to constitute a distinct world of welfare capitalism. The influence of religious ideas is examined through a focus on the intellectual journey of Jacques Maritain, the most prominent Catholic theologian, and political philosopher prior to the Second World War and during its aftermath. The chapter also explores how political champions of Christian democracy and of what would become the European Union, like Konrad Adenauer, combined Catholic ideas with liberal economics to create a distinct Christian democratic antidote to what were perceived as the causes of totalitarianism. Christian democracy very quickly became a prominent political force in several European countries with large Catholic populations, other than Spain and Portugal where totalitarian regimes remained in control. By 1948, Christian democrat political parties had become dominant or politically prominent in Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and in the Federal Republic of Germany following its establishment in 1949.
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Dupate, Kristīne. "The Latvian Response to Its First Economic Crisis under a Free Market Economy." In European Welfare State Constitutions after the Financial Crisis, 73–107. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851776.003.0004.
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Latvia was seriously hit by the economic crisis at the end of 2008. The national austerity measures introduced to combat the economic crisis were insufficient and the Republic of Latvia asked for the assistance of international donors. The International Monetary Fund, the EU, and Nordic countries lent an overall sum of €3.1 billion to the country during 2009–2011. After the reference to external aid, the Latvian government and parliament relied strongly on the argument that particular cuts and restrictions were dictated by international donors in order to defend national decisions for budget cuts. The cuts in the social security system concerned healthcare expenses and statutory social insurance allowances, including pensions. Parental allowances were also affected considerably, since, apart from the introduction of upper ceilings, the conditions of entitlement were also significantly altered. The provisions on cuts of old-age and service pensions as well as parental allowances were contested before the Constitutional Court. Based on fundamental rights and principles stemming from the Latvian Constitution, as well as on international human rights, the Constitutional Court ruled on the incompatibility of some of the measures with the Constitution.
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Fanning, Bryan. "Catholic social thought versus modernity." In Three Roads to the Welfare State, 77–98. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447360322.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the Catholic social thought during the nineteenth century which advocated corporatist alternatives to democracy aimed at avoiding class conflict and the rise of state socialism. This thought influenced several European countries until the Second World War. The chapter looks at the efforts to promote European Catholic third way alternatives to liberalism and socialism in the aftermath of Rerum Novarum and on the political contexts in which Catholic thought proposed utopian responses to secular modernity, which drew on both the Romantic Right, with its belief in 'natural' communities that needed to be protected from modernity, and a sense of Christian universalism — of being part of a Christian community.
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Hajdú, József. "The Transition from Welfare to Workfare in Times of Crisis." In European Welfare State Constitutions after the Financial Crisis, 49–72. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851776.003.0003.
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Many of the serious deficiencies in the Hungarian welfare state pre-date the 2010 political changes and a pronounced anti-poverty policy turn was evidently already on its way in 2008, especially concerning income protection for the long-term unemployed. As if this were not enough, according to the OECD, among the thirty-two OECD member states, Hungary and Greece were the only states where real public social spending had decreased since the onset of the economic crisis. More precisely, Hungary’s social policy answer to the crisis included the introduction of workfare, the diminishment of the second pillar pension, the abolishment of early pensions, the activation of family policy, and the encouragement of citizens’ self-support attitude. Moreover, in 2010 a two-thirds majority in parliament gave the government the possibility to enact fundamental changes to Hungary’s Constitution and legislation as a whole. Confronted with the experience of non-democratic regimes and the individual vision of fundamental rights, after the transition, the Fundamental Law indicates a shift of emphasis from state obligations towards individual citizens to citizens’ obligations towards the community.
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Aubrey, Thomas. "Structure of the State: Community and Vitalpolitik." In All Roads Lead To Serfdom, 117–40. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529225280.003.0007.
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Rüstow and Röpke attempted to counteract the threat of societal alienation by arguing communities had to be the foundation for social and economic development or Vitalpolitik, which was necessary to complement the market. These communities would be based on individuals and their families in a decentralised economic system, taking into account the natural environment. Thus placemaking played a pivotal role in equalising power between places, as well as a balance between industrial and environmental concerns. Social policy had to be embedded into the fabric of economic policy with a dynamic economy supported by contributory insurance schemes. Where insurance contracts were not practicable, the state had to provide a basic level of welfare to all citizens. This foundation could also serve as the basis for closer interaction with other like-minded communities. By equalising the starting conditions for economic interaction, the European Union via its single market has created a unique political structure which exemplifies the voluntary principle. However, such organisations must ensure that legitimation is bottom up which remains a fundamental challenge for the legitimation of the EU.
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Ólafsson, Stefán, Agnar Freyr Helgason, and Kolbeinn Stefánsson. "How Institutional Environments and Policies Impacted Hardship." In Welfare and the Great Recession, 249–75. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830962.003.0014.
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This chapter, by Ólafsson, Helgason, and Stefánsson, assesses the overall effects of the institutional environment, societal conditions, and policy reactions on welfare outcomes, along with the direct effects of the economic contraction. They do this by undertaking a statistical analysis of similarities between various background factors and financial hardship experiences in 30 European countries. The analyses demonstrate the importance of welfare state structures and varying policy priorities on the differential welfare outcomes of the population in these countries. Even though the depth of the crisis had a pivotal role in shaping welfare outcomes, the authors find independent welfare state structures and policy priorities had significant effects on the financial hardship consequences of the Great Recession.
