Relevant bibliographies by topics / Welfare state – europe, western

Academic literature on the topic 'Welfare state – europe, western'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Welfare state – europe, western"

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Mau, Steffen, and Christoph Burkhardt. "Migration and welfare state solidarity in Western Europe." Journal of European Social Policy 19, no. 3 (July 2009): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928709104737.

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Grdešić, Marko. "The Strange Case of Welfare Chauvinism in Eastern Europe." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cpcs.2020.53.3.107.

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According to welfare chauvinism, access to the welfare state should be reserved for the native population, whereas immigrants are seen as a drain on resources. The curious aspect of welfare chauvinism in Europe is that it is more prevalent in the East. Why is this the case? This article uses the European Social Survey (ESS) and the Life in Transition Survey (LITS) in order to locate the most robust individual-level determinants of welfare chauvinism for countries of both Eastern and Western Europe. The results suggest that there is no support for the socioeconomic explanation of welfare chauvinism. There is support for the cultural capital explanation of welfare chauvinism, but only for Western Europe. Finally, there is support for the theory that higher levels of trust lessen the likelihood that a person adopts welfare chauvinism. This finding holds for both Eastern and Western Europe.
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Kalm, Sara, and Johannes Lindvall. "Immigration policy and the modern welfare state, 1880–1920." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719831169.

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This article puts contemporary debates about the relationship between immigration policy and the welfare state in historical perspective. Relying on new historical data, the article examines the relationship between immigration policy and social policy in Western Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the modern welfare state emerged. Germany already had comparably strict immigration policies when the German Empire introduced the world’s first national social insurances in the 1880s. Denmark, another early social-policy adopter, also pursued restrictive immigration policies early on. Almost all other countries in Western Europe started out with more liberal immigration policies than Germany’s and Denmark’s, but then adopted more restrictive immigration policies and more generous social policies concurrently. There are two exceptions, Belgium and Italy, which are discussed in the article.
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Attewell, David. "Deservingness perceptions, welfare state support and vote choice in Western Europe." West European Politics 44, no. 3 (February 11, 2020): 611–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2020.1715704.

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Korpi, Walter. "Welfare-State Regress in Western Europe: Politics, Institutions, Globalization, and Europeanization." Annual Review of Sociology 29, no. 1 (August 2003): 589–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.095943.

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Swank, D. "Globalization, the welfare state and right-wing populism in Western Europe." Socio-Economic Review 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 215–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/soceco/1.2.215.

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Nikolova, Kristina, and Raluca Bejan. "Welfare States and Covid-19 Responses: Eastern versus Western Democracies." Comparative Southeast European Studies 70, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 686–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2021-0066.

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Abstract This study uses a welfare state lens to examine disparities in Covid-19 infections and mortality rates between countries in Eastern Europe compared to West European democracies. Expanding on Esping-Andersen’s typology of welfare regimes, the authors compare six country groups to conduct a multivariate statistical analysis that, when controlling for economic and health differences, shows the number of cases and deaths per 100,000 to be significantly higher for Eastern Europe. In comparing First, Second, and Third Wave data, the difference in Covid-19 infections and mortality rates can be explained through stricter lockdown measures implemented in the East at the start of the First Wave. Overall higher numbers in the East reflect comparatively looser state measures in response to the Second and Third Waves as well as the lack of trust in government and the weak implementation of public health measures.
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Brütt, Christian. "Peter Taylor-Gooby (ed.): Ideas and Welfare state reform in western europe." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 48, no. 1 (March 2007): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11615-007-0019-4.

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Roistacher, Elizabeth A. "Housing and the welfare state in the United States and Western Europe." Netherlands Journal of Housing and Environmental Research 2, no. 2 (June 1987): 143–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02497938.

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O’Connor, Julia S. "Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe By Peter Taylor-Gooby." International Journal of Social Welfare 16, no. 3 (June 25, 2007): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2007.00505.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Welfare state – europe, western"

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AAGAARD, Anders Juhl. "Family formation and stability in western welfare states since 1960 : the influence of family and housing policy." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/68455.

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Defence Date: 29 September 2020 (Online)
Examining Board: Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, (EUI); Prof. Dr. Anton Hemerijck, (EUI); Prof. Dr. Melinda Mills, (University of Oxford); Prof. Dr. Jon Kvist, (Roskilde University)
This thesis explains differences in changes to family formation and stability in France, Norway, the FRG and the GDR based changes to family- and housing policy. Focus is on developments from the 1960s to the early 2000s. Previous research has focused on more recent developments from the 1980s onwards. A new conceptualization of family policy is introduced that enables a distinction between policy that alleviate the care giving role of mothers (de-familialization) and policies that intervene more directly in the caring responsibility within the family, aiming for a more equal share of childcare between women and men (de-genderization). Findings show that higher educated women are more likely of entry into marriage, when family policy provides more de-familalization (France, GDR) or de-genderization (Norway). But higher educated women are less likely of entry into marriage in the FRG where family policy remained conservative, forcing these women to choose between family and career. In the FRG where family policy remained conservative, with low support for female employment, married women with low levels of education became more likely of entry into divorce. A difference between women with different educational levels is not observed where family policy has included more de-familialziaiton and de-genderization. Findings for changes to housing policy are less convincing. Soft deregulation of rent control and tenure security has a positive effect on entry into consensual union in all countries, making a two person income household better equipped to cover the cost of rent increases that this change introduced. But results for the influence of support for home-ownership show little effect on entry into a marriage and divorce in all four countries. This may be because the full effect has not manifested itself yet. Extending the time period of analysis may provide more insights on the influence of these changes.
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Beckfield, Jason. "The consequences of regional political and economic integration for inequality and the welfare state in Western Europe." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3183488.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2005.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 66-08, Section: A, page: 3111. Adviser: Arthur S. Alderson. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Oct. 5, 2006).
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FERNANDES, Daniel. "Governments, public opinion, and social policy : change in Western Europe." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/75046.

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Defence date: 21 November 2022
Examining Board: Prof. Ellen Immergut (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerijck (EUI); Prof. Christoffer Green-Pedersen (Aarhus University); Prof. Evelyne Hübscher (Central European University)
This dissertation investigates how public opinion and government partisanship affect social policy. It brings an innovative perspective that links the idea of democratic representation to debates about the welfare state. The general claim made here is that social policy is a function of public and government preferences. This claim hinges on two critical premises. The first relates to the general mechanisms that underlie government representation. Politicians have electoral incentives to align their actions with what citizens want. They may respond to public opinion indirectly by updating their party agendas, which can serve as the basis for social policy decisions in case they get elected. They may also respond directly by introducing welfare reforms that react to shifts in public opinion during their mandates. The second premise concerns how citizens and politicians structure their preferences over welfare. These preferences fall alongside two dimensions. First, general attitudes about how much should the state intervene in the economy to reduce inequality and promote economic well-being (how much policy). Second, the specific preferences about which social programmes should get better funding (what kind of policy). The empirical analysis is split into three empirical chapters. Each explores different aspects of government representation in Western European welfare states. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 4) asks how governments shape social policy when facing severe pressures to decrease spending. It argues that governments strategically reduce spending on programmes that offer less visible and indirect benefits, as they are less likely to trigger an electoral backlash. The experience of the Great Recession is consistent with this claim. Countries that faced the most challenging financial constraints cut down social investment and services. Except for Greece, they all preserved consumption schemes. The second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) explores how public opinion affects government spending priorities in different welfare programmes. It expects government responsiveness to depend on public mood for more or less government activity and the most salient social issues at the time. Empirical evidence from old-age, healthcare and education issue-policy areas supports these claims. Higher policy mood and issue saliency is positively associated with increasing spending efforts. Public opinion does not appear to affect unemployment policies. vii The third empirical chapter (Chapter 6) examines how party preferences affect spending priorities in unemployment programmes. It claims that preferences on economic intervention in the economy and welfare recalibration affect different components of unemployment policy. Evidence from the past 20 years bodes well with these expectations. The generosity of compensatory schemes depends on economic preferences. The left invests more than the right. The funding of active labour-market policies depends on both preference dimensions. Among conventional parties, their funding follows the same patterns as compensatory schemes. Among recalibration parties, parties across the economic spectrum present comparable spending patterns.
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Lindberg, Gitte. "Welfare state regimes in East-Central Europe : Western vanity or Eastern reality : a comparative study of the Czech Republic and Hungary." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271768.

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Bolukbasi, H. Tolga. "From budgetary pressures to welfare state retrenchment? : economic and monetary union and the politics of welfare state reform." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102789.

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This study examines the relationship between economic and monetary integration culminating in Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and welfare state trajectories focusing on the cases of Belgium, Italy, and Greece in the 1990s. The conventional wisdom on this relationship expected that EMU would lead to across-the-board downsizing of the European welfare states through imposing macroeconomic austerity in general and budgetary restraint in particular. The study questions the validity of this prediction which is represented by the austerity hypothesis. Based on an analysis of social expenditure data in the run-up to EMU the study reveals that spending levels remained largely stable and therefore that the welfare states of the EMU-candidates largely escaped radical retrenchment. Avoiding significant and systematic expenditure retreat was possible not only in the face of powerful fiscal pressures but also during a period when policymakers had the opportunity to justify even the most draconian measures in the name of achieving EMU membership. Hence the study addresses the following puzzle: How could Europe's welfare states largely avert across-the-board downsizing during the 1990s despite fiscal pressures they faced on the road to EMU? Through an examination of episodes of welfare reform in three critical cases (Belgium, Italy, and Greece) which needed to go through drastic budgetary cutbacks for EMU membership, the study shows that the Maastricht criteria did compel successive governments in these member states to propose radical welfare reforms, vindicating the conventional wisdom's expectations. In episodes of welfare reform, however, governments discovered that their reform capacities were largely limited due to domestic opposition from an alliance of entrenched interests. The convergence period was marred with recurrent mass mobilization of unions against welfare reforms which forced governments to scale back their original ambitions or scrap them altogether. This shows that the expectations of the conventional wisdom that EMU would actually lead to massive retrenchment of Europe's welfare states, however, are not borne out by the evidence on welfare state trajectories in the 1990s.
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Boesenecker, Aaron P. "Defining work and welfare the politics of social policy reform in Europe /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/461265191/viewonline.