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Katrougalos, George. "Democracy, Privatization, and the Rise of Non-state Regulatory Power." In The Indian Yearbook of Comparative Law 2016, 51–71. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199482139.003.0003.
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This chapter emphasizes the deliberate political decision by which countries like the United States initially established a liberal state, which adopted the welfare state model in the twentieth century, while the European countries establish a social state within the liberal tradition as a deliberate democratic political decision supporting economic equality and individual well-being. The European model, which was later adopted by non-Western countries such as India and South Africa, is, however, being reversed by the process of globalization of trade and internationalization of economy without democratic legitimization because the demos are not part of these decisions. To that extent these decisions, besides reversing the European process of social state, also fail to satisfy the principle of democratic decision making.
Conference papers on the topic "Welfare state – European Economic Community countries"
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İncekara, Ahmet, and Burcu Kılınç Savrul. "Regional Development Policies of the European Union: An Evaluation in the Framework of Structural Funds and Other Financial Instruments." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00307.
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Regional policy of the European Union (EU) is implemented in order to improve welfare and quality of life in specific regions of EU member countries, minimize inter-regional income differences and restructure less developed industrial areas. regions of the EU countries has urban and regional development differences in themselves. Regional policies have gained importance in the process of EU enlargement. Increases regional disparities has been observed to occur with the first expansion. Although the tools that the Community could use for regional inequality were initially limited, they began to increase over the years in the process of development of regional policy of the EU.
In this respect, this study will focus primarily on the EU regional development policies, the structural funds in line with the measures taken to ensure economic and social cohesion in EU countries and European Investment Bank and the new tools such as community tool will be discussed.
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Gencer, Ayşen Hiç, and Özlen Hiç. "A.Smith and the Classical School, K.Marx and the Marxist Socialism, J.M.Keynes and the Keynesian Revolution and the Subsequent Developments." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01166.
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Adam Smith is known as the founder of economics as a social science and also of economic liberalism (or termed as capitalism after Karl Marx) based on principles of non-intervention and non-protection by the governments to perfectly competitive markets. Over time, economic theory and resulting economic regime evolved: Interventions to improve the welfare of workers; infant-industry argument for limited trade protection; and most importantly, following the 1929 Great Depression, John Maynard Keynes and his macroeconomic system giving rise to less-than-full- employment equilibrium, hence the need for macro-economic level state interventions by means of monetary and fiscal policies. Evidently, liberal economic regime was modified but remained in essence; hence, it proved to be flexible and resilient. On the other hand, Marxist socialism, the doctrinaire challenge to capitalism, had virtually collapsed in the 1990's. The move of even the developing countries towards outward orientation and market economy at the national level is in line with Adam Smith's views; so is the establishment of the European Union and the like at the regional level, as well as the more recent move towards globalisation.
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Gündoğdu Odabaşıoğlu, Fatma. "An Assessment on Financial Markets: European Union Member Country Hungary and Candidate Country Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01700.
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With the end of cold war, Central and Eastern European countries who had not participated in the integration of Europe, have applied to become members of European Union. Hungary, a Central European country; applied for membership on December 16, 1991, started full membership negotiations in 1998 and joined the Union on May 1, 2004. Turkey on the other hand, was granted candidacy status during Helsinki European Council Summit Meeting of December 1999, after a 40 years long relationship that started with Turkey’s application to join European Economic Community on July 31, 1959. Negotiations for full membership of Turkey were finally started on October 3, 2005 and country entered a new era to adapt EU Acquis.
Within this context, this study aims to compare financial markets of EU member state Hungary and candidate state Turkey for the period of 1998 - 2015; to evaluate risks and fragilities related to financial development levels and stability of banking sectors for both countries based on generally accepted financial indicators.
In conclusion; Hungary was observed to have significantly less developed capital market compared Turkey over the years, despite having similar ratios in financial deepening during recent years. Findings of this assessment point out an increasing credit risk for banking sector of Hungary, enhanced by the economic crisis of 2008. In comparison, credit risk in banking sector of Turkey has been decreasing over the years. High credit/deposit ratio, is a sign of degradation and can be observed in Hungary's balance sheets, raised for Turkey as well.
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Solt, J. C. "Coping With Gas Turbine Emissions Regulations." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-239.
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The subject of emissions regulations is complex. Worldwide there are over 20 countries that regulate permissible emissions, each with its own regulations. Certain groups, such as the European Economic Community (EEC) have regulations for all of their members. In the United States, federal regulations (Fig. 1) fall under the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), while there are separate regulations for each of the 50 states. Fortunately, most of the state regulations are simply adapted from and are quite similar to federal regulations. However, several states have significantly more stringent standards than the federal regulations. The State of California, for example, not only has separate regulations, but each of the 45 pollution control districts within the state has its own regulations, most of which differ substantially from each other. The following is a discussion of the U.S. federal regulations as they apply to areas that presently meet the ambient air quality standards. These are called attainment areas. Areas that do not meet the ambient air quality standards are called nonattainment areas. For a gas turbine application in a nonattainment area, such as Denver, or in the State of California, it is imperative to check local regulations, which result from the federal regulations for nonattainment areas.
Reports on the topic "Welfare state – European Economic Community countries"
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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand, and Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Edited by Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.
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It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."