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Irene, Landini. "Welfare chauvinism and social policy: how politicians justify migrants’ exclusion from social programs in Western Europe." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11385/223878.

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KISER, EDGAR VANCE. "KINGS AND CLASSES: CROWN AUTONOMY, STATE POLICIES, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN WESTERN EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISMS (ENGLAND, FRANCE, SWEDEN, SPAIN)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184073.

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This dissertation explores the role of Absolutist states in the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Western Europe. Three general questions are addressed: (1) what are the determinants of variations in the autonomy of rulers? (2) what are the consequences of variations in autonomy for states policies? and (3) what are the effects of various state policies on economic development? A new theoretical framework, based on a synthesis of the neoclassical economic literature on principal-agent relations and current organizational theory in sociology, is developed to answer these three questions. Case studies of Absolutism in England, France, Sweden, and Spain are used to illustrate the explanatory power of the theory.
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D'Elia, Alberto. "That noir passage between Europe and America : the representation of criminals, law and social order in western cinema." Thesis, Keele University, 2014. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/1320/.

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A group of American and European films in the forties and fifties are characterised by a dark atmosphere and morbid fascination with crime and violent death. Normally populated by rootless characters who live as though suspended in an existential limbo, their narratives are pervaded by a sense of loss and displacement. Though these films were made mostly during the world war and its aftermath, they have left a permanent visual and cultural legacy, both in western and global cinema, related as they were to the transitory nature of metropolitan experience. Moreover, by breaking with previous national traditions of public representation of crime and sexual desire, they established cinema as a privileged locus for cultural criticism and debate about some of the moral and psychological consequences of modernity. Taking this as my point of departure, I analyse the relationship between Europe and America through the films’ construction of an intercultural visual dialogue, making the case that this gathers and condenses contradictions and ambivalences in the modern human development project. In particular I focus on two aspects of this dialogue: on the one hand - since almost every country struggles with America’s economic and cultural supremacy - the ambivalent image that America has in twentieth-century European debate about popular culture. On the other hand, I consider the importance of (visual) language in the relationship between enquiry, in films, into historical transformation, and the wider processes of social and cultural change. Finally, I claim that the lesson learned from this analysis should be used in contemporary sociological debate about the renewal of conceptual tools used to investigate the role of crime in our society.
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Legg, Meredith. "WOMEN, WORK AND WELFARE: A CASE STUDY OF GERMANY, THE UK, AND SWEDEN." Master's thesis, Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2010. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002974.

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Books on the topic "Welfare state – europe, western"

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Taylor-Gooby, Peter, ed. Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016.

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Roger, Girod, Laubier Patrick de, and Gladstone Alan, eds. Social policy in Western Europe and the USA, 1950-80: An assessment. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.

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1944-, Flora Peter, and European University Institute, eds. Growth to limits: The western European welfare states since World War II. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1986.

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1944-, Flora Peter, and European University Institute, eds. Growth to limits: The western European welfare states since World War II. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1986.

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1944-, Flora Peter, and European University Institute, eds. Growth to limits: The western European welfare states since World War II. : synopses, bibliographies, tables. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1986.

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1944-, Flora Peter, ed. Growth to limits: The western European welfare states since World War II. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1986.

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Carpenter, Mick. Management, work, and welfare in Western Europe: A historical and contemporary analysis. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar, 2000.

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Flora, Peter. State, economy, and society in Western Europe, 1815-1975: A data handbook in two volumes. Chicago: St. James Press, 1987.

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Flora, Peter. State, economy, and society in Western Europe 1815-1975: A data handbook in two volumes. Frankfurt am Main: Campus Verlag, 1987.

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The Routledge history of childhood in the western world. London: Routledge, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Welfare state – europe, western"

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Vaubel, Roland. "Reforming the Welfare State in Western Europe." In Fighting Europe’s Unemployment in the 1990s, 159–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61134-6_7.

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Petersen, Klaus, Michele Mioni, and Herbert Obinger. "The Cold War and the Welfare State in Western Europe." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 47–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_5.

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AbstractThe Cold War and the growth of the welfare state constitute two major frameworks for understanding politics and society in post-war Western Europe. This chapter discusses how the Cold War shaped the development of welfare states in selected Western European countries in the first decades after 1945. It is argued that two mechanisms were important. First, social policies were used for securing mass loyalty and as an anti-communist strategy in Western Europe. Second, the Cold War strongly impacted political coalition-building in Western countries.
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Moreno, Luis, and Bruno Palier. "The Europeanisation of Welfare: Paradigm Shifts and Social Policy Reforms." In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 145–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_8.

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Taylor-Gooby, Peter. "Ideas and Policy Change." In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 1–11. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_1.

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Taylor-Gooby, Peter. "Paradigm Shifts, Power Resources and Labour Market Reform." In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 12–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_2.

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Timonen, Virpi. "Policy Paradigms and Long-Term Care: Convergence or Continuing Difference?" In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 30–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_3.

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Larsen, Trine P. "The Myth of an Adult Worker Society: New Policy Discourses in European Welfare States." In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 54–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_4.

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Bönker, Frank. "Changing Ideas on Pensions: Accounting for Differences in the Spread of the Multipillar Paradigm in Five EU Social Insurance Countries." In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 81–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_5.

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Aust, Andreas, and Ana Arriba. "Towards Activation? Social Assistance Reforms and Discourses." In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 100–123. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_6.

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Kananen, Johannes. "Current Employment Policy Paradigms in the UK, Sweden and Germany." In Ideas and Welfare State Reform in Western Europe, 124–44. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286016_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Welfare state – europe, western"

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Erickson, Ian. "Bright Colors Beneath a White Shroud: Scandinavian Postmodernism and the Conservative Imaginary." In 108th Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.108.72.

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Both academia and popular culture have neglected the movement of Scandinavian Postmodern architecture (ca. 1975-1990), a tradition eclipsed by Modernism as the prevailing aesthetic and social project in Scandinavia. In light of the last decade of Postmodernism’s resurgence in the architectural academy globally, and recent uses of Postmodern architectural principles by right-wing movements in Europe, it is a crucial time to revisit this obscured regional Postmodernism. The movement of Scandinavian Postmodern architecture coincided with political shifts in the region which were supported by both the right and left of the political spectrum causing a shared space of conflict and imagination. The political dimensions of Scandinavian Postmodernism will be explored primarily through a close reading of Danish Postmodern Architect and Writer Ernst Lohse’s 1986 manifesto “Our Construction Should be Based in the Irrational” (translated into English for the first time for this paper), where, despite Lohse’s own sympathy for the environmental movement, he adopts familiar conservative rhetoric, bemoaning the loss of Western culture and the limitations of the welfare state. This paper will reconstruct the obscured history of Scandinavian Postmodernism, using the case of Ernst Lohse to locate discourse that reveals the movement as a site of contention and overlap between diverging political groups and its particular appeal to the conservative imagination.
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Fagan, William F. "New Optical Measurement Methods In Western Europe." In Laser and Opto-Electronic Technology in Industry: State of the Art Review, edited by Jingtang Ke and Ryszard J. Pryputniewicz. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.936910.

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Novosad, Kristina. "Population migration in an interdisciplinary dimension." In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.072.

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Backgroud: "Population migration" is a term that has many meanings. Population migration can manifest itself in such forms as nomadism, pilgrimage, wanderings, urbanization, ruralization, etc. Population migrations have a long history, but are relatively little studied. In Western Europe and North America, population migration became the object of sociological research only from the middle of the 19th century. Interest in the study of population migration has become relevant due to the needs of studying the adaptation of immigrants in host countries and studying the consequences of mass emigration of the working population from donor countries. Purpose: To carry out a systematization and comparative analysis of the main approaches to the study of migration in sociology and other socio-humanitarian disciplines. Methods: The work uses a number of general scientific and special sociological methods: logicalsemantic - for analyzing and deepening the conceptual apparatus of the concept of external migration; comparative analysis of the results of statistical and specifically sociological studies of migration. Results: A significant increase in the scale and intensity of international population migration at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century led to the interest of Ukrainian sociologists in the issue of migration. The theoretical and methodological approaches of Western researchers echo the approaches of post-Soviet scientists, in particular, in the recognition of the interdisciplinary nature of population migration studies. Thus, there are six sociological approaches to the study of migration. At the same time, V. Iontsev noted that to the sociological approach "it would be possible to add the classification of migration flows according to vertical and horizontal characteristics and the theory of "rational expectations". Conclusion: Within the scope of the comprehensive study, a broad classification of approaches to the study of migration was presented. V. Iontsev's classification included 17 scientific approaches to the study of population migration, which, in turn, united 45 scientific directions, were classified as: the concept of "attraction - repulsion" by E. Lee (E. Lee); ethnosociological approach K. Davis (K. Davis), Y. Harutyunyan; the theory of "migration chain" D. Gurac (D. Gurac), F. Caces (F. Caces), D. Massey (D. Massey), A. Simmons (A. Simmons); the cultural approach of H. Esse, J. Rex, J. Bustamante; assimilation theory of H. Werner (H. Werner), M. Gordon (M. Gordon); sociological theory of migration (sociology of migration) by T. Zaslavska, T. Yudina. Keywords: migration, social migration, population migration
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Daletskaya, Eva Vladimirovna. "Inquisition as a logical result of the merger of the interests of the Catholic Church and the feudal state in Western Europe." In Церковь, государство и общество: исторические, политико-правовые и идеологические аспекты взаимодействия. Межрегиональная общественная организация "Межрегиональная ассоциация теоретиков государства и права", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25839/c4845-7942-7866-k.

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Андросова, Т. В. "Finland as a Part of the Russian Empire 1809–1917: A State within a State." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.018.

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Географический фактор играет двоякую роль в истории Финляндии и ее взаимоотношений с внешним миром. С одной стороны, территориальное положение на окраине Европы обусловило то, что финны сравнительно поздно включились в цивилизационный процесс. С другой стороны, земли, омываемые водами дальних заливов Балтийского моря, находятся в одном из наиболее важных со стратегической точки зрения европейских регионов. Хотя к «финским территориям» издавна проявляли интерес также Англия, Германия и Франция, влияние извне связано для финнов прежде всего с соперничеством ближайших соседей. Политический вакуум, в котором финны пребывали вплоть до начала XI в., пытались заполнить с запада – Швеция и римскокатолическая церковь, с востока – Россия (Великий Новгород) и православная церковь. Первая граница между Швецией и Россией была установлена в 1323 г. Согласно Ореховскому мирному договору Швеция получила юго-западные и западные финляндские территории, Россия – Восточную Карелию. В XVIII в. Россия приступила к поэтапному возвращению финляндских земель, присоединив Финляндию по итогам войны 1808–1809 гг. В границах архиконсервативной Российской империи родилось и постепенно оформилось финляндское государство западного типа. Финляндия получила широкую политическую и экономическую автономию – правительство, четырехсословный орган народного представительства (сейм), налоговую и финансовую систему, свое гражданство, валюту и пр. Финляндию от новой метрополии изначально отделяла таможенная граница. Главой законодательной власти являлся император, управлявший Финляндией на основе коренных законов (конституции) шведского времени. Будучи частью Российского государства, Финляндия постепенно стала политической общностью, а также одним из наиболее экономически развитых регионов империи. Уступки со стороны России были связаны с необходимостью обеспечить безопасность западной границы. The geographical factor plays a twofold role in the history of Finland and its relations with the outside world. On the one hand, the territorial situation on the edge of Europe caused the Finns to join the civilizational process relatively late. On the other hand, the lands washed by the waters of the far reaches of the Baltic Sea are located in one of the most strategically important European regions. Although England, Germany and France have long been interested in the "Finnish territories", external influence for Finns is primarily connected with the hostility of their closest neighbors. It was the political vacuum in which the Finns remained until the beginning of the XI century, that Sweden and the Roman Catholic Church tried to fill from the west, Russia (Veliky Novgorod) and the Orthodox Church – from the east. The first border between Sweden and Russia was established in 1323. According to the Orekhov Peace Treaty, Sweden received the southwestern and western Finnish territories, Russia – East Karelia. In the XYIII century Russia began the gradual return of the Finnish lands, annexing Finland after the results of the war of 1808–1809. Within the borders of the arch-conservative Russian Empire, a Western-type Finnish state was born and gradually took shape. Finland received a wide political and economic autonomy – the government, the four–member body of the People's representation (Seim), the tax and financial system, its citizenship, currency, etc. Finland and the new metropolis were initially separated by the customs border. The head of the legislative power was the emperor, who ruled Finland on the basis of the fundamental laws (constitution) of the Swedish period. Being a part of the Russian state, Finland gradually became a political community, as well as one of the most economically developed regions of the empire. Russia's concessions were determined by the need to ensure the security of the western border.
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Schneider-Skalska, Grażyna, and Paweł Tor. "Residential areas in the structure of the city: case studies from west europe and Krakow." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8079.

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Once they adopted the sedentary lifestyle, humans set to building settlements which were to protect groups of families and give them the sense of belonging to a material and social community. The settlement unit which could be called a housing complex goes back thousands of years BC. The scale of problems related to housing environment grew considerably with the emergence and development of cities, yet truly distinctive quantitative and qualitative changes occurred in the early 20th century. Implementation of the programmatic assumptions of the Athens Charter resulted in the emergence of spatial and functional structures based on hierarchic dependence of components. The initial projects reflected the pursuit of a human-scale environment and the structural division into neighbourhood units. Undoubtedly, the second part of the 20th century brought about a change in the trends of development in cities. Large housing estates were abandoned in favour of a much greater diversity of housing complex forms – the revived form of city street, urban block or the classic form of a residential complex with clearly delineated structure, services and – most frequently –some recreational areas. The 21st century draws from well-known patterns, complementing them with new elements and solutions imposed by the requirements of the principles of sustainable development. Due to the limited availability of land in highly urbanized central city parts, contemporary housing development occupies more peripheral areas, often at the border between urban and rural neighbourhoods. The development process involves numerous participants, often with opposing interests – public authorities, whose concern should be sustainable growth of the whole city, and developer firms and investors, whose motivation is to maximize profit. This situation has led in most Polish cities to the emergence of disconnected fenced-away residential ghettos with no spatial order. Meanwhile, housing development in Western Europe continues to be built as planned urban complexes drawing from the experience of the past and satisfying the needs of the contemporary city dwellers. The article presents several urban complexes with dominant housing development (Orestad in Copenhagen, Monte Laa and Nordbahnhof-Area in Vienna, Ijburg in Amsterdam and Riem in Munich) built relatively recently.It discusses their functional, spatial and social characteristics, which make them examples of good practice in contemporary urban planning. They demonstrate clearly that only comprehensive planning in a broader scale guarantees creation of high-quality urban spaces, where the welfare of resident communities is a priority.
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Trujillo, Maria Isabel, Paulien Veen, Waldemar Szemat-Vielma, and Esther Escobar-Burnham. "The Race to Conquer the Hydrogen Business: The Seven Territories of Australia's Strategy." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214426-ms.

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Abstract Australia has embarked on a fast race to become the leading hydrogen provider in the Asia Pacific, supported by countries such as Japan and South Korea as firm customers. The seven territories of Australia are developing their business strategies to achieve competitiveness and a place in the race. A strategy based on a strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis has been derived from each territory, considering the current state-of-the-art hydrogen technologies and their main drivers. These strategies have been benchmarked against the Australia Council National Hydrogen Strategy and the Australia Electricity Market Operator Strategy regarding the scenario of a hydrogen superpower for Australia to become an essential player in the hydrogen market using the IBA (Interactive Bundle Analysis) framework. The seven territories’ strategies were analyzed, and a set of recommendations are derived from this analysis with the aim to reinforce each territory strategy, providing the Australian Federal Government a framework to assess which project to finance projects first and assist in de-risking them to attract private capital, which is essential for the country to become a large-scale hydrogen producer and exporter. This analysis recommends that should Australia focus on the development of blue hydrogen first and secures market share via Western Australia using steam methane reformer (SMR) and Victoria with the brown coal gasification, both fitted with the corresponding carbon capture and storage (CCS). In parallel, the Australian Federal government should incentivize Tasmania to produce green hydrogen followed by Queensland and Western Australia while other territories need to develop as per their individual strengths.
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Koluch, Petr. "Josef Redlich and the Glorious Revolution of Liberalism." In Mezinárodní konference doktorských studentů oboru právní historie a římského práva. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0156-2022-10.

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Josef Redlich is a representative of the new generation of Austrian liberals that came of age around 1900. Through his legal-historical publications, diaries, and the surviving voluminous correspondence, he offers a glimpse into the highly changeable times of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and expresses his frustration with political developments. Redlich, who was a university professor of Constitutional and Administrative Law, was the first to see the lack of the Rule of Law as the reason for the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the first place, and he named two different conceptions of the state in Western Europe and Central Europe. He thus came into confrontation with the state doctrine of the Prussian university professor Rudolf von Gneist, which was taught in all German-speaking law schools. The difference between the authoritarian state in Central Europe and the British people’s state is still apparent today.
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Jelenko, Marie, and Georg Effenberger. "Work-related diseases as a challenge for institutionalized prevention in a changing world of work." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002622.

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The world of work is changing. This change becomes obvious by various developments, such as individualization, flexibilization or dissolution of boundaries, which also shape the discourse about subjectification of work (Beck, 1986, Kleemann et al., 2019, Sennett, 2008). Changing work requirements and demands made by employees are closely entwined with changes in health burdens of working people (Eurofound and EU-OSHA, 2014, Eurofound and ILO, 2017, Kratzer et al., 2011, Mauno et al., 2019, Siegrist, 2019). While the numbers of workplace accidents decline, an increasing emergence of work-related diseases can be observed. Contemporaneously, long-term health maintenance and employability is gaining importance in Europe as access conditions to welfare state benefits is becoming increasingly restricted (Böhle and Lessenich, 2018, Vogel, 2018).The prevention of accidents and diseases at workplace is historically rooted in the welfare state and associated with certain traditions of thought (Dixon, 1999, Esping-Andersen, 1990, Moses, 2019). In Austria, workplace disease prevention is based on regulations of occupational health and safety (OHS) as well as statutory accident insurance (Püringer, 2014). Interpretation and communication of these regulations through legally mandated institutions strongly influence companies‘ OHS prevention measures. However, in the face of tertiarization processes and the subjectification of work and in view of the “4 Fs” of change at work – feminization, flexibilization, fragmentation and financialization – traditional prevention discourses and practices run the risk of excluding growing parts of the working population (Kangas, 2010, Rubery, 2015). This paper takes up the developments described above and carries them forward using the results of Marie Jelenko's dissertation (2021) on current prevention discourses. The focus is on Austria's central state mediating bodies, the Labor Inspectorate and the Workers' Compensation Board. Within the methodological framework of Grounded Theory, Jelenko conducted qualitative interviews, additionally including a large number of relevant documents in her analysis (Bogner et al., 2014, Strauss, 1994, Wolff, 2010). The findings reveal conservative as well as dynamic approaches to work-related disease prevention at the level of intermediary social policy agencies.
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Treyman, M. G., and A. V. Mikhailov. "Development of mechanisms for the implementation of car recycling processes at the regional level." In II All-Russian scientific conference with international participation "Achievements of science and technology". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/dnit-ii.2023.7.530-535.

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The problem of recycling used cars at the present stage of society's development is taking on new forms. This article provides options for the disposal or restoration of individual nodal parts, bodywork, batteries, liquids used in the car. The state of this problem was considered in the most developed countries of Western Europe and the USA from the point of view of the automotive industry. The article presents the need to form an integrated approach to the use of spare parts and components for their eyes within the domestic automotive industry.
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Reports on the topic "Welfare state – europe, western"

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MORELLI, D. Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.3334.

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During the 88th General Session held virtually in May 2021, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH: founded as OIE) Regional Commission for Europe agreed “Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects” as the Technical Item I to be presented during the 30th Conference of the Regional Commission in Catania (Italy), from 3 to 7 October 2022. An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to WOAH Members of the Regional Commission for Europe from 21 June to 8 July 2022 (with minor finalisations by 2 August 2022). The persons responsible for completing the questionnaire (of 47 Members in total) were mainly WOAH Delegates, National Focal Points for animal welfare or National Contact Points for long-distance transportation. The qualitative analysis of the information provided was carried out by grouping similar answers and, when proper, the United Nations geoscheme was applied to highlight any spatial clustering of the results. The wide majority of the Members (46 out of 47) declared to have in place specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, and most of them stated to be “generally aligned” with WOAH standards, there are still many countries in the Region where certain crucial requirements are not mandatory. Journey and contingency plans are commonly part of the specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, as well as monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the legal requirements concerning animal transport by the Competent Authority or other certification bodies. The presence of major gaps in budget and/or available resources and trained personnel was declared by almost half of the responding Members (21 out of 47). Concerning the awareness of the civil society regarding animal welfare issues during transport, 11 Members reported a “low” level of awareness, and they were mostly included in the areas of Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia. The greatest part of Members responding “high awareness” clustered in the Northern and Western Europe geographical areas. Members were also asked to indicate possible WOAH initiatives that could improve the implementation of the standards, and most of them suggested to develop training activities and provide additional guidance through revised and/or new standards in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and/or through other WOAH documents.
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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand, and Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Edited by Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.

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It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."
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Razin, Assaf, and Efraim Sadka. Migration and Welfare State: Why is America Different from Europe? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20450.

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Merrien, François X. Reforming Higher Education in Europe: From State Regulation Towards New Managerialism? Inter-American Development Bank, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010752.

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The present study describes the changes in the traditional European model of higher education, its successes as well as failures. The remarkable expansion of higher education in Europe during the postwar period was the result of a shared belief in the virtue of higher education per se. The traditional model of higher education assumes a stable relationship of fair exchange between the State and the academics: the State gives power to the academics in the belief that in this way it will receive in return the forms of knowledge, basic research, and advanced education that will be of most value to itself. In Europe-as was the case in Latin America-the policy of developing the higher education sector was supported by the elite and by the middle classes, both of whom considered higher education to be a means for training professional workers and a way to enhance economic development and social mobility. The 1980s marked the beginning of some radical changes on the two continents in terms of higher education. This evolution can be associated with a shift from a more interventionist, Keynesian welfare state to a more neoliberal and supervisory State. This shift meant diminution of the belief that bureaucratic institutions could respond correctly to society's needs and increased currency of the belief in the virtues of markets or quasi-markets. The aim of the study is not to compare trends in Europe with those in Latin America. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that from the beginning of the 1970s radical changes were also introduced into the Latin American systems of higher education, partially for economic and political reasons.
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Perelli-Harris, Brienna, and Nora E. Sánchez Gassen. The reciprocal relationship between the state and union formation across Western Europe: policy dimensions and theoretical considerations. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2010-034.

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Schmitz, Wiebke. Gender still determines how, and how long, we work. Linköping University Electronic Press, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/asc.011.

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Female-coded family work keeps women away from late working life – but it makes a difference where in Europe they live because Nordic countries do not recognize this divide. Key Findings Childcare impacts upon late working life – women tend to be employed part time or outside paid labor if they engaged in childcare during earlier life stages; men with children are more likely to be in full-time employment. Women are more affected by early working life decisions – previous labor-market participation or a reduction in working hours due to childcare obligations have a greater impact on late working life. A North–South divide in Europe – it is mostly in southern and western Europe that women’s domestic work or part-time employment prevents full-time employment in late working life, but in northern Europe, female employment in late working life is barely affected by previous family obligations. This research on gendered late-working-life trajectories is part of the research programme EIWO. Schmitz, W., Naegele, L., Frerichs, F., & Ellwardt, L. (2023): Gendered late working life trajectories, family history and welfare regimes: Evidence from SHARELIFE. European Journal of Ageing, 20, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-023-00752-3 (open access). The paper received the "Best Paper Award 2023 for Early Career Researchers" from the German Gerontological Association (see https://www.dggg-online.de/best-paper-award.html).
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Reiter, Claudia, and Sonja Spitzer. Well-being in Europe: decompositions by country and gender for the population aged 50+. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res4.1.

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The well-being of older Europeans is of increasing importance given the substantialageing of the population. This paper comprehensively analyses well-being forthe population aged 50+ in 26 European countries, using the newly proposedindicator “Years of Good Life” (YoGL), which measures the remaining yearsof life that an individual can expect to live in a “good” state. The indicatorenables the decomposition of well-being into various dimensions, thereby revealingimportant heterogeneities between regions and genders. Results show that numbersof YoGL at age 50 vary considerably between European countries. They are highestin Northern and Western European countries and lowest in Central and EasternEuropean countries, where many “good” years are lost due to low life satisfaction.Interestingly, the high life expectancy levels in Southern Europe do not translate intohigher numbers of YoGL, mainly due to the low levels of physical and cognitivehealth in this region. While women and men can expect to have similar numbersof YoGL, women are likely to spend a smaller proportion of their longer remaininglifetime in a good state. These results demonstrate the importance of using wellbeingindicators that consider population heterogeneity when measuring humanwell-being, especially for older populations.
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Attanasio, Orazio P., and Giovanni L. Violante. The Demographic Transition in Closed and Open Economies: A Tale of Two Regions. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010772.

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This paper constructs a general equilibrium overlapping generation model to evaluate quantitatively how demographic transition (falling mortality and fertility rates) affects aggregate variables (wages, interest rate, output), and inter-generational welfare in closed and open economies. We perform this analysis for two economies calibrated to resemble the North (US and Europe) and Latin America. Our simulations suggest that the demographic transition could have generated income per capita growth up to 0.5% per year in excess of steady-state growth in the past 50 years in Latin America and 0.3% in the North.
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Allan, Duncan, and Ian Bond. A new Russia policy for post-Brexit Britain. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784132842.

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The UK’s 2021 Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy describes Russia as ‘the most acute direct threat to [the UK’s] security’ in the 2020s. Relations did not get this bad overnight: the trend has been negative for nearly two decades. The bilateral political relationship is now broken. Russian policymakers regard the UK as hostile, but also as weaker than Russia: a junior partner of the US and less important than Germany within Europe. The consensus among Russian observers is that Brexit has reduced the UK’s international influence, to Russia’s benefit. The history of UK–Russia relations offers four lessons. First, because the two lack shared values and interests, their relationship is fragile and volatile. Second, adversarial relations are the historical norm. Third, each party exaggerates its importance on the world stage. Fourth, external trends beyond the UK’s control regularly buffet the relationship. These wider trends include the weakening of the Western-centric international order; the rise of populism and opposition to economic globalization; and the global spread of authoritarian forms of governance. A coherent Russia strategy should focus on the protection of UK territory, citizens and institutions; security in the Euro-Atlantic space; international issues such as non-proliferation; economic relations; and people-to-people contacts. The UK should pursue its objectives with the tools of state power, through soft power instruments and through its international partnerships. Despite Brexit, the EU remains an essential security partner for the UK. In advancing its Russia-related interests, the UK should have four operational priorities: rebuilding domestic resilience; concentrating resources on the Euro-Atlantic space; being a trusted ally and partner; and augmenting its soft power. UK decision-makers should be guided by four propositions. In the first place, policy must be based on clear, hard-headed thinking about Russia. Secondly, an adversarial relationship is not in itself contrary to UK interests. Next, Brexit makes it harder for the UK and the EU to deal with Russia. And finally, an effective Russia policy demands a realistic assessment of UK power and influence. The UK is not a ‘pocket superpower’. It is an important but middling power in relative decline. After Brexit, it needs to repair its external reputation and maximize its utility to allies and partners, starting with its European neighbours.
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Demuynck, Méryl, Anna-Maria Andreeva, and George Kefford. A Practitioner’s Guide to Working with Children in VE-Affiliated Families: Protecting the Rights of the Child. ICCT, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2022.3.03.

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The PREPARE (Promoting collaborative policies of inclusion relating to children of far right and Islamist parents in Western Europe) project aims to identify vulnerabilities and stigmas that children may face when their parents are involved in violent extremist (VE) networks, and how frontline practitioners can best address them through a collaborative approach centred on the needs of the child. It aims to support these children by supporting frontline practitioners working with these children and their families in six European countries (the Netherlands, Spain, France, Sweden, Germany and Kosovo) to develop a state-of-the-art Child Vulnerability and Intervention Tool and training modules for practitioners. Central to the PREPARE project is ensuring that human rights, the rule of law, and children’s rights remain at the forefront throughout the development and implementation of interventions and programmes aimed at supporting children of families with links to VE. This report thus aims to provide guidance for practitioners on how to support these children through a human rights- and rule of law-compliant approach, that centres on children’s needs, well-being, and long-term prospects, and helps mitigate the risks of stigmatisation, polarisation, and discrimination. This report starts by providing an overview of the rights of the child, as defined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), including the four general principles that should inform the implementation of all other rights, as well as any decisions and interventions affecting children, namely the non-discrimination principle, the best interests of the child, the child’s inherent right to life, survival and development, and the child’s right to express their views freely. It notably aims to inform practitioners on what these rights are, to what extent children raised in families with links with VE might see some of these rights infringed upon, as well as how they should inform their work. Finally, this report focuses on providing guidance on identified good practices to support children growing in families with links to VE, which include adopting victim-centred, individually-tailored, gender- and age- conscious approach, developing multidisciplinary and multi-actor programmes, and providing adequate training for practitioners. In addition, the report will further address some of the key challenges and practises to avoid in regards to the safeguarding the rights of children in families with links to VE. Practices to avoid notably include security-centred approaches, one-size-fits-all responses, practices causing re-traumatisation, lack of trust between children and implementers, lack of and/or inadequate training, and lack of long-term funding to ensure sustainable support for children having been exposed to VE environments.
